Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Special Issue on SOMCHE 2014 & RSCE 2014 Conference, January (2015) 35 - 46
© School of Engineering, Taylor’s University
SUGARCANE BAGASSE CONVERSION TO HIGH REFINED
CELLULOSE USING NITRIC ACID, SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AS THE DELIGNIFICATING AGENTS
S. SUPRANTO*, A. TAWFIEQURRAHMAN, D. E. YUNANTO
Department of Chemical Engineering, Gadjah Mada University,
Jalan Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55282, Indonesia
*
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Abstract
As a renewable material, Sugarcane-bagasse fiber waste, has a huge potential
as raw material for production of the High Refined Cellulose (HRC) and the
cellulose chemicals derivatives such as Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose -emulsifier,
cellulose-acetate addesive, nitrocellulose coating agent, and nitrocellulose
membrane filter. The objective of the study is to find out the optimal process
conditions of the chemical conversion of the Sugarcane-bagasse fibre waste to
the HRC. The experiments were carried out in a 1000 mL reactor capacity,
equipped with stirrer and temperature controller. Three-steps atmospheric
processes were involved, firstly using nitric acid solution at 80oC for 2 hours,
following by the second step using sodium hydroxide at 80oC for 2 hours and
finishing using hydrogen peroxide at 80oC, 30-300 min in the third step . The
HRC quality was indicated by its cellulose content. The result shows that the
HRC product with cellulose content of higher than 90% were succesfully
performed using a three-steps of the sugarcane-bagasse fiber delignification
process. The optimal process condition of the sugarcane-bagasse fiber conversion
to the HRC were achieved at 80oC at atmospheric pressure with a combinations
of the 3-5% HNO3 with ratio of HNO3 /bagasse of 15-20 mL/g and 2N NaOH
with ratio of NaOH/bagasse of 15-20 mL/g and 10% H2O2 for 5 hours.
Keywords: High refined cellulose, Delignification process, Sugarcane-bagasse
fiber.
35
36
S. Supranto et al.
Nomenclatures
Ca(OH)2
FeCl3
HCl
HNO3
H2O2
H2SO4
KOH
L/D
NaOH
Na2CO3
Calcium Hydroxide
Ferry Chloride
Hydrochloric Acid
Sulphuric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Nitric Acid
Potassium Hydroxide
Length to Diameter ratio
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Carbonate
Abbreviations
BPS
C
HRC
SCB
Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia
Celsius
High Refined Cellulose
Sugar Cane Bagasse
1. Introduction
1.1. Sugar cane bagasse
The photosynthesis process which converts carbon dioxide to organic compound is
the most important step in the growth of biomass. Cellulose, carbohydrate and fatty
oil are the main three components in biomass produced by photosynthesis process,
so the plantation cellulose is one of the renewable chemical performed in carbon
dioxide photosynthesis conversion. The cellulose in plantation fibre generally is the
most dominant organic components in most biomass. In sugar cane bagasse (solid
waste in cane sugar production) the cellulose content were reported as high as
35,3% [1], 32-44% [2], 35-50% [3], 32-44% [4], 45,5% [5], 47.5-51.1% [6], 4041.5% [7] [8]. BPS, 2013 [9] reported that in 2012, Indonesia with the production of
sugar cane as much as 2.6 million ton, there would be produced solid waste bagasse
as much as 13 million ton. The solid waste bagasse from sugar production may be
counted as a potential raw material for HRC production, which can be converted
further to some end product, Cellulose acetate, Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose, viscose
cellulose and other cellulose derivatives.
1.2. Delignification processes
The first step in converting the plantation fibre to cellulose derivatives is called
delignification, in which lignin as component of plantation fibre was removed,
leaving the relatively pure cellulose in solid phase as HRC product. Supranto, 2011
[10] reported that sago fibre can be converted to nitrocellulose through
delignification and nitration processes. Delignification process of sugar cane
bagasse (SCB) prior to further processes has been found in some publication. Some
different method of SCB delignification process has been reported. Acid process
and alkaline processes were the two most popular.
