MATSURIAS
INTO
CHANGING
A 羽TINDOW
JAPAN
.J Eynon
Matthew
noitcudrI
①
nI s'napJ
imediate
postwar
are trustam
巴d
ertn
a doirep
fo enilced
caused
by both
negativ
noitcaer
ot eht citsilanoitanartlu
elmnts
dertsof
by eht parent
suoigiler
noitazngro
fo ,msiotnhS
and by deprs
econmic
.snoitidnoc
However,
by eht mid s'0691
sedutita
towards
matsuri
had
changed
conuret
with
Japn
’
s
domestic
and lanoitanretni
economic
growth. Matsuri
retn
巴d a
’
bom'
are which
seunitoc
YCt dliub
momentum
and dev
巴p
ol -id
ytisrev
through
eht .tnesrp
As a tluser
fo eht tnecr
bom,
eht meaning
fo eht word
matsuri
has undergone
lacidar
changes
ni eht tsal net years
brought
about
by lanretni
and lanretx
.secrof
The
name
has
become
a
blanket
term
gnitacidni
a wide
range
foseitivitca
extndig
from
seirutnec
dlo otnihS
slautir
ot modern
day
marching
band
-ap
.sedar
As another
tceridni
tluser
fo eht
ytiralupo
fo ,irustam
the
term
has
ben
borowed
ylevisntx
by eht senisub
world
and
employed
rof a yteirav
fo comercial
seitivitca
;gnidulcni
selas
fo kimons,
,skob
Heineken
and Sapor
b巴
,re department
erots
,selas
astronomy
,snoitibihxe
and rock
and llor ,strecnoc
ot
etic tsuj
a few snoitareba
fo sti lanigiro
meanig.
田
Aside
from
,irust
a ￡henomena
,slavitsef
erht
raluces
slavitsef
a new
tecaf
eht
entrp
taht
巴l
naoriutaiolpxe
si by no snaehr
has
osla
ben
taht
have
borowed
fo eht ytilbixelf
fo eht
new
01
unique
ma-
ot Japnes
an esarcniyltnecr
ni Japnes
eht eltit
and ytilativ
term
.irustam
fo Japnes
This
yteicos
serp
巴s
tn
which
176
天理大学学報
si gnivrts
ot presv
lanoitidart
otnihS
slautir
while
gniretsof
eht
gnirutcser
and noitaerc
fo modern
,slavitsef
therby
acomdatgni eht expanding
and gniyfisrevid
segm
巴s
tn fo .yteicos
The strofe
fo esoht
peol
gniyrt
ot presv
eht tneica
Shinto
matsuri
and
from
gniraepsd
otni
eht slan
fo ,yrotsih
and eht
ke 巴p them
strofe
fo esoht
who era gniyrt
ot hsilbatse
a dlohtf
and
win
aceptnc
ni yteicos
rof eht modern
newcomer
,slavitsef
taken
a glimpse
otni
eht
dynarehtgo
and
used
sa windows
a 丘sdro
mic noitcaretni
betwen
both
tsap
and
tnesrp
elmnts
gnivrts
ot ekirts
a harmonious
balnce
ni Japnes
.erutluc
This
serp
tne
paer
examines
some
fo eht secrof
behind
eht ytisrevid
fo
matsuri
ni modern
day Japn
gnidulcni
shtgners
and weakns,
and stnerp
some
elbisop
snoitacilpmi
rof eht erutf
fo matsuri
ni .napJ
The
Underlying
Forces
of Japnes
sa lavitsef
matsur
,staolf
・
i detaler
The
stisnoc
laru
la tsap
lanoitid
,)senirhs
,secnad
second
detaler
elpo
through
okiat
eht
gnizilitu
drums,
ot matsuri
ni urban
sa )lew
matsuri
,semutoc
自
secrof
ta
eht tneruc
towards
eht
and sfitom
.yrotsih
slavitsef
ni
-htegotla
rieht
work
-osa
lanoitidart
noitavresp
matsuri
such
song
and
rehto
and .stcafitra
ecrof
fo esoht
sgnites
,snoisecorp
seitivitca
iru
Mat
Within
Japnes
yteicos
erht
era ylacisab
erht
work
taht
can
be deifitnedi
sa being
elbisnoper
rof
・
i bom.
The tsrif
fo esht
crof 巴s si detcrid
matsur
noitavresp
fo suoigiler
and laicos
,snretap
symbols
’
s reilrae
deniatoc
withn
eht slavitsef
begun
ni Japan
niatreC
members
fo yteicos
era working
ot kep
esht
rieht
enitsirp
,mrof
ro ta a minimum,
from
gniraepsd
.re elbisV
evidnc
fo esht
members
fo yteicos
and
fonoitavresrp(iak-noz/
can be sen
ni eht r巴tnec noitarefilorp
)snoitaic
found
throught
Japn
dehcat
ot major
.slavitsef
Their
,esopru
sa rieht
name ,seilpmi
si eht
fo larutluc
seitrepor
and seitivitca
detaicosa
with
司
whoa
withn
sgnites
er gniyrt
(and
ot etarce
tnemhsilbar
Japnes
ot some
tnex
seit
he rutluc
fo lanoitidart
lanoitidart
noil
sfitom
,secnad
and .snoisecorp
such
yteicos
tot
ro rt-isauq
sa ihsw!im
開
・
-a
elbatrop(
Many
ni
fo esht
MATSURI
AS A WINDOW
INTO
CHANGING
JAPAN
71
,elpoep
having
found
themslv
detaneila
ni urban
environmets
due ot eht weakenig
ro kcal
fo seit
with
otnihS
senirhs
back
ni eht ,edisyrtnuoc
have
detarce
eht larur
lavitsef
ni an urban
.gnites
nI eht edisyrtnuoc
where
eht noitalupo
has
deniht
ni
eht postwar
,sraey
erht
sah osla
ben
a detrcno
e旺tro -er
yltnec
ot evir
lanoitidart
.irustam
These
detarce
lanoitidart
slavitsef
ni eht ,nabru
and ot a relams
tnex
,larur
gnites
era
elbisnopser
rof eht tneruc
irustam
laviver
bom,
and noitarefilorp
fo latnerserots
gnidvorp
noil
,srecnad
musical
,sreniatretne
latner
mikosh
and derih
mikosh
sreirac
.)aridustaM(
The driht
ecrof
behind
eht tneruc
irustam
boom
era esoht
members
fo yteicos
who
era
working
rof eht tnemhsilbate
fo
complety
new
,irustam
detaler
snoitaicosa
and .snoitutitsni
Examples
fo such
egral
elacs
slavitsef
edulcni
eht
Kobe
-retnI
〕 eht
Kobe
nezitiC
’
S l
avitseF
lanoitanlvitseF
ni( sti ht5 year ，
Kitano
lanoitanretnI
lavitseF
ni( sti ht6
ni( sti ht61
year 〕 eht
)raey
and eht Osaka
ijusodM
Parde
ni( sti ht5 .)raey
The themes
fo eht slavitsef
range
from
samba
dancig
and marching
,sdnab
ot motrcyle
pardes
and ciborea
.gnicnad
With
rev
changi
lavits
,semht
they
yrac
eht promise
fo gnieb
regib
and reteb
f巴
.raey
One tnasoc
coner
eht produces
fo
ni each
sbu 巴quent
esht
kind
fo slavitsef
have
si whether
eht slavitsef
can evirus
over time
ot become
yluf
detpca
by comunity
members
and
dnif rieht
ehcin
ni yteicos
edisgnola
eht redlo lanoitidart
.ihsokim
A resolc
kol
ta esht
erht
secrof
slaevr
reni
dynamics
nihtw
each
yrogetac
and osla noitcaretni
with
eht rehto
two
evitcepsr
seirogetac
taht
seop
both
dilemas
and promise
rof
a balnced
noitargetni
fo irustam
