3
A Right to Equality Integral to Universal
Human Rights
Editor’s Welcome to The Equal Rights Review
Dimitrina Petrova
Y/% )(.#60/^% 7,$O/% O,**% ;6.% ;$P$//)0,*R% 0$b
_*$P.%.#$%&+"^/%6c_,P,)*%Q6/,.,6;%60%)<76P)PR%
)-$;<)2% V% )4% .)d,;-% .#,/% 6QQ60.(;,.R% .6%
Q0$/$;.%.#$%60-);,/).,6;^/%S)Pd-06(;<%);<%
Q#,*6/6Q#RD
V%)4%Q*$)/$<%.6%,;.06<(P$%.#$%,;)(-(0)*%,/b
/($%6c%"#$%&'()*%+,-#./%+$7,$OD%%AR%4$);/%
6c% .#,/% S,);;()*% Q(S*,P).,6;2% "#$% &'()*%
+,-#./% "0(/.% G&+"H% O,**% Q067,<$% )% c60(4%
c60% <$S).$% 6;% $'()*,.R% );<% ;6;b<,/P0,4,b
;).,6;D%%=$%O,**%c)P,*,.).$%.#$%c0$$%$MP#);-$%
6c%,<$)/2%);<%$;P6(0)-$%6QQ6/,;-%6Q,;,6;/D%%
"#$% &'()*% +,-#./% "0(/.% 6Q$;$<% 6c_,P$% ,;%
:6;<6;%,;%Z);()0R%I??K%c6**6O,;-%)%Q0$Qb
)0).,6;%Q$0,6<%6c%)QQ06M,4).$*R%.O6%);<%)%
#)*c%R$)0/D%%\R%Q0$7,6(/%O60d%)/%.#$%W,0$Pb
.60%6c%.#$%A(<)Q$/.bS)/$<%&(06Q$);%+64)%
+,-#./% T$;.0$2% );% 60-);,/).,6;% O#,P#% #)<%
)..$4Q.$<% .6% (/$% );.,b<,/P0,4,;).,6;% *)O%
.6%<$c$;<%.#$%0,-#./%6c%.#$%+64)%,;%&(06Q$2%
#)<% *$<% 4$% .6% .#$% 0$)*,/).,6;% .#).% /64$b
.#,;-% ,4Q60.);.% O)/% 4,//,;-% c064% .#$% ,;b
.$0;).,6;)*%/.0(--*$%)-),;/.%<,/P0,4,;).,6;D%%
V%#)<%S$-(;%.6%,<$;.,cR%P$0.),;%;$$</%);<%
.6%P64$%)P06//%Q$6Q*$%O#6%/#)0$<%/,4,*)0%
.#6(-#./D%%V;%@67$4S$0%I??F2%,;%0$/Q6;/$%
.6%4R%Q06Q6/)*%.6%S(,*<%)%;$O%,;.$0;).,6;b
)*% @5]% .6% )<7);P$% .#$% 0,-#.% .6% $'()*,.R2% )%
/4)**%-06(Q%6c%$'()*,.R%)<76P).$/%);<%<6b
;60/%4$.%).%.#$%,;7,.).,6;%6c%:60<%:$/.$0%6c%
3$0;$%3,**%iT2%.6%<,/P(//%O)R/%,;%O#,P#%.6%
0$b.#,;d%);<%0$7,.)*,/$%);.,b<,/P0,4,;).,6;%
O60dD% % V% /(S/$'($;.*R% O60d$<% O,.#% :60<%
:$/.$02%X06c$//60%a,0%A6S%3$QQ*$%);<%6.#b
$0/% .6O)0<% .#$% $/.)S*,/#4$;.% 6c% &+"D% % Y%
The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
4
The Equal Rights Trust’s longterm objectives are:
1.
To document, expose and help eliminate violations of the fundamental right to
non-discrimination formulated in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and in subsequent international treaties.
