Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank
for
Henslin
Essentials of Sociology
A Down-to-Earth Approach
Ninth Edition
prepared by
Rochelle Zaranek
Macomb Community College
Jessica Herrmeyer
Hawkeye Community College
Allyn & Bacon
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Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, Ninth Edition, by James M. Henslin, provided such
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ISBN-10: 0-205-83490-6
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-83490-7
Test Bank Table of Contents
Chapter One: The Sociological Perspective ………………………………………….
1
Chapter Two: Culture ………………………………………………………………...
30
Chapter Three: Socialization …………………………………………………………
57
Chapter Four: Social Structure and Social Interaction ……………………………….
86
Chapter Five: Social Groups and Formal Organizations …………………………….. 117
Chapter Six: Deviance and Social Control …………………………………………...
146
Chapter Seven: Global Stratification ………………………………………………… 179
Chapter Eight: Social Class in the United States …………………………………...
207
Chapter Nine: Race and Ethnicity ……………………………………........................
238
Chapter Ten: Gender and Age ………………………………………………………..
268
Chapter Eleven: Politics and the Economy …………………………………………..
300
Chapter Twelve: Marriage and Family ………………………………………………
331
Chapter Thirteen: Education and Religion …………………………………………...
360
Chapter Fourteen: Population and Urbanization……………………………………..
390
Chapter Fifteen: Social Change and the Environment………………………………..
420
Instructor’s Manual …………………………………………………………………..
449
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter1 TheSociologicalPerspective
1.1 Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthorofthetextdescribeasopeningawindowonto
unfamiliarworldsandofferingafreshlookatfamiliarworlds?
A) thesociologicalperspective
B) thesocialimperative
C) socialintegration
D) sociallocation
Answer: A
Diff:3
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Skill: Conceptual
2) Tobeclassifiedasasociety,whatarethetwokeyqualitiesagroupofpeoplemustshare?
A) acommonlanguageandacommonreligion
B) acommoncultureandaterritory
C) aterritoryandacommonpoliticalideology
D) ethnicityandacommonlanguage
Answer: B
Diff:1
PageRef:4
Skill: Applied
3) Whattermdosociologistsusetodescribethecornersinlifethatpeopleoccupybecauseof
wheretheyarelocatedinasociety?
A) thesociologicalperspective
B) thesocialimperative
C) sociallocation
D) thesociologicalframework
Answer: C
Diff:1
PageRef:4
Skill: Factual
4) Frankisexaminingthebroadstreamofeventsthathaveoccurredoverthepast50yearsand
thespecificexperiencesofhisownlife.Bydoingso,whatsociologicalprocesshasFrank
undertaken?
A) socialdeterminism
B) thesociologicalimagination
C) thesocialimperative
D) positivism
Answer: B
Diff:3
PageRef:4
Skill: Applied
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TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
5) WhatarethetwocomponentsC.WrightMillsidentifiedasbeingfundamentalto
understandingthesociologicalimagination?
A) politicalsystemsandeconomicsystems
B) raceandethnicity
C) themeansofproductionandownershipofresources
D) historyandbiography
Answer: D
Diff:2
PageRef:4
Skill: Factual
6) Whateventledtoanuprootingofwhathadbeentraditionalsocialarrangements?
A) theGreatDepression
B) theRenaissance
C) theIndustrialRevolution
D) theEnlightenment
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:5
Skill: Factual
7) Whichsocialscientistfirstproposedapplyingthescientificmethodtothesocialworld,a
practiceknownaspositivism?
A) MaximilienRobespierre
B) AugusteComte
C) EmileDurkheim
D) HerbertSpencer
Answer: B
Diff:1
PageRef:6
Skill: Factual
8) Whatsocialscientistproposedthatsocietiesevolvefromalower,barbaricformtoahigher,
civilizedforminaprocesshecalledsocialDarwinism?