ni eht .erutuf
slavitseF
nI eht tsrif
yrogetac
lavitsef
si ylraelc
lanoit
eb
slautir
gnitaropcni
taolf
found
ni Japn
found
ni
dezilautir
and
suoirav
fo Old
fo secrof
eht tsegral
.yadot
eht
lanoisecorp
gniylredu
yrogetac
Ranging
,edisyrtnuoc
truoc
music
,slavitsef
,slavitsef
fo slavitsef
from
eht larutlucirga
ot eht yletats
enirhs
and ,secnad
ot eht urban
eht lanoitidart
eht -idart
taht
can
based
slautir
based
matsuri
871
gnitsixe
There
by ylno
irustam
Tangodetarb
天理大学学報
today
era lacol
a lufdnah
dneta
tk・
kes
by .snoilim
ylesoC
tnesrpe
slavitsef
ylautriv
detiml
fo ,elpoep
巴d b
y ,sdnasuoht
ιHina ,irustam
evry
doirep
fo Japn
巴e
s .yrotsih
ot farming
comunties
denta
aiG
and nijneT
ytic slavitsef
such
sa n
and
natiowde
slavitsef
such
sa
and a
tbnT
irustam
tahtera
-elec
conetd
with
eht lanoitidart
irustam
era elpo
and snoitaicosa
taht
tropus
and yrt ot evrsp
eht anul
renwla fo hintoS
slautir
from
seirutnec
,tsap
who leef
a moral
-nopser
ytilibis
ot uphold
lanoitidart
customs
and slautir
desap
down
・
i remains
a
from
rieht
.srotsecna
To esht
elpo
eht
matsur
noitsab
rof gniatereht
ytirup
fo eht lanoitidart
elmnts
ni
,yteicos
eht
foremst
gnieb
eht .lavitsef
For
esht
elpo
and
,snoitaicosa
eht lavitsef
enola
si ton
what
si ta ,ekats
t eht
u
b
very
cirbaf
fo yteicos
sti ,slarom
seulav
and .smotuc
And eht
matsuri
si nes
sa eht
medium
rof gnivresp
siht
dercas
and
lanoitidart
retcarhc
fo .yteicos
“
dercas
”
For many
elpo
eht redlo
eht matsuri
,si eht more
si sti .eulav
tI si thoug
taht
some
elmnt
fo sendrcas
s
a
h
ben
imbued
upon
eht irustam
through
eht ,sega
and ht 巴 more
years
taht
eht irustam
has devirus
eht more
dercas
ti becoms.
spetS
taken
ot evrsp
eht
irustam
rof erutf
snoitareng
reach
a level
fo suoigiler
noitved
ni .sevlsmeht
The
view
taht
lla tneica
slavitsef
era
more
dercas
than
tnecr
slavitsef
si
,desab
ni ,trap
on eht snoitpircsed
fo eht irustam
taht
remain
.yadot
This
view
si osla
deit
ot eht feileb
taht
eht
tneicna
irustam
were
detutitsni
ni a doirep
fo time
when
humans
were
ni a
resolc
pihsnoitaler
with
rieht
kami .)seitied(
e
These
sfeileb
howevr,
era n
t ylatot
o
founde
ni .tcaf
In -・
seldrag
may
,sgni
For
taht
itaretil
them.
fo eht
be achievd
h
t
p
e
d
fo understaig
throug
we era llits
devirp
eht matsuri
fo dlo detciped
remain
today
tnesrp
who
d
e
r
o
h
t
u
a
eht
nI redo
ot have
fo eht
eht
e
s
u
fo tneica
fo a view
fo eht p
r
a
l
u
o
ni eht sgnitrw
ylno
eht
view
works
and eht srelur
alluf
understaig
tneicna
boks
slavitsef
and llorcs
edis fo .lavitsef
and lorcs
sgnitap
fo esoht
stsitra
who comisoned
fo eht
r
g
e
d
taht
-tniap
and
fo -as'
MATSURI
AS A 羽IINDOW
INTO
CHANGING
JAPAN
971
sentcere
’fo a matsuri
ti would
be necsary
ot examine
ti from
eht viewpoint
fo lla matsuri
stnapictrap
fo taht
doirep
ni yrotsih
when
ti was tsrif detutitsni
gnidulcni
terts
vendors
，
日t
ao ,sreraeb
gnitaici
,stseirp
enirhs
,sretropus
parde
,stnapicitrap
,ecnidua
o百
,srecnad
musican
and os .no fI esht
viewponts
were
elbisop
ot ,niatbo
undoubtedly
a erutcip
would
be provide
taht
sevig
amelp evidnc
fo eht suoigler-no
and
no-sacred
elmnts
taht
detsixe
sa ,lew
withn
eht framework
fo .irustam
A laitrap
erutcip
fo eht gniwtreni
klof
elmnts
fo matsuri
si a 旺orde
through
some
erutcip
slorcs
tnaxe
from
eht Heian
.doirep
Through
eht
most
famous
fo ,eseht
eht i"ijneN
ijoyg
,ikame
which
stciped
eht
Gion
lavitseF
fo the Heian
,doirep
ti si elbisop
ot es profane
stca
fo ,gnithgif
,gnihual
and
dancig
taht
ocured
during
eht
-pus
’noisac
fo eht .irustam
,denI
going
back
even
posed
dercas'
rehtuf
ot eht
detropu
lanigiro
matsuri
sa recod
ni eht
ikjoK
.p( ,)35 ti si easy
ot observ
many
elmnts
fo ytinaforp
uzme-no
.o・
tokim
ni eht bawdy
dance
performed
by Ame-no
Recent
forms
fo matsuri
taht
have
ben
newly
dehsilbatse
era
not
acorde
an lauqe
amount
fo ‘
dercas
’value
sa eht art lanoitid
.irustam
This
si ylaicepse
eurt
rof esoht
new matsuri
-erc
deta
ni eht
postwar
are which
era netfo
ylevisred
debircsed
sa
)senisub(
.seopru
slavitseF
fo any ,ega
howyltcirts
rof iabohs
,reve
era
a tluser
fo a combination
fo ,larutluc
,laicos
lacitilop
and
econmic
srotcaf
and
era
not detiml
ot suoigiler
srotcaf
.enola
Not evryone
would
be elba
ot dnif
meaning
ni matsuri
fo
ayltcirts
suoigiler
.erutan
The ecnse
fo eht matsuri
si-cneu!fni
ed by eht yalpretni
fo a yteirav
fo srotcaf
tah reffid
from
noitacol
ot noitacol
and lacirotsih
P 巴doir
ot lacirotsih
.doirep
These
-noc
戸
snoitid
are
ni a dynamic
gnitbih
the
suoigiler
.snoitidart
matsuri
nI noitda
the
lanoitidart
strong
tah
ciglatson
sgnilef
seulav
era
year
stiudnoc
fo sendrca
rof
ticile
from
sa dexif
ot a degr
and
matsuri
fo xulf
remaing
,irustam
emotins
eht
etats
from
many
:palK(
eht
.)21
sgnilef
fo aiglatson
produced
by
si derfnoc
matsuri
Emotions
on
osla
ni eht
ro .tnemicx
gnitaepr
-orp
fo lacirotsih
taht
peol
ot ,raey
niatrec,
sticile
esn
These
snoitca
on
180
天理大学学報
a ylrae
sisab
and osla
by adhernc
ot customs
derisnoc
(whetre eurt
ro )ton
ot be desap
down
from
suoiverp
.snoitareng
The matsuri
osla setarbelc
ylesolc
dleh
seulav
taht
era-rednu
dots
and derahs
by .elpoep
noitcafsitaS
si devicer
from
eht
巴s o
n a ylrae
matsuri
becaus
ti smrifnoc
esht
railmaf
ulav
.sisab
Under
siht evitcetorp
umbrela
fo ciglatson
emotins
and
巴s
s ni eht
yluferac
guarde
,seulav
ytilanigiro
and
nevitao
matsuri
gnites
era n
t
o
encouraged
nor welcomed.
