CHARLES
K. COOPER
ThOMAS
LEES.
N. WISE,
MANN,
M.D.
M.A.
Psychological
characteristics
ABSTRACT:
vegetarians
The health beliefs
and psychological
were assessed
with eight different
Although
Hopkins
the group
Symptom
demonstrated
Checklist
(IBQ),
Questionnaire
other
and cognitive
of vegetarians
elevated
(HSCL-90)
it did
not
differ
status
nontraditional
of 20
psychometric
They
tests.
psychometric
somatic
concerns
on the
the Illness
Behavior
lowing
sesses
and
from
control
populations
on
nine
dimensions
of psychopathology.
The subjects cited health
concerns
as the primary
reason for avoiding
meat products.
They
displayed
a generally
positive
attitude toward modern medicine.
The
implications
of these findings
as compared
with those of previous
surveys
of
vegetarians
are
purposes.
psychological
primary
vegetarian
group
dietary
patterns.
tive psychological
Religious
prohibitions,
cultural
beliefs,
health
benefits,
and counterculture
attitudes
have been cited as primary
reasons
for
departs
from the
Western tradition of meat intake. Although previous reports have studied
such
a diet,
which
factors leading
to the adoption
of vegetarianism,
little objective
data are
available
to describe
the psychologi-
cal or cognitive
characteristics
persons.’
To our knowledge,
From
the departments
Georgetown
Psychiatty,
JUNE
University
The Fairfax
1985’V0L26#{149}N06
of such
this
of psychiatry
is the first to describe
and
the objec-
characteristics
of a
of vegetarians.
Investigational
procedure
Twenty subjects were recruited to participate in this study by means of advertisements
placed in local health
food stores and community
newspapers.
All of them filled out a questionnaire
pertaining
to demographic
characteristics,
etary habits,
liefs,
medicine,
the rationale
for di-
attitudes about health beand the utilization
of various
The Fairfax
School of Medicine.
Reprint
requests
Hospital,
3300 Gallows
Road, Falls
Hospital
and
to Dr. Wise, Department
Church,
VA 22046.
the
of
affective
al, and
sonality
HSCL-9(Y
asdistress
along
dimensions.
to one’s
psychological
study
The
state
of
for the fol-
The
of health.
IBQ3
mapof re-
The
dimensions
hypochondriasis,
During the past decade,
increasing
numbers of individuals
have adopted
a battery
attitudes
that suggest
or maladaptive
modes
sponding
specific
providers.
inventories
measures
propriate
discussed.
health
then completed
include
general
disease
conviction,
vs somatic
concerns,
inhibition,
irritability.
Inventory
dysphoria,
deni-
The Eysenck
(EPI)4
Per-
measures
personality
in terms of two independent dimensions:
extroversion-introversion and neuroticism-stability.
The
Buss-Durkee
Inventory5
evaluates
hostility.
Two
measures
were utilized.
Control (LOC)
person’s
concept
of cognitive
style
The Rotter Locus of
scale6 quantifies
the
of control
over his or
her fate. It identifies
an individual
either as externally
located,
denoting
belief
in little control
over one’s
future
and dependence
on surrounding
forces,
or as internally
controlled,
with a sense of self-reliance
and being
able to influence
one’s future. The
521
Vegetarians
Portable
Rod and Frame Test7 assesses
cognitive
style in the form of psychological
differential,
ie, field dependency
more
or independency.
Specifically,
structured
analytic
defenses
such
as isolation
tion correlate
dent person,
repression
and
correlate
with
locus
and field dependency
cy, are not measures
Mean
the undifferstyle. These
of control
Attitudes
Test (EAT)’
the kind of eating behaviors
related
cognitions
in anorexic
that
women.
Obsessoid
measures
Education
Through
sessional
a continu-
can
be scored.
Specific
for the hysterical
tinuum
and ob-
represent
traits
include
frequency
obsessoid
values
‘The normal
pole
ofthe
avoid cruelty
and ten (50%)
animal
flesh.
2
7
6
5
4
23.2 (SD,
for men are 20 to 25; for
con-
son
for
only
three
and
of mood change,
while
pole is characterized
the
by
tarian
fan-
group
and minimal
tasy production.