A) CharlesDarwin
B) AugusteComte
C) HerbertSpencer
D) EmileDurkheim
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:6
Skill: Factual
9) HerbertSpencerbelievedthatsocietiesevolvedfromlowertohigherformsbecauseas
generationspass,themostcapableandintelligentmembersofsocietyprosperwhiletheless
capabledieout.WhattermdidSpencerusetodescribethisprocess?
A) thesurvivalofthefittest
B) positivism
C) socialegalitarianism
D) thesocialimperative
Answer: A
Diff:2
PageRef:6
Skill: Conceptual
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Page2
Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
10) BasedontheoriginalwritingsofKarlMarx,howwouldsocialchangebeaccomplished?
A) Societywouldnaturallyevolvefromabarbarictomorecivilizedform.
B) Theeducationofthemasseswouldleadtosocialchangeandinnovation.
C) Theapplicationofthescientificmethodwouldimprovesocialconditions.
D) Workerswoulduniteandoverthrowthecapitaliststhroughrevolution.
Answer: D
Diff:2
PageRef:6-7
Skill: Conceptual
11) AccordingtotheWallStreetJournal,whowerethethreegreatestmodernthinkers?
A) ThomasEdison;HerbertSpencer;EmileDurkheim
B) RalphWaldoEmerson;ThomasEdison;LouisPasteur
C) KarlMarx;AlbertEinstein;SigmundFreud
D) AlbertEinstein;ThomasEdison;AugusteComte
Answer: C
Diff:3
PageRef:6
Skill: Factual
12) BasedonthetheoriesformulatedbyKarlMarx,whatwastheultimategoaloftheproletariat?
A) Theproletariatsoughttoestablishademocraticsocietyandindependence.
B) Theproletariatwantedtodevelopasocietywithastrongmiddleclass.
C) Theproletariatsoughttodevelopaclasslesssocietyfreeofexploitation.
D) Theproletariatwantedtoestablishcapitalismandahigherstandardoflivingforall.
Answer: C
Diff:3
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Skill: Conceptual
13) Whowasawardedtheworldsfirstacademicappointmentinsociology?
A) AugusteComte
B) MaxWeber
C) HerbertSpencer
D) EmileDurkheim
Answer: D
Diff:2
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Skill: Factual
14) BasedonEmileDurkheimsresearchonsuicide,whichofthefollowingindividualswouldbe
thegreatestsuiciderisk?
A) Janine,amarriedmotheroftwowhobelongstotheCatholicchurch.
B) Herbert,asingleProtestantmanlivinginthecity.
C) Milton,adevoutJewwhoismarriedwithsevenchildren.
D) Alice,asingleparentsupportingherdaughter.
Answer: B
Diff:2
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Skill: Conceptual
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TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
15) WhatdidMaxWeberbelievetobetheforcebehindtheriseofcapitalism?
A) newtechnology
B) thepoliticsofsocialwarfare
C) thebreakdownofthefamily
D) changesinreligion
Answer: D
Diff:3
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Skill: Factual
16) WhatwasthesignCalvinistsbelievedGodwouldsendthemtoindicatetheywereindivine
favoranddestinedforsalvation?
A) familyhappiness
B) satisfactionintheirworship
C) alonglife
D) financialsuccess
Answer: D
Diff:3
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Skill: Applied
17) HowdidKarlMarxandMaxWeberdifferintheirtheoreticalassumptions?
A) Weberfailedtorecognizeclassdifferencesinsociety.
B) MarxwasatheoreticalsociologistandWeberstrictlyanappliedsociologist.
C) Weberaddressedsocialstructure,whichMarxtotallyignored.
D) Marxbelievedeconomicswasthecentralforcedrivingsocialchange,andWeberclaimed
itwasreligion.
Answer: D
Diff:3
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Skill: Applied
18) Whowasthefirstwomanappointedtoacabinetpostinthefederalgovernment(Secretaryof
Labor)?
A) ElizabethCadyStanton
B) FrancesPerkins
C) JaneAddams
D) JanetReno
Answer: B
Diff:2
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Skill: Factual
19) In1837,beforeDurkheimandWeberwereborn,whopublishedSocietyinAmerica?