,rehtaR
tcirts
confrmity
ot form
and liated
si sought
.retfa
lautiR
stnesrpe
confrmity
ot eht tsap
and eht irustam
ni siht
esn
becomes
a yrotisper
fo yteicos
’
s“
latnemis
memory
”
（K
:
p
a
l
)11 which
si renewed
on a ylrae
.sisab
There
si another
misplaced
feileb
gnidrae
lanoitidart
matsuri
taht
sdloh
taht
esoht
lanoitidart
irustam
gnieb
performed
today
niatoctnerhni
ni rieht
erutcurts
and yalper
eht enitsirp
ecns
fo lanoitidart
slavitsef
fo ylrae
.napJ
This
dluoc
ton be
rehtruf
from
eht .hturt
A rac 巴luf examinto
fo any lanoitidart
irustam
gnieb
perfomed
today
liw ylraelc
laevr
eht
changed
purose
and tneoc
fo eht m
i
r
u
s
t
a
from sti time
fo .noitpecni
The
noiG
irustam
fo around
968 A. D
. sti(
puroted
noitpecni
)etad
taken
sa a evitanesrpe
example
si ylacidar
tnerefid
ni form
and
purose
from
eht n
oiG
irustam
fo today
etipsed
sti poular
smialc
ot .ega
Famed
rof sti yletarobale
detarocd
,staolf
esoht
staolf
tah
era parde
ni eht lavitsef
y
a
d
o
t
era a etal
noitda
ot eht ,irustam
derisnoc
by some
ot be sa etal
sa eht
ht61
century
:iaroG(
.)97 ylanigrO
a Budhist
lautir
detarc
ot ward
erte'd
s ben
a
h
ffo seaesid
gnirud
eht summer
months,
sti nosiar
reduc
ot aralucateps
anul
otnihS
parde
fo 13 lavitsef
.staolf
From
eht minute
snoitpircsed
fo irustam
and lautir
taht
are
,ikohsnohiN
and ,ikihsignE
ti si elbisop
ot -ca
found
ni eht ,ikijoK
eriuq
adetiml
understaig
fo niatrec
rsei巴
tila
fo tneicna
semit
conerig
ni eht
perfomed
fo eht
Japnes
eht
purose
ikijoK
.p(
ni redo
dercas
otorg
',irustam
fo eht tneicna
)3-25
fo eht
widely
ot ecitne
eht
sun
si derisnoc
Many
fo ehtrehto
.irustam
known
,sedog
The
irustam
noitpircsed
taht
was
,usaretamA
out
by many
ot e
b eht tsrif
deroc
ylrae
irustam
wolof
.siht
MATSURI
nretap
Based
Shinto
matsuri
requsting
and
efil
larutlucir
rof
those
autmn.
.noitacilpus
tah
tnelitsep
the
erut
during
matsuri
began
was
.detneiro
creas
.raey
(an
usibE
AS A 羽TINDOW
and
were
taht
carvings
and
examples
derutaf
JAPAN
181
kind
eht
each
the
ni yrotsih
lautca
rehto
edirp
Two
and
ni
lew
era
irustam
wealth
ni a yalpsid
detcelfer
esir
staolf
fo matsuri
and adawizlsiK
repsntd
lavitsef
.seirtsepat
fo esht
outdo
implorng
egral
evitaroced
,)erutcefrP
doirep
but
fo an
CHANGING
ro gnitacilpus
.erutan
on esht
ylrae
snoitpircsed
and rehto
,ecndive
one noted
ralohcs
:soR(
,)9-85
has yltcnicus
deifisalc
eht tneica
otni
roughly
erht
main
seirogetac
;gnidulcni
I〕 esoht
som 巴gniht
from
eht ,imak
)2 esoht
thankig
eht ,imak
)3 esoht
whose
purose
was ot yficap
eht .imak
The matsuri
fo dlo were
based
yliramp
on taht
tcepsa
fo
which
was
eht
most
lativ
ot elpo
fo nedlo
times
eht -ga
.elcyc
The matsuri
tah
were
fo a yrotacilpus
nature
a lufitnuob
crop
were
dleh
ni eht gnirps
fo eht ,raey
and
fo a lufknaht
nature
rof
eht
hcir
harvest
dleh
ni eht
aiG
irustam
si another
example
fo a matsuri
fo
The n
ian
e-oyrog
which
seilpm
stI lanigiro
name
was G
ti was
alavitsef
with
eht
exprs
purose
fo gnitamile
.sesa
tI was
dleh
ni eht
summer
months
when
sid 巴
frequncy
fo plagues
were
.hgih
ylesoC
deit
ot eht -lucirga
,elcyc
and gnivil
ni an age
when
seaesid
were
a taerht
eht warm
months,
humans
deiler
on eht medium
fo eht
ot convey
rieht
snoitacilpus
and edutiarg
ot eht .seitied
Towards
eht midle
andend
fo eht Edo doirep
erutlucirga
ot be decalpr
by mercantilsm
and gnitcelfer
siht tfihs
eht noitpecni
fo matsuri
whose
nature
was yltrevo
nisub
巴s
s
The desrpx
elos
purose
fo esht
matsuri
was eht 恒例
fo wealth
and seniub
ytirepso
throught
eht coming
These
type
fo matsuri
can
be llits
nes
ni eht Osaka
,aera
are
fo Japn
noted
rof sti luflliks
businem),
such
sa eht
trustam
which
si dleh
ni January
fo evry
.raey
,esiwkL
ni siht
doirep
ni yrotsih
erht
was
a esir
ni -ru
ban slavitsef
osla
INTO
fo lacol
not
econmic
ylno
eht snoitaripsa
snoitdnoc
etanro
evitanesrp
irustam
ufiG(
These
lavitsef
staolf
merchants
.sutats
wood
known
Takyam
.)aksO(
fo monetary
with
who
deiv
Matsuri
fo businem,
fo niatrec
fo taht
seniub
ot
天理大学学主
lF
182
sretauq
survie
gone
staolf
decorat
thgil
sgnites
thus
eht
eht
gni
fo
rieht
ni
has
si
si
one
ecntsixe
elment
tneoc
s'tnap
ni eht regal
.seitic
Those
slavitsef
and lavitsef
staolf
today;
howevr,
eht ecnacifingis
fo eht matsuri
has -rednu
changes
gnitcelfer
changes
ni .yteicos
Many
fo eht
same
detarc
during
eht Edo doirep
can
be observd
today
yluf
with
sgnirts
fo lesnit
ornaments
and gniklb
minature
buls
reminsct
fo Christmas
.sert
Matsuri
change
over
eht
years
because
eht srotca
ni eht
fo eht lavitsef
era stcudorp
fo eht age
they
evil
ni and
cary
rieht
,sthguot
snoierpm
and larutluc
mores
otni
・
i ni which
they
.mrofep
Much
ni
pageant
fo eht
matsur
same
way taht
a time relevart
from
eht
ht02
century
-thgila
ni the ht41
century
dluoc
not avoid
gniyrac
sih ro her frame
mind
otni
taht ,are
eht tnesrp
day lavitsef
stnapictrap
impose
snoitca
and
thought
snretap
ont
eht lanoitidart
slavitsef
which
they .etapicitrap
No matsuri
taht
stsixe
ni Japn
today
remained
unchanged
throughout
eht pasge
fo .emit
However,
when
eht
pageant
fo eht matsuri
from
eht past
detarc
ni a modern
day ,gnites
eht noitcuf
fo eht matsuri
not only
ot aer 伍 rm snoitidart
fo eht ,tsap
but osla
ot mrifaer
’
s ecntsixe
ni eht serp 巴.tn By renwing
eht ,tsap
tnesrp
day
si dezimtigel
and .demrifnocer
This
r巴mains
eht laitnese
fo lanoitidart
.irustam
Any
change
ni eht meaning
and
fo matsuri
over
time stcelfer
siht
change
ni eht -icitrap
noitpecr
fo .ytilaer
A Return
nI the
imediate
postwar
the edisyrtnuoc
sa many
young
ot eht egral
seitic
rof noitacude
egral
companies.