The data were organized
and ana-
using
summary
statistics,
tailed
t tests
for group
mean
two-
compari-
food
their
shortage
20.3 (SD, 2.18)
1.73)
19 to
women,
had adopted
were
none
ents
tasted
and
a vege-
(40%),
Only
one
100
meaning
friends
spondents
one
eight
biotic
and
group
consisted
behaviors.
The
study
of well-educated
containing
(65%)
and
reason
Twelve
522
for their dietary
(60%)
noted
would
as a
preferences.
the
desire
meals
to
have
caffeine.
eat only
were
footwear,
or
derived
from
used products
in specific
very
who
All said that they
vigilant
or packaged
meat
vegetarians,
by-products
foods
tried
than
taken
LSD
none
regularly.
about
hol,
that might
in them.
four
were
infrehad
two
used
Seven
it
had
phencyclidine,
used
Seventeen
seven
were
subjects
only
ever
acu-
a macro-
Seventeen
a week.
and
had
but only
drink
yet
once
yoga
utilized
tried
Eleven
marijuana,
restaurants
any
had
vitamins.
drugs
used.
and
a herbal
had tried
diet in the past.
more
but
from
five had
quently
cited
multiple
reasons
for having
adopted
a vegetarian
diet. Thirteen
concerns
and
be classified
as strict
re-
transcendental
Four
puncture,
of
two
practiced
presently
taking
Recreational
do not use clothing,
household
furnishings
animals.
All subjects
health
had
eat cheese
or milk. All of them wore
clothes containing
wool and could not
young adults of normal
weight”
who
had been vegetarians
for an average of
9.0 years (SD, 6.0); see Table 1. They
mentioned
did not
six
group
Only
a nutritionist
However,
(10%)
and
seen
advice
doctor.
and
for the
33.2).
had
eat eggs,
two
of
disagreement,”
had sought
meditation.
only
corn-
choice
is useful
‘total
(SD,
13 (65%) ab(20%) did not
and
‘
an average
mm
group never ate poultry,
stained from fish, four
of the
medicine
29.6
ment and whose scores were reported
in the manual for that particular test.
(85%)
had
on his
produced
quiries
Results
health
food
their own in-
a friend
‘
vegetarianism
of sources:
that
Use of a visual
analogue
scale,
0 denoting
‘total
agreement”
had adopted
a variety
par-
diet.
with
modern
vegetarian-
their
vegetarianism,
negatively
that
about
reported
that
with
noted
mented
group
two thought
disagreed
Americans
family
(30%),
(10%),
and from
(50%).
Seventeen
stores
of the
and family
either
agreed
dietary approach
or did not
native-born
for religious
reasons.
They had learned
ism from
their
while
diet owing
to the influence
of
spouses.
All members
of the
their
with
care.
said that meat
Two
friends
sons, and Pearson
correlation
coefficients.’#{176}The control groups consisted
of samples
studied
with each instru-
Beliefs
24.11
Seventeen
that
as a rea-
vegetarianism,
(15%)
bad to them.
and
lyzed
to animals
as a reason
disliked
the eating
of
Eight (40%)
spoke of
fear of a world
attention-seeking
conscientiousness
Index (wt/ht2)*
Body Mass
8
seen
(HOQ)’
based on
that hysterical
which
high school
2
6
Hysteroid-
features
urn,
27.2 (SD, 4.2)
College graduate
meaand
are often
The
Questionnaire
personality
traits,
the assumption
28 (SD, 3.8)
Married
of cognitive
Eating
yr
Single
styles.4
sures
Female
(N=12)
Marital status
or independenof psychopathol-
but are indicators
age,
of the
(N = 20)
Male
(N = 8)
intellectualiza-
with the field-indepenwhereas
denial
and
entiated
field-dependent
latter two variables,
ogy
Table 1-Characteristics
Study Group of Vegetarians
those
had
took
drugs
used
more
alco-
than
one
per week.
