Why is it so important
for you to sweat?
What would happen if
you couldn’t? Use the
terms Homeostasis,
Proteins, Enzymes, and
Denature in your
answer.
What is a Genetically
Modified Organism
(GMO)? Would you
willingly eat a GMO?
A Genetically
Modified Organism
is a living thing
whose DNA has been
altered by humans.
(Genetically Modified Organisms)
BT, Roundup-Ready Corn
-GMO to resist pests
-GMO to resist Roundup weed
killer
-Not much study on effects
-Soil, longevity, human
health?
-(Link to Seralini Paper)
Transgenic Zebra Fish
Reading
1. Actively read through
quick article: Glowing Fish
– First Genetically
Modified Organism
Available as a Pet
2. Class Discussion
How will the world
be different when
you are your parent’s
age?
JQ: If you could
create a transgenic
glowing human, what
would you choose to
trigger the human to
glow?
Transgenic Zebra Fish
Reading
1. Zebra Fish vs. GloFish?
2. Transgenic?
3. Promotor?
4. Creating Transgenic?
5. Estrogen vs. Stress
Induced Promotors?
6. Ethical Issues?
7. Avatar?
Using Glofish to study water pollution
Promoter: TATAGCTAGCC ATCCTAGTATA
DNA code before gene
turns gene on or off
Glofish doesn’t glow
TTCAGCGTATCT ATCCTAGTATA AGTTATGACCTCA
Normal Zebrafish
:
GlofishDNA
Glows!
TTCAGCGTATCT ATCCTAGTATA AGTTATGACCTCA
How Did Scientists Engineer the Transgenic
Glowfish? It is called DNA Microinjection
Glo Gene: ATCCTAGTATA
ATCCTAGTATA
Transgenic
Glofish!
Normal
Zebrafish
DNA:
DNA code for
glowing protein
TTCAGCGTATCT AGTTATGACCTCA
Think back to the
video
Journal Question :
Should humans be
altering the DNA of
organisms?
Nova: Harvest of Fear
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
If you could choose
which traits your
baby will have, would
you do it? Explain.
JQ: Do soul mates
exist? Explain.
JQ: What are enzymes, and why
are they so important for living
organisms? You need your
textbook today.
What is an enzyme?
Specialized proteins that speed up the
rate of a chemical reaction by lower its
activation energy.
H2O + CO2
Reactants
H2CO3
Product
Structure of an Enzyme
• Active Site – for
attaching onto
reactants aka
substrates
• The chemical(s) that
enzyme attaches to is
called the substrate.
• Highly specific with
what they bind onto.
• Lock and Key analogy
Analogies for Enzymes
link
• Mentos and Diet coke
Active site? _______
Substrate? _______
• Stapler analogy
Active site? _______
Substrate? _______
Essential Concept: Enzymes are
involved in almost every cellular
process, including DNA
replication
Read pages 300 - 303 in your
text book, and answer questions
1, 2, 5 on pages 303
JQ: Why does DNA
need to replicate
itself?
What is DNA
replication?
Replication is the
process where DNA
makes an exact
copy of itself.
Why does DNA
replicate?
Original
DNA
Building
Blocks for
new DNA
(Nucleotides)
DNA Helicase
(Protein)
DNA Polymerase
(Protein)
2 identical pieces of
DNA
DNA Replication Steps
1. DNA Helicase (enzyme) splits open double
strand right through hydrogen bonds in
the middle.
2. Binding Proteins holds two strands apart,
so they don’t reattach to one another.
3. DNA Polymerase (enzyme) attaches free
floating nucleotides to the open strands,
making sure to proofread along the way.
4. End product is two identical strands of
DNA.
Where do the free-floating
nucleotides come from?
DNA Replication Play - Brainstorm
1. What roles, or characters, will we need to
perform a play about DNA replication?
2. How will we form, or represent our DNA
using people?
How do the enzymes make all this happen?
In order to break a bond within a molecule, a certain
amount of energy must be used.