Asa ,tluser
due
ot a sol
ot
suport
technolgy
has
regnol
once
fo gnitalpsnrt
fo lavitsef
eht
era
wer
matsuri
osla
sgniht
巴
.
Machines
and
,gnitsevrah
are
erht
Japnes
and
ni hcraes
ni eht
matsuri
and
Compounding
a rough
hand
taken
was
an exodus
rieht
homes
fo employment
edisyrtnuoc
tfel
stnapictrap
by
have
Past
.seitivitca
tlaed
done
ot eht
funds
blow
which
were
esht
ot eht
laru
ni a comunity
over
gnitamile
eht
suoidet
eht
ne
.irustam
No
sa
handwork
ned
巴d
ed
,srotcaf
e百tro
long
from
ot move
with
denilced
ot mobilze
they
MATSURI
AS A WINDOW
INTO
CHANGING
JAPAN
381
seilmaf
and sevitaler
once
yrasecn
rof undertakig
eht -idart
lanoit
comunity
.sksat
Th 巴es comunity
skat
such
sa ecir
gnitalpsnart
and gnitsevrah
were
once
eht main
ecnse
fo -irga
larutluc
,irustam
such
sa eht T
aue ,irustam
taht
remain
today
ylno
ni cermonial
form
ta such
secalp
sa Fushim
,iranI
Sumiyoshi
and
Isonkami
.senirhS
With
eht
devlopment
fo robal
saving
machinery
and
eht
exodus
fo young
elpo
ot eht seitic
many
fo the lanoitidart
larutlucirga
irustam
have nelaf
gnola
eht wayside
ro have
ben
presvd
ylno
ni dezilyts
form
ta some
fo eht major
.senirhs
On eht rehto
,dnah
urban
slavitsef
dezinagro
by ytic ,srelewd
have
desarcni
and become
extrmely
ralupo
ni eht tsap netfif
.sraey
The esir
ni urban
,irustam
howevr,
s ton ben
a
h
merely
a refsnart
fo eht lanoitidart
irustam
ot eht urban
.gnites
The
problems
tnerhni
ni such
a refsnart
era .suoivbo
A new
type
s evitan
ecalp
ro -sinmer
fo lavitsef
gnidvorp
a egdirb
back
ot one ’
tnec
fo ehttsap
was deriuq
by eht
new
urban
.srelewd
A
matsuri
taht
serutpac
eht ,seulav
emotins
and ehttraeh
fo Japn
’
s
,tsap
but ,tey
sedulcni
eht newly
deriuqca
seulav
fo ytic efil si
what
has .detluser
For
tnecr
urban
srelwd
erht
si atcilfnoc
ni modern
ytilanoitar
brought
about
by extrmely
dipar
laicos
.egnahc
This
tcilfnoc
can
ni trap
be devlosr
by irustam
taht
swola
one ot
nrute
yliraopmet
ot eht tsap
rof a etsat
fo “
eht god
dlo .syad
”
The lanretx
,stcejbo
,smrof
,sgnos,stnahc
,secnad
and
-soc
tumes
era symbols
fo eht setir
taht
convey
eht
seulav
fo a
former
time
and .ecalp
Even
though
eht lanigiro
ecnse
fo t
e
h
matsuri
may
not be
,tneserp
ro ylacidar
dertla
gnidroca
ot a
’
s ,sden
tillits sniater
some
form
fo symbolism
tah
neighbord
swola
rof an noitaicosa
with
eht .tsap
lanoit
One
slavitsef
ment
a suoicn
ern
fo eht
prime
ni eht
e丘tro
neighbords
from
eht
lufesu
snoitutitsni
moving
urban
by lacitilop
e
l
i
h
w
.tsap
Under
ni eht
si eht
serugif
gniater
ehtsecipsua
era
secrof
gnites
detanimle
noitaercer
machi
ot dliub
and
gnitasnier
fo eht
movement,
and
new
s
e
n
o
fo-idart
引
iruk1
model
movemodelmnts
redlo
era ,dehsilbatse
,no
481
天理大学学報
gnidroca
The ,lavitsef
.dehsilbatser
fo ,irustam
ro ni ehtesac
. noitaerc
“
eht .....
has become
,napJ
fo urban
rehcaser
ot one
ot a modern
etairpoa
and pihsnezitic
fo comunity
fo a esn
〕
921 ．
（:rotseB
”
yteicos
democrati
ni
ton ylno
detarce
era being
”matsuri
itidart
lano“
These
-tcurtsnoc
but osla ni yltnecr
ytic ,sdohrbgien
long dehsilbatse
comfo esht
stnediser
Many
.)sexlpmoc
(aprtmen
ed ihcnad
fo
id 妊gnirestrap
from
sretnec
ot eht Urban
moved
have
sexlp
n .srobhgien
巴t
aprtm
rieht
from
leef detaneila
and suht
Japn
ni-ro
irustam
detarc
have
fo eht complexs
many
As a,tluser
巴y
surv
NHK
One tnecr
.seit
comunity
resolc
red ot hsilbatse
serutcefrP
Chiba
and
,amtiS
Kanagawa,
ni Tokyo,
fo ihcnad
irustam
summer
dleh
have
sa 72% fo them
sa many
taht
detrop
era ihsokim
ot eht matsuri
lartnec
shim :op .)4 ,semitnefO
ajniJ(
com
aprtment
fo eht
eht stnaibahni
taht
)senirhs
elbatrop(
nevr
have
senirhs
elbatrop
These
made.