Eight
(40%)
of
the
group
PSYCHOSOMATICS
had
sought
psychiatric
seven
care
of them,
personal
to treatment;
taken
a drug
jects
overweight
were
one
than
did
than
outpatients’2
scores
some
for the vegetarians
emotional
distress
.56
.50
P<.05
symp-
Obsessivecompulsive
.86
.61
P<.001
control
Interpersonal
1.01
.85
P<.0O1
NS
of psychi-
(Table
2).
general
were
psychiat-
IBQ
scores
hypochondriacal
patients,
dimensions
viction,
psychological
group
but the re-
of disease
different.
vegetarians
The
EPI
group
.96
.78
P<.001
P<.001
.65
.53
P<.001
P<.001
Hostility
.62
.71
P<.O01
P<.05
Phobic anxiety
.28
.43
NS
P<.02
.78
.69
P<.001
.55
.56
P<.001
results
‘Scores
showed
Scale
population
revealed
the
was
the
than
hysteroid
locus
adult population,
nificantly
(P<.0l)
and analytic
frame
Eating
behavior
Eysenck
no
mean
between
poles.
while they were sigmore field-inde-
rod
test
in style
than
patterns
Questionnaire
Personality
Inventory
to
did not differ
of a normative
that
pendent
and
Illness Behavior
control
the group
obsessoid
from
et at.’2
Mean
Inventory
to have
of control
significantly
study
to differ
midway
and
by Derogatis
3.
in regard
a normal
approximately
as reported
1 .90’
on the
not
Hostility
On the HOQ
Their
the
vegetarians
hostility
group.
but
The
groups
control
Table 3-Scores
for the Vegetarian
Group
(N = 20) on Seven Psychometric
Inventories
for the
introverted
from
neuroticism.
for the
NS
P<.05
hypochondria-
Extroversion
a control
ideation
Psychoticism
con-
and on the remaining
are shown
in Table
to be more
more
scores
for general
sis on the IBQ
six inventories
P<.o1
con-
vs somatic
Mean
NS
Depression
cern, affective
inhibition,
dysphoria,
denial, and irritability
were not significantly
of dIfference
Anxiety
Paranoid
.02)
(P<
than for a control
practice
maining
sensitivity
These
document
but not in a
significantly
marked
of family
Somatization
scores
a group
The
that
Significance
Psychiatric
outpatIents
(N = 1002)
SD
the fact that
to thatofa
population.
concerns
The
a normal
atric
range comparable
Normal
controls
(N=947)
Mean
to be
more
but less
showed
felt
found
reported
group
more
and
Vegetarians
(N =20)
that they were
reflected
vegetarians
nc
thought
testing.
for
in
four
in fact
on the HSCL-90
tomatology
had
Table 2-Scores
on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist
the Vegetarians,
and the Significance
of Differences
from Scores
Reported*
for iWo Control Groups
sub-
limits.”
Psychometric
the
person
range;
thinking
normal
re-
Fifteen
overweight;
too thin. Those
inter-
that they were
weight
themselves
within
one
overdose.
believed
(75%)
the proper
For
and
had prompted
difficulties
course
in the past.
depression
on the
controls.’3”4
Hostility
Inventory
(general
hypochondriasis)
12.95 (extroversion)’
1 1 .85 (neuroticism)
1 .50 (lie scale)
SD
1.76
3.12
5.09
1.19
11.20
27.00
Hysteroid-Obsessoid
Questionnaire
25.85
5.76
Locus of Control Scale
10.80
4.47
Rod and Frame Test
Eating Attitudes
‘Scores significantly
Test
d’ 1.71 (field
9 3.1 7 dependency)
18.36’
with an asterisk)
(P<.02
for general
hypochondriasis,
different
from those of control
populations,
for the particular
test.
1.50
2.46
6.65
P< .01 for the remaining
items
as reported
in the manuals
of the female
(continued)
JUNE
1985#{149}V0L26’N06
523
Restoril
Vegetarians
(temazepam)c
One 30 mg
capsule,
h.s.-usual
adult dosage.
Onel5 mg capsule, h .s.-recommendedinitialdosage
for
elderly and/or debilitated patients.
INDICATIONSAND
USAGE: Restorit#{174}
(temazepam) is mdicated for the relief of insomnia associated with complaints
vegetarians
from
(P<.01)
of difficulty in falling-asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and/or early morning awakenings. Since insomnia
is often transient and intermittent, the prolonged admmnistration of Restoril is generally not necessary or
recommended. Restoril has been employedfor sleep maintenance for up to 35 consecutive nights of drug
administration in sleep laboratory studies.
The possibility that the insomnia may be related to a
condition for which there is more specifictreatment should
be considered.
population.
Analyses
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Benzodiazepines
may cause fetal
damage when administered
during pregnancy.