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Sugarcane Bagasse Conversion to High Refined Cellulose Using Nitric . . 37
1.2.1. Acid process
Deschamps et al., 1995 [11], in cattle feed production processing from SCB, used
Phosphoric acid as much as 3% (w/w) to remove lignin, followed by alkali washing.
Phosphoric acid process for lignin removal from SCB also reported by Gamez et al.,
2006 [12]. Gomez et al. used Phosphoric acid concentration of 2-6%, time 0-300
min and temperature of 122oC to remove lignin from SCB. Chong et al., 2004 [13],
reported that releasing lignin from SCB was successfully done by using nitric acid
at variable concentration of 2-6%, reaction time up to 300 min and temperature of
100-128oC. Diluted sulphuric acid used for pre-treatment of SCB hydrolysis was
reported by Cassia et al., 2010 [14]. Combination of acid concentration, temperature
and residence time was simulated. Zhang et al., 2012,[15] used 1.2% HCl, reaction
time of 30 min and 130oC in delignification process of SCB. They found that HCl
was more effective than H2SO4 of FeCl3. Zhao and Liu, 2013 [16] used 0.05-0.4 %
sulphuric acid and 60-90 weight% acetic acid in delignification process of SCB.
The degree of delignification resulted were 53.7-79.7%.
Sulphuric acid process in removing lignin from SCB with acid concentration of
0.4-5% at 97-126oC was reported by Zhao et al., 2012 [17]. The model of kinetic
behaviour of dilute acid hydrolysis of SCB has been introduced with determination
coefficients (R) in the range of 0.95-0.995. Disruption of lignocellulose structure of
SCB using dilute sulphuric acid in microwave heating at temperature of 130, 160
and 190oC with two heating time of 5 and 10 min have been investigated by Chena
et al., 2011 [18]. The result shows that an increase in reaction temperature destroyed
the lignocellulose structure of SCB. Chena et al., 2012 [19] reported that around
40-44% of bagasse was degraded in acid delignification process using dilute
sulphuric acid solution at 180oC for 30 min in a microwave irradiation environment.
Leibbrandt et al., 2011 [20] reported that lignin was successfully removed from
SCB using process of delignification as pre-treatment process for bioethanol
production from SCB using three different pre-treatment methods, i.e. dilute acid,
liquid hot water and steam explosion, at various concentration. Mandal and
Chakrabarty, 2011 [21] successfully used the acid hydrolysis process in the
delignification and isolation process of nanocellulose from SCB with fibre to liquor
ratio of 1:20 for 5 h at 50oC. Cardona et al., 2010 [22] resumed that delignification
of SCB with dilute acids (sulphuric, hydrochloric or acetic, typically 1-10% weight)
hydrolysed the hemicellulose fraction at moderate temperature (100-150oC). The
usage of sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and acetic acid of 1-10%, and
temperature of 100-150oC in SCB hydrolysing process for ethanol production also
reported by Cheng et al., 2008 [23]. Combination of sulphuric acid and phosphoric
acid for delignification of SCB reported by Geddes et al., 2010 [24]. A low level of
phosphoric acid (1% w/w on dry bagasse basis, 160 C and above, 10 min) was
shown to effectively hydrolyse the hemicellulose in sugar cane bagasse into
monomers with minimal side reactions and to serve as an effective pre-treatment
for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Sulphuric was more effective than
phosphoric at low concentrations.
1.2.2. Alkaline process
Playne, 1984 [7] used alkaline process ( using NaOH, Ca(OH)2 and Na2CO3)
combining with steam explosion at 200oC, 6.9 MPA and 5 min cooking time to
remove lignin from SCB prior to pulp digesting process. Mandal and Chakrabart,
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S. Supranto et al.
2011 [21] used 0.7% (w/v) sodium chloride solution, fibre to liquor ratio of 1:50, at
pH4, adjusted by 5% acetic acid and maintained with buffer solution of pH4 while
mixture was being boiled for 5 h to remove the lignin. After washing process, the
residue was then boiled with 250 mL 5% (w/v) sodium sulphite solution for 5 h,
followed by washing with distilled water to remove the lignin completely and
hemicellulose partially. Sun et al., 2004 [25] investigated the delignification of
SCB using various concentrations of alkali and alkaline peroxide yielded 44.7 and
45.9% as cellulose preparations process, which contained 6.0 and 7.2% associated
hemicelluloses and 3.4 and 3.9% bound lignin, respectively.