have
themslv
plex
do not niatnoc
and fo esruoc
enirhs
otnihS
a deifanob
near
ben
-la
mikosh
sa lanoitidart
fo a ytied
noitanesrpe
a symbolic
.od
ways
was ot evig
slavitsef
fo lanoitidart
eht purose
nI eht tsap
a -itnuob
and ot ticilos
harvest
rof a god
ot eht kami
thanks
slavitsef
lanoisecorp
lanoitdarT
.raey
ni eht upcoming
luf crop
ot
rof eht kami
an ytinurop
provide
mikosh
deulcni
which
nI
v
i
l
a
g
e
.
h
i
s
o
f
s
e
t
i
n
g
e
n
a
f
o
r
p
t
h
e
i
n
man
and selb
tisiv
pro
,snretnal
sa ,ihsokm
such
eht sfitom
day slavitsef
modern
-somta
same
eht
etaerc
outwardly
,slobmy
and rehto
snoisec
fo eht lavitsef
but eht theme
,slavitsef
sa eht lanoitidart
pher
ot alaicos
noitaneiro
asuoigiler
from
seac
ni many
has changed
slavitsef
fo eshtdetarce
noitarpes
The suoicsno
.noitatneiro
si ton very
snoitarbelc
and suoigler-no
otni suoigiler
and slautir
圃
咽
througt
suoigil
more
detarce
a uniqe
mixture
eht .seitic
The
and
,gnorts
seulav
ro lanoitidart
emphasi
fo any suoigiler
urban
on laicos
slavitsef
,tnemle
.seulav
nI
,era rof eht most
main
and rieht
,sesac
most
,trap
purose
-er
ecalp
slavitsef
raluces
eht
while
importan
serpx
slavitsef
dercas
by edis
tsixedis
forms
fo both
very
eht
howevr,
netfo
si eht
diove
noitaerc
MATSURI
AS A WINDOW
INTO
CHANGING
JAPAN
581
fo reteb
comunity
seit
and the noitaticile
fo memori
巴s f
o eht
ytic
relwd
’
sotasurf
(hometown)
ajniJ(
shimpo:
.)4 As raluces
slavitsef
they
evrs
sa snoitutitsni
taht
provide
anoitacol
rof hcir
laicos
.noitcaretni
Their
noitcnuf
si ot hsilbatse
laicos
rankig
withn
a comunity
based
on membership
ni snoitazngro
and
seitivitca
detaicosa
with lavitsef
noitarpe
and
through
mone
yrat
suport
donated
rof eht irustam
:rotseB(
.)131
巴d m
atsuri
taht
One fo eht
main
elmnts
fo eht sopnart
has ben
deniater
ni eht urban
gnites
si eht elment
fo.ytiradilos
nI eht lanoitidart
egaliv
gnites
eht path
taht
eht mikoshi
kot
・
gi
nalc(
ytied
〕spher
fo -ulfni
detaniled
eht range
fo eht UJs'ima
’
s( nalc
nerdlihc
〕.sdlohesuoh
nI
enc
which
deulcni
lla eht okiju
eht modern
urban
gnites
eht lanoisecorp
path
fo eht mikoshi
-ed
,ozlc
setaenil
ylacitilop
dehsilbatse
boundaries
fo eht neighborhod
therby
gnilitsni
a esn
fo ytitnedi
and edirp
ni eht
-robhgien
hod
fo one ’
s.ecnediser
s neighbord
si osla
-viehca
ytinedI
and edirp
with
one ’
nI reilrae
sdoirep
ed through
eht elcatceps
tcepsa
fo eht .irustam
fo yrotsih
eht pomp
and rodnelps
fo eht irustam
was detrmined
by eht econmic
level
fo eht gnitsoh
,enirhs
neighbord
ro .ytic
The yletarobale
carved
staolf
tliub
and
mainted
by snasitra
during
eht Edo doirep
were
ylno
made
elbisop
by eht wealthy
merchants
who
comisioned
rieht
noitcursnoc
and
suported
rieht
upke.
As eht
econmic
htgners
fo Japn
has desarcni
ni eht tsap
02 ,sraey
os has
eht nature
fo eht lavitsef
changed
a tcerid
knil
with
.scimone
Modern
day urban
matsuri
rev 巴gnila
ot serpx
eht laicos
noitcnuf
sa a medium
rof urban
srelwd
senvihoc
fo eht lacihprgoe
aer
they
belong
,ot sa lew
sa
window
showcase
gnitbihxe
eht larutluc
edirp
and
econmic
wealth
fo a ytic
Despit
stniop
taht
.dohrbgien
esht
taht
laicos
ned
have
ot be
,snoitcnuf
howevr,
given
esolc
borowed
sfitom
and
ni redo
ot revi
a niatrec
tirips
gniylred
reason
ot eht seitilaer
圃
rof
condutig
fo eht
nI
.noitneta
lavitsef
ni eht
eht lavitsef
tnesrp
erht
,yteicos
era
esoht
snretap
from
,tneserp
selnu
si dertla
eht lavitsef
larevs
matsuri
eht
tsap
eht
and
adopte
liw
remain
un
舗
186
天理大学学報
anempty
,llehs
liaf ot win ralupo
,tropus
and ylautnev
.liaf
As one ralohcs
s comented
a
h
about
eht danger
fo detnalpsnart
，
“yltcirtS
speaking
eht lavitsef
canot
be detarbelc
-itsef
slavitsef
vely
selnu
eht tnarbelc
comunity
llits
draws
yrolg
and -laxe
noitat
from
eht ,tsap
ton merly
detc
se
alfer
yrotsih
t by eutriv
u
b
fo lacirotsih
ytilaer
llits
evitarepo
ni eht tnesrp
”
（:repieP
.)91
Another
aer
fo coner
si eht danger
fo noitatiolpxe
by
niatrec
,lacitilop
,laicos
ro suoigiler
groups
who,
gnidetni
ot -pus
tnalp
rehto
purose
rof eht ,irustam
may ezilatipac
on sti tneruc
powerful
ecneulfni
and ytiralupo
ni .yteicos
The noitazilitu
fo
lanoitidart
symbols
by niatrec
urban
groups
ot etaercer
irustam
can sometimes
be a erised
ot ezimtigel
tnesrp
day ,laicos
-itilop
lac ro econmic
.secrof
Thus,
eht irustam
and detaicosa
sfitom
ni
niatrec
hands
become
“
manipulated
metaphors"
:rotseB(
)31
ot
be used
rof lanosrep
ro lacigoloedi
.seopru
The aim fo eht matsur
・
i
suht
becomes
,cimone
laicos
ro evn .lacitilop
Under
esht
-noc
巴t
n and -lec
snoitid
eht lanigiro
s
t
n
m
l
e
fo ,ytienatnops
enjoym
noitarbe
ni eht irustam
esorlieht
meanig.
