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CUBES VS LINE ELEMENTS
440
shaded cubes
line cubes
360
line Ys
280
200
120
40
3 items
12 items
Number of Display Items
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CUBES VS 3-LAYER TORTES
CUBES VS T-JUNCTION IN RECTANGLES
200
160
SOA for 75% Accuracy
cubes
tortes
120
80
40
cubes
160 t juncs
120
80
40
3 items
12 items
24 items
Number of Display Items
3 items
12 items
24 items
Number of Display Items
s5E"*3 o
s5E"*3 b
CUBES VS CROSS JUNCTION IN DIAMONDS
200
SOA for 75% Accuracy
SOA for 75% Accuracy
200
cubes
160 diamonds
120
80
40
3 items
12 items
24 items
Number of Display Items
s5E"*3 c
d
SOA for 75% Accuracy (msec)
CUBES VS DODECAHEDRON
200
180
cubes
160
dodecahedron
140
120
100
80
60
40
3 items
12 items
24 items
Number of Display Items
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350
SOA for 75% Accuracy (msec)
cubes
300
pyramids
rev pyr
250
200
150
100
50
3 items
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12 items
24 items
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Number of Display Items
SOA for 75% Accuracy (msec)
CUBES VS Y-JUNCTION IN CIRCLES
200
180
cubes
160
Y in circles
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
3 items
12 items
24 items
Number of Display Items
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ASYMMETRY IN Y-JUNCTION IN CIRCLES TASKS
120
normal
100
reverse
80
60
40
20
0
3 items
12 items
24 items
Number of Display Items
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NORMAL CIRCLES VS SMALL GAPPED CIRCLES
SOA for 75% Accuracy (msec)
SOA for 75% Accuracy (msec)
NORMAL CIRCLES VS LARGE GAPPED CIRCLES
120
100
80
normal
gapped (large)
60
40
20
0
3 items
12 items
24 items
Number of Display Items
120
100
80
normal
gapped (small)
60
40
20
0
3 items
12 items
24 items
Number of Display Items
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CONSISTENT 3D WALL VS 2D FRAME
CONSISTENT WALL OVER FRAME
Improvement of 75% Accuracy SOA (msec)
200
SOA for 75% Accuracy (msec)
3D frame
2D frame
150
100
50
0
100
improvement
80
60
40
20
0
3
12
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3
12
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INCONSISTENT WALL VS FRAME
SOA for 75% Accuracy (msec)
200
150
100
3D frame
50
2D frame
0
3
12
Number of Display Items
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SAME SIZE VS DIFFERENT SIZES CUBES
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SOA for 75% Accuracy (msec)
360
**
diff sizes
conv diff sizes
280
200
120
40
3 items
12 items
Number of Display Items
24 items
** minimum length of SOA
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NORMAL CUBES - PERSPECTIVE EFFECTS
100
floor pers improvement
80
ceiling pers improvement
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
6
12
18
24
Number of Display Items
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Improvement of 75% Accuracy SOA (msec)
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REVERSED CUBES FLOOR PERSPECTIVE EFFECTS
160
140
improvement
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
6
12
18
24
Number of Display Items
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REVERSED CUBES CEILING PERSEPCTIVE EFFECTS
160
140 improvement
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
12
18
24
Number of Display Items
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SOA for 75% Accuracy (msec)
NORMAL CUBES - PERSPECTIVE VS CONTEXT
160
floor perspective only
140
floor pers w/ room
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
6
12
18
24
Number of Display Items
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