A) MarionTalbot
B) HarrietMartineau
C) FlorenceKelley
D) FrancesPerkins
Answer: B
Diff:3
PageRef:9
Skill: Factual
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Page4
Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
20) WhowasanassociateeditorofTheAmericanJournalofSociology?
A) GraceAbbott
B) AlicePaul
C) MarionTalbot
D) JaneAddams
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:8
Skill: Factual
21) WhowasthefirstsociologisttowintheNobelPrizeforPeace?
A) MargaretSanger
B) HarrietMartineau
C) JaneAddams
D) BettyFreidan
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:12
Skill: Factual
22) WhowasthefirstAfricanAmericantoearnadoctoraldegreefromHarvardUniversity?
A) BookerT.Washington
B) GeorgeWashingtonCarver
C) BenjaminAnthonyQuarles
D) W.E.B.DuBois
Answer: D
Diff:1
PageRef:10
Skill: Factual
23) WhatwasthenameofthejournaleditedbyW.E.B.DuBoisthatheusedtoadvancerace
relationsandsocialreform?
A) SociologicalViewpoints
B) TheReformer
C) TheAmericanSociologist
D) Crisis
Answer: D
Diff:3
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Skill: Factual
24) Whowastheinfluentialsociologistwho,inthe1940s,developedabstractmodelstoexplain
howthepartsofsocietyworktogetherharmoniously?
A) C.WrightMills
B) ErvingGoffman
C) TalcottParsons
D) MichaelBurawoy
Answer: C
Diff:3
PageRef:12
Skill: Factual
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TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
25) Whichofthefollowingsocialscientistsservesasthebestexampleofanappliedsociologist?
A) W.E.B.DuBois
B) HerbertSpencer
C) TalcottParsons
D) AugusteComte
Answer: A
Diff:2
PageRef:12
Skill: Applied
26) Whattermdescribestheuseofsociologytosolvesocialproblemsinbusiness,theworkplace,
andotheraspectsofsociety?
A) appliedsociology
B) puresociology
C) theoreticalsociology
D) existentialsociology
Answer: A
Diff:2
PageRef:12
Skill: Factual
27) Whatisageneralstatementabouthowsomepartsoftheworldfittogetherandhowthey
work?
A) atheory
B) aconcept
C) acorrelation
D) anoperationaldefinition
Answer: A
Diff:1
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Skill: Applied
28) Whatistheunderlyingprincipleofsymbolicinteractionism?
A) Itmeasureshowsocietyusessanctionstocontrolbehavior.
B) Itstatesthatbehavioriscontrolledbyfactorsbeyondonescontrol.
C) Itanalyzeshowonesbehaviordependsonthewaytheydefinethemselvesandothers.
D) Itisbasedonthepremisethatahistoryofmanisahistoryofclassconflict.
Answer: C
Diff:2
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Skill: Conceptual
29) Peoplemaychangetheiropinionsaboutanissuesuchasdivorcebasedonarestructuringof
thatimage,theissuesinvolved,andwhattheymean.Thisisanexampleofwhichsociological
perspective?
A) structuralfunctionalism
B) theconflictperspective
C) symbolicinteractionism
D) theneo-conflictperspective
Answer: C
Diff:3
PageRef:15
Skill: Applied
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Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
30) Whichsociologicalperspectiveanalyzeshowsociallifedependsonthewayswedefine
ourselvesandothers?
A) symbolicinteractionism
B) functionalanalysis
C) structuralanalysis
D) conflicttheory
Answer: A
Diff:2
PageRef:15
Skill: Applied
31) Whichtheoreticalperspectivestressesthatsocietyisawholeunit,madeupofinterrelated
partsthatworktogetherharmoniously?
A) symbolicinteractionism
B) functionalanalysis
C) conflicttheory
D) theneo-conflictperspective
Answer: B
Diff:2
PageRef:16
Skill: Applied
32) Whichtwotheoristsviewedsocietyasatypeoflivingorganismandareidentifiedasbeing
amongtheearlieststructuralfunctionalists?