slavitseF
rof
On eht rehto
end fo
which
serts
evryda
seulav
tah
have
become
importan
Peopl
,etapicitrap
t
o
n
sa
ni lanoitidart
,irustam
but
eht cilbup
esoht
seulav
and
,sevil
be ti ciborea
dancig
lanoitanretni
,slavitsef
a yteirav
rehtgo
under
ticilpxe
mesage
eht
same
eht
modern
noitailif
a lavitsef
:trahE(
eht
umbrela
the
eht
spectrum
eraeht
raluces
i
r
u
s
t
a
m
gnidulcni
esoht
seitivitca
and sfeileb
ni eht evryda
sevil
fo eht .esnapJ
merly
suoiraciv
stnapicitrap
such
sa
sa evitca
stnapictrap
gniyalpsid
rof
setivitca
taht
era importan
ni rieht
ro ekoar
.gnignis
nI ehtesac
fo eht
fo detrosa
thems
era brought
term
fo irustam
fo eht slavitsef
，
“ derahs
time
such
“
withou
.)202
The modern
ylraelc
sa eht
day
taht
they
lanoitanretnI
irustam
niatnoc
“
withou
themes
The
ytinu
and
”（ M
ore:
.)7
have
no suoigiler
lavitseF
”and
seitinivid
.deyalpsid
ro laicos
ytisrevid
etats
Kobe
and
si larutluc
larutluc
irustam
Future
which
ceremony
era
fo
-fa
smialc
suoigiler
taht
Some
ta
anoitcelfer
ti si
”
MATSURI
AS A 羽TINDOW
INTO
CHANGING
JAPAN
781
fo eht sevil
fo tnesrp
day stnapictrap
gnidulcni
marching
,sdnab
karoe
,stsetnoc
motrcyle
gniruot
and
samba.
The
matsuri
provides
a egats
gnites
where
one can
laevr
esoht
stcepa
fo
S efil
taht
era .tnaropmi
The matsuri
osla
sedivorp
a means
one ’
rof members
fo yteicos
ot etapictrap
ni eht
shared
ytilaer
taht
ni eht sundry
yteicos
has become
complexly
deifisrevid
sa er 丑detc
fo themes
detnsrp
by eht lanoitanretni
.slavitsef
As Moore
.p( )7 has
commented
“
，One fo eht snoitcnuf
fo eht modern
-sef
lavit
then
si eht noitarep
fo eht myth
fo larutluc
unity
and
laicos
ytiunoc
fo ,derahs
larutluc
egatireh
and ta eht same
time
shared
larutluc
.ytisrevid
”
One
commonly
apering
theme
ni eht modern
urban
-sef
lavit
si eht lanoisecorp
parde
etlper
with
sarb
marching
.sdnab
This
si an tnelaviuq
trapenuoc
ot eht 6knihs
suoigiler(
Japnes
matsuri
ni which
eht
)noisecrp
of 山 d1 ni lanoitidart
taes
fo honr
si ocupied
by eht Shinto
ytied
sa ti moves
from
eht main
enirhs
ot a relams
temporary
,eno
and back
ot eht main
fo lanoitidart
,irustam
ni noitda
ot eht sym
.enirhs
nI eht 6knizls
cilob
noitaesrp
fo eht ytied
deniatoc
ni eht mikoshi
being
deirac
ni eht ,noisecorp
erht
were
ylaus
serocs
fo acompanygni
hig
rankig
,iarums
gnitaicifo
,stseirp
and .snaicsum
nI
modern
day
urban
pardes
eht gnitaicifo
taes
fo honr
si h 巴dl
by eht
mayor
ro rehto
importan
lacitilop
,seiratingid
and eht
mainstay
fo eht parde
eraeht
musical
marching
.sdnab
Matsuri
can osla
be used
ot ecrofn
an ygoledi
ro an laedi
noitpecr
fo ytilaer
ont
.yteicos
nI Japnes
yteicos
erht
era
some
peol
ni snoitsop
fo ytirohua
taht
have
recognizd
eht
司
powerful
and
ecneulfni
taht
tneoc
fo matsuri
laicos
and larutluc
withn
and
sdleiw
ot implement
changes
edistuo
.ezilanoitanretni
withn
cath
,esarhp
eht ten
lot
ot rehtruf
be
iasuko"
fo siht ,ygoledi
taht
taht
changed
eht
,lacitilop
want
esoht
yletarpsd
elmnts
rof
Japn
Japn
si eht
”ro “
msilanotreni
eht
matsuri
ni siht
sa
.ygoledi
,esac
slavitsef
ot
mod
開
”
. Caught
si used
lanoitanretni
form
econmi,
era
throughout
iguhs
siht
her
have
There
sweping
etarpe
noted
and
.yteicos
fo Japn
,yltneruC
ern
withn
ti must
matsuri
ni redo
a laicos
However,
may
be used
ot
81
天理大学学報
comunicate
(More:
fo optimsm
taht
era
ni doubt
becomes
an noiserpx
something
taht
si gnikcal
ni .yteicos
As evitanesrpe
examples
fo siht era eht many -noitanretni
fo Kobe.
la slavitsef
taht
era dleh
throug
eht y 巴ra ni eht ytic
They
era
employed
ot pleh
retsof
an lanoitanretni
image
taht
the ytic
fo Kobe
has ben
atemping
ot .etaerc
Thus
rehtar
than
an etaruc
noitcelfer
fo eht eurt
erutan
fo eht ,ytic
eht m
i
r
u
s
t
a
stnerp
an image
fo eht derised
e
r
u
t
a
n
fo eht .ytic
A kol
ta
eht stnapictrap
fo eht lanoitanretni
slavitsef
liw
show
taht
whersa eht theme
fo eht lavitsef
and eht program
stneoc
era very
lanoitanretni
ni ,ecnese
almost
ht 巴 eritne
tsac
fo stnapictrap
remains
rof eht most
trap
Japnes
.slanoitan
The samba
,srecnad
lacisum
marching
,sdnab
rock
and llor ,sregnis
ciborea
,srecnad
baton
,srelriwt
and
Boy S
s
t
u
o
c
era lla Japnes
.slanoitan
Only
eht stnev
which
have
ben
borowed
elasohw
from
rehto
coun
seirt
and rehto
slavitsef
tcelfer
an lanoitanretni
.rovalf
The ,srac
and skcurt
made
up ekil rewolf
,staolf
and eht musical
senut
played
by marching
bands
kol
and sound
sa fi they
came
yltcerid
from
an American
Fourth
fo yluJ.edarp
And eht hundres
fo ylitnacs
dalc
samba
s
r
e
c
n
a
d
aper
sa a tcerid
import
from
eht lavinrac
ni Rio de .orienaJ
Foreign
snezitic
fo( which
erht
si an abundance
ni Kobe)
era ylegnarts
t
s
p
r
e
d
n
u
which
seval
one
ot
wonder
about
eht eurt
tnetni
fo eht lavitsef
and gnirosp
.ytic
Howevr,
ti would
t
o
n
be doing
ecitsuj
ot eht noitcnuf
ro
eht stnapictrap
fo eht lanoitanretni
irustam
ot condemn
them
sa
fo ngierof
.slavitsef
The lanoitanretni
slavitsef
era
mer 巴snoitaim
era much
more
than .taht
They
era anoitcelfer
fo esoht
,
s
m
e
h
t
,seulav
,strops
,stseretni
and
seiboh
taht
era importan
ni eht
sevil
,deneta
esoht
.)42
fo eht Japnes
with
eht
srot
(MDN:
over
Parde
Motrcyle
0,12
samba
with
very
ni esht
Matsuri
rof
lavitsef
Asakusa
,)68/1/9
stnapictrap
0,21
,gniruot
era lla modern
eht
seulav
.stnapicitrap
Samba
Kobe
(MDN:
stnapictrap
rock
seitivitca
fo yteicos
e
n
a
t
s
m
u
r
i
c
and
lavinrC
The
gnitsop
nezitiC
’
S l
avitseF
,)68/61/5
(MDN:
)68/13/8
llor
,sdnab
taht
have
and
irustam
gniretsiger
Osaka
ot name
ciborea
made
eralew
-atceps
0,042
’
s ijusodM
tsuj
dancig
sdaorni
otni
a .wef
and
-apJ
司
MATSURI
AS A WINDOW
INTO
CHANGING
JAPAN
981
nes
erutluc
and era erht
ot .yats
What
sdloh
eurt
rof eht -idart
lanoit
,irustam
osla
sdloh
eurt
rof eht raluces
.irustam
tI stropu
seulav
taht
elpoe
era ralimf
with
and want
ot es ,dehtgnerts
and
ti sevloni
groups
taht
p 巴elpo
g
n
o
l
e
b
ot gnidulcni
nab
irodo
,ecnad
okiat
druming,
eht
Boy
stuocS
ro rock
and .llor
The
matsuri
smrifnoc
and setarbelc
seulav
taht elpoe
dloh
and esoht
they
would
ekil
ot es suported
and .deyalpsid
The new raluces
irustam
era netfo
denounced
by many
elpo
sa being
comerialzd
snoitaim
fo eht citnehtua
lanoitidart
.seno
The snoaer
rof siht eil in trap
with
eht noitcnitsid
ni eht
aims and
methods
betwen
eht lanoitidart
and
modern
matsuri
(More:
.)41
The
aims
fo lanoitidart
irustam
era ylareng
-rehto
sa eht tcejbo
fo worship
and
ecruos
worldy
detneiro
with
eht kami
fo power.