)/Q$P./% 6c% .#$% 0,-#.% .6% $'()*b
,.R% );<% ;6;b<,/P0,4,;).,6;D%
"#$% 0$/(*./% 6c% .#$% /.(<R% O$0$%
$;P6(0)-,;-% );<% O$% ,;P60Q6b
0).$<%&+"%,;%a$Q.$4S$0%I??8D%
"#$%$/.)S*,/#4$;.%6c%"#$%&'()*%
+,-#./% "0(/.% O)/% )% 0$/Q6;/$% .6%
.O6% 4)j60% Q06S*$4/N% .#$% <0,c.b
,;-%)Q)0.%6c%.#$%_,$*</%6c%$'()*b
,.R% );<% #(4);% 0,-#./g% );<% .#$%
2.
To ensure greater accountability of
c0)-4$;.).,6;%6c%$'()*,.RD%%%"#$%
states and non-state actors regarding their
_,0/.% Q06S*$4% 4)R% S$% 6S/P(0$<%
obligation to protect individuals against dis/64$O#).% SR% .#$% 0#$.60,P% );<%
crimination and to promote equality.
0,.()*% Q0)P.,P$% 6c% 4$;.,6;,;-%
3.
To empower the victims of discrimi;6;b<,/P0,4,;).,6;% )46;-% .#$%
nation in combating abuses.
_,0/.% Q0,;P,Q*$/% (;<$0*R,;-% #(b
4);% 0,-#./D% % V;% Q6,;.% 6c% c)P.2%
4.
To improve the public understanding
#6O$7$02% ;6;b<,/P0,4,;).,6;%
of equality as a value on which broader con,/% );% (;<$0<$7$*6Q$<% #(4);%
sensus is needed in all societies.
0,-#.D%V./%0$*).,6;/#,Q%.6%)%0,-#.%
.6% /(S/.);.,7$% $'()*,.R% ,/% (;b
5.
To contribute to developing the subP*$)0D%%&'()*,.R%);<%#(4);%0,-#./%
stantive and procedural aspects of the univer)0$%;6.%,;.$-0).$<%O$**%.6-$.#$0%
sal human right to equality.
$,.#$0%,;%*)O%60%,;%Q0)P.,P$D%%"#,/%
,/%<$46;/.0).$<%SR%.#$%c)P.%.#).%
6.
To promote effective enforcement of
existing anti-discrimination law and policies.
$'()*,.R% *)OR$0/% );<% )P.,7,/./%
);<% #(4);% 0,-#./% *)OR$0/% );<%
7.
To promote and facilitate the adop)P.,7,/./%)0$%#)0<*R%P6-;,k);.%6c%
tion of comprehensive anti-discrimination law
.#$,0%0$/Q$P.,7$%_,$*</%6c%$MQ$0b
and policies without which the right to non.,/$D%%9(0.#$0460$2%,;%/Q,.$%6c%.#$%
discrimination is not adequately protected.