C12H22O11
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Activation
Energy
Reactants
Products&
Glucose
Galactose
If you wanted that bond to break more easily,
you would have to lower the amount of energy
it would require to break the bond. An enzyme
can lower the “Activation Energy” of a reaction
C12H22O11
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Activation
Energy
Reactants
Lactose
Products&
Glucose
Galactose
Reaction
pathway w/o
enzyme
AE w/o Enzyme
Reactants
Reaction
pathway with
enzyme
AE
w/ Enzyme
Products
JQ: Why does
your body sweat &
shiver?
Okay I know what you
will say, “to regulate
body temperature.”
That is true, but
why must you do
that?
Enzymes Only Work in Specific
Conditions
Enzymes need the
right conditions to
work
 In extreme
conditions they
Denature – change
shape and don’t
work
Toothpick Enzyme Activity
1. Read the Pre-Lab, and
answer the pre-lab
questions.
2. Read through the lab
3. Find a partner, and
perform the lab
4. Clean up
5. Collect Class Data on
Board
6. Answer Post-Lab
Questions
Class Data:
Name
Normal
Cold
Name
Average
Average
Normal
Denatured
(taped)
Journal Question: What are three things
that you are thankful for?
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Bonds are formed
H2 + O2
H2O
Reactants
Products
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Potential Energy
•Energy at rest. Stored Energy.
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Bonds are broken
H2 O
H 2 + O2
Reactants
Products
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Activation
energy
Reactants
Products
Decomposition
Kinetic Energy
•Energy in motion.
Releasing energy.
Lactase Post Lab Discussion
1. What happens when you
alter the environment
of an enzyme?
2. What happens when you
alter the active site of
an enzyme?
Homeostasis
Negative feedback systems &
positive feedback systems
Welcome to the day
you’ve been preparing for
all semester long.
You have 10 minutes to
prepare for your
presentation.
Please hand in the
presentation rubrics you
were given.
Good Luck!
-Romanoffski
Why can’t
scientists just
inject your arm
today with glofish genes and
have you glow?
Review DNA Model
1. Monomer &
Polymer
2. Sides vs. Center
3. Base pairing
4. Hydrogen Bonding
5. # of DNA strands
6. Antiparallel
7. Helix
8. Function
9. Genes
JQ: Do you think humans will ever become
immortal? Would you want to live forever?
Dr. Bill Andrews talks about Telomeres and
aging in 10 min video
Cell Cycle – When a cell reproduces
What does a typical
day look like for a
cell?
When does a cell
divide? Is it the same
for every cell?
How long do certain cells live
within your body?
Cell Type
Life Span
Cell Division
Red Blood Cell
NO
Skeletal Muscle
Less than 120
days
Long-lived
Lining of Esophagus
2-3 days
Yes
Stomach Cell
2 days
Yes
Nerve Cell
Very Long
Lived??
Most Do Not
Sperm Cell
2-4 days outside
the body
Yes
NO
Let’s take a look
at the life cycle
of a somatic
cell!
What is a
somatic cell?
1.All body cells
except sperm
or egg cells
2. Somatic cells
are Diploid Cell
What is a diploid cell?
# of sets # of DNA pieces
in each set
What would a human somatic
cell look like?
N = 23; 23 pieces from MOM
& 23 from DAD
What is unique about mom and dads
chromosomes?
Dad’s & Mom’s Chromosomes are
homologous – meaning they match up.
Blue Eyes
Eye Color
Gene
Dad’s Chromo.
Brown
Eyes
Mom’s Chromo
How is this– karyotype
different
Karyotype
shows an organism’s
from
the first? in order
homologous
chromosomes
JQ: No Journal
Question today.
Hand in your
Group’s Avatar
Scientific Paper
JQ: Why would
our cells need to
make more of
themselves? Give
specific examples.
JQ: What is the
most prized thing
that you own?
Explain.
What does the cell cycle look like?
Two Parts:
M-phase
1. Interphase
2. m-phase
Cell Cycle Visual
Non-Audio Version
Part 1: Interphase –
Cell growth, DNA
replication and
Preparation for
Division
Part 2: M-phase –
Division of Nucleus &
Cytoplasm
Mitosis is the division of
the nucleus (DNA).
Cytokinesis is the
division of the cytoplasm
(cell).
M-phase
After
Interphase?
92
After
Mitosis?
After
Cytokinesis?
46
46
46
46
How does cytokinesis work?
•Animal cell – cell
membrane pinches in
forming a cleavage
furrow = 2 new cells
•Plant cell – cell
plate (membrane &
wall) forms between
two cells = 2 new
cells
How long does it take to make a
new cell?
Do
elephant’s
have more
cells, or
larger cells,
than we do?
Label the
diagram with
a partner,
and discuss/
write on the
diagram what
occurs at
each stage
Why cells must continually divide
1. DNA Overload
Large cells
require too many
proteins to be
made at the
same time.
DNA cannot
keep up.
2. Supply and
Demand Issues
Big cells demand more
nutrients and produce
more waste, but do
not have enough
roadways to get the
nutrients in and
waste out efficiently.
What could
she grow up
to be?
Explain.
Stem Cells:
Cells that haven’t turned
into a specific cell type
yet (they’re
undifferentiated)
Once a stem cell becomes
particular cell type (heart
cell, liver cell, lung cell) it
is called Differentiated
How does a stem cell turn into a
specialized cell?
All of the somatic cells in
your body have the same
DNA in them, and the same
genes in them
Not all 20,000 genes are
turned on at the same time 
maybe 5,000 at a time
Example: heart cell has
different genes turned on
than liver, muscle, or brain
cell.
Stem Cells
Stem Cell Video
Cancer and Cell Phones
Please read the
article and
answer the
questions to
follow
JQ: What is
Interphase?
Recap what
occurs during
interphase.
(Take out your
homework)
How does a cell know
when to divide?
Every cell contains
proteins called
cyclins which
monitors external
and internal activity,
and communicate to
cells when it is time
to make a new one.
Cell Cycle!
Making new
cells.
JQ: Do children
really need parents?
Explain.
Cyclin & CDK
the protein
supervisors of
the cell cycle!
P53
JQ: Propose a
way that we can
stop cancer.
(Think of all of the
details/molecules
you’ve learned that
have to work in order
for cancer tumor to
grow)
Retinal
Cancer
What is cancer?
Cancer is the
uncontrolled cell
growth of
abnormal cells in
the body.
How do cells become
abnormal?
•Cyclin is a
protein that turns
the cell cycle on
and off.
•If the gene for cyclin
is mutated, or cell’s
ability to respond to
cyclin fails, cancer can
occur
How do cells become
abnormal?
•DNA miscopying
•Exposure to mutagens
– agents that can
mutate DNA
Examples: Food, UV Rays,
Tobacco products,
viruses, non-stick pans,
chemical carcinogens, cell
phones?
Cyclin is Sleeping
mutation causes
cell to lose its
ability to start
and stop cell
replication.
continual cell
growth will lead
to a mass of
cells called a
tumor.
What types of tumors exist?
Malignant Tumors
Fast growing and
are likely to spread
to other parts of
the body and cause
problems
(metastasize – when a
tumor spreads)
Benign Tumors
Slow growing
and do not
metastasize.
ISOLATED
Warning: Graphic Content
Cancer Treatment Activity:
Cancer treatment has come a long way, but we still have
much more work to do as a species. Cancer is the leading
cause of death worldwide
I will assign you and a partner one of the following treatments: Radiation,
Chemotherapy, Targeted therapy, transplants, gene therapy
Using your smartphone/electronic device, access this website:
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/treatment/types-of-treatment
Write answers the following questions, and be prepared to explain them
to the class next time. A few sentences for each.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is your treatment?
What does it do?
How does it work?
What are the side effects?
Other important / interesting information?
Cancer and Cell Phones
Please read the
article and
answer the
questions to
follow
Bonus Question: If
humans make
2.5x10^7 cells per
minute, how many
will they make in 1
hour, 1 day, 1 year?