Delignification with acidic sodium chlorite followed by extraction with alkali
(10% KOH and 10% NaOH) gave cellulose yields of 44.7 and 44.2%, which
contained 5.7 and 3.7% residual hemicelluloses and 1.6 and 1.5% remaining
lignin, respectively. Sun et al., 2004 [26] used 0.5M NaOH and 05-3.0% H2O2 at
pH 11.5 for 2 h under 55oC in delignification process of SCB. The successive
treatments released 89% of the origin lignin in SCB. One-step process using
alkaline hydrogen peroxide for SCB delignification process was investigated by
Brienzo et al., 2009 [27]. With the operating condition used were H2O2
concentration from 2 to 6% (w/v), reaction time from 4 to 16 h, temperature from
20 to 60◦C, and magnesium sulphate absence or presence (0.5%,w/v), 88% of
lignin in SCB removed.
Rabelo et al., 2011 [28] reported delignification process involving lime in
alkaline hydrogen peroxide process prior to enzymatic hydrolysis of SCB. The
experimental result shows that lignin removal using the peroxide process was
higher than lignin removal using the lime process.
Velmurugan and
Muthukumar, 2011 [29] using the sono-assisted alkaline pre-treatment prior to
SCB hydrolysis. The cellulose and hemicellulose recovery observed in the solid
content was 99% and 78.95%, respectively and lignin removal observed during
the pretreatment was about 75.44%. Combination of alkaline process and acid
process in SCB delignification was reported by Teixeira et al., 2011 [30]. Their
work evaluates the use of SCB as a source of cellulose to obtain whiskers. These
fibers were extracted after SCB underwent alkaline peroxide pre-treatment
followed by acid hydrolysis at 45◦C. The influence of extraction time (30 and 75
min) on the properties of the nanofibre was investigated. The results showed that
SCB could be used as source to obtain cellulose whiskers and they had needlelike structures with an average length (L) of 255±55 nm and diameter (D) of 4±2
nm, giving an aspect ratio (L/D) around 64. More drastic hydrolysis conditions
(75 min) resulted in some damage on the crystal structure of the cellulose.
Gunam et al., 2011 [31] used sodium hydroxide process to remove lignin in SCB.
Lignin removal of 32.11 % was reported as a result of alkaline delignification
process using 6% sodium hydroxide at 50oC, with reaction time of 12 h.
Rezende et al., 2011 [32] reported that using sodium hydroxide process, 85%
of lignin in SCB was successfully removed using 1% (m/v) NaOH. Soares and
Gouvenia, 2013 [33] used alkaline delignification process of SCB using 0.5-1%
NaOH. Lignin removal of 76% was achieved when SCB of 25% lignin content,
was treated with alkaline delignification process using 1% NaOH. Asqher et al.,
2013 [34] reported that lignin removal of 48.7% was achieved in alkali treatment
process of SCB at 35oC, using 4% NaOH for 48 h. Two-step process for cellulose
extraction from palm kernel cake involving H2O2 to separate hemicellulose,
cellulose and lignin, was reported by Yan et al., 2009 [35]. Palm kernel cake was
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Special Issue 1 1/2015
Sugarcane Bagasse Conversion to High Refined Cellulose Using Nitric . . 39
pretreated in hot water at 180oC and followed by liquid oxidation process with 30%
H2O2 at 60oC at atmospheric pressure. Through hot water treatment, hemicellulose
in the palm kernel cake was successfully removed, leaving lignin and cellulose in
solid phase. Lignin was removed to water soluble compounds in liquid oxidation
step and almost pure cellulose was recovered.
1.3. Objective of the study
The objective of the study is to find out the optimal process conditions of the SCB
conversion to HRC through a three-step delignification process.
2. Material and Method
2.1. Materials
Locally available SCB from Yogyakarta Sugar Industry was collected, sorted and
cleaned. SCB was dried in sunlight and cut into small pieces about 1 -2 cm. The
cut SCB was grinded and the fraction passing 60 meshes was selected for raw
material of delignification process. The cellulose content in the SCB was around
29.4%. Other reagent used (nitric acid, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide)
were technical grade.