c)P.%.#).%46/.%/.).$/%)06(;<%.#$%
O60*<%)0$%Q)0.R%.6%,;.$0;).,6;)*%
);<%0$-,6;)*%#(4);%0,-#./%.0$)b
c$)/,S,*,.R% /.(<R2% 0$P644$;<$<% SR% .#$% .,$/% .#).% -()0);.$$% $'()*,.R% 6c% 0,-#./% );<%
Q)0.,P,Q);./%6c%.#$%@67$4S$0%I??F%4$$.b Q06#,S,.% <,/P0,4,;).,6;2% ;).,6;)*% );.,b<,/b
,;-2% O)/% P6;<(P.$<% S$.O$$;% Z);()0R% );<% P0,4,;).,6;% *$-,/*).,6;% ,/% 6c.$;% <,/Q)0).$2%
Y(-(/.% I??8D% % "#$% Q(0Q6/$% 6c% .#$% /.(<R% O$)d% );<l60% ;6;b$M,/.$;.D% % X(S*,P% (;<$0b
O)/%.6%)//$//%.#$%;$$<%c60%S(,*<,;-%);%60b /.);<,;-% 6c% .#$% P6;P$Q.% 6c% <,/P0,4,;).,6;%
-);,/).,6;%.#).%O6(*<%O60d%.6%<$7$*6Q%.#$% ,/% -$;$0)**R% 7)-($% );<% ,;)<$'().$D% % \);R%
-$;$0)*2% 67$0)0P#,;-% );<% P06//b,<$;.,.R% Q6*,PR4)d$0/%);<%60<,;)0R%Q$6Q*$%<6%;6.%
The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
5
d;6O% O#).% P6;<(P.% 60% Q6*,PR% )46(;./% .6% <,4$;/,6;2% .#$% P600$/Q6;<,;-% c0)-4$;.)b
)% 7,6*).,6;% 6c% $'()*% 0,-#./% Q067,/,6;/% );<% .,6;%6c%.#$%-*6S)*%467$4$;./%c60%$'()*,.RD%%
.#(/% )0$% /,4,*)0*R% ,-;60);.% 6c% .#$% 7)0,6(/% V;% .#$% *)/.% c$O% <$P)<$/2% );.,b<,/P0,4,;)b
0$4$<,$/%.#).%)0$2%60%6(-#.%.6%S$2%6Q$;%.6% .,6;%)<76P)PR%#)/%S$$;%Q(0/($<%,;%<,[%$0b
7,P.,4/%6c%/(P#%7,6*).,6;/D%%:$-)*%<$_,;,.,6;/% $;.%Q)0./%6c%.#$%O60*<%Q0$<64,;);.*R%O,.#b
,;% .#$% c0)4$O60d% 6c%
6c%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%)0$%
,/6*).$<% /,;-*$b,<$;b
;6.% P6;/6*,<).$<% ,;% “The Equal Rights Trust is a
,;.$0;).,6;)*% j(0,/b
response to two problems: .,.R% )-$;<)/% 0$*).b
$<% .6% -$;<$02% 0)P$2%
Q0(<$;P$% );<% )0$%
the drifting apart of equality $.#;,P,.R2% 0$*,-,6;2%
0)0$*R% c6(;<% ,;% ;)b
*);-()-$2%/$M()*%60,b
.,6;)*%
*$-,/*).,6;D%% and human rights, and the
fragmentation
of
equality.”
$;.).,6;2% <,/)S,*,.R2%
9,;)**R2% ;6;b<,/P0,4b
)-$2%$.PD%%Y.%Q0$/$;.2%
,;).,6;%
j(0,/Q0(b
<$;P$% #)/% P64$% .6% S$% )//6P,).$<% 46/.*R% .#$% /Q)P$% 6c% ;6;b<,/P0,4,;).,6;% /.0(--*$/%
O,.#%$4Q*6R4$;.2%$<(P).,6;2%#6(/,;-2%);<% ,/%P64Q*$M%);<%c0)-4$;.$<2%S06d$;%<6O;%
Q067,/,6;% 6c% -66</% );<% /$07,P$/% S(.% ;6.% ,;.6%460$%60%*$//%P*6/$<%S6M$/%c064%O#,P#%