A) GeorgeHerbertMeadandCharlesHortonCooley
B) KarlMarxandLewisCoser
C) ErnestBurgessandRobertPark
D) AugusteComteandHerbertSpencer
Answer: D
Diff:2
PageRef:16
Skill: Factual
33) Whowasthe20thcenturysociologistwhodismissedtheorganicanalogyofsocietybut
maintainedtheessenceoffunctionalismusingthetermsfunctionsanddysfunctionstodescribe
theconsequencesofpeoplesactions?
A) TalcottParsons
B) C.WrightMills
C) RobertMerton
D) ErvingGoffman
Answer: C
Diff:2
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Skill: Factual
34) WhattermdidRobertMertonusetodescribehumanactionsthathurtasystem(society)that
areusuallyunintended?
A) manifestfunctions
B) latentfunctions
C) latentdysfunctions
D) manifestdysfunctions
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:17
Skill: Applied
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TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
35) HowwouldRobertMertondescribetheintendedbeneficialconsequencesofFranklinD.
RooseveltsNewDealprogramthatraisedthestandardoflivingformillionsofAmericansin
the1930s?
A) Theywouldbeclassifiedaslatentfunctions.
B) Theywouldbeclassifiedasmanifestdysfunctions.
C) Theywouldbeclassifiedasmanifestfunctions.
D) Theywouldbeclassifiedaslatentdysfunctions.
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:17
Skill: Conceptual
36) Whichsociologicalperspectiveviewssocietyasbeingcomposedofgroupsthatengagein
fiercecompetitionforscarceresources?
A) conflicttheory
B) structuralfunctionalism
C) functionalanalysis
D) symbolicinteractionism
Answer: A
Diff:2
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Skill: Applied
37) WhatwastheunderlyingassumptionsociologistLewisCosermaderegardingtheconflict
perspective?
A) Coserbelievedconflictwasareflectionofsocietysinabilitytocopewithnormlessness.
B) Coserpointedoutthatconflictismostlikelytodevelopamongpeoplewhoareinclose
relationships.
C) Cosercomparedconflictinsocietytoastageinwhichparticipantscompeteforrolesand
awards.
D) Cosersawconflictasbeingfunctionalforsocietyandprovidingcertainbenefits.
Answer: B
Diff:3
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Skill: Conceptual
38) Whichtheoreticalperspectiveinsociologyismostalignedwithmicro-levelanalysis?
A) symbolicinteractionism
B) feministtheory
C) conflicttheory
D) structuralfunctionalism
Answer: A
Diff:2
PageRef:19
Skill: Conceptual
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Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
39) CordellhasdoneanextensivestudyoftheincreaseindivorceratesintheUnitedStatessince
1950.HehascometotheconclusionthatthetransformationofAmericansocietyhasresulted
inaredefinitionoflove,marriage,children,andtherateofdivorce.Inviewofthis,withwhich
sociologicalperspectivewouldCordellsconclusionbemostaligned?
A) symbolicinteractionism
B) theconflictperspective
C) structuralfunctionalism
D) feministtheory
Answer: A
Diff:3
PageRef:19
Skill: Conceptual
40) Elizabethisdevelopingaresearchproposaladdressingtheeffectsofjuveniledelinquencyon
theeconomicdevelopmentofacommunity.Sheisusingherstatescrimecodemanualto
determinewhatconstitutesajuvenileandwhatbehaviorqualifiesasdelinquent.Whatis
Elizabethdoingtoprovideaprecisewaytomeasuretheeffectsofjuveniledelinquency?
A) Elizabethisdevelopingacorrelationbetweenjuveniledelinquencyandeconomic
development.
B) Elizabethisselectingtheproperresearchmethodtouseinherproposal.
C) Elizabethisengagedinmultivariateanalysisbyformulatingahypothesis.
D) Elizabethisdevelopingoperationaldefinitionsonwhichtobaseherresearch.