The slaog
fo eht new raluces
i
r
u
s
t
a
m
on eht rehto
h叩 d
era deleps
tuo ni nialp
view
rof lla ot es sa gnieb
ylraelc
-siht
world
.detneiro
Themethods
fo gniata
esht
siht dl→
rOVi
detneiro
slaogera
esiwekil
deleps
tuo ,ylraelc
wheras
eht
methods
fo
eht suoigiler
based
slautir
era ylanoitnetni
wraped
ni a shroud
fo ycers
gnitaerc
an aur
fo .euqitsym
Another
importan
nosaer
rof eht raluces
irustamgnieb
an
tcejbo
fo ,mscitirc
si eht newnes
fo eht lavitsef
which
can
ylno
irustam
fo Kyoto
be overcome
with
eht pasge
fo .emit
The iadiJ
si a matsuri
taht
eb
l
i
h
w
g
n
i
e
ssel
than
01 sraey
dlo si one tah
has ydaerl
ben
detavel
ot eht ranks
fo eht lanoitidart
.slavitsef
This
was ,detsisa
no ,tbuod
by eht noisulcni
fo mikosh
ni t
e
h
noisecorp
which
niatnoc
eht denirhs
stirips
fo two fo Japn
’
s
former
.sroepm
There
si no example
fo a raluces
irustam
remaing
roirp
nI ,noitida
,yadot
presnc
evidnc
from
an reilrae
doirep
fo Japn
’
s,yrotsih
but ta no
has
Japnes
yteicos
ben
sa esrvid
sa ti si .yadot
when
eht lanoitidart
irustam
taht
era gnieb
condute
such
sa naiG
,irustam
era
examined
,ylesolc
an desarcni
fo dercas-no
le 巴ments
can
be noted
gnidvorp
ample
rof an argument
fo rieht
gnisaercni
.noitaziraluces
time
CONCLUSION
Among
eht
suoirav
sepyt
fo matsuri
ni tnesrp
day
Japnes
091
天理大学学報
yteicos
erht
eraera
many
taht
noitcuf
sa markers
fo ,emit
such
and ,nob-o
tah
liw
eunitoc
ot noitcuf
ni taht
cap
sa ustagohs-o
.ytica
Other
lanoitidart
slavitsef
taht llits tsixe
ni eht edisyrtnuoc
contiue
ot be deit
ot lanose
srednlac
and
era
performed
on
“
holy
days
”
. Most
fo eht urban
,slavitsef
on eht rehto
,dnah
have
.selud
Thus,
most
fo
ben
adpted
ot edicnoc
with
seniub
sch 巴
ht 巴m llaf
on Sundays
ro “
syadiloh
”gnidrofa
esoht
taht
wish
a
work
chance
ot dneta
eht lavitsef
withou
taking
ffo tim 巴 from
ro lohcs
:palK(
.)31
The sisab
fo lla types
fo ,irustam
both
dlo and
new,
si eht
s.efil
noitamrifa
fo esoht
stcepsa
taht
ocur
sa a ytilaer
ni one ’
si eht
“
etisuqerp
and
premise
rof "ytivitsef
sa
A 妊irmaton
slavits
fo an reilrae
doirep
fo Japnes
Peipr
)32(
has .deton
F巴
yrotsih
were
an noitamrifa
and noitcelfer
fo eht ytilaer
fo eht
fo taht
.emit
efiL
was nairg
,desab
suht
eht themes
fo
p 巴elpo
eht matsuri
detcelfer
taht
interdpc
with
erutlcirga
such
sa ecir
gnitalpsnrt
and .gnitsevrah
fI e
soht
same
matsuri
era
detnalpsr
ot a time
and ecalp
taht
does
not
cary
eht
same
ytilaer
eht matsuri
liw
wither
and .eid
,esiwkL
fi eht srotaerc
fo new
matsuri
yrt ot mrifa
seitilaer
which
do not tsixe
ni eht
tnesrp
age eht matsuri
liw liaf ot take
.tor
lavitseF
-icitrap
pants
have
ot dnif
ni eht lavitsef
esoht
stcepa
which
tnesrp
ot .evirus
0th
meaning
ni rieht
sevil
ni ord 巴r rof eht lavitsef
,esiwre
be ti a new lavitsef
ro one taht
si seirutnec
,dlo ti liw
ylerus
.liaf
The
dynamic
changing
nature
fo efil si no more
ylraelc
tI
captured
and detnsrp
than
ni eht pageant
fo eht .irustam
司
司
si ta eht
fo siht
which
same
time
both
dynamism
laicos
a noitanesrp
fo .efil
seitivitca
take
a community
(from
comunites)
can
establihmn
fo laicos
and
Matsuri
osla
ni which
ot ohc
and
a noitasefm
a framework
seitvca-elp
,segaliv
tcaretni
setaerc
devlop
complexes
snorep
fo
ot lanoitanretni
Th 巴es seit
.seit
snoitazngro
ni
become
eht
cirbaf
and
eht
fo laicos
.efil
There
onslaught
era
fo ,noitazredm
esoht
members
fo Japnes
taht
ezingocr
yteicos
decaf
the
seulav
with
tnerhi
eht
MATSURI
AS A 羽TINDOW
INTO
CHANGING
JAPAN
19
ni presving
lanoit、
idart
elmnts
fo yteicos
such
sa eht .irustam
Matsuri
has
ben
detcels
by esht
elpo
sa eht
tiudnoc
rof
gniatsu
larutluc
.seulav
There
era srehto
taht
ezingocr
eht
ned
ot modernize
and update
eht matsuri
ni redo
ot acomdate
the
changing
seulav
fo ,yteicos
and
suht
they
kcip
eht
seulav
they
redisnoc
proe
rof a modern
.yteicos
At eht
same
,emit
the lavitsef
becomes
an atempt
ot dnif
redo
ni one ’
s.efil
nI ,napJ
sa ,erhwesl
erht
si a dichotmous
noitarpes
fo slavitsef
otni
raluces
and
dercas
with
suoirav
forms
gnitsixe
on a spectrum
ni betwn.