O,.#% 4)..$0/% 0$*).$<% .6% P,7,*% );<% Q6*,.,P)*% 6.#$0%S6M$/%)0$%;6.%Q$0P$,7$<%)/%,;.$0b0$b
0,-#./D%%"#$%&(06Q$);%B;,6;^/%$'()*,.R%W,b *).$<%,;%.#$,0%0$*$7);P$%.6%$'()*,.RD%%V;<$$<2%
0$P.,7$/%6c%.#$%*)/.%<$P)<$%Q*)R$<%)%<6(S*$% /64$%-06(Q/%#)7$%Q0$//$<%c60%-06(;<b/Q$b
06*$N% 6;% .#$% 6;$% #);<2% .#$R% $;#);P$<% .#$% P,_,P%;6;b<,/P0,4,;).,6;%;604/%60%$7$;%c60%
Q06-0$//,7$% <$7$*6Q4$;.% 6c% .#$% 0,-#.% .6% ;604/% P67$0,;-% /,;-*$% -06(Q/D% % m$0R% c$O%
$'()*,.R%S(.2%6;%.#$%6.#$0%#);<2%0$_*$P.,;-% 60-);,/).,6;/%#)7$%)<76P).$<%P64Q0$#$;b
.#$%*,4,.$<%/Q#$0$%6c%)QQ*,P).,6;%6c%&B%*)O2% /,7$2%4(*.,b-06(;<%);.,b<,/P0,4,;).,6;%*)O%
.#$R%#)<%.#$%;$-).,7$%$[%$P.%6c%Q$0Q$.().b );<%Q6*,PRD%%"#$%c6**6O,;-%*$-)*%)/Q$P./%6c%
,;-% .#$% *)P(;)% S$.O$$;% (;,7$0/)*% #(4);% .#$% c0)-4$;.).,6;% Q06S*$4% /#6(*<% S$% 0$b
0,-#./% );<% $'()*,.R% )/% <,/.,;P.% S6<,$/% 6c% P)**$<N
*)OD%%V;<$$<2%.#$%;604).,7$%<$bP6(Q*,;-%6c%
W,[%$0$;.% -06(;</% 6c% <,/P0,4,;)b
,;.$0;).,6;)*%#(4);%0,-#./%);<%&(06Q$);% n%
$'()*,.R% *)O% #)/% S$$;% )--0)7).$<% c(0.#$0% .,6;% G-$;<$02% 0)P$2% 0$*,-,6;2% /$M()*% 60,$;b
SR%.#$%,;/.,.(.,6;)*%/.0(P.(0$%6c%.#$%&(06b .).,6;2% *);-()-$2% <,/)S,*,.R2% )-$2% $.PDH% )0$%
Q$);%T644,//,6;%,;/6c)0%)/%#(4);%0,-#./% 0$-(*).$<% <,[%$0$;.*R% O,.#,;% .#$% /)4$% j(b
);<%$'()*,.R%c)**%(;<$0%<,[%$0$;.%W,0$P.60b 0,/<,P.,6;/D% % "#$% ,//($% 6c% $'()*,.R% ,/% .#(/%
).$/D% % 36Q$c(**R2% .#$% P0$).,6;% 6c% .#$% 9(;b $;.);-*$<% O,.#,;% .#$% c0)-4$;.).,6;2% #,$0b
<)4$;.)*% +,-#./% Y-$;PR2% $4S0)P,;-% S6.#% )0P#,$/%);<%,;P6;/,/.$;P,$/%6c%.#$%Q06#,Sb
)-$;<)/2% O,**% O60d% ,;% .#$% <,0$P.,6;% 6c% 0$b ,.$<%-06(;</D
*6P).,;-%S)Pd%.6-$.#$0%.#$%_,$*</%6c%#(4);%
n%
+,-,<%*,/./%6c%-06(;</%*$)7$%6(.%P)/b
0,-#./%);<%$'()*,.RD%%
$/%6c%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%6;%6.#$0%-06(;</%);<%
"#$%/$P6;<%Q06S*$4%.6%O#,P#%.#$%P0$).,6;% P0$).$%S6M$/%60%o/.0);</p%6c%$'()*,.RD%%"#$%
6c%&+"%O)/%)%0$/Q6;/$%P6;P$0;/%.#$%c0)-b 0$*).,6;/#,Q/%S$.O$$;%.#$%<,[%$0$;.%c604/%
4$;.).,6;%6c%$'()*,.R%*)O%);<2%,;%)%Q)0)**$*% 6c% <,/P0,4,;).,6;% )0$% .#(/% *$c.% 7)-($% );<%
The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
6
,**b<$_,;$<% );<% 4(*.,Q*$% <,/P0,4,;).,6;% ,/% (;,c604%/6*(.,6;/%6;%7$0R%<,[%$0$;.%-06(Q/%
;6.%)<$'().$*R%0$_*$P.$<%,;%.#$%*)OD%
,;%.)Pd*,;-%7$0R%<,[%$0$;.%.RQ$/%6c%<,/P0,4,b
;).,6;D%%+).#$02%,.%,;76*7$/%<$7$*6Q,;-%);<%
n%
X06.$P.,6;/%)-),;/.%<,/P0,4,;).,6;% /.0$;-.#$;,;-%d$R%*$-)*%P6;P$Q./%P6;P$0;b
)0$% ;6.% /Q0$)<% )P06//% )**% 0$*$7);.% /$P.60/% ,;-%$'()*%0,-#./%);<%_,;<,;-%Q0)P.,P)*%/6*(b
6c%/6P,)*%*,c$%/(P#%)/%.#$%)<4,;,/.0).,6;%6c% .,6;/%)P06//%<,[%$0$;.%P(*.(0$/2%-$6-0)Q#,b
j(/.,P$2% $4Q*6R4$;.2% $<(P).,6;2% Q067,/,6;% P)*%0$-,6;/%);<%/6P,)*%-06(Q/D
6c%-66</%);<%/$07,P$/2%60%#$)*.#P)0$D%%"#(/2%
,.%,/%;6.%,;P6;P$,7)S*$%c60%.#$0$%.6%S$%Q06b "#$%c0)-4$;.).,6;%Q06S*$4%,/%)*/6%$7,<$;.%
.$P.,6;%)-),;/.%0$*,-,6(/%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%,;% ,;% .#$% <R;)4,P% 6c% Q)0.,P(*)0% /.0(--*$/% ,;%
.#$%_,$*<%6c%$4Q*6R4$;.2%c60%$M)4Q*$2%S(.% .#$,0% 0$*).$<;$//% .6% );% 67$0)0P#,;-% );.,b
;6.%,;%$<(P).,6;%60%,;%#6(/,;-D
<,/P0,4,;).,6;%)-$;<)D%%];%6;$%#);<2%,.%,/%
;6.% Q6//,S*$% .6% $*,4,;).$% <,/P0,4,;).,6;2%
@6.O,.#/.);<,;-% .#).% <$.),*$<% );.,b<,/b Q)0.,P(*)0*R% #,/.60,P)**R% $;.0$;P#$<% /R/b
P0,4,;).,6;% Q067,/,6;/% );<% Q6*,P,$/% P67b .$4,P%<,/P0,4,;).,6;2%O,.#6(.%/,;-*,;-%6(.%
$0,;-% /Q$P,_,P% -06(;</% 6c% <,/P0,4,;).,6;% P$0.),;% ,<$;.,.R% -06(Q/D% % "#$% /.0(--*$% c60%
60% /Q$P,_,P% -06(Q/% 4)R% S$% $[%$P.,7$2% ,.% ,/% +64)%0,-#./2%c60%,;/.);P$2%O6(*<%;6.%#)7$%
;$P$//)0R%.6%$;/(0$%P6#$0$;P$%);<%P6;/,/b )P#,$7$<% 4(P#% O,.#6(.% /,;-*,;-% 6(.% .#$%
.$;PR%,;%.#$%*$7$*/%);<%46<$/%6c%Q06.$P.,6;% +64)D%%];%.#$%6.#$0%#);<2%.#$%0$Q0$/$;.)b
)P06//% ,<$;.,.,$/D% % "#$% ;$M.% )-$;<)% ,;% .#$% .,6;% 6c% .#$/$% -06(Q/% )/% Q$0Q$.()*% 7,P.,4/%
_,$*<%6c%$'()*,.R%,/%.#$%<$7$*6Q4$;.%6c%);%,;b );<%.#$%$MP*(/,7$%c6P(/%6;%.#$,0%<,[%$0$;P$%
.$-0).$<%)QQ06)P#D%%960%$M)4Q*$2%,.%/#6(*<% P);2% 67$0% .,4$2% S$-,;% .6% (;<$04,;$% .#$%
;6.%S$%;$P$//)0R%c60%)%<,/)S*$<%$.#;,P%4,b (;<$0/.);<,;-% 6c% $'()*,.R% )/% )% (;,7$0/)*%