Answer: D
Diff:3
PageRef:20
Skill: Applied
41) WhenIQtestswerefirstdevelopedintheearly1900stheyhadatendencytomeasurecultural
traitsmorethanintellectualcapability.Inviewofthis,whichofthefollowingstatementsbest
appliestotheearlyIQtests?
A) Theywerehighlyvalidbutlackedreliability.
B) Theywerequalitativebutnotquantitativetests.
C) Theywereculturallyrelativeandethnocentric.
D) Theylackedvalidity,whichcompromisedtheirreliability.
Answer: D
Diff:3
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Skill: Applied
42) JimmyandAlexaredoingasurveyontheopinionundergraduatestudentshaveregarding
academicservicesattheiruniversity.Thereare12,000undergraduatestudentsattheir
university,andtheyplantosurvey2,000ofthem.The12,000studentswouldbeconsidered
the________andthe2,000studentssurveyedwouldbethe________.
A) universe;population
B) population;sample
C) sample;respondents
D) design;population
Answer: B
Diff:2
PageRef:22
Skill: Applied
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TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
43) Whichofthefollowingphrasesbestdescribesarandomsample?
A) Everyoneinthepopulationhasthesamechanceofbeingincludedinthestudy.
B) Participantsinthestudyarepickedattheconvenienceoftheresearcher.
C) Thereisaninconsistentmethodofchoosingparticipantsinthestudy.
D) Theparticipantsinthestudyarepickedfromagroupofvolunteers.
Answer: A
Diff:2
PageRef:22
Skill: Applied
44) CathyhasdevelopedasurveytoadministertomembersoftheSocietyforthePreventionof
CrueltytoAnimals.ItemsonthesurveyincludeNamethefirstfivebreedsofdogsthatcome
toyourmindandWhatisitaboutowningadogthatyouenjoythemost?Aftereachitem
therespondentshaveaspacetowritetheirresponseintheirownwords.Thesetwoitemsin
Cathyssurveysareexamplesofwhattypeofquestion?
A) close-ended
B) rhetorical
C) open-ended
D) biased
Answer: C
Diff:2
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Skill: Conceptual
45) Whenaresearcherasksarespondentgeneral,non-sensitivequestionstodevelopafeelingof
trustbeforeaskingquestionsofamoresensitiveandpersonalnature,sheisseekingto
accomplishwhichofthefollowingobjectives?
A) developrapportwiththesubjects
B) increasethereliabilityofthestudy
C) emphasizethevalidityofthestudy
D) randomizequestionssotherespondentsareunawareofthetruepurposeofthestudy
Answer: A
Diff:2
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Skill: Applied
46) Whatisanothernamefortheresearchmethodthatisreferredtoasparticipantobservation?
A) fieldwork
B) surveyresearch
C) secondaryanalysis
D) experimentation
Answer: A
Diff:1
PageRef:26
Skill: Factual
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Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
47) Anthonyisconductingexperimentalresearchontheeffectsofaneducationaltherapyprogram
andtheconflict-resolutionskillsofinmates.Hehasestablishedtwogroups.GroupAwill
receiveaspecialconflict-resolutiontherapyprogram.GroupBwillgoabouttheirroutine
withoutreceivingthetherapyoratherapysubstitute.WhatisGroupBinexperimental
researchsuchasthis?
A) thecontrolgroup
B) thetreatmentgroup
C) theplacebogroup
D) thereferencegroup
Answer: A
Diff:2
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Skill: Applied
48) Joseisconductingresearchonorganizedcrime.Ratherthaninterviewingcriminalsorgoing
undercover,heisexaminingdatathatsomeoneelsehascollected.Whichresearchmethodis
Joseusing?
A) participantobservation
B) secondaryanalysis
C) fieldwork
D) experimentation
Answer: B
Diff:2
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Skill: Applied
49) Aftersubmittinghercompletedresearchdissertationtohercommittee,Beckywasaccusedof
plagiarismbythechairofthedepartment.WhatdidthechairbelieveBeckydid?
A) Beckyfalsifiedthedatainherresults.
B) Beckyfailedtosubmitherdissertationintheappropriateform.