An increased risk of congenital malformations
associated with
the use of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide
during the first
trimester of pregnancy has been suggested in several stud-
avoided
les. Also,ingestion oftherapeutic doses of benzodiazepine
hypnoticsduring the last weeks of pregnancy has resulted
in neonatal CNS depression. Restoril (temazepam) is con-
dimensions
traindicated in pregnant women. Consider a possibility of
pregnancy when instituting therapy or whether patient in-
tends to become pregnant.
WARNINGS:
Patients
receiving
Restoril
(temazepam)
should be cautioned about possible combined effects with
alcohol and other CNS depressants.
PRECAUTiONS: In elderly and/or debilitated patients, it is
recommended
that initial dosage be limited to 15 mg. The
usual precautions are indicated for severely depressed patients or those in whom there is any evidence of latent depression; it should be recognized that suicidal tendencies
may be presentand protective measures may be necessary.
If Restoril is to be combined with other drugs having
known hypnotic properties or CNS-depressanteffects, due
consideration should be given to potential additive effects.
Information for Patients:
Patients
receiving
Restoril
should be cautioned about possible combined effects with
alcohol and other CNS depressants. Patients should be
cautioned notto operate machinery or drive a motor vehicle. They should be advised of the possibility of disturbed
nocturnal
sleep forthefirstor
second nightafter
discontin-
uing the drug.
Laboratory
Tests: The usual precautions should be observed in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Abnormal liver function tests as well as blood dyscrasias
have been reported with benzodiazepines.
Pregnancy:
Pregnancy Category X. See Contraindica-
tions.
Pediatric
Use:
Safety and effectiveness in children below
formed
differed
those
significantly
of an anorexic
of variance
for subsets
study
were
were
though
per-
of the vegetarian
group to ascertain
whether there
significant
test differences
between
persons
fish
and
who occasionally
who
completely
poultry
and
such differences
were
of the
EPI, HOQ,
revealed
No
related
subscale
manifested
correlation
resorted
significantly
(r=
to nontraditional
drug
culture
Hostility
lated significantly
with an increasing
Inventory
corre-
(r
.49;
external
.03)
P<
locus
of
lytic
style
a vegetarian
display
with
tomatic
lar to those
The
and paradoxical reactions, including excitement, stimula-
tion and hyperactivity.
Restoril (temazepam) is a controlled substance in
Schedule IV. Caution must be exercised in addiction-prone
individuals or those who might increase dosage.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATiON:
Adults: 30 mg usual
dosage before retiring; 15 mg may suffice in some. Elderly
and/ordebilitated:
15 mg recommended initially until mdividual response is determined.
SUPPLIED: Restoril (temazepam) capsules-15 mg maroon and pink, imprinted
“RESTORIL 15 mg’; 30 mg,
maroon and blue, imprinted “RESTORIL 30 mg’. Packages of 100, 500 and ControlPak packages of 25 capsules
(continuous reverse-numbered roll of sealed blisters).
Sizes and strengths available to Armed Services: Restoril
(temazepam)
capsules,
in bottles of 500: 1 mg capsules
NSN/6505-O1-116-0481;
30 mg capsules
NSN/6505-O1-116-0482.
(RES-Z3 3/15/83)
Before prescribing, see package insert for full product
information.
RES- 185-1
cated
Division
_____
factor
in the choice
accords
country.
group’s
of vegetarianism
surveys
in the
respondents
tioned”
avoidance
as the primary
ing animal products.
countries
physical
cit-
as the major
with previous
However,
Kingdom
mals
concerns
in this
United
have
of cruelty
reason
men-
to ani-
for not us-
Surveys’7
in both
reveal
emphasis
on metahealth beliefs as one element
of various
that
counterculture
vegetarians
philosoendorse.
similarity
supports
fads
or food
Inc..
East Hanover,
COMPANY
associated
cults
did
not
on the EPI.
the group was more
than
a normal
popula-
by higher
but they were
than a psychiatric
scores
on
less symppopulation.
did not have
anorexic
eating patterns.
Isolated
case reports#{176}
in the psychoanalytic
literature
have
noted vegetarians
oral aggression.
confirm
that.
to display
increased
This study does not
The
correlations
between
hostility
and external
locus of
control may reflect the rigors of avoiding
meat
among
a primarily
carnivo-
rous population.
One explanation
ings
is that
aware
of physical
messages.
perceive
They
concerns
for the above
vegetarians
are
health
actively
and bodily
cope
by adopting
to be the most
find-
acutely
with
what
healthy
they
diet.
NJ 07936
526
into a
Lester’s
that persons
12 women
these
Al-
or
they
PHARMACEUTICALS
of Sandoz,
A SANDOZ
The present
ing of health
phies
DORSEY
adults.
States,
in that
and well-edu-
basic
as reflected
The study group in this report is simitarianism
in the United
the subjects
were young
as a group
On the whole,
arrhea. Rarely reported weretremor,
ataxia, lackofconcentration, loss of equilibrium,
falling and palpitations.
And
rarely reported were hallucinations, horizontal nystagmus
charac-
Although
symptomatic
effects include confusion, euphoria and relaxed feeling.
Less commonly reported were weakness, anorexia and di-
products.
as hysterical
population
HSCL-90,
of vege-
meat
a specific
such
differences
Discussion
fre-
for vigi-
on the EPI to be more
food
ADVERSE REACTIONS: The most common adverse reactions were drowsiness,
dizziness and lethargy. Other side
surveys’5
Subjects
the need
their
‘9
tion,
in other
is to main-
style
troverted,
between field dependency
and locus
of control,
or between
a hysteroid
style and increasing hostility.
theageofl8 years have not been established.
if one
diet.
mentioned
found
in
An ana-
is needed
obsessional.
normal
The conas a whole
is noteworthy.
so as to avoid
control.
No significant
correlation
was found between
increasing
field
dependency
and a hysteroid
style,
physical
symptoms.
did not display
were
pointed
with
field-independent
tam
terologic
on the
findings
the group
style
lance,
their
behavior.
concern
markedly
quently
of hos-
The
adopted
to such
that
cognitive
the IBQ.
tility
and have
and bodily
They
feeling
and rarely
healers.
The psychometric
significantly
(r
.46; P< .03) with the
general hypochondriasis
dimension
of
An increasing
attitude
medicine
diet as a reaction
was
.53;
gener-
minimal
use of drugs and alcohol
did
not support a finding”
that vegetarians
have been actively
involved
with the
firmation
variables
showed
toward
a hysteroid
uti-
they
a positive
modern
to the group’s
IBQ,
and that the somatization
of the HSCL-90
correlated
P<.03),
ally
frequently
practices,
toward
status
for
between
specific
that a tendency
meditation
by any
HSCL-90,
or the LOC.
Examination
style
those
ate such food.
our subjects
lized
PSYCHOSOMATICS
A
vegetarian
diet
mented
with
shown2’
appropriately
has
to be advantageous
artery disease
ing coronary
serum
ing
cholesterol.
not apply
depth
supple-
vitamins
been
in reducand lower-
Our
psychology
study
did
to ascer-
tam why
tices
does
group
show
normal
ing.
vegetarian
beliefs
and prac-
had been adopted.
However,
suggest
that vegetarians
minimal
controls
Previous
it
as a
persons
to be impaired
ly, or deviant,
Although
must
small,
psychological-
be reconsidered.
this
deviations
from
evidence
that
on psychometric
test-
style
not necessarily
such
psychopathology.
reports
indicating
does
this
study
presents
alternative
coexist
dietary
with
U
REFERENCES
1
.
Position
paper
on the vegetarian
approach
to
77:61-69,
1980
Derogatis
LR. Rickets
K, Uhienhoth
J. et al:
The Hopkins Symptom
Checklist,
in Pichot P.
Oliver-Martin
R (eds): Psychological
Measurements
in Psychopharmacology.
Basel,
Karger, 1981, pp 79-1.10.
Pilowsky I, Spence ND: Manual
for the Illness
Behavior
Questionnaire
Adelaide,
Australia,
University
of Adelaide,
1981.
Eysenck HJ, Eysenck
SB: Manual
for the Eysenck
Personality
Inventory
San Diego, Educational and Industrial
Testing Service, 1968.
Buss AH, Durkee A: An inventory
for assessing different
kinds of hostility. J Consult
Psychol 21:343-349,
1957
Lefcourt
HM: Locus of Control.
New York,
John Wiley, 1977
Witkin HA, Goodenough
DR Cognitive
Styles
eating.JAmDietAssoc
2.
3
4.
5.
6.
7.
New York, International
Universities
Press,
1981
8 Garner DM, Garfinkel PE. The Eating Attitudes
Test: An index of symptoms
of anorexia
nervosa. Psychol Med 9:273-279,
1979
9. Hope K, Caine TM: The Hysteroid-Obsessoid
Questionnaire:
A new validation.
BrJ Soc C/in
Psycho/
7:210-215,
1968.
10. Colton T: Statistics in Medicine.
Boston, Little
Brown, 1974.
11. Thomas
AE, McKay DA, Cutlip, MD. A nomograph for assessing
body weight
Am J C/in
Nutr29:302-302,
1976.
12 Derogatis
L, Lipman
RS, Covi L: Symptom
checklist
90 Psychopharmacol
Bull 9:13-27,
1973.
13. Harvey JM: Locus of control shift in administrators. Percept
Mot Ski/Is 33:980-982,
1971.
14. Vaught
G Correlations
between
scores for a
portable
AFT and a stationary
AFT. Percept
New books
Saunders
Dictionary
& Encyclopedia
Medicine
of Laboratory
and Technology
edited
by James L. Bennington,
Philadelphia,
WB. Saunders,
1984,
1,700 pp, $45.00 (softcover).
Rehabilitation
Psychology:
A Comprehensive
lbxtbook
by David W. Krueger,
Rockville,
Md., Aspen Systems Corp., 1984,
406 pp. $31.
Pathological
Play in Borderline
and Narcissistic
Personalities
Review,
received
Specialty
Board
ed 3
by Namir
F. Damlouji.
John P.
Feighner,
and Marc A. Schuckit,
New Hyde Park, NY, Medical Examination
Publishing,
1983, 246
pp, $26.50 (paperback).
Visualization:
The Handbook
of Clinical
Psychology:
Theory,
Research,
and Practice
The Denial
by C. Eugene Walker,
Homewood,
Ill. Dow Jones-Irwin,
1983, 2 vols. 1439 pp, each $40.
Press,
of Stress
by Shlomo
Breznitz,
New
International
Universities
1983, 316 pp, $25.
1985#{149}VOL2#{212}#{149}N06
1983 Year Book of Psychiatry
and Applied
Mental Health
by Daniel
X. Freedman,
Lawrence
Reginald S. Lourie, Herbert Y. Meltzer,
John C. Nemiah,
and Herbert Weiner, Chicago, Year
Book Medical
Publishers,
1983,
380 pp, $39.95.
C. Kolb,
The Uses of
Imagery
in the Health
Professions
by Errol R. Korn and Karen Johnson, Homewood,
Ill. Dow JonesIrwin, 1983, 219 pp, $29.50.
by Irving Steingart,
Jamaica, N.Y.,
SP Medical
& Scientific
Books,
1983, 139 pp, $24.95.
edited
York,
JUNE
Psychiatry:
Mot Ski//s 24:474,
1969.
15. Dwyer JT, Mayer LD, Kandel
RF. et al: The
‘new vegetarians
‘ Group
affiliations
and dietary strictures
related to attitudes
and lifestyle J Am Diet Assoc 64:376-382,
1973.
16. Brooks A, Kemm JA: Vegan diet and lifestyle.
Proc NutrSoc
38:15A, 1979.
17. Calkins
A: Observations
on vegetarian
dietary practice
and social factors.
J Am Diet
Assoc
74:353-355,
1979.
18 Dwyer JT, Mayer J: Vegetarianism
in drug users. Lancet2:1429-1430,
1971.
19. Lester
D: Food fads and psychological
health Psycho/
Rep 44:222,
1979.
20. Friedman
5: On vegetarianism.
J Am Psychoanal
Assoc
23396-406,
1975.
21. Bergan JT, Brown PT: Nutritional
status of new
vegetarians.
J Am Diet Assoc 76:151-155,
1980.
Functional
Disorders:
Gastrointestinal
A Behavioral
Medicine
Approach
by Paul Latimer, New York, Springer Publishing,
1983, 174 pp.
$23.95.
Advances
In Biological
Psychiatry:
Biological
Rhythms
and Behavior
edited
by J. Mendelwicz,
N. M.
Van Praag, Basel, Switzerland,
S.
Karger,
1983,
150 pp, $59.50
(paperback).
527