How 巴V 巴
,r lla ,slavitsef
dercas
and
,raluces
era detarc
by humans,
and suht
id 妊re mainly
ni noitaler
ot rieht
ticilpxe
.seopru
nI eht lautca
matsuri
elmnts
fo both
tsixe
ot varying
degrs
rof tnerefid
.stnapicitrap
,dednI
fi eht
dercas
slavitsef
deniatoc
ylno
suoigiler
,seulav
very
few
elpo
would
be elba
ot dnif
meaning
ni them.
Morevr,
sa shown
,evoba
even
ni Japn
’
s ylrae
yrotsih
lla matsuri
had non suoigiler
elmnts
.osla
raluceS
f巴
slavits
sa lew
must
osla
niatoc
some
higer
seulav
ni redo
ot niatsu
rieht
.ecnetsixe
For
while
eht
srezinago
fo eht modern
matsuri
make
eht claim
taht
they
era
“
suoiglerno
”and “
withou
seitinivid
ぺ they llits claim
ot be
matsuri
with
eht purose
fo promting
msilanoitanreti
sa -ive
denced
by rieht
snagol
such
sa “
Bring
eht
World
Together
”
，
and “
Peace
through
".noitacudE
lanoitdarT
seulav
have
merly
ben
decalpr
with
modern
ones
:trahE(
20 .)3
slavitseF
both
dlo and new ,etaretier
r巴ecrofni
and etaser
lanoitidart
laicos
,snretap
,selor
norms
and .sthguoht
The -art
lanoitid
slavitsef
make
a noitarlced
about
eht etats
fo Shinto
while
ta eht
same
time
demonstrae
sti noitarep
(More:
.)01
,esiwkL
raluces
slavitsef
ta
eht
same
time
.ti
The
eurt
tiurf
era
an noitbihxe
transfomi
done
on a shared
sieht
fo le 巴men :st lanoitidart
ed
,erofeb
and
sedivorp
,irustam
and
sisab
rof
dlo
htriber
with
wolef
elpo
si eht
laicos
tfig
itilaer
eht
eht
fo -er
田
taht
era
up what
ot tcelfer
means,
and
withou
slavitseF
ot sum
eht
noigiler
si elbisop
ro new,
humans.
elmnts
lla
efil
fo yliad
elmnts
modern
tsniag
fo how
fo eht
newal,
matsuri
a noitarlced
a syn
has
hapen-
.tnesrp
space
si
The
and
time
司
291
天理大学学報
through
which
the
’
s si
human
constant
made
renewal
posible.
of
This
values
si the
true
used
throughout
with
tfig
of
’
s felow
one
the
matsuri.
ENDNOTES
( 1)
The
Japnes
ployed
ot
widest
encompas
巴
fo seitivitca
〔2)
taht
itsef
fo .lav“
slavitsef
Peipr
”The
esrv
ni the
from
eht
las
eht
昭
on
eht noitarefilorp
eht
ages;
comercial
rof
era
netfo
lanosrep
some
saer
used
sa wel-an
has
巴
,es
-sef
tnalb
otni
eurt
si em ・
Japn
dehsilbatse
fo gods
erht
sdloh
West.
yrotsih
巴
，・ tah
yltcerid
comenti
throughout
hsilgnE
example
b 巴gni
fo noitaim
,deton
-sef
“
・
・
・
・
・
・e
rht
decadency
have
fo ytivitsef
ben
si an -rev
”
.regnad
This
the
however
European
slavitsef
tnesrp
( 3)
mentioned
etalsnart
)54
newly
excluding
si eht
elcitra
by the
and
purpose
do not
throughout
sham
elos
dleh
.p(
slavit
siht
sa employed
howevr,
whose
be
,mret
巴
,lanoitidart
I am,
term
tI should
cinhte
foht
,raluces
and .slautir
fo ht
.tiforp
term
the
esn
,dercas
slavit
seu
irustam
term
ni the
a very
gnitamuli
Heian
,doirep
noitceloc
tah
fo Japnes
can
be found
lavitsef
sgnitap
Nihon
ni eht
emaki
η10!0
lizlsnez
日本絵巻物全集（A noitceloc
fo Japnes
lorcs
,)sgnitniap
No.
,42 Tokyo:
Kadokawa
gnihslbuP
.oC .8691
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Traditon
and
Japnes
laicoS
Organizto:
,rotseB
Theodore
.C “
巴t
n ni a Tokyo
Neighborhod
”
， ni ,ygolonhtE
lanoitutits
D 巴velopm
Number
,2 Volume
XXIV
,lirpA(
:)5891
.531-121
fa ρ
esena
:noigileR
ytinU
and .ytisreviD
Belmont,
Earht,
.H Byron.
:ainrofilaC
Wadsworth
gnihslbuP
Company,
.2891
五来重．“ Gion
matsuri
nigro
fo the
Gion
nijuF
)noip
,97
Augst,
,iaroG
.uregihS
Hobsbawm,
ikijoK
lautiR
and
.D .C : cilbuP
sriafA
.E
Tokyo:
One.
Makoto
by
Hobsbawm
,serP
AlacigoloicoS
,serP
and
Ternce
.3891
.noitaterpretnI
Wash-
.6591
fo Ancient
,netohS
cirE
Unversity
:tluC
”
， ni The noitnevnI
noitdarT
Edite
日本思想大系（ An eniltuo
Iwanami
”祇園祭りの原点（The
婦人公論（ Women
’
s cilbup
.p .97-87
Cambridge
古事記（ Record
iekiat
Matsudira,
巴r
Cambridge:
Orin
ingto
no gent
Korn
Invetig
Chapt
Ranger.
Klap,
,2891
“
:noitcudrnI
.cirE
fo .noitidarT
,)lavitseF
-nI
Maters)
fo
ni eht
Japnes
,)thguo
seires
1101/iN
4th
osihs
,gnitnirp
.4891
松 平 誠 “ Gendai
no matsuri
”現代の祭り（Modern
MATSURI
AS A WINDOW
〕
. i
hasA
slavitsef
May
CHANGING
JAPAN
newspaer,
evnig
朝日新聞（Asahi
391
,)noitide
,6 .6891
More,
ylaS
:sdnal
.F and
Van
nozliN
Myerhof,
mono
1nlsnez
）
“1ijneN
巴 叫s
．
〕
“
Osaka
No.
,42
Tokyo:
August
by
& World,
,soR
,13
Richard
raluceS
.sde
.lautiR
Nethr-
Big
’
Midosuj
With
eht
fo Japnes
gnihslbuP
,.oC
fo anual
.8691
68 ”
，ihcniaM
Parde'
lorcs
sgnitap
yliaD
News,
.6891
nI Tune
.hpesoJ
detals
Kadokawa
Plans
Sunday,
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