C) Beckycopiedmajorpartsofherdissertationfromsomeoneelseswork.
D) Beckyviolatedtheconfidentialityofthesubjectsofherstudy.
Answer: C
Diff:2
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Skill: Applied
50) Whoconductedthesociologicalresearchthatincludedtearooms,watchqueens,
accusationsofsociologicalsnooping,andaviolationofresearchethicsashecompletedhis
dissertation?
A) MarioBrajuha
B) TalcottParsons
C) LaudHumphreys
D) ErvingGoffman
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:30
Skill: Factual
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TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
1.2 True/FalseQuestions
1) Thecornersoflifethatpeopleoccupybecauseofwheretheyarelocatedinasociety,suchas
theirsex,occupation,andage,areknownassociallocation.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:4
2) Subjectivityisavitalcomponentofthescientificmethodduetotheneedtobespontaneous,
creative,andanalytical.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:5
3) TheconceptofsurvivalofthefittestwascoinedbyHerbertSpencer,thefatherofthe
philosophicalviewcalledsocialDarwinism.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:6
4) Marxismandcommunismareidenticalpoliticalideologieswithbothleadingtoaclassless
society.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:7
5) MaxWeberreferredtotheself-denyingapproachtolifeastheProtestantethic.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:8
6) Femalesociologistsduringthe1800swerehighlyregardedandoftenpursuedahigher
educationbeyondreading,writing,andmath.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:8
7) Asapartofhisstudiesinsociology,W.E.B.DuBoisattendedlecturesbyMaxWeberatthe
UniversityofBerlin.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:10
8) TalcottParsonsiscreditedwithbeingoneofthemajorsocialreformersandsocialactivistsof
the1940s,whichledtoawidespreadacceptanceofsociologyasasocialscienceinAmerica.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:12
9) Pure,basic,andappliedsociologyarealltermsthatrefertotheapplicationofthescientific
methodtothesocialworld.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:12
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Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
10) W.E.B.DuBoisandJaneAddamswouldbemostappropriatelyclassifiedasapplied
sociologists.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:12
11) Researchaimedatlearningmoreaboutsomebehavioriscalledbasicsociology.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:12
12) Instructuralfunctionalism,thetermfunctional referstohowthepartsofasocietyfittogether
tomakethewhole,andstructuralreferstowhateachpartdoes.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:16
13) RobertMertonandEmileDurkheimwerebothadvocatesoftheconceptofstructural
functionalism,whichviewssocietyasbeingcomposedofmanyinterrelatedparts.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:16-17
14) Individualsbecominghomelessbecauseofwelfarereformlegislationthatcutsallpaymentsto
non-workingAmericansaftertwoyearswouldbeclassifiedasalatentdysfunctionofthe
legislation.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:17
15) Symbolicinteractionismandstructuralfunctionalismareboththeoreticalperspectivesthat
relyonmacro-levelanalysis.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:19
16) Commonsenseisthemostimportantaspectofdesigningsociologicalresearch.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:20
17) Inalargeseriesofscores,themodeisthemostrepresentativemeasureoftheaverage.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:24
18) Whenusingunobtrusivemeasures,theresearcherobservesthebehaviorofpeoplewithoutthe
subjectsknowledgetheyarebeingstudied.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:28
19) Althoughsociologicalresearchshouldbevaluefree,undesirableresultsshouldbediscarded
whentheyarecontrarytothehypothesis.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:31
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TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
20) Repeatingastudybyotherresearcherstocompareresultsisreferredtoasreplication.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:31
1.3 ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Whatisthescientificmethod?
Answer: Thescientificmethodisusingobjective,systematicobservationstotesttheories.
PageRef:5
2) Whatispositivism?
Answer: Positivismistheideaofapplyingthescientificmethodtothesocialworld.
PageRef:6
3) WhatissocialDarwinism?
