Greenland – part of the Northern hemisphere What’s next – for Greenland and the Greenlanders Greenland: pole posi7on Greenland is poised to become a new superpower Greenland should stop and think of the havoc. Global tables must be rewri8en for the world's newest country -­‐ the 14th largest, 24th richest, fastest melAng and biggest economic magnet -­‐ as prospectors and mulAnaAonals wait for the retreaAng ice to reveal a Klondike of gold, plaAnum, diamonds, lead, zinc, oil, gas and coal. Will Greenland, with a US base at Thule, be part of Europe or America? Will it use the euro and enter the Eurovision song contest? Will it beat the Faroes at football? How will it vote at the UN? There's more than fish, ice and igloos in Nuuk. A mighty new power is set to astonish the world. (May 7, 2008) BP: And how does this rapid development impact on the living condi4ons, the life style, the Greenlandic iden4ty and the quality of life of the Greenlanders? Less sea ice in the Arc7c Ocean – an impact of global warming/climate change The Northern shipping routes Mining projects
Zink-lead
Citronen Fjord
Accepted projects Other mature
projects
Olivin (Seqi) Iron (Isua)
Rubies (Fiskenæsset)
Iron, titanium, vanadium
(Isortoq)
Gold (Nalunaq guldminen)
Zink-lead
Black Angel
Molybdenum
(Malmbjerget)
Platinum/Gold
Skaergaard
Rare Earth Elements
Killavaat/Kringlerne
• Kuannersuit/Kvanefjeld
• Sarfartoq
18 towns and 60+ se8lements
Source: Rasmus Ole Rasmussen
Greenland – Towns, airports and heliports Geography & demography 2,166,086 km2 2,670 km from north to south 1,050 km from east to west 83o40 northernmost point -­‐ 740 km from the North Pole 59o46 southernmost point – same la7tude as Oslo 85 per cent covered by inland ice 56,370 inhabitants; 8,219 live in seXlements (1.1. 2013) 50,113 born in Greenland; 6,257 immigrants (1.1. 2013) 14,000 Greenlanders live in Denmark (2013) January 1, 2009: 4 regional municipali7es (former 18 municipali7es) Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Greenland -­‐ 4 municipali7es Kalaallit Nunaat -­‐ Greenland The Greenlanders • 
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The Greenland Flag a peoples according to interna7onal law an indigenous peoples: Inuit (Inuit nunaat) – Inuit Homelands Kalaallit (Kalaallit nunaat) Other terms used at different 7mes in history: •  ’non-­‐europeans’ •  ’na7ves’ •  ’eskimoes’ •  ’belonging to Greenland’ •  ’born in Greenland’ Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Kalaallit Nunaat -­‐ Greenland Governance: Self-­‐government Parliamentarian democracy within a consAtuAonal monarchy; Self-­‐governing overseas part of the Danish kingdom since 1979 Copyright Poppel, March 2014
An ar7s7c representa7on of the Self-­‐
government (Julie Edel Hardenberg) Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Recent history (I) 1721/28
Hans Egede s arrival in
Greenland/Nuuk
1750 - Establishment of colonies
along the west coast of
Greenland
1776
Royal Greenland Trade
Company (KGH) – responsible for
the governing of Greenland
--------->1912
1782
Instrux – the instructions/
regulations on judicial, social and
economic relations as well as
trade
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Recent history (II) 1814 Denmark looses Norway to Sweden – the old
Norwegian by-lands (Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe
Islands) become part of the Danish Realm
1856 Directorates (forstanderskaberne) – limited local self
governance in the colonial districts
1908 Act on the Ruling of the colonies in Greenland (two
regional councils landsråd , municipal councils,
separation of trade from administration of Greenland)
1933 Ruling of the International Court of Justice, Haag:
Greenland undivided and belonging to Denmark.