2.2. Methods
Three-step of SCB delignification was chosen, a combination of acid process,
alkaline process and oxidation process. Variation of Nitric acid and NaOH
concentration were chosen as referred to acid delignification process reported by
Chong et al., 2004 [13]. They used nitric acid concentration of 2-6% and removed
the lignin from SCB successfully, and alkaline delignification process reported by
Soares and Gouvenia, 2013 [33] that used of 0.5-1% NaOH resulted in the lignin
removal of 76% . The atmospheric pressure and temperature less than 100oC,
were chosen, referred to Yan et al. work, 2009 [35], they extracted cellulose from
palm kernel cake involving the use of 30% H2O2 at 60oC at atmospheric pressure.
The oxidation process was varied from 8-12% H2O2, with reaction time of 1-5h,
developed from the experimental oxidation process condition done by Brienzo et
al., 2009 [27]. They used H2O2 concentration from 2 -6%, reaction time from 416 h, temperature from 20 – 60oC and magnesium sulphate of 0.5% (w/v),
resulted in more than 88% lignin in SCB was removed.
The experiments were carried out in a 1000 mL reactor capacity, equipped
with stirrer and temperature controller. Three-steps atmospheric processes were
used, firstly using nitric acid solution at 80oC for 2 hours, following by the second
step using sodium hydroxide at 80oC for 2 hours and finishing using hydrogen
peroxide at 80oC, 30-300 min in the third step . The detail process diagram of the
delignification process was shown in the following Fig. 1.
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S. Supranto et al.
Fig. 1. Diagram of the Experimental Procedure of SCB Conversion to HRC.
2.3. Data analysis
The HRC quality was indicated by cellulose content in HRC product. Cellulose
content in SCB and HRC were analyzed using method described by Kulić and
Radojičić, 2011 [36]. This method is based on insolubility of cellulose in water
and its resistance to action of dilute acids and bases. The sample was degraded
with a mixture of nitric acid and acetic acid and boiled in apparatus that contained
a Liebig's condenser. The solution was then filtered through a Büchner funnel.
Then the filter paper containing an insoluble residue was dried in oven and
measured. Analysis was done at “Pusat Studi Pangan dan Gizi” Gadjah Mada
University.
The effect of process condition to HRC product quality were interpreted
using graphical method using interpolation and second order polynomial
correlation. The optimal process condition was determined graphically, indicated
by the region or area in which the variation of process condition would result in
highest cellulose content in HRC was achieved.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of HNO3 concentration and ratio HNO3/SCB on HRC quality
Figure 2 shows the effect of varying HNO3 concentration on HRC quality. The
correlation formula between HNO3 concentration (x) with the HRC quality
indicated by its cellulose content (z), was represented by second order polynomial
with correlation constant (R2) of 0.9459 as shown in Fig. 2. Increasing the HNO3
concentration from 2 to 5 % will result on increasing the cellulose content in
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Sugarcane Bagasse Conversion to High Refined Cellulose Using Nitric . . 41
Cellulose content in HRC
(z), %
HRC, but further increase in HNO3 concentration result on lowering the cellulose
content in HRC product. HNO3 concentration of 5 % was taken as the optimal
HNO3 concentration.
100
90
80
70
z = -0.4192x2 + 3.1824x + 81.73
R² = 0.9459
60
50
40
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
HNO3 (x), %
Fig. 2. The Effect HNO3 on HRC Quality, with SCB Fixed of 30 g,
Duration Time of 2 h and Temperature 80oC, 2 N NaOH and 8% H2O2.
Cellulose content in HRC
(z), %
Figure 3 show the effect of varying HNO3/SCB ratio on HRC quality. The
correlation formula between HNO3 / SCB ratio (r) with the HRC quality
indicated by its cellulose content (z) , was represented by second order
polynomial with correlation constant (R2) of 0.9849 as shown in Fig. 3.