Answer: SocialDarwinismisanoffshootoftheevolutionaryconceptofsurvivalofthefittest,
appliedtosocieties.Itpostulatesthatifcharity,handouts,andotherwelfareprograms
wereeliminated,thelessfitofsocietywilldieoff.Thiswillproduceastrongergene
poolandamoreadvancedsocietybythesurviving,stronger,andmorefitmembersof
society.
PageRef:6
4) WhatconclusiondidEmileDurkheimreachfollowinghisresearchonsuicideratesin
Europeancountries?
Answer: Socialfactorsunderliesuicideratesmoresothanindividualfactorswhichaccountsfora
groupsconsistentsuicideratesyearafteryear.
PageRef:7
5) HowdidMaxWeberandKarlMarxbothagreeanddisagreeonthecentralforceofsocial
change?
Answer: Marxclaimedeconomicswasthecentralforceinsocialchange.Weberdisagreedand
claimeditwasreligion.TheagreementisintheapplicationofWebersclaim.According
toWeber,Protestantsbelievedthatfinancialsuccesswasasignthattheywouldbe
savedonJudgmentDay.Thisinspiredthemtoinvestmoneyforthesakeofmaking
moremoney(thespiritofcapitalism)which,inthefinalanalysis,issocialchangebased
oneconomics.
PageRef:8
6) WhatearlyfemalesociologistdidresearchintheUnitedStatesbeforeDurkheimandWeber
wereborn?
Answer: HarrietMartineau.
PageRef:9
7) ThoughtheauthorofthetextarguesthatHarrietMartineaus1837book SocietyinAmerica was
aninsightfulanalysisofU.S.lifethatisstillworthreadingtoday,whatcontributiontothefield
ofsociologywasHarrietMartineauprimarilyknownfor?
Answer: HarrietMartineautranslatedAugustComtesworksfromFrenchtoEnglish.
PageRef:10
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Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
8) WhodevelopedHull-Housein1889andeventuallywonaNobelPrizeforherefforts?
Answer: JaneAddams
PageRef:10
9) WhatorganizationdidW.E.B.DuBoishelpfoundtoencouragesocialactiontofightthe
exploitationofAfricanAmericans?
Answer: TheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(NAACP)
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10) WhatdidW.E.B.DuBoismeanwhenhereferredtotheVeil?
Answer: TheVeilwasshorthandfortheVeilofRace,thatconceptthatracecolorsallhuman
relations.
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11) WhatdidC.WrightMillsmeanbythetermpowerelite?
Answer: Thepowerelitereferstothetopleadersofbusiness,politics,andthemilitarywho
controlmuchoftheactivityinsocietyandalsoposeathreattofreedom.
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12) Whatisthedifferencebetweenbasic sociologyandapplied sociology?
Answer: Basicsociologyconsistsofconstructingtheoryandtestinghypotheses,analyzingsome
aspectofsociety,andpublishingfindingsinsociologicaljournals.Appliedsociologyis
usingsociologytoinvestigateandsolveproblems,andimplementingsolutionstosocial
problemsbasedontheory.
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13) Whatarethethreemajorsociologicalperspectives?
Answer: Symbolicinteractionism,functionalanalysis,andconflicttheory
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14) Whatdomanifestfunctionsandlatentfunctionshaveincommonthatdistinguishesthem
fromdysfunctions?
Answer: Manifestandlatentfunctionsarebothbeneficialtoasystem.Dysfunctionsharma
system.
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15) Whatisnonverbalinteraction?
Answer: Nonverbalinteractionistheuseofspace,gestures,silence,andotherformsof
communicationthatdonotutilizespokenwordsbutconveymeaning.
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16) Inscientificresearch,whatisahypothesis?
Answer: Ahypothesisisastatementpredictingwhatoneexpectstofindintheresultsofan
experiment,accordingtoaparticulartheory,.
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17) Whatisthedifferencebetweenvalidityandreliability?
Answer: Validitymeanstheoperationaldefinitionsmeasurewhatisintendedtobemeasured.
Reliabilityreferstotheconsistencyoffindingsthatoccurwhenanotherresearcheruses
thesameoperationaldefinitionsandreceivