Vocabulary The limits of my language mean the limits of my world Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1889-1951, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1922) LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Table of Contents Table of Contents Preface/Rationale Importance of Vocabulary .............................................................. Page 1 How to Teach Vocabulary .............................................................. Page 2 Vocabulary Knowledge Rating Vocabulary Knowledge Rating ....................................................... Page 3 How Well Do I Know These Words? .............................................. Page 4 Poetry Vocabulary Knowledge Rating ............................................ Page 5 Vocabulary Charts K.I.M. Vocabulary Chart ................................................................. Page 6 K.I.M. Vocabulary Chart Template ................................................. Page 7 Vocabulary Prediction Chart........................................................... Page 8 Most Important Words Chart Template ......................................... Page 9 Feature Analysis Chart ................................................................... Page 10 Word Map Template ....................................................................... Page 11 Word Map Rubric ........................................................................... Page 12 Word Map Example ........................................................................ Page 13 Common Prefixes Chart ................................................................. Page 14 Common Suffixes Chart ................................................................. Page 15 Root Word Chart ............................................................................ Page 16 Multiple-Meaning Words Chart ....................................................... Page 18 LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Table of Contents Table of Contents (continued) Vocabulary Cards Vocabulary Four Square Template ................................................ Page 19 Vocabulary Cards Taken to the Next Level .................................... Page 20 Multiple-Meaning Words Cards ...................................................... Page 21 Extending and Refining Most Important Words + Summary................................................. Page 22 K.I.M. Vocabulary Chart + .............................................................. Page 23 Multiple Meaning Word Draw ......................................................... Page 24 Vocabulary Games/Activities Wordo ............................................................................................ Page 25 Wordo Game Board ....................................................................... Page 26 Vocabulary People Search ............................................................. Page 27 Vocabulary Information Search ...................................................... Page 28 Preface/Rationale LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Preface Page 1 Vocabulary Instruction Importance of Vocabulary: • The singular importance of vocabulary has become a powerful insight to raising achievement. • The words we know help us organize our learning. • The creation of labels (words) is our tool for increasing learning. • Vocabulary instruction should be a focal point for learning, especially for students impacted by poverty. • Vocabulary instruction is an excellent advance organizer but also must be taught in context. ______________________________________________________________________ Importance of Vocabulary in Kindergarten • A child from a family at or below the poverty line hears 600-700 words per hour at 12-18 months old. (K = 5000 words) • A child from a middle income family hears 1200-1300 words per hour at 12-18 months old. (K = 9000 words) • A child from an upper income or professional family hears 2900-3100 words per hour at 12-18 months old. (K = 15,000 – 20,000 words) ____________________________________________________________________________ Learning Concepts, Inc. © 2004 “Vocabulary knowledge is related to and affects comprehension. The relationship between comprehension and word knowledge is unequivocal”. Davis (1944, 1968) “Vocabulary instruction must change depending on the degree to which students must be able to access a given word”. Beck, McCaslin, McKeown (1980), Kameenuui et. Al. (1982) “Word knowledge is not an all or none proposition. Words may be known at different levels (Unknown, Acquainted, Established)”. McKeown & Beck (1988) “Vocabulary acquisition is crucial to academic development. Not only do students need a rich body of word knowledge to succeed in basic skill areas, they also need a specialized vocabulary to learn content area material”. Baker, Simmons, and Kameenui (1995) LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Preface Page 2 Five reasons for teaching vocabulary • Increase reading comprehension • Develop knowledge of new concepts • Improve range and specificity in writing • Help students communicate more effectively • Develop deeper understanding of words and concepts of which they were partially aware Janet Allen (1994) How to Teach Vocabulary: In the elementary grades, teachers should spend a minimum of 30 minutes/day on vocabulary instruction, spread across the curriculum, with 3-5 new words introduced each day. In the upper grades, appropriate time decisions can be made for using vocabulary as a pre-reading activity for content areas. Review is critical, considering the limited vocabularies of our struggling students, requiring 30-40 exposures to remember words well enough to use in their writing. The activities/strategies in this section can be adapted for any grade level. • • • • • • • • Don’t make students look up every word in the glossary or dictionary. Push students to use context clues for meaning. Use vocabulary activities prior to and after reading. Focus on prefixes/suffixes. Practice categorizing, sequential ordering and visualization. Scaffold words – common>less common Use graphic organizers to help students monitor their thinking and understanding of vocabulary and to assess and build on their prior knowledge. Through discussion, students learn from background knowledge and experiences of others and make new connections to the vocabulary words. Sources: • Janet Allen. Words, Words, Words: Teaching Vocabulary in Grades 4 - 12, 1999. • Nancy N. Boyles. Constructing Meaning, 2004 • Jerry Johns, Susan Lenski, Roberta Berglund. Comprehension and Vocabulary Strategies for the Elementary Grades, 2006 • Learning Concepts, Inc. © 2004 • Susan Davis Lenski – [email protected] • www.readwritethink.org. © 2004 IRA/NCTE • www.VocabularyA-Z.com Recommended Reading: Beck, McKeown & Kucan, Bringing Words to Life, Guilford Press, 2002, NYC, NY Vocabulary Knowledge Rating LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Vocabulary Knowledge Rating Chart Intermediate Grades – High School Page - 3 Vocabulary Knowledge Rating Chart The Vocabulary Knowledge Rating Chart is a pre-reading strategy designed to evaluate student’s prior knowledge of a topic by having them rate how well they know the content vocabulary words. The teacher identifies the terms needed to understand the concepts to be learned. This list of words is given to the students to rate how well they know each term. Using this strategy, students are elevated from the lowest level of Bloom’s taxonomy (define) to the highest (evaluate). Step-by-Step 1. Introduce the strategy to students by explaining that this is designed to get them thinking about the text material to be covered, and that they will rate each term according to how well they know its meaning. 2. Provide students with the words either on the overhead or on a reproduced sheet. 3. When students complete their ratings, teachers may collect the sheets and tally how many students knew each word. This indicates students’ prior knowledge of the topic both individually and collectively as a class. 4. The unfamiliar words can be defined, or used in a sentence as a post reading or during reading strategy. 5. Instead of tallying the sheets, teachers may choose to discuss the words with the class, asking them to share their prior knowledge of known terms and make predictions concerning the meaning of unknown terms. 6. This authentic assessment informs the teacher’s instruction by indicating how much pre-reading instruction will be necessary for critical reading as well as identifying words for explicit vocabulary instruction. It also allows the teacher to differentiate instruction based on a student’s need. LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Vocabulary Knowledge Rating Chart Intermediate Grades – High School Page – 4 How Well Do I Know These Words? Directions: Teacher says word, reads word in context of a sentence, then gives opportunity to discuss the word, sentence, and possible meanings with a partner. Next the student writes the word and rates his/her knowledge of its meaning. After reading or instruction, student completes the chart with a definition or sentence using the term correctly. TERM Harbor No Knowledge Have seen or Heard X Can define X Definition and/or sentence To give shelter to, or to hold to a thought… My brother gives harbor to the idea that I will let him drive my car. Janet Allen. Words, Words, Words: Teaching Vocabulary in Grades 4 - 12. © 1999 LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Vocabulary Knowledge Rating Chart K – Intermediate Grades Page - 5 Poetry Vocabulary Words Never heard of it Heard of it, but don’t know what it means Know it and can explain it rhythm personification emotions rhyme message End of Lesson: What is poetry? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Vocabulary Charts LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY K.I.M. Vocabulary Chart All Grades Page - 6 K.I.M. Vocabulary Chart There are two formats you can use to apply the K.I.M. Strategy to your vocabulary lessons. Each of them encompasses the idea that many students are helped to remember new words and ideas when the new concept is accompanied by a visual clue. If the memory/picture clue is generated by the students themselves, then retention is even greater. The key word is listed in the graphic organizer under the letter “K” and the information/definition is listed under the letter “I”. Under “M” the student will create a sketch which will help to remind the student of the word’s proper usage. The teacher may also require that a sentence be written with the word, and room for that is provided on the second graphic organizer. Suggestions for Usage: Committee members who tried the strategy on page 9 suggested using this graphic organizer in conjunction with playing Word-o, Allow the students to decide as a group which words are the most important words of all. Use this activity as a pre-reading activity and then review the words after the reading to see if opinions have changed now that the material has been read. LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY K.I.M. Vocabulary Chart All Grades Page - 7 K.I.M. Vocabulary Chart K Key Word I Information (Definition of Word) Drought Little or no rain over a long period of time M Memory Clue LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Vocabulary Prediction Chart K – High School Page - 8 Vocabulary Prediction Chart What is a Vocabulary Prediction chart? A vocabulary prediction chart is a context based activity used before reading to tap prior knowledge and after reading to confirm or show newly acquired vocabulary knowledge. How Does it Work? The student chooses five words from the assigned reading or the teacher preprints the words on the chart. Students predict what they think the words mean prior to reading. After reading, the students use context clues or the glossary to tell what the words actually mean. Word What I Predict the Word Means What I Learned the Word Means LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Important Words Vocabulary Chart Intermediate Grades – High School Page – 9 Mirror, Mirror on the Wall, What are the Most Important Words of All? Name: ______________________________ Date: ______________________ Text: ___________________________________________________________ Find _____________ words Word: Reason: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Nancy N. Boyles, Constructing Meaning, © 2004 LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Feature Analysis Chart Intermediate Grades – High School Page – 10 Feature Analysis Chart This strategy serves to activate prior knowledge and compare vocabulary terms prior to reading a selection. Along with vocabulary development, feature analysis is a good strategy for relational concept building. Students compare what the word means and how they relate to one another. This type of discussion can help lay the basis for rich and detailed comprehension. Students fill in the chart and compare how things are different and how they are alike. It can be used with all different levels of text difficulty. It is especially helpful in comparing science and social studies concepts. The following example of a feature analysis chart shows how a child might use the strategy to understand the definition of a mammal. Key Words Dog FEATURES Fur Nurses Young X X Snake Whale Scales Fly Swim X X X Cold Blooded X X Penguin X Turtle X X Johns, Jerry L. and Lenski, Susan Davis. Improving Reading. 1997, Kendall Hunt Publishing. Dubuque, Iowa LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Word Map Chart Secondary Level Page - 11 Name: _______________________________________ Word Map Date: _______________________________________ 4 5 (synonym) (antonym or non-example) 1 3 6 (Vocabulary Word) Page Number ________ (the matching dictionary definition) 2 (sentence or phrase from the text) 8 (my very own sentence) 7 (my association, example, or sketch) Read·Write·Think © 2004 IRA/NCTE. All rights reserved. Read·Write·Think materials may be reproduced for educational purposes. (other forms of the word) LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Rating: _________ Word Map Chart Rubric Secondary Level Page - 12 Name: __________________________________ Date: __________________________________ Word Map Rubric Rating Excellent 4 Criteria Correctly filled out all eight steps of the word map. Steps: 1. Cited word and page number. 2. Cited the sentence or phrase in which the word appears. 3. Recorded the contextually correct definition. 4. Recorded synonym. 5. Recorded antonym or non-example (if applicable). 6. Recorded other word forms. 7. Made a personal connection or sketch of the word. 8. Created an original sentence using the word. Very Good 3 Correctly filled out at least six steps of the word map, including steps 2, 3, 7, and 8. Good 2 Correctly filled out at least four steps of the word map, including steps 2 and 3. Needs Improvement 1 Correctly filled out at least two steps of the word map, including steps 2. Poor 0 Made no attempt to map out the vocabulary word. Comments: ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Evaluated by: Self Peer Teacher Read·Write·Think © 2004 IRA/NCTE. All rights reserved. Read·Write·Think materials may be reproduced for educational purposes. LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Word Map Chart Example Secondary Level Page - 13 Name: _______________________________________ Word Map (example) Date: _______________________________________ 4 3 5 to hold onto dispels, dismisses (synonym) (antonym or non-example) 1 6 Function: verb 1: to give shelter to <harbor an escaped convict> 2: to hold a thought or feeling of <harbor a grudge> 3: to take shelter in or as if in a harbor (the matching dictionary definition) harbor harborer, harbored, harboring, (Vocabulary Word) Page Number ____9___ harbors (other forms of the word) 2 “I refuse to believe that so modern and civilized a young man as you seems to harbor romantic ideas about the value of human life. Surely your experiences in the war--“ (sentence or phrase from the text) 8 My brother harbors the idea that I’m going to let him drive my car. (my very own sentence) 7 “harbor” is where you keep boats; like you keep ideas in your head. (my association, example, or sketch) Read·Write·Think © 2004 IRA/NCTE. All rights reserved. Read·Write·Think materials may be reproduced for educational purposes. LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Word Structure - Prefix Chart Intermediate grades – High School Page - 14 Common Prefixes Chart Prefix Meaning Examples a-, an- not or without abadamphi- away from, off to both, around anti- against bene- well, good co- together com- together, with dedis- away, from opposite e-, ex- out enfore- in, put into before, earlier im-, inininter- not with among, between mal- bad, badly mispost- wrongly, bad after preresub- before back again under super- above, beyond trans- across un- not atypical, atrophy, anonymous absent, abstain, abandon admit, adept, addict amphibious, amphitheater antifreeze, antipollution, antidote benefit, benefactor, benign cohabitant, cooperate, coordinate commune, communicate, community depart, deploy, deflect dishonest, disagree, disgust exit, elusive, evacuate, extinguish enslave, enter, encrypt forefather, forecast, foresight impossible, inevitable Insight interact, intermission, international malign, malignant, malicious mistake, misconception postscript, postwar, postdate preamble, preview, prefix revoke, review, regard submarine, subject, submerge superficial, superintendent transcend, transport, translate unreal, unable, unfounded Janet Allen. Words, Words, Words: Teaching Vocabulary in Grades 4 - 12. © 1999 LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Word Structure - Prefix Chart Intermediate grades – High School Page - 15 Common Suffixes Chart Suffix Meaning Examples -able able to -ac related to -acy, -acity, -acious having the quality of -al -cide related to to kill or cut -cle, -cule small -crat -ee, -eer to rule one who -en -er -er -escent -est -ful -ice -kin to make more, used to compare one who becoming most full of act of, time of little, small -less without -let -ling little small -logy, -ology -ly -ment study of having the quality of state, quality, act -ness state, quality -or -ory, -orium one who place where -sion/-tion -y state of inclined to portable, curable, believable maniac, cardiac, insomniac democracy, tenacity, vivacious gradual, manual, annual homicide, genocide, incision particle, miniscule, molecule democrat, aristocrat employee, volunteer, auctioneer weaken, harden, loosen wiser, harder, stronger teacher, baker, singer adolescent, convalescent wisest, hardest, strongest grateful, careful, helpful service, justice, novice napkin, manikin, munchkin fearless, careless, hopeless booklet, bracelet hatchling, duckling, underling biology, psychology manly, motherly, miserly excitement, basement, statement kindness, happiness, friendliness donor, orator, tractor observatory, planetarium, factory action, infection, attention cheery, itchy, chatty Janet Allen. Words, Words, Words: Teaching Vocabulary in Grades 4 - 12. © 1999 LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Word Structure – Root Word Chart Intermediate grades – High School Page - 16 Root Word Chart Root Meaning Examples acri, acer act amicus anima, anim aqua, hydro sharp, bitter do friend life, mind water art arthr aud craft, skill segment, joint hear biblio cele cept, ceipt circ, circum book honor to take, hold, grasp Around cosm cred world, order, universe believe chron time dem people dic, dict ethn flu speak nation to flow fid trust, have faith form geo graph, gram shape, form earth write, draw, describe greg luc, lumen med, medi flock, herd light middle acrid, acute, acid action, react, enact amicable, amiable animation, animal aquatics, aquarium, hydrolysis artesian, artist, artifact arthritis, arthroscope audience, auditorium, audible bibliography celebrate, celestial accept, receipt circumference, circumvent, circle cosmos, cosmopolitan credit, incredible, discredit chronology, synchronize, chronicle democracy, demagogue, demeanor predict, dictate, contradict ethnic, ethos, ethnocide fluent, superfluous, affluent fidelity, confidant, diffident formulate, formative geography, geology graphic, telegram, pictograph congregate, segregate lucid, elucidate, luminous median, mediocrity, medial Janet Allen. Words, Words, Words: Teaching Vocabulary in Grades 4 - 12. © 1999 Learning-Focused Solutions, Word Analysis Strategies © 2006 LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Word Structure – Root Word Chart Intermediate grades – High School Page - 17 Root Meaning Examples migr pathos to move, imitate feeling photo light port prim, prin to carry first pug plac fist make calm spec, spic to see, observe topo tract vac vid place pull, drag empty see migrant, immigration apathy, sympathy, empathy photograph, photosynthesis portable, portage primate, principle, primitive pugilist, repugnant placate, placid, complacent conspicuous, perspective, spectacle topography, topographic tractor vacuum, vacant, vacate video, provide, evidence Janet Allen. Words, Words, Words: Teaching Vocabulary in Grades 4 - 12. © 1999 Learning-Focused Solutions, Word Analysis Strategies © 2006 Multiple-Meaning Words Chart coat plate serve core train check mark jerk beach signal stick bend shape soil bomb board patch point harm foot short can iron coast fog play pen pitch cool tip roll trip bank light show sign watch crash might police roast cure review guard blossom master account rose order nail face bar jump shell fence post oil flood camp picture fire spring shop staple crown raise spy trade pack store shine drill chain paint paper soil Learning-Focused Solutions, Word Analysis Strategies © 2006 Vocabulary Cards Learning-Focused Solutions, Word Analysis Strategies © 2006 LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Four Square - Vocabulary Cards All Grades Page - 19 Vocabulary Four Square WORD Connection or sketch Definition Opposite Jerry L. Johns, Susan Davis Lenski, and Roberta L. Berglund. Comprehension and Vocabulary Strategies for the Elementary Grades (2nd ed.)/ Copyright © 2006 by Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company (1-800-247-3458, ext. 4). May be reproduced for noncommercial educational purposes within the guidelines noted on the copyright page. LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Vocabulary Study Cards Intermediate Grades – High School Page - 20 VOCABULARY CARDS TAKEN TO THE NEXT LEVEL Many students prepare index cards for themselves to study words and word meanings by writing the definition on the back of a card, and the word on the face of the card. With this variation, the task of making the card becomes an integral part of digesting the new word or concept. This is much like the K.I.M. Strategy except that each word is on a separate card, as opposed to being on one worksheet. Face: Word: Other forms of the same word: Back: Definition: Sentence using the word: Antonym: Synonym: Sketch/Memory Clue LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Vocabulary Study Cards Intermediate Grades – High School Page - 21 Multiple-Meaning Words Cards light pen race roll tape bat sink play order stick star ship nail look face bend ring stop jump bank trip trick check can mean bowl round kind story bark Learning-Focused Solutions, Word Analysis Strategies © 2006 Extending & Refining LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Extending and Refining Important Words Vocabulary Chart + Intermediate Grades – High School Page - 22 Important Words Name: ________________________________ Date: ___________________ Text: ____________________________________________________________ Choose ______ important words from the text. Write the words here: Now write a brief summary of this text using all of these important words. Remember what needs to be included in a summary for a story and what needs to be included in a summary for informational text. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Nancy N. Boyles, Constructing Meaning, © 2004 LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Extending and Refining K.I.M. Vocabulary Chart + All Grades Page - 23 K.I.M. Vocabulary Chart K Key Word I Information M Memory Clue (Definition of Word) Drought Little or no rain over a long period of time Sentence: K Key Word I Information M Memory Clue (Definition of Word) Sentence K Key Word I Information M Memory Clue (Definition of Word) Sentence K Key Word I Information (Definition of Word) Sentence M Memory Clue LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Extending and Refining Multiple Meaning Word Draw Chart All Grades Page - 24 Multiple Meaning Word Draw What is it? This strategy focuses on visualizing the word and drawing pictures showing different meanings of multiple meaning words to display on the word wall or to become a visual representation in student’s notebooks. Non-linguistic representations add a powerful dimension to learning language at all ages. A picture gives a representation of the word. It is supported by a written example and the part of speech is identified to support how it is used in context. Getting Started: 1. Model the process and the format using the word ‘rose’. Ask students to tell you different ways the word ‘rose’ can be used. Record their examples. Note: ‘bat’ is an excellent word to use with primary students. ROSE 1. Rose: a flower (noun) 2. Rose: a color (adjective) 3. She rose from a long nap. (verb) 2. Print multiple meaning words on card stock. Cut out the words and distribute to the class. Students can work independently or in groups using a dictionary o create their own set of cards. 3. Completed cards become artifacts on the word wall. Learning-Focused Solutions © 2006 Games/Activities Wordo Free Space LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY Wordo Free Space Vocabulary Games/Activities Elementary Level Page - 26 LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY NAME ________________________________________ Vocabulary Games/Activities All Levels Page - 27 DATE _____________________ VOCABULARY PEOPLE SEARCH 1. ___________________________________________ Vocabulary Word ____________________________ Name of Classmate Definition ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________ Vocabulary Word ____________________________ Name of Classmate Definition ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ Vocabulary Word ____________________________ Name of Classmate Definition ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________ Vocabulary Word ____________________________ Name of Classmate Definition ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________ Vocabulary Word ____________________________ Name of Classmate Definition ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. _________________________________________ Vocabulary Word ____________________________ Name of Classmate Definition ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ LAC Toolkit VOCABULARY NAME ________________________________________ Vocabulary Games/Activities All Levels Page - 28 DATE _____________________ VOCABULARY INFORMATION SEARCH Directions: Ask students to sign their initials on squares that “fit.” A single student may only sign TWO squares on any Vocabulary Information Search sheet. Used an outhouse Can juggle Sings in the shower Watched Sesame Street Ever changed a diaper Milked a cow Can touch tongue to nose Split pants in public Have been to Hawaii Can do a split Moved twice last year Sleeps on a waterbed Now has hole in sock Walked in wrong restroom Ever broken a bone FREE Have a hot tub Loves to eat Sushi Loves junk food Has a 3-inch scar Wears P.J.’s Still has tonsils Doesn’t use mouthwash Often watches cartoons Likes bubble baths Can wiggle ears Can play the guitar Plays cards Reads newspaper daily Can touch palms to floor Never ridden a horse Loves classical music Is an only child Likes reading poetry Sleeps with stuffed animals or favorite pillow How to adapt this game for classroom use: - Place story or content vocabulary words in boxes and have the students define or spell the word. - Write phonics skill words in boxes, i.e. CVC or words with blends, digraphs, sight words, etc. - Write content words for review in boxes and have students define the words. - Write comprehension questions in boxes. - Write words with affixes in the boxes and have students identify the affix (prefix or suffix) or have students give a definition of the affix.
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