GEF Small Grants Programme
Tags
[ tags: Energy , Energy Efficiency , Global , Grant , Low-Carbon , Mitigation , Renewable Energy , Transport , Urban ,
Multilateral ]
Snapshot
Total Amount
$50,000 per project
Financing
Grant
Mechanisms
Qualifying Projects
Mitigation, Energy , Energy Efficiency , Low-Carbon , Renewable Energy ,
Transport , Urban
Eligibility
Community-based or non-governmental organizations (CBOs or NGOs) in 101
SGP participating countries
Funding Objectives
The UNDP-GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP) has disbursed over $500 million dollars in grants and
in-kind financing to NGOs, community groups, and other development organisations. The SGP finances
climate change projects in the energy and transport sectors.
The principle objectives of the GEF Small Grants Programme are to:
Develop community-level strategies and implement technologies that could reduce threats to the global environment if they are
replicated over time;
Gather lessons from community-level experience and initiate the sharing of successful community-level strategies and innovations
among CBOs and NGOs, host governments, development aid agencies, GEF and others working on a regional or global scale, and;
Build partnerships and networks of stakeholders to support and strengthen community, NGO and national capacities to address
global environmental problems and promote sustainable development.
Financing Mechanisms
The SGP provides grants of $50,000 or less to community-based organizations (CBOs) and nongovernment organizations (NGOs). The grants are channeled directly to the implementing
organizations by the UNDP/GEF.
Application Procedures
Eligibility for the SGP relies on the status of the applying group. It must be a recognized CBO or NGO
in one of 101 countries that participates in the SGP. The application process then follows these seven
steps:
1.
The project proponent contacts the SGP National Coordinator (in the local UNDP country office or in the host NGO) to receive
project application guidelines and forms.
2.
With assistance from the National Coordinator and using the standard SGP format, the proponent prepares a brief project concept
paper and submits this to the coordinator.
3.
The national coordinator reviews and pre-screens the concept paper according to GEF criteria and criteria adopted by the
National Steering Committee (NSC) for activities in that country.
4.
If the project is judged eligible, the project proponent prepares a project proposal; in some cases, this step may be supported by a
planning grant.
5.
Completed project proposals are submitted by the National Coordinator or the NSC.
6.
The NSC reviews the proposal and either accepts it, rejects it, or returns it to the proposer with a request that further work be done
on formulating and refining the project data.
7.
Approved proposals enter the national SGP work programme. SGP grants are usually paid in three installments: an up-front
payment to initiate the project; a mid-term payment upon receipt of a satisfactory progress report; and a final payment on receipt
of a satisfactory project completion and final report.
Project Types
In the area of climate change, SGP-eligible activities must demonstrate the removal of local barriers to
energy conservation and energy efficiency, promote the adoption of renewable energy, or promote
environmentally sustainable transportation options.
Decision-making structure
Each participating country develops a country programme strategy, which adapts the SGP global
strategic framework to specific country conditions. SGP country strategies take into account existing
national biodiversity and climate change strategies and plans, as well as those relating to national
development and poverty eradication. A locally recruited National Coordinator is appointed to carry out
day-to-day management of the programme and serve as secretary to the NSC. An SGP office is
established either in UNDP or in a host NGO. The National Coordinator, working with the NSC, reaches
out to the NGO community and CBOs to inform them of availability of grants, and receives and
screens proposals.
Once a country is accepted to host an SGP programme, it forms a voluntary National Steering
Committee (NSC), which is the central element of SGP and provides the major substantive
contribution to and oversight of the programme. The NSC typically comprises representatives from
local NGOs, government, academia, UNDP and occasionally co-funding donors, indigenous peoples'
organizations, the private sector and the media. The NSC develops a country programme strategy,
considers whether proposals for grants are feasible and meet SGP criteria, and what kind of technical
support is needed for implementation. The NSC is responsible for final approval of grants, helps
undertake site visits and review, advises on design of grant proposals, ensures monitoring and
evaluation, and champions SGP in national fora.
Project Examples
Nepal Electric Buses (USD 33,000): The project operated three-electro buses for public hauling
and acquire financial and technical data to evaluate the electro-bus technology. The project also
disseminated the findings to all the stakeholders and served the basis for policy formulation in order to
involve private entrepreneurs for wide-scale replication. Tanzania Consolidation of Wind-Powered
Irrigation Farming ($22,988): Wind energy was used to pump water to the water drawing points and
cattle drinking troughs. This water was also useful for irrigation purpose, hence food crops harvests
increased and contributed to a food-secure community in the project area.
Links
SGP homepageSGP - UNFCCC page
MDB Clean Technology Fund (CTF)
Tags
Snapshot
Total Amount
USD 4.5 billion pledged by donors (Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Spain, Sweden,
United Kingdom, United States)
Financing
Co-financing , Grant , Loan , ODA
Mechanisms
Qualifying
Mitigation, Agriculture , Energy , Energy Efficiency , Fuel Switching , Industry ,
Projects
Infrastructures , Transport
Eligibility
Countries that have an active MDB country program (World Bank and Regional
Development Banks) including Algeria (MENA), Colombia, Egypt (Country and MENA),
Indonesia, Jordan (MENA), Kazakhstan, Mexico, Morocco (Country and MENA),
Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Tunisia (MENA), Turkey, Ukraine, Viet Nam.
Funding Objectives
Key features of the CTF design are:
Utilizing MDB capabilities to leverage private and public resources for low carbon investments;
Promoting environmental and development co-benefits to demonstrate how low carbon technologies can contribute to national
development goals and strategies; Providing concessional financing with a grant element tailored to cover the identifiable additional
costs of the investment necessary to make the project viable.
Financing Mechanisms
Concessional financing instruments, such as grants and concessional loans, risk mitigation
instruments, such as guarantees, and equity. Technical assistance.
Application Procedures
When a country expresses interest in accessing CTF financing, the MDBs concerned will conduct a joint
mission with other development partners to discuss with the government, private industry and other
stakeholders how the fund may help finance scaled-up low carbon activities. The outcome of the joint
exercise is an investment plan developed under the recipient country’s leadership for use of CTF
resources in major sectors of the economy through a joint MDB program. The investment plan should
build on existing country-owned strategies or action plans and demonstrate how it is complementary
to activities under other available programs.
Steps to access the CTF:
1.
A interested country requests a joint mission of the World Bank Group and relevant Regional Development Bank to prepare an
investment plan
2.
An investment plan is developed under the leadership of the country to describe how CTF financing will be used in major sectors
of the economy through a joint MDB program
3.
A Trust Fund Committee reviews the investment plan, endorses further development of activities for CTF financing, and facilitates
prioritization of projects according to agreed criteria such as:
o
Potential GHG emission savings
o
Demonstration potential
o
Development impact
o
Implementation potential
Project Types
The CTF is expected to support 15-20 country/regional investment plans that meet the criteria of
significant GHG emissions savings, demonstration potential at scale, development impact and
implementation readiness. In order to access CTF funding, a country must be eligible for official
development assistance and have an active MDB country program. Eligible investments are in the
power and transport sectors, as well as energy efficiency (for example in buildings, industry and
agriculture). The CTF seeks to have transformational impacts by supporting investment programs
that:
Constitute a dominant part of countries’ low carbon development strategies;
Shape the course of markets for technology deployment; and/or
Transcend GHG emissions savings objectives by providing broader development and environmental benefits.
Decision-making structure
The governance and organizational structure of the CTF includes a CTF Trust Fund Committee, an MDB
Committee, a Partnership Forum, an Administrative Unit and a Trustee.
Decision by the CTF Trust Fund Committee will be made by consensus of its decision making Members.
Consensus is a procedure for adopting a decision when no participant in the decision-making process
blocks a proposed decision. For the purposes of the CTF, consensus does not necessarily imply
unanimity. A dissenting decision maker, who does not wish to block a decision, may state an objection
by attaching a statement or note to the decision. If consensus is not possible, then a proposed
decision will be postponed or withdrawn.
Monitoring and evaluation of results will be critical for the Trust Fund, and each MDB will follow its
procedures for monitoring and evaluation. There will be annual reporting by the MDBs to the Trust
Fund Committee, and an independent evaluation of the operations of the Trust Fund and the impacts
of its activities will be carried out jointly after three years of operations by the independent evaluation
departments of the MDBs. Results achieved through the fund will be published and publicly available.
Full reporting criteria will be agreed by the Trust Fund Committee.
Project Examples
Endorsed Investment Plans: CTF Trust Fund Committee approved allocations of funds to
Investment Plans for Egypt, Mexico, Turkey.
Investment Plans under preparation: Colombia, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Philippines, South Africa,
Thailand, Ukraine, regional (Middle East and North Africa Concentrated Solar Power Program).
First project approved by MDB Board: Turkey Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Project
First private sector project approved by TFC: Mexico Private Sector Wind Development
Links
www.climateinvestmentfunds.org
The Global Environment Facility (the GEF)
Tags
Snapshot
Total Amount
To date, USD 3 billion has been allocated for mitigation and enabling activities and
USD 400 million for adaptation.
Financing
Co-financing , Grant
Mechanisms
Qualifying
Adaptation , Capacity Building , Mitigation, Agriculture , Climate-Resilient , Energy ,
Projects
Energy Efficiency , Forestry , Low-Carbon , Renewable Energy , Sustainable Land
Management , Transport , Water
Eligibility
Parties to UNFCCC, non-Annex I Parties or eligible to borrow from the WB (IBRD
and/or IDA) or eligible recipient of UNDP technical assistance.
Funding Objectives
The GEF serves as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC and is working under
the guidance of the Council and the COP. Through supporting mitigation and adaptation projects in
developing countries and countries with economies in transition, the GEF is contributing to the
implementation of the Convention. The GEF is the only institution which got a mandate from the
convention on technologies and is implementing the Poznan Strategic Program on Technology
Transfer. The GEF is also managing the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) and the Special
Climate Change Fund (SCCF) established under the UNFCCC and provides secretariat services to the
Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol.
Financing Mechanisms
In most cases, the GEF is supporting projects through providing grants and leveraging co-financing.
However, many GEF projects include a range of components such as investment, technical assistance,
establishment of funds, risk management, PES and others. In most cases, the GEF is supporting
projects through providing grants and leveraging co-financing. However, many GEF projects include a
range of components such as investment, technical assistance, establishment of funds, risk
management, PES and others.
Application Procedures
The GEF projects are developed by host countries in cooperation with 10 GEF Agencies. An application
can be made by submitting a Project Identification Form (PIF) to the GEF secretariat through a GEF
Agency(s) with an endorsement letter of the Operational Focal Point of the host country.
Project Types
Energy efficiency in industry and the building sector, renewable energy, low-carbon transport,
LULUCF, adaptation, NAPA, enabling activities and others.
Decision-making structure
For full-sized projects (>$1 million), decision for projects are made through three steps before
implementation; the GEF CEO clearance of the PIF, the Council approval, and the GEF CEO
endorsement of the project.
Medium-sized projects ($1 million or under) and enabling activities are approved under expedited
procedures, with approval authority delegated to the GEF CEO.
Full-sized projects have to be endorsed by the CEO within 22 months from the date of Council
approval; medium-sized projects have to receive the approval of the CEO of the final project
document within 12 months from the PIF approval.
The LDCF and SCCF follow separate procedures from the GEF trust fund, consistent with Climate
Convention guidance. In the case of the LDCF, Medium-sized projects have a $2million ceiling.
Projects in both funds generate adaptation benefits that are linked to development.
Project Examples
There are more than 500 climate change projects in the GEF:
Barrier removal to encourage and secure market transformation for refrigerators (Tunisia, USD 0.7 million);
Energy conservation project, Phase II (China, USD 26 million) (develop ESCO industry);
Energy Efficiency Co-financing Program (HEECP) (Hungary, USD 5.7 million):
provide guarantees and technical assistance to support the financing of energy efficiency-related projects;
High-efficiency lighting project (ILUMEX) (Mexico, USD 10 million);
Demonstration of FCB commercialisation (China, USD 11.6 million);
Solar thermal hybrid project (Egypt, USD 50 million);
Solar energy (India, USD 26 million): support off-grid photovoltaic;
Removal of barriers to biomass power generation and co-generation (Thailand, USD 6.8 million);
Rapid-transit bus and pedestrian improvements in Jakarta (Indonesia USD 6.16 million);
Enhancing institutional capacities on REDD issues for sustainable forest management in the Congo Basin (regional project; USD
15 million);
Community-Based Adaptation (CBA) project (Global project, USD 5.51 million): helping villagers to define and implement local
responses to climate change impacts in their communities;
Pacific Islands Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) (Pacific Island States, USD 14.82 million): cooperative cross-sectoral
approach to adaptation in the Pacific region.
Links
http://thegef.org
Seed Capital Assistance Facility (SCAF)
Tags
Snapshot
Total Amount
$10.47 million
Financing
Co-financing , Equity , Grant
Mechanisms
Qualifying
Mitigation, Energy , Energy Efficiency , Renewable Energy
Projects
Eligibility
Commercial Private Equity or Venture Capital Funds can receive cost-sharing support
for including early stage seed capital windows within their broader commercial
investment offering.
Funding Objectives
The facility is aimed at helping energy investment funds provide seed financing to early stage clean
energy enterprises and projects. The Facility is implemented through the United Nations Environment
Programme, the Asian Development Bank and the African Development Bank.
Entrepreneurs can transform markets, but the environment for entrepreneurship is poor in many
developing countries, particularly in the energy sector. For new business ventures there is a lack of
available enterprise development support services and seed financing is hard to secure, with most
investors reluctant to engage too early. This means that even high potential renewable energy and
efficiency sectors develop quite slowly.
The two largest challenges that investors have in providing seed capital financing to early stage
projects and companies are the higher transaction costs and insufficient returns offered by these
small, less mature and more risky ventures. The SCAF facility is designed to address these two
hurdles, offering investment fund managers two types of cost-sharing support for those willing to
include a seed investment window within their overall investment strategy.
Financing Mechanisms
SCAF Support Line 1 - Enterprise Development Support
The first SCAF support line can be used to cost-share some of the elevated costs associated with deal
sourcing, providing enterprise development services to and transacting seed scale investments. As
part of this arrangement, the cooperating fund manager commits to providing enterprise development
services to qualified local entrepreneurs as a means of identifying and developing a pipeline of early
stage clean energy investment opportunities. Each cooperating fund manager decides the services
they will offer, based on the local context, however the common elements of these services generally
involve:
Identification and training of new ‘pre-commercial’ clean energy entrepreneurs and project developers,
Targeted coaching or incubator services for specific promising investment opportunities and
Co-financing of pre-investment feasibility studies.
The Enterprise Development Support comes in the form of annual fees, time limited to between two
and three years, the time it normally takes to graduate seed financed developments into full-scale
investments. This support is provided as a contingent grant, requiring that the cost-shared activities
lead to corresponding investments being taken by the fund’s seed window.
SCAF Support Line 2 - Seed Capital Support
The second SCAF support line is designed to help offset the hurdle of higher perceived risks and lower
expected returns when dealing with early stage clean energy project and enterprise developments.
The level of support provided is negotiated with each cooperating fund manager and then paid on a
standard basis with each project. Typically the support is in the range of 10% to 20% of each seed
capital investment, paid at the time of investment disbursement.
This support is used for covering some of the elevated project development costs that normally are
charged to or financed by the developer, for example technical assessments; contract negotiations for
fuel-supply or off-take agreements; environmental impact analysis; and other aspects of the
permitting process.
Application Procedures
There is no required format for proposals submitted to become a SCAF cooperating fund manager.
However successful proposals must provide information on and address all conditions detailed in the
following guidelines. Proposals should not be longer than 15-20 pages in length, although additional
supporting materials can be included as Annexes to the main proposal document.
The following check-list summarizes all issues that must be addressed within proposals to be
considered for support:
Size of seed investment window,
Form of financing to be used,
Expected areas of technology focus,
Investee company types,
Geographic focus.
Applicants must also explain the overall fund investment strategy, including
Size of the fund at first and subsequent closings,
Status of fund development,
Background experience of fund manager,
Legal structure.
Linkage between the seed investment and overall fund investment strategy is explained.
Presentation of the enterprise development strategy and the specific services to be offered.
Description of key personnel or organisations that will provide enterprise development services.
Description of the Environmental Safeguard Policy to be applied.
The Fund Manager should demonstrate suitable technical and managerial experience and qualifications
to execute the tasks set out in a SCAF Cooperating Fund Agreement. Specifically, the Fund Manager
should have:
Proven experience and track record in successfully developing clean energy projects, managing private equity, venture capital or
special purpose investment funds in developing countries.
Demonstrated technical competence in energy project appraisal and experience in working with indigenous small and medium
enterprises.
Adequate financial management and accounting capacity to meet fiduciary requirements.
Sound financial track record and integrity with a good reputation for service quality and delivery.
In-house capacity or access to a reputable network of local or regional entities to deliver enterprise development services to
prospective entrepreneurs and project developers.
Project Types
In Least Developed Countries most technologies will be eligible, other than those included in the allcountry negative list below. In other emerging market countries only the ‘second wave’ of
technologies will be eligible, not the first wave that today are considered fully commercial. For
example wind and hydro generation projects in China and India, or geothermal projects in the
Philippines, would not qualify for SCAF support. Technologies ineligible for support in all countries:
Landfill methane
Bio-fuels projects, unless they can be clearly shown to meet sustainability criteria (non-food crop with minimal impact on food
security, biodiversity impacts, etc)
Vehicle efficiency (in the transport sector only modal shift and bio-fuel projects that meet condition (b) above are eligible)
Large hydro (>25 MW)
Nuclear energy
Morever, projects that have received prior support through the GEF or ones that are intended to reap
financial benefits through the CDM or JI will not be considered eligible for SCAF funding.
Decision-making structure
The engagement process for a fund to cooperate with SCAF consists of the following steps:
1. Proposal
The fund manager begins the process by preparing a proposal for SCAF consideration. This proposal
details the investment fund entity under development, or already in implementation, and the specific
plan for creating a seed capital window within it and adding an associated enterprise development
support programme. There are no fixed proposal formats, although all information described in the
Proposal Guidelines section must be included (see checklist). Proposals should be no longer than XX
pages.
2. Screened and Terms and Conditions Negotiated
Proposal screening will be carried out based on the evaluation criteria. The terms of SCAF support are
to be negotiated on a case by case basis depending on local economic conditions, the maturity of the
targeted clean energy sector(s), the overall investment strategy of the cooperating fund and the
impact these all have on expected enterprise development and transaction costs and returns on
investment. The SCAF evaluation criteria defines the conditionality for the support to be provided (in
terms of enterprise development services offered, co-finance requirements, deal size, technology type,
etc) but some flexibility will be allowed to tailor specific support contracts to local conditions.
3. Due Diligence
A detailed due diligence will be carried out on the fund management entity and its specific proposal as
a condition precedent for SCAF contractual engagement. This procedure will verify that the
cooperating fund manager has the appropriate capacity, management systems and legal authorities to
carry out the proposed investment activity and as well has the ability and systems in place to provide
the proposed Enterprise Development Support.
4. Approval
Once the due diligence process has confirmed a valid proposal and qualified fund management entity,
the proposal package will be considered for approval.
5. Contracting
The contractual arrangements with the approved cooperating funds will define the terms and
conditions whereby SCAF support can be used, and will include the reporting, auditing and monitoring
and evaluation (M&E) functions. The contractual agreement will involve annual disbursements to pay
for enterprise development activities (reviewed and approved on an annual basis), as well as
individual disbursements for each project seed financed by the cooperating fund (screened on a case
by case basis). The fund manager will be obliged to meet an investment schedule (i.e., the enterprise
development support must lead to subsequent investments from the seed finance window) failing
which they will be obliged to repay a share of the enterprise development support provided.
Project Examples
In 2010 the first SCAF cooperating fund agreement was signed with the South African clean energy
fund Evolution One whereby seed financing is being provided to wind farm developments in the
Eastern Cape province. In Asia fund development agreements signed with five fund managers, each of
which is preparing an early stage investment strategy as part of a broader investment offering. These
strategies include incubator, development companies and value chain investing approaches. Based on
this preparatory work ADB plans to sign full SCAF Cooperating Fund Agreements with most of these
fund managers once their funds are fully capitalised and operational. Including the South African fund,
the six funds now engaged have a combined target capitalisation of $480 million, of which $55 million
is for seed scale investing.
Links
Seed Capital Assistance Facility homepage
EIB Climate Change Technical Assistance Facility
Tags
Snapshot
Total Amount
Total funding of EUR 5 million
Financing
Grant , Loan
Mechanisms
Qualifying Projects
Mitigation, Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) , Energy Efficiency , Forestry , Fuel
Switching , Fugitive Methane
Eligibility
Any carbon mitigation project that will be eligible for CDM or JI crediting
Funding Objectives
The Climate Change Technical Assistance Facility (CCTAF) provides advance funding for activities
associated with the development of project-based carbon assets (credits) under the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) instruments of the Kyoto Protocol. The
development of these projects involves considerable transaction costs and requires knowledge of
regulatory and policy requirements that is often lacking for project promoters, especially in developing
countries and economies in transition. Promoters may therefore be reluctant to use the CDM and JI
instruments to develop emission reduction projects. The CCTAF therefore aims to promote the
development of CDM and JI projects by providing advance finance for the transaction costs and by
supervising the development of the carbon asset potential of an underlying project throughout the
project cycle to the carbon credit certification stage.
Financing Mechanisms
The CCTAF takes the form of a conditional loan or grant that will be reimbursed by the project
promoter once the project has yielded carbon credits that qualify according to the requirements of the
Kyoto Protocol. Should the carbon asset development fail, the Bank would assume the CCTAF costs.
By taking this risk, the Facility aims to help develop projects that would otherwise not be
implemented. The necessary studies and processing work are outsourced to private sector
consultants. By combining the specific expertise of consultants with the project development expertise
of the EIB, the Facility ensures the overall quality of a CDM/ JI project.
Application Procedures
No special formalities are involved for the submission of applications to the EIB for individual loans.
Project promoters are required simply to provide the Bank's Operations Directorate with a detailed
description of their capital investment together with the prospective financing arrangements. Initial
contacts to discuss a proposed project can be in any form, by telephone, fax, e-mail or letter. The
project promoter should provide sufficient information to allow the EIB to assess whether the project
adheres to EIB lending objectives and has a well-developed business plan.
Project Types
CCTAF services are eligible for any project that qualifies for crediting under the CDM or JI programmes
of the Kyoto Protocol. The carbon crediting activities for which the CCTAF can provide funding include:
Carbon credit pre-feasibility study;
Preparation of carbon credit documentation (Project Design Document);
Validation of the Project Design Document;
Registration of the project;
Carbon credit sales activities (preparation of a sales memorandum, Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement);
Verification of emission reductions;
Issue and transfer of credits.
Decision-making structure
The appraisal procedure is launched by the Directorate General for Lending Operations, on the basis of
a file compiled by the promoter:
The Management Committee is informed of the main features of the planned project and the principal aspects on which the
appraisal will focus;
An appraisal team composed of representatives of all Directorates concerned is set up to prepare the appraisal. A timetable is
established;
A site visit to the promoter is organised by the Directorate General for Lending Operations. Depending on the project, an engineer
and/or economist may join the loan officer in discussing in detailed support.
Only after these steps have been taken can the Management Committee make recommendations to
the Board of Directors as to whether a project ought to be accepted or rejected.
Project Examples
N/A
Links
CCTAF Guidelines
International Climate Initiative (Germany)
Snapshot
Total Amount
€120 million per year [€371 million to date]
Financing
Grant , Loan , ODA
Mechanisms
Qualifying
Adaptation , Mitigation, Agriculture , Disaster Risk Reduction , Energy Efficiency ,
Projects
Forestry , Populations & Human Settlements , Renewable Energy , Sustainable Land
Management , Transport , Water
Eligibility
Any project proponent must prove at least three years of international project
development experience; Total project duration of less than five years;
Funding Objectives
The bilateral fund International Climate Initiative (ICI) is run by the Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU) of the Government of Germany. The ICI provides
financial support to international projects in climate change mitigation, adaptation and biodiversity
projects that have a climate change focus or co-benefit. Significantly, financing through the Initiative
seeks to ensure that its investments will catalyze other funding streams, particularly those from the
private-sector, of a greater magnitude. It also seeks projects that support a post-2012 focus and to
that end will fund multilateral activities in adaptation and sustainable forest management.