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Recent history (III) 1940 World War II severs
connections to Denmark
1953 The Danish constitution
abolishes colonial status and
secures 2 seats in the
Folketing (Danish Parliament)
1955
Ministry of Greenland
1950-60s
G-50 and G-60: Plans of the
Danish state led to an
intensive process of
modernisation. Policy to
concentrate the population in
fewer places. Huge increase in
number of Danes moving to
Greenland
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Recent history (IV) 1956 The Greenland
national labour union,
GAS/SIK was established
1964 Birthplace criterion
1964 First Greenlandic
party, The Inuit Party
1967 The Greenland Council
elects, for the first time, its
own chairman
1972 Plebiscite on
membership of European
Union
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Recent history (V) 1972
The self government
claim is for the first time
raised in the Greenland
Council
1973
Greenland becomes a
member of the European
Union
1977
Public debate on the
ownership to the Greenland
sub surface
1977
Siumut (socialdemocratic
party)
1978
Atassut (liberal party)
(1976)
1978
Inuit Ataqatigiit, IA (leftwing party) (1976)
1979
Introduction of Home Rule
Government
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Home Rule arrangement •
Acknowledges that Greenland is a dis7nct community within the Kingdom of Denmark • Home Rule ins7tu7ons: Lands7ng (parliament) and Landsstyre (government) • Na7onal Ombudsman (High Commissioner) as highest Danish authority • the Folke7ng (Danish Parliament) passes a law giving the Home Rule legisla7ve and administra7ve responsibility for a given area • Provision by law for transfer of a block grants equivalent to the State s previous expenses • The block grant cons7tuted almost 60% of the Home Rule s total budget Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Transfer of authority 1980
1987
Education
Greenland s Technical
Organisation (GTO)
Church
Social Services
Infrastructure
Taxation and duties
1981
Vocational training
1985
The Royal Greenland
Trading Company - Den
kgl. Grønlandske Handel –
(fisheries production and
export) becomes
Royal Greenland
1986
Housing
1992
The Health Sector
1998
Mineral Resources (joint
decision-making authority)
At the beginning of the new
millennium the Home Rule
Government act was exhausted.
The Royal Greenland
Trading Company - Den kgl.
Grønlandske Handel (retail part) becomes KNI
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Recent history (VI) 1985 Greenland leaves the EU.
Joins the Nordic Council and
the Nordic Council of Ministers
1991 The birthplace criterion is
repealed
2000 Greelandic Commission on
self governance (final report in
2003)
2004 Joint (Greenlandic-Danish)
Commission on Self
Governance
2008 The Commission on Self
Governance hands over its
Report to the Greenlandic and
the Danish premiers (May 6)
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Recent history (VII) 2009
18 municipalities united into
four large municipalities,
January 1.
2009
‘Change of systems’
following the election June 2.
Siumut is for the first time part
of the Opposition.
Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA),
Demokraterne and
Katusseqatigiit Partiat and
Kandidatforbundet form a new
cabinet.
2009
On June 21, Greenland
national day, Greenland Selfgovernment is inaugurated.
2013
‘Change of systems’ Siumut
back in government following the
March election.
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Na7onal symbols – some shared some individual Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Inatsisartut Parliament of Greenland 31 members – elected for a 4-year period
One parliamentary constituency
Most recent election: March 11, 2013
Parties in the Inatsisartut (5):
Members (31):
Siumut
social democrats
Atassut
Partii Inuit
liberals
nationalist
Inuit Ataqatigiit
socialists
Demokraterne
social liberals
2
Partii Naaleraq
?
1 Copyright Poppel, March 2014
14
2
1
11
Inatsisartut (Parliament of Greenland) – represented at •  West-Nordic Council
•  Nordic Council
•  Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC)
•  UN General Assembly
(part of the Danish delegation to the UN)
•  International Whaling Commission, IWC
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Naalakkersuisut (Government) Sten Lynge
(Atassut) Health
and Infrastructure
Kim Kielsen (Siumut) Jens-Erik
Nature and the
Kierkegaard (Siumut)
Environment
Minerals and
Industry
Finn Karlsen (Siumut)
Fisheries, Hunting and
Agriculture
Aleqa
Hammond
(Siumut)
Premier
Martha Lund
Siverth K. Heilmann
Vittus Qujaukitsoq
Olsen (Siumut)
(Atassut) Housing
(Siumut) Finances
Family und Justice and Domestic Affairs
Nick Nielsen (Siumut)
Education, the Church,
Culture and Gender Equality
NAMMINERSORNEQ SELF-­‐GOVERNANCE -­‐ What is new? • 
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Recogni7on as a peoples Subsurface rights Economy: Block grants and self-­‐financing New fields of responsibili7es Foreign affairs The official language Self-­‐governance is not na7onal independency Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Recogni7on as a peoples Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Sub surface rights •  The people of Greenland has the right to exploit the resources of the sub surface. •  Earnings from mineral exploita7on in Greenland go to the Greenland Self-­‐
government (NB!). Copyright Poppel, March 2014
The economic agreements: Block grants and self-­‐financing •  The block grants from the Danish state are fixed at the exis7ng level. 50 % of earnings from mineral exploita7on exceeding 75 mio. DKK will be subtracted from the annual block grant. •  When then block grant is reduced to ’zero’ nego7a7ons about future rela7ons between Greenland and Denmark are going to take place. Copyright Poppel, March 2014
How dependent is Greenland of the Danish State transfers ? Figure: Total expenditures (block grant and state expenses) of the Danish state
related to Greenland. Percentage of Greenlandic gross domestic product (GDP)
1979-2012.
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% statens udgioer/BNPl 20% 10% 0% 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Source: Grønlands Statistik 2014.
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
State responsibili7es – which can be transferred to the Greenland government Defence
The Judicial System
Fisheries Inspection
Law enforcement
Foreign Policy
Prison and Probation Service
Currency, Monetary policy
Working Environment
Mineral Resources
(2010: transferred to the
Greenland Government)
Sectors included in the
implementation of self
governance
Sectors to be discussed on
the road from self
governance to
independency
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
The official language •  The Greenlandic language is the official language. •  The Danish language will s7ll be taught. Self-­‐governance is not independence! But it is for the Greenlanders to decide if … and when … Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Poli7cal themes and ’drivers’/ The poli7cal agenda (I) •  Self-­‐governance/independency/
sovereignty; •  Economic self-­‐reliance; •  Level of educa7on; •  Dispersed seXlement structure vs. concentra7on of the popula7on; •  Mobility; •  Recogni7on as a dis7nct peoples in the sense of Interna7onal Law; •  The survival of the Greenlandic language •  Agreement between the US gvt. And the Danish gvt. On the Thule Airbase (1952); •  Membership of European Union (1972); •  Rights to the Greenland sub surface (mineral rights); •  The birthplace criterion; •  The dependence of Danish state transfers. Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Mining projects
Zink-lead
Citronen Fjord
Accepted projects Other mature
projects
Olivin (Seqi) Iron (Isua)
Rubies (Fiskenæsset)
Iron, titanium, vanadium
(Isortoq)
Gold (Nalunaq guldminen)
Zink-lead
Black Angel
Molybdenum
(Malmbjerget)
Platinum/Gold
Skaergaard
Rare Earth Elements
Killavaat/Kringlerne
• Kuannersuit/Kvanefjeld
• Sarfartoq
Poli7cal themes and ’drivers’/ The poli7cal agenda (II) •  Future economic ac7vi7es: –  Aluminium smelter in Maniitsoq (ALCOA) •  Ressource extrac7on Mining: –  Illoqqortoormiut (Citronen Fiord): zinc znd lead; –  Narsaq: Rare earths – NB uranium; –  Qeqertarsuatsiat: Rubies; –  Nuuk (ISUA) : Iron ; –  Uummannaq (Black Angel): zinc and lead Oil and gas poten7als around Greenland and in the Polar Sea – Davis Strait (Cairn Energy) Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Poli7cal themes and ’drivers’/ The poli7cal agenda (III) •  Possibili7es to benefit from these ac7vi7es: –  Educa7on –  Infrastructure –  Housing facili7es •  Social problems –  Alcohol and drug abuse; suicides; domes7c violence –  Inequality between regions and towns/
seXlements –  poverty •  Climate change Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Qujanaq! Thanks for your aXen7on Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Arctic Human Health Initiative
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Selected Living Condi4on Indicators for Individuals and Households of the 1994 Greenland Living Condi4ons Survey TOWNS
SETTLEMENTS
m² per household
79,3 m²
54,6 m²
% of housing units with
> 1 person per room
36,1 %
56,1 %
Employed
68 %
58 %
Unemployed
12 %
21 %
EDUCATION
No vocational training
47 %
68 %
INCOME
Gross household income
241.000 DKK
143.000 DKK
HOUSING
EMPLOYMENT/
UNEMPLOYMENT
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Emerging Ques7ons -­‐ based on findings in 1994-­‐Living condi7ons study (Sta7s7cs Greenland) •  Why do people, if they are able to move, prefer living in places where living condi7ons measured by conven7onal indicators are poorer? •  If staying in more remote areas and in harsh climates is a consequence of a choice, which are the main reasons/ priori7es -­‐ and how do we measure them? Copyright Poppel, March 2014
SeXlement paXerns and characteris7cs of individuals in seXlements and towns Greenland part of SLiCA 2004-­‐2006 Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Se8lement structure. DistribuAon of inhabitants. Greenland. 2004-­‐2006 SeXlements Towns <5000 Towns >5000 Source: SLiCA data
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
MigraAon status of community residents. Greenland. 2004-­‐2006 In-­‐migrants Return migrants Stayers NB:
Source: SLiCA data; Stephanie Martin
A larger part of ’stayers’ in settlements than in towns
Reasons to stay and reasons to move. Survey results from SLiCA (2004-06) 64% of Greenland adults report they had
36% of Greenland adults report they had
not thought of moving away from their
communities
STAY thought of moving away from their
communities
MOVE Family Family Home/hometown Home/hometown Like it here Like it there Don't like it here/there Don't like it here Educa7on Educa7on Job Job Housing Housing Other reasons A significantly larger part of people in
settlements refer to ’place of belonging’ as
a reason to stay; whereas more people in
towns refer to education.
Other reasons A much larger part of people in settlements
says the reason to want to move is
because of jobs.
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
A sketch profile of inhabitants in towns and seXlements SLiCA Greenland 2004-­‐2006 Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Individuals/households in Greenlandic se8lements and towns with selected characterisAcs. 2004-­‐2006. Per cent Source: SLiCA data
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Individuals/households in Greenlandic se8lements and towns with selected characterisAcs. 2004-­‐2006. Per cent Source: SLiCA data
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Individuals/households in Greenlandic se8lements and towns with selected characterisAcs. 2004-­‐2006. Per cent Source: SLiCA data
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
•  Roughly same propor7on in seXlements (38%) and towns (36%) has wished to move; •  Place of belonging most important reason to stay for inhabitants in seXlements and jobs most important reason to leave. •  More people in the towns are engaged in wage labour, whereas people living in seXlements to a larger degree par7cipate in hun7ng, fishing and tradi7onal ac7vi7es; •  A larger propor7on of people with low incomes (and in rela7ve poverty) in seXlements; and three out of ten in seXlements finds it hard to make ends meet; •  A larger propor7on of people with voca7onal training/ further educa7on in the towns; Copyright Poppel, March 2014
•  Seven out of ten adults in seXlements report that more than half of their households’ consump7on of meat and fish is Greenlandic/local food, and •  Almost half of the adults in seXlements report that more than half of their households’ consump7on of meat and fish is harvested by household members –  (both above results significantly larger than for inhabitants in towns) •  A larger propor7on of inhabitants in the seXlements prefer a ‘hunter/fisherman/sheep farmer’-­‐life style whereas the majority in the towns prefer a ‘wage earner’-­‐life style Copyright Poppel, March 2014
•  Among town inhabitants a marked higher propor7on finds social problems like suicide, domes7c violence and alcohol abuse problems to the community. Unemployment is considered a problem by more than three out of four in towns as well as seXlements; Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Individuals/households in Greenlandic se8lements and towns with selected characterisAcs. 2004-­‐2006. Per cent Source: SLiCA data
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Den arktiske levevilkårsundersøgelse,
SLiCA
• 
International koordinator: Ilisimatusarfik: www.uni.gl
• 
I partnerskab med:
Inuit Circumpolar Council, ICC
Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North,
RAIPON
Samerådet
• 
Optaget som et Arktisk Råds projekt under Arbejdsgruppen
for Bæredygtig Udvikling, SDWG på ministermødet i Barrow,
oktober 2000. Indgår I Arktisk Råds aktionsplan for
Bæredygtig udvikling, SDAP 2004-2010.
• 
Godkendt som IPY-projekt.
• 
Med økonomisk støtte fra:
Nordisk Ministerråd, NMR; Grønlands Hjemmestyre;
Kommissionen for Videnskabelige Undersøgelser i
Grønland, KVUG; Barentssekretariat; Nordic Arctic
Research Program, NARP; Statens
Samfundsvidenskabelige Forskningsråd, SSF (DK);
Sveriges Samfundsvidenskabelige Forskningsråd (S);
Indenrigsministeriet - Kommunedept. (NO); Det
fællesnordiske Forskningsråd, NOSS; Social Sciences
and Humanities Research Council of Canada, SSHRC;
National Science Foundation, NSF, Statistics Canada.
• 
SLiCA kontakter:
Projektchef Birger Poppel: [email protected]
Program director: Jack Kruse: [email protected]
Projektets hjemmeside: www.arcticlivingconditions.org
Copyright Poppel, March 2014
Arctic Human Health Initiative
Check out:
SLICA Results
on the web at:
www.arcticlivingconditions.org
Copyright Poppel, March 2014