;60,.R% O64b
0,-#.D% V<$;b
);% .6% P#66/$%
“The next agenda in the ield of equal- .,.R% Q6*,.,P/2%
.#$% P600$P.%
<0,7$;%
.66%
ity
is
the
development
of
an
integrated
Q , - $ 6 ; # 6 * $%
c)02% S$-,;/% .6%
,;% O#,P#% .6% approach. It should not be necessary for
.#0$).$;% ;6.%
Q(.% #$0% P)/$2% a disabled ethnic minority woman to
6;*R% /6P,)*%
O#$.#$0% 6;% choose the correct pigeonhole in which
P6#$/,6;2% S(.%
.#$% -06(;<%
to put her case, whether on the ground .#$% *$-,.,4)b
6c% #$0% 0)P$2%
PR% 6c% .#$% (;,b
60%
-$;<$0% of her race, or gender or disability.”
7$0/)*% #(4);%
60% <,/)S,*,.RD%%
0,-#./% c0)4$b
V;/.$)<2% )PP6(;.% 6(-#.% .6% S$% .)d$;% 6c% #$0% O60dD%W,[%$0$;P$%,/%P$*$S0).$<2%S(.%6;$%4)b
4(*.,bc)P$.$<%,<$;.,.RD
j60%#(4);%%o/)4$;$//p%bb%.#).%6c%$'()*,.R%,;%
<,-;,.R%bb%,/%/(QQ0$//$<D%%Y%Q0$c$0)S*$%)Qb
Y.%.#,/%/.)-$2%,.%,/%,4Q$0).,7$%.6%/.0$//%.#).% Q06)P#% *,$/% ,;% /.0,d,;-% )% S)*);P$% S$.O$$;%
O#,*$%O$2%)/%);%60-);,/).,6;2%.)d$%)%(;,_,$<% .#$%,<$;.,.R%/,*$;P$%6c%.#6/$%O#6%<$;R%.#).%
)QQ06)P#% .6% <,/P0,4,;).,6;2% .#,/% /#6(*<% <,/P0,4,;).,6;%#)/%)[%$P.$<%<,/Q06Q60.,6;b
;6.% S$% (;<$0/.66<% )/% /$$d,;-% .6% ,4Q6/$% ).$*R% P$0.),;% -06(Q/% );<% .#$% $//$;.,)*,/.%
The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
7
.$;<$;PR% .6% c60-$.% .#$% (;,7$0/)*% #(4);b );%B;,6;%Y0.,P*$%1J%W,0$P.,7$/%#)7$%P0$).$<%
,.R%6c%.#$%,;<,7,<()*%,;%.#$%;)4$%6c%)%-06(Q% );%)-$;<)%c60%*$-,/*).,7$%)<76P)PR%.#).%P);%
S$% (/$c(*% c60% 4);R% P6(;.0,$/% 6(./,<$% .#$%
,<$;.,.RD
&(06Q$);%B;,6;D%%"#,/%j6(0;)*%$;P6(0)-$/%
"#$% &'()*% +,-#./% "0(/.% Q(0/($/% ,./% -6)*/% <,/P(//,6;%6;%.#$%$*)S60).,6;%6c%*$-)*%/.);b
.#06(-#% )<76P)PR2% <6P(4$;.).,6;% 6c% <,/b <)0</2%)/%O$**%)/%6;%.#$%Q0,;P,Q*$/%6;%O#,P#%
/(P#% /.);<)0</%
P0,4,;).60R% Q0)Pb
“We
are
convinced
that
it
is
time
/#6(*<%$76*7$D%%=$%
.,P$/%);<%*$-)*%);<%
)0$%P6;7,;P$<%.#).%
Q6*,PR% 0$/$)0P#D%% to establish moral and profes,.% ,/% .,4$% .6% /$$d%
"#$/$% /.0).$-,$/2% sional consensus regarding the
);<% .6% _,;<% 460)*%
,;%
P6;j(;P.,6;%
basic principles of equality.”