Financing Mechanisms
Funding from the ICI directed to developing countries is considered official development assistance
(ODA). Funds are disbursed mainly in the form of grants, yet some ICI financing may be provided as
interest rate subsidized loans, such as that provided to Russia/CIS states for use in CDM/JI projects.
The financing is intended to encourage private-sector investment by making projects.
Application Procedures
The selection process for projects seeking International Climate Initiative funding is based on a twostep procedure. The first step consists in evaluating the project outlines (templates are provided on
the BMU website) submitted to the Programme Office. Applicants will be informed of the evaluation
result. If their project outlines are promising, they will be requested to submit a formal grant
application, with detailed project plan and a financing strategy. The Ministry for Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety will then decide on the applications in a final review (second step of
the procedure). After conclusion of the first step, applicants will be supplied with a sample of the
application materials used in completing the second step.
Project Types
The Initiative breaks down eligible project types into three main categories: climate change mitigation,
climate change adaptation, and conservation of climate-relevant biodiversity.
Adaptation
Projects successfully seeking ICI funding for adaptation include food security and agriculture,
sustainable land management, water resource management, sustainable biomass production, human
health, disaster risk reduction, and migration management.
Mitigation
The Initiative will fund climate change mitigation projects in energy efficiency, renewable energy,
capacity building, technology transfer, and sustainable transportation.
Climate-relevant Biodiversity Conservation
In keeping with the post-2012 focus of the Initiative, funding is also available for projects that seek to
conserve biodiverse forested areas in Central and Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Projects that
implement aspects of sustainable forest management are also considered eligible. In the field of REDD
activities for conserving carbon sinks, two dozen projects are financed for a total of €58 million.
Activities in this field aim to improve synergies between climate protection and biodiversity
conservation.
Decision-making structure
The ICI works in conjunction with two organizations contracted by the Government of Germany
government to perform development cooperation tasks, the Agency for German Technical Cooperation
(GTZ) and KfW, a development bank. The administration of the International Climate Initiative is
carried out by a programme office located at GTZ, supported by additional personnel capacity
provided by KfW.
An international advisory board offers strategic support to the practical work undertaken in the ICI.
The international advisory panel is made up of experts from governments, academia, nongovernmental organisations, private firms, financial markets and international financial institutions.
The international membership of this body reflects the complex range of interests that exists at
international level and is designed to allow multiple, cross-sector perspectives to emerge regarding
the innovative financing of future climate protection measures.
Projects selected for funding from the ICI will prove their cost-effectiveness, as well as offer a plan to
partially self-fund the project or otherwise attract third-party financing. Approved projects will also
need to show replicability, effective integration with national development policy and planning, and
project sustainability with capacity building in the target region and sector.
Project Examples
Insurance Instruments for Adaptation to Climate Change (China): The purpose of the project is
develop and introduce sustainable weather insurance solutions in two pilot regions in order to protect
vulnerable sectors of the economy. This will take place in close cooperation with future customers, the
China Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIRC), the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and
Chinese and international insurance companies.
Climate Projection Programme (Turkey): ICI funding provides an interest rate subsidy for a line of
credit extended to the Turkish environment and development bank from the private sector. The credit
will be used to create a facility through which the Turkish government can attract private-sector
investment in the form of long-term loans for energy efficiency and renewable energy development.
ICI’s interest rate subsidy makes such an arrangement economically possible by lowering the cost of
capital through the credit line.
Links
International Climate Initiative homepageICI applicationICI - UNFCCC page
The Hatoyama Initiative (Japan)
Tags
Snapshot
Total Amount
There is no minimum or maximum amount of assistance.
Financing
Grant , Loan , ODA , Technical assistance
Mechanisms
Qualifying Projects Adaptation , Mitigation, Agriculture , Disaster Risk Reduction , Energy Efficiency ,
Renewable Energy
Eligibility
Developing countries in consultation with Government of Japan (some private
sector actors may also be considered).
Funding Objectives
Assistance will be provided to developing countries that are already making efforts to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions to enable them to achieve economic growth in ways that will contribute to
climate stability, on the basis of policy consultations between Japan and those countries. Measures
focused both on mitigation and adaptation will be considered eligible for funding.
Financing Mechanisms
The classification of the Cool Earth Partnership funds is 60% ODA. All of the grant money is ODA
(which constitutes 20% of the Partnership Fund) and about half of the loan money is considered ODA,
the remainder covers trade insurance schemes for Japanese exporters of clean technology.
Assistance for adaptation and expanded clean energy access: Grants, technical assistance and aid through international
organizations.
Assistance to mitigate climate change: Financial and technical assistance, based on the needs of the requesting countries, will be
given on a concessional basis.
The program offers "Climate Change ODA Loans" with concessional conditions (preferential interest
rates) provides financing to implement mitigation projects. Moreover, equity investments, guarantees,
export insurance and subsidies through the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) can be
mobilized to fund projects in developing countries.
Application Procedures
Developing countries who have entered into direct, bilateral discussions with the Government of Japan
(GOJ). Disbursement of funds is dependent on bilateral policy consultations with Japan, with the intent
of reaching a common understanding of policies regarding climate change (e.g. reducing greenhouse
gas emissions and achieving economic growth in a way that will contribute to climate stability.)
Country involvement will occur via bilateral channels. The expected process of cooperation will be as
follows:
1.
Bilateral negotiations to agree on concept.
2.
A bilateral memorandum of understanding on a post-Kyoto strategy.
3.
Preparation of a country strategy paper, which should respect national ownership and complement the Paris Declaration agenda.
Project Types
Assistance for adaptation projects and improved access to clean energy may include adaptation
planning, forestry, rural electrification research, drought management, and co-benefit approaches are
subject to assistance, as well as other project types at the discretion of the Government of Japan.
Mitigation assistance in the form of energy savings, increased energy efficiency technologies, and new,
clean energy will be eligible for financing through loans and equity financing.
The JBIC will assist private sector actors to engage in mitigation efforts in developing countries. This
will occur through the International Energy Saving Project and the New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development Organization. Financing for energy saving and alternative energy in
developing countries could be possible through GOJ subsidies. Cool Earth mitigation funds will also
support Japanese companies engaged in mitigation projects to assist investment, export and lending
to developing countries.
Decision-making structure
The Initiative is coordinated by the Japanese Ministry of Finance. The partnership is governed by a five
ministerial meeting, composed of the Chief Cabinet Secretary, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Minister for
Economy, Trade and Industry, Minister for Environment, and Minister for Finance. It meets on an
irregular basis, on average once a month. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan has established an
Experts' Panel on Development Corporation in the Field of Climate Change to guide the development
of the Partnership. This Panel consisted of Japanese academic experts, whilst representatives of other
ministries and agencies participate as observers in the discussions.
Project Examples
Indonesia: A Climate Change Program Loan for Indonesia was agreed in July 2008. A total of up to $
300 million will be available for activities in the forestry, energy and commercial sectors, as well as for
water resource management.
Tuvalu: Policy discussions were held in March 2008. Japan will cooperate in the fields of costal
management, disaster prevention and alternative energy.
Links
NEFCO Carbon Finance and Funds
Tags
Snapshot
Total Amount
EUR 135 million
Financing
Carbon Finance , Grant , Technical assistance
Mechanisms
Qualifying
Adaptation , Mitigation, Energy , Energy Efficiency , Fuel Switching , Fugitive Methane
Projects
, Industry , Renewable Energy , Waste Management
Eligibility
Projects should be in line with the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol, in particular the
fulfillment of the requirements of the JI Supervisory Committee and CDM Executive
Board of the UNFCCC Secretariat, and the second trading period of the EU ETS (and
subsequent periods).
Funding Objectives
The Nordic Environment Finance Corporation (NEFCO) is a multilateral international financial
institution with broad experience of financing projects with positive environmental impacts.
NEFCO contributes to sustainable development and climate change adaptation and mitigation through
supporting a wide range of GHG reduction projects (e.g. renewable energy, energy efficiency, fuel
switching, etc.) in various parts of the world. NEFCO provides carbon financing in the form of
additional revenues to projects by monetising the value of greenhouse emission reductions generated
through the use of the Kyoto Mechanisms, namely Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM). The credits from these projects are used for compliance with the obligations of the
Kyoto Protocol and the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. Nordic Environment Finance Corporation
manages two carbon facilities with combined funding resourcing of up to €135 million by originating
and managing projects in Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa on behalf of 17 public and private sector
investors.
NEFCO’s 2 main operating funds for carbon financing are:
The NEFCO Carbon Fund (NeCF)
The Baltic Sea Region Testing Ground Facility (TGF)
In addition, NEFCO is the implementing agency for two joint facilities together with the Nordic
Development Fund, its sister organization. Further information on these may be found below:
The Nordic Climate Facility is a technical assistance facility aimed at climate mitigation and adaptation in developing countries.
The ProClimate Guarantee Facility is aimed at climate friendly investments in developing countries (webpage under construction).
Financing Mechanisms
Under its procurement funds, NEFCO acts as buyer of ERUs/CERs/AAUs on the basis of emission
reductions purchase agreements concluded with project owners; it also provides coverage of carbon
related project preparation costs.
Post-2012 emission reductions are an integral part of the procurement, up to the maximum of the first
crediting period of the project (7 or 10 years).
Application Procedures
First, a Project Idea Note (PIN) should be submitted to the Carbon Finance and Funds Unit. On the
basis of PIN, an initial screening of the project will be performed. Afterwards, if the project is
considered eligible, a more detailed financial, technical and environmental analysis will have to be
submitted.
Project Types
NEFCO supports a wide range of GHG mitigation activities in the the following fields:
Renewable Energy (Solar Thermal, Solar Electric, Wind, Biogas, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydropower)
Energy Efficiency (EE Households, EE industry, EE own generation, EE Service, EE Supply side, Energy distribution)
Fuel Switching
Fugitive Methane
Industry
Waste Management (Solid Waste Management, Animal waste, Wastewater treatment)
NEFCO prioritises renewable energy and energy efficiency projects.
Decision-making structure
NEFCO acts as the Fund Manager under the authority of the Investment Committees of the respective
funds.
Project Examples
Lapes Landfill Gas Utilisation Project in Lithuania
Saaremaa Animal Waste Biogas Project in Estonia
Alchevsk Coke Plant Waste Heat Recovery Project in Ukraine
Ban Coc 18 MW Hydropower Project in Vietnam
Jiangsu Xiangshui Wind Power Project in China
Links
http://www.nefco.org/financing/carbon_finance
KfW Development & Climate Finance
Tags
Snapshot
Total Amount
Variable, depending on contract
Financing
Grant , Loan , ODA , Structured financing
Mechanisms
Qualifying
Adaptation , Capacity Building , Mitigation , Technology, Agriculture , Climate-Resilient
Projects
, Coastal Zone Management , Energy , Energy Efficiency , Forestry , Infrastructures ,
Low-Carbon , Material efficiency , Natural Resource Management , Renewable Energy ,
Sustainable Land Management , Transport , Waste Management , Water , Water
efficiency
Eligibility
Depending on contract
Funding Objectives
The financing of climate-relevant investments in developing and industrialising countries has become
an important element of German development cooperation (DC). Climate change is aggravating the
already significant challenges facing developing and industrialising countries. Their development in
particular is expected to make growth and prosperity possible, but with the least possible additional
impact on the climate. German Financial Cooperation (FC) plays a pivotal role in resolving this
seeming contradiction between climate protection and the interests of development.
KfW Entwicklungsbank provides financial support to projects in climate mitigation, adaptation to
climate change and technology-transfer. KfW’s Climate financing thus touches on many areas and
extends from sustainable economic development, energy and water supply, infrastructure, urban
development, solid waste management, transport and mobility to healthcare and the protection of
forests and biodiversity as well as agriculture and forestry.
Financing Mechanisms
In climate financing, the instruments of German Financial Cooperation (FC) are used first. Accordingly,
programmes and projects aimed at emissions reductions, climate change adaptation and technology
transfer in developing and industrialising countries are financed with a differentiated mix of grants,
low-interest loans with long maturities (for instance as development loans, mixed and composite
finance, interest reduction, promotional loans and credit lines) or equity participations. A multitude of
special facilities and programmes are available for environmental and climate protection. This range is
complemented by innovative approaches such as fund solutions which also encourage private sector
investment, while some constellations also permit purely private sector financing of projects. In many
developing countries, microfinance is playing an increasingly greater role in trade and the crafts. KfW
is also able to supply this financial sector - i.e. banks or other financial institutions supplying small and
micro businesses as well as retail customers with loans - with equity capital, too.
The financing conditions offered under FC are consistently more favourable than the market conditions
and are staggered in accordance with the sector and the character of the project, the performance
capacities of the sectors and partners, the economic situation of the partner country, as well as its
level of development, external economic position and debt situation.
Application Procedures
In carrying out German Financial Cooperation (FC) KfW follows two main principles: to strengthen our
partner country's sense of ownership and to align the work with the country's national development
strategies and structures. An agreement reached between the government of a partner country and
the German Government during intergovernmental negotiations (held about every two years) serves
as the basis for bilateral cooperation. The partner countries themselves propose projects and
programmes within the framework of these agreements and are responsible for their preparation and
implementation. Those programmes and projects generally go through the same processing cycle.
Project Types
Adaptation, Capacity Building, Mitigation, Technology Transfer
Agriculture, Climate Resilient, Coastal Zone Management, Energy, Energy Efficiency, Forestry (REDD),
Infrastructure, Low-Carbon, Material efficiency, Natural Resource Management, Renewable Energy,
Sustainable Land Management, Transport, Waste Management, Water, Water Efficiency
Decision-making structure
Please see Application Procedures above.
Project Examples
Cogeneration in China: Construction of a modern cogeneration system; Installation of a district
heating system; Transfer of know-how through work on the spot of district heating experts from the
public utility company in Leipzig; Environmental protection measures such as avoidance of flue gases
or cleaning up of waste waters.
Effects: Increased supply of electricity and thermal heat; Reduced pollution.
Green Savings Accounts in Vietnam: Allocation of rights of use for certain forest areas to farmers;
Green Savings Accounts: Farmers get savings accounts for the reforestation of their areas;
Accompanying measures (e.g. consultancy services, forest management training etc.)
Effects: Increase of farmers’ income; Reforestation and long-lasting forest protection; Increased
carbon storage.
Wind Parks in Morocco: KfW-loan for the construction of a wind park in Essaouira; Financed
measures include the installation of the wind turbines, grid connection etc.; Consultancy services;
Ornithological study.
Effects: Increased electricity supply; Prevention of the construction of coal or gas-fired power plants;
CDM-certification generates additional revenue.
Credit Lines in the Ukraine: KfW Credit Line for the local ProCredit Bank; ProCredit provides low
interest financing to households and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for energy efficiency
measures; KfW also provides consultancy services.
Effects: Increased competitiveness of firms; Generation of know-how in the financial sector;
Decreasing wastage of energy has positive effect on climate.
Protecting the Forest in Peru: Investments in infrastructure of nature reserves to improve
protection and administration; Support for the forest management; Integration of the local population
into the project
Effects: Improved protection of biodiversity; Preservation of CO2 storage; Long-term support for the
local economy through sustainable exploitation plan.
Water Management in Jordan: Investments in rehabilitation of the water supply network; Repairing
and replacement of old house connections; Financing of consultancy services.
Effects: Improvement of water security; Increase of supply of drinking water; Adaptation to climate
change.
Cyclone Protection in India: Flood waves and heavy rainfalls are often companions of cyclones that
frequently occur in the state of Orissa. Approach: Cooperation with the German Red Cross;
Construction of protective buildings that can also be used for communal meetings; Preventive actions
(establishment of a local emergency management, emergency training and an early warning system);
Raise a fund to cover maintenance costs.
Effects: Improved protection against cyclones; Support of communal institutions; Adaptation to
climate change.
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) in India: Installation of the first CSP plant in Asia; Additional
revenue via CDM certification; Transfer of knowledge from implementation of CSP technology in Spain
and USA (IPEX).
Effects: Supply of clean energy for 50,000 people, CO2 savings of more than 25,000 tons p.a.; First
experiences with this innovative technology.
Links
KfW EntwicklungsbankKfW Climate Change
Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF)
Tags
Snapshot
Total Amount
$15 million
Financing
Grant , Technical assistance
Mechanisms
Qualifying
Adaptation , Capacity Building , Mitigation, Agriculture , Climate-Resilient , Energy ,
Projects
Energy Efficiency , Infrastructures , Low-Carbon , Renewable Energy , Transport ,
Urban , Waste Management , Water , Water efficiency
Eligibility
Developing or transition economies on the Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee’s (DAC) I to IV Aid
recipients are eligible for PPIAF funding.
Grant range (approx.): $50,000-$500,000
Host country approval
Funding Objectives
The Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) was created in 1999 to act as a catalyst to
increase private sector participation in emerging markets. It provides technical assistance to
governments to support the creation of a sound enabling environment for private service provision.
In the last two years, PPIAF has provided technical assistance designed to help African countries use
public-private partnerships (PPPs) in efforts to address climate change-related problems through
improved infrastructure service delivery. PPIAF is now expanding this program globally to develop
appropriate policy strategies, action plans, and regulations that incorporate adaptation and mitigation
measures to attract private sector climate finance in low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure PPPs.
Governments are the main generators of private sector projects, but there are obstacles that impede
private sector participation. PPIAF can assist to remove some of these obstacles by supporting:
Policy formulation, as public authorities decide between public and private provision of infrastructure services;
The selection of the best mode of delivery of infrastructure services and the risk allocation between the public and the private
sectors;
Building capacity in public authorities to design PPP projects, manage the award process and the service delivery, and partner
with private investors;
Adequate consultation with beneficiaries to share project objectives;
Legislation and institutional reforms to ensure the sustainability of the investments and the protection of property and contractual
rights;
Support for the negotiations of contracts to ensure adequate risk allocation between public and private parties.
PPIAF is a multi-donor technical assistance facility, financed by 17 multilateral and bilateral donors:
Australia, Asian Development Bank, Canada, European Commission, France, Germany, International
Finance Corporation, Italy, Japan, Millennium Challenge Corporation, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden,
Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and the World Bank. PPIAF funds are untied and grants
are provided on a demand-driven basis.
Financing Mechanisms
The PPIAF will be administered through technical assistance grants.
Application Procedures
Project proponents must submit a short concept note that provides the basic information about the
project, outlining project objectives, indicators of success, and the project’s scope. Following review by
the PPIAF team, proponents of approved concepts will be invited to submit a formal application
package to PPIAF.
All proposals are evaluated on a rolling basis. Applicants proposing small activities (involving PPIAF
support of $75,000 or less) will be notified of the outcome of the evaluation within two to three weeks
of submission. Applicants proposing medium-size or large activities (more than $75,000) will be
notified within six to eight weeks of submission. If a proposal is rejected, an explanation will be
provided to the applicant.
The PPIAF application is available at the organization's website.
Project Types
The PPIAF will accept climate-focused grant proposals that are in line with PPIAF’s mandate to support
activities in the following categories:
Infrastructure development strategies to take full advantage of the potential for private sector involvement;
Outreach and communication programs to engage stakeholders and ensure transparency and accountability in reforms;
Design and implementation of policy, regulatory, and institutional reforms
Design and implementation of pioneering projects and transactions
Government capacity building to design and execute private infrastructure arrangements and regulate private service providers;
Identification, dissemination, and promotion of emerging best practices Creditworthiness improvement of sub-national entities.
Decision-making structure
Proposals that meet the threshold eligibility requirements will be assessed against the criteria
determined by PPIAF’s donors. Grant requests of $75,000 or less are evaluated internally by the RCO
teams and the PMU.
Grant requests that exceed $75,000 are subjected to an external technical assessment by a senior
sectoral expert from the World Bank Group. Once comments from the technical assessment are
incorporated in a revised proposal, the application package is first submitted to PPIAF PMU for
clearance, and then to PPIAF Donors’ Council for final approval.
Project Examples
Impact of Climate Change in Transport (Africa, $261,500): Examining the implications of both
climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts for the private sector in Sub-Saharan Africa’s
transport sector, including vehicle operators, vehicle manufacturers, and facilities services providers,
by building on ongoing work in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Mozambique.
Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Waste Management (Africa, $170,000): Providing specific
tools, incentives, techniques, and policies to manage discarded fluorescent lamps, especially with the
aim of supporting an enhanced private sector role for infrastructure investment strategies and
institutional arrangements.
South Africa Cities Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Program ($400,000): Carrying
out a prefeasibility study to increase energy efficiency, generate renewable energy and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by focusing on improved infrastructure investments with financing
generated through PPPs.
Lighting Africa Policy Issues (Africa, $350,000): Providing a cross-country analytical framework
to understand better the nature and the extent of policy-related barriers to the large scale market
Links
PPIAF website
Climate and Development Knowledge Network
Tags
Snapshot
Total Amount
£0.5 million/project (most grants are £25,000 - £250,000)
Financing
Co-financing , Grant , Technical assistance
Mechanisms
Qualifying
Adaptation , Capacity Building , Mitigation, Agriculture , Climate-Resilient , Energy ,
Projects
Energy Efficiency , Forestry , Industry , Low-Carbon , Renewable Energy ,
Sustainable Land Management
Eligibility
All sectors including agriculture, forestry and land use, industry and power
generation, and overall climate compatible development planning
Funding Objectives
CDKN supports decision-makers in designing and delivering climate compatible development. By
combining research, advisory services and knowledge-sharing in support of locally owned and
managed policy processes, CDKN works in partnership with decision-makers in the public, private and
non-governmental sectors nationally, regionally and globally. CDKN is a cooperative project catalysed
by the Governments of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
Financing Mechanisms
1. Grants for high quality, evidence-based research on climate compatible development themes
Research is demand-driven, primarily by developing country governments, with additional expert
inputs in its design. The research programme identifies where substantive knowledge gaps exist and
seeks to fill these with robust, high quality research. CDKN supports research into a wide range of
climate and development issues in order to respond to the breadth of demand, but CDKN’s research
calls will develop specific expertise on a number of key themes.
2. Technical Assistance support to developing countries governments
Technical assistance is offered primarily to developing country governments; in some cases, technical
assistance to multilateral and international bodies will be considered. A range of short (3-12 months)
and longer-term (> one year) services are provided, including a rapid response service (4 weeks) for
high priority, time-critical assistance.
3. Funding for innovative knowledge management and partnership activities
Strengthening understanding and access to information on climate and development issues is critical
to CDKN's mission. The CDKN website carries details of current events and activities where CDKN
welcomes partnership from interested organisations, such as the recent CDKN Action Lab, which
stimulated innovative prototype projects among new partners in climate compatible development.
There may be periodic announcements about competitive RFPs to deliver knowledge-sharing and
information services; participation from developing country-based organisations is strongly
encouraged.
Application Procedures
The procedures for applying for technical assistance from CDKN are outlined here on the CDKN website.
The procedures for applying for research funding via open research calls or via CDKN’s research
innovation fund can be found here.
To enquire about financial assistance for knowledge management, communications and partnershipbuilding activities in climate compatible development, please contact [email protected].
Project Types
As detailed above, project types fall into four broad categories:
Research
Technical Assistance
Knowledge management and communications
Partnerships
CDKN funds projects in many sectors, including agriculture, low-carbon development, energy,
forestry, and land use management.
Decision-making structure
The largest proportion of our expenditure, approximately 60%, is routed to our technical assistance
projects. You may find details of our decision-making procedures for technical assistance projects on
the CDKN website.
The Research work programme calls upon scientific experts to review applications and shape the
research strategy. CDKN as a whole is governed by a Network Council comprising senior level
executives of its Alliance partners and its funding agencies, DfID (UK) and DGIS (Netherlands). The
Alliance comprises Pricewaterhouse Coopers, Overseas Development Institute, Fundacion Futuro
Latinoamericano, SouthSouthNorth, LEAD and INTRAC.
Project Examples
For more information on these and other CDKN projects, please visit the CDKN website.
Planning for climate compatible development in the Caribbean
Strengthening climate negotiation capacity in Pakistan
Developing a strategic climate change framework for Rwanda
Links
CDKN homepage