Strategies of Life
Chapter 20
Great Idea:
Living things use many different
strategies to deal with the problems of
acquiring and using matter and energy
1
Chapter Outline
• The Organization of Living Things
• What is Life
• Classifying Living Things
• Survival: A New Look at the Life
Around You
• Strategies of Fungi
• Strategies of Plants
• Strategies of Animals
2
The Organization of
Living Things
3
Ways of Thinking
About Living Things
• Levels
–
–
–
–
–
–
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Anatomy &
physiology
– Cellular
– Molecular
• All levels
complement each
other
4
What Is Life?
5
The Characteristics of Life
• High degree of order and
complexity
• Part of larger systems of
matter and energy
• Life depends on chemical
reactions in cells
• Life requires liquid water
• Organisms grow and develop
• Regulate energy use
• Share same genetic code, code
is heritable
• All living things are descended
from a common ancestor
6
Characteristics of Life
• Biology – “study of living things”
• Defining living things
– By characteristics
• Metabolic processes
• Generative processes
• Responsive processes
• Control processes
• Structural similarities
7
Metabolic Processes
8
Generative Processes
9
iClicker Question
• Which one of the following
represents a generative process?
• A enzymes
• B individual adaptation
• C nutrient uptake
• D cell division
10
Responsive Processes
11
Control Processes
12
iClicker Question
The overarching meaning of
Homeostasis is
• A contributor and provider
• B expand
• C same or constant
• D receiver
13
iClicker Question
In response to a bacterial infection my
body's thermostat is raised. I start to
shiver and produce more body heat. When
my body temperature reaches 101
degrees, I stop shivering and my body
temperature stops going up. This is an
example of:
A) Negative feedback
B) A malfunctioning control system
C) Positive feedback
D) A negative impact
14
iClicker Question
Which of the following is an example of a
positive feedback?
A) Shivering to warm up in a cold winter
storm
B) A cruise control set on your car applies
more gas when going up a hill
C) You sweat on a hot summer's day and
the blood vessels in your skin vasodilate
D) You get cut and platelets form a clot.
This in turn activates the fibrin clotting
system and more blood forms clots
15
Structural Similarities and Hierarchy
Community
Population
Organism
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organelles
Macromolecules
Atoms
16
iClicker Question
• There are some places on the
Earth’s surface where you won’t
find living things.
– A
– B
True
False
17
iClicker Question
• At what level do most biologists
today study living systems?
– A
– B
– C
the level of organisms
the level of molecules
the level of the cell
18
iClicker Question
• All life depends on chemical
reactions that take place in cells.
– A
– B
True
False
19
iClicker Question
• All life requires liquid water.
– A
– B
True
False
20
iClicker Question
• All living things on this planet share
the same genetic code.
– A
– B
True
False
21
Classifying Living Things
22
Cataloging Life
• Linnaean
classification
– Shared
characteristics
• Hierarchy
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• Binomial
nomenclature
23
Classifying Life (continued)
• Kingdoms
– Monera
– Protista
– Fungi
– Plants
– Animals
24
Classifying Human Beings
• Kingdom: Animals
• Phylum: Chordates
– Subphylum: vertebrates
• Class: Mammals
• Order: Primates
• Family: Hominid
• Genus: Homo
• Species: sapien
25
Implications of
Linnaean Classification
• Use of DNA
• Similarity depends on time and
change
• Classification results from real events
26
iClicker Question
• How many kingdoms are currently
recognized?
–
–
–
–
A
B
C
D
2
3
4
5
27
iClicker Question
• Whales and dolphins are actually
mammals.
– A
– B
True
False
28
iClicker Question
• An interbreeding population of
individual organisms that produces
fertile offspring is called a:
– A
– B
– C
species
order
phylum
29
iClicker Question
• Which kingdom is most diverse?
–
–
–
–
–
A
B
C
D
E
monera
animals
protests
plants
fungi
30
Survival: A New Look at
the Life Around You
31
iClicker Question
• The field devoted to categorizing
living things is called:
–
–
–
–
A
B
C
D
categonomy
taxonomy
branchology
spectroscopy
32
iClicker Question
• Which of the following species
accounts for over half of all known
species?
–
–
–
–
–
A
B
C
D
E
algae
protozoa
insects
fungi
monera
33
Survival: A New Look at
the Life Around You
• Autotrophs
• Heterotrophs
• Dealing with complexity
• Two basic tasks
– Obtain and distribute molecules for
energy
– Reproduce
34
Strategies of Fungi
35
Strategies of Fungi
• Growth
– Filaments
– Decomposers
• Structure
– Mass of filaments
• Reproduction
– Break filaments
– Asexual reproduction
• spores
• Lichens
– Two interdependent species
36
iClicker Question
• What kind of cell can manufacture
essential building blocks from
simple molecules?
– A
– B
– C
heterotrophs
autotrophs
technotrophs
37
Strategies of Plants
38
The Simplest Plants
• Phylum: Bryophytes
• Structure
– No roots
– Photosynthetic
• Reproduction
– Sexual
– Asexual
39
Vascular Plants
• Phylum: vascular
plants
• Structure
– Roots, stems,
leaves
– Control water loss
• Reproduction
– Seedless
– Gymnosperms
– Angiosperms
• Sexual and asexual
40
Angiosperm
41
iClicker Question
• Much of the matter in the tissue in
plants comes from:
– A
– B
– C
soil
water
air
42
iClicker Question
• Which of the following life forms
carry out 50 to 90% of the Earth’s
photosynthesis?
– A
– B
– C
plants
algae
fungi
43
Strategies of Animals
44
45
Invertebrates
• Invertebrates
– No backbone
– Most diverse animals
• Arthropods
– 70% of known animal
species
• Structure
– exoskeleton
46
Vertebrates
• Organization
– Ocean to terrestrial
• Evolution
– Earliest fish
– Bony Fish
– Amphibians
– Reptiles
– Birds
– Mammals
47