Increasing the HNO3/SCB ratio higher than 20 mL/g caused a reduction in the
HRC cellulose content. The use of HNO /SCB ratio of 15 to 20 mL/g has no
significance effect on HRC cellulose content. However solid-liquid mixing with
HNO3/SCB ratio of 20 mL/g seem to be better. The optimal process condition of
the 1st step delignification process was concluded as 3-5% HNO3 and 15-20 mL/g
ratio of HNO3/SCB.
100
90
80
70
z = -0.1079r2 + 3.2545r + 66.108
R² = 0.9849
60
50
40
10
15
20
25
30
35
HNO3/bagasse (r), mL/g
Fig. 3. The Effect HNO3 /SCB Ratio on HRC Quality, with SCB Fixed of
30 g, Duration Time of 2 h and Temperature 80oC, 2 N NaOH and 8% H2O2.
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3.2. Effect of NaOH concentration and ratio NaOH/SCB on HRC quality
Figures 4 and 5 show the effect of varying NaOH concentration and NaOH/SCB
ratio on HRC quality. The correlation formula between NaOH concentration (y)
and NaOH/SCB ratio (r) with the HRC quality indicated by its cellulose content
(z) , was represented by 1st and 2nd order polynomial with correlation constant
R2 (R2) of 0.9957 and 0.9958 respectively, as shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
Cellulose content in HRC (z), %
100
90
80
z = 2.314y + 86.938
R² = 0.9957
70
60
50
40
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
NaOH (y), N
Cellulose content in HRC (z), %
Fig. 4. The Effect NaOH on HRC Quality, with SCB Fixed of 30 g,
Duration Time of 2 h and Temperature 80oC, 5% HNO3 and 8% H2O2.
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
z = -0.0573r2 + 1.9398r + 75.404
R² = 0.9992
10
15
20
25
30
35
NaOH/bagasse(r), mL/g
Fig. 5. The Effect NaOH /SCB Ratio on HRC Quality, with SCB Fixed of
30 g, Duration Time of 2 h and Temperature 80oC, 5% HNO3 and 8% H2O2.
The optimal process condition of the 2st step delignification process was
concluded as 2 N NaOH and 15-20 mL/g ratio of NaOH/SCB.
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3.3. The effect of H2O2 concentration and 3rd step time process
duration on HRC quality
85-90
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
80-85
75-80
70-75
65-70
8
12
10
420
360
300
60-65
55-60
6
240
180
120
60
Cellulose content in HRC (z),%
Figures 6 and 7 show the effect of simultaneous varying H2O2 concentration and
3rd step time process duration on HRC quality, presented as a graphical surface
response. The correlation formula between H2O2 concentration and time process
duration was presented on 3D picture in Fig. 6 and 2D plotting in Fig. 7.
4
50-55
45-50
Time, min
Fig. 6. The Effect of Simultaneous Varying H2O2 Concentration and
3rd Step Time Process Duration on HRC Quality, Presented in 3D Picture.
12
85-90
80-85
10
8
6
H2O2, %
75-80
70-75
65-70
60-65
55-60
Time, min
450
420
390
360
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
4
50-55
45-50
Fig. 7. The Effect of Simultaneous Varying H2O2 Concentration and
3rd Step Time Process Duration on HRC Quality, Presented in 2D Picture.
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The optimal process condition of the 3st step delignification process was
concluded as 300 min and 10 % H2O2.
4. Conclusions
An investigation has been made of the effects of HNO3, NaOH and H2O2 in threestep delignification process of SCB on HRC product quality. The delignification
process consisted of 3 steps, using HNO3, NaOH and H2O2 respectively. The result
show that The optimal process condition of the sugarcane-bagasse fiber
conversion to the HRC with cellulose content of 90% were achieved in three-step
delignification processes in atmospheric processes, at 80oC with a combinations
of 3-5% HNO3 with ratio HNO3 /bagasse of 15-20 mL/g and 2N NaOH with ratio
NaOH/bagasse of 15-20 mL/g and 10% H2O2 in 5h process. HRC with 90%
cellulose or higher may be converted further to some end product, such as Cellulose
acetate, Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose, Viscose cellulose and other cellulose chemical
derivatives form of useful products.
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Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
Special Issue 1 1/2015