);<% Q06c$//,6;)*%
O,.#%P6;/(*.).,6;/%
);<% .0),;,;-2% O,**% 0$4),;% ,;% Q*)P$% c60% .#$% P6;/$;/(/% 0$-)0<,;-% .#$% S)/,P% Q0,;P,Q*$/%
c60$/$$)S*$%c(.(0$D%%"#$%"0(/.%-,7$/%Q0,60b 6c% $'()*,.RD% % V;<$$<2% 6;$% 6c% 6(0% Q0,60,.,$/%
,.R%.6%)<<0$//,;-%.#$%46/.%/$0,6(/%Q)..$0;/% P(00$;.*R% ,/% .6% $;*,/.% )% S06)<% 0);-$% 6c% $Mb
6c%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%);<%.6%Q067,<,;-%0$<0$//% Q$0./%);<%)P.,7,/./%,;%);%)..$4Q.%.6%<,/.,*%)%
.6%7,P.,4/%6c%/R/.$4,P%60%4(*.,Q*$%<,/P0,4,b /$.%6c%/(P#%Q0,;P,Q*$/D%%
;).,6;D%%"#$%60-);,/).,6;%,/%Q0$<,P).$<%6;%
.#$% Q0,;P,Q*$/% P6;.),;$<% ,;% .#$% B;,7$0/)*% 9,;)**R2% *$.% 4$% c604(*).$% .#$% 7,/,6;% c60%
W$P*)0).,6;% 6c% 3(4);% 0,-#./% );<% ,;% /(Sb .#,/% j6(0;)*D% The Equal Rights Review% ,/%
/$'($;.% ,;.$0;).,6;)*% );<% 0$-,6;)*% .0$)b ,;.$;<$<% )/% ;$,.#$0% );% )P)<$4,P% Q$$0b0$b
.,$/%);<%Q067,/,6;/%0$*).,7$%.6%$'()*,.R%);<% 7,$O% j6(0;)*2% ;60% );% @5]% )P.,7,/.% ;$O/b
;6;b<,/P0,4,;).,6;D%%A(,*<,;-%6;%.#$%#,-#b *$..$0D% V./% -$;0$% O,**% S$% /64$O#$0$% ,;% .#$%
$/.% )P#,$7$<% *$7$*/% 6c% Q06.$P.,6;% )-),;/.% 4,<<*$N%&++%O,**%P64S,;$%c$).(0$/%6c%S6.#2%
<,/P0,4,;).,6;2% &+"% Q0646.$/% )% #6*,/.,P2% /$$d,;-%)%/R;.#$/,/%6c%<$$Q2%,;;67).,7$%);<%
(;,_,$<% )QQ06)P#% .6% $'()*,.R% );<% #(4);% 60,-,;)*% .#$60R2% Q6*,PR% 60,$;.$<% );)*R/,/%
);<%460$%,44$<,).$%)<76P)PR%$[%$P./D%&/b
0,-#./D%
Q$P,)**R%O$*P64$%)0$%;$O%60%P6;.067$0/,)*%
V;%.#,/%);<%/(S/$'($;.%,//($/2%6(0%),4%,/%.6% ,<$)/% .#).% -$;$0).$% <$S).$% 60% c(;<)4$;b
#,-#*,-#.%.#$%0$*).,6;/#,Q%S$.O$$;%-$;$0)*% .)**R%0$.#,;d%$/.)S*,/#$<%P6;P$Q./%);<%)Qb
;6;b<,/P0,4,;).,6;%Q0,;P,Q*$/%);<%S,;<,;-% Q06)P#$/D%
);.,b<,/P0,4,;).,6;% *$-,/*).,6;% );<% Q6*,PRD%%
X06-0$//% ,;% $;/(0,;-% Q06.$P.,6;% )-),;/.% "#$4).,P)**R2%The Equal Rights Review O,**%
<,/P0,4,;).,6;%#)/%S$$;%#)4Q$0$<%SR%.#$% S$%);%,;.$0<,/P,Q*,;)0R%j6(0;)*%6;%$'()*,.RN%
-$;$0)*% );<% )S/.0)P.% ;).(0$% 6c% .#$% Q6/,b );% $;P6(;.$0% S$.O$$;% *$-)*2% Q#,*6/6Q#,b
.,7$%6S*,-).,6;%6c%/.).$/%.6%-,7$%$[%$P.%.6%.#$% P)*2% /6P,6*6-,P)*2% );<% 6.#$0% /6P,)*% /P,$;P$2%
Q0,;P,Q*$% 6c% ;6;b<,/P0,4,;).,6;D% % 9(0.#$0b Q0)P.,P$% );<% 467$4$;.% <,/P6(0/$/D% V./%
460$2%/.).$/%#)7$%S$$;%P6;/.0),;$<%SR%.#$% /Q$P,)*% c6P(/% O,**% S$% 6;% .#$% P64Q*$M% );<%
*)Pd% 6c% P*$)0% -(,<);P$% 6;% *$-)*% /.);<)0</% P64Q*$4$;.)0R% 0$*).,6;/#,Q% S$.O$$;% .#$%
.6% S$% ,;.$0;)*,/$<% ,;% .#$,0% <64$/.,P% *)O/D%% <,[%$0$;.% c604/% 6c% <,/P0,4,;).,6;2% );<% 6;%
\,;,4(4%/.);<)0</%/$.%6(.%,;%.#$%&(06Q$b <$7$*6Q,;-% /.0).$-,$/% c60% .0);/*).,;-% .#$%
The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
8
Q0,;P,Q*$/% 6c% $'()*,.R% ,;.6% Q0)P.,P$D% @6.%
*,4,.$<%-$6-0)Q#,P)**R2%,.%O,**%S$%)%4$<,(4%
6c% $MP#);-$% 6;% $'()*,.R% ,//($/% S$.O$$;%
<,[%$0$;.% ;).,6;)*% );<% 0$-,6;)*% $MQ$0./2%
Q6*,PR% 4)d$0/% );<% Q0)P.,.,6;$0/D% a64$% 6c%
.#$%Q(S*,P).,6;/%O,**%k664%,;.6%.#$%<$.),*$<%
*);</P)Q$%6c%6;$%P6(;.0R2%)**6O,;-%*$//6;/%
c064% <,[%$0$;.% j(0,/<,P.,6;/% );<% P(*.(0$/%
.6%S$%/#)0$<%);<%)S/60S$<D%].#$0/%O,**%S$%
)<<0$//,;-% -$;$0)*% );<% c(;<)4$;.)*% )/b
Q$P./% 6c% $'()*,.RD% &)P#% ,//($% O,**% ,;P*(<$%
The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
);)*R.,P)*%)0.,P*$/2%.$/.,46;R%SR%7,P.,4/%6c%
<,/P0,4,;).,6;2%,;.$07,$O/2%)P.,7,.R%0$Q60./%
);<%)//60.$<%6.#$0%4).$0,)*/2%)**%0$*).$<%.6%
$'()*,.R%);<%;6;b<,/P0,4,;).,6;D%
"#$%&+"%.$)4%,/%<$.$04,;$<%.6%<6%,./%S$/.%
,;% 60<$0% .6% $;/(0$% .#).% The Equal Rights
Review% 4)d$/% ,./% 4)0d% 6;% .#$% $'()*,.,$/%
<$S).$D% X0,7,*$-$<% .6% S$% .#$% Review^/% _,0/.%
$<,.602%V%$;j6R%.#$%P#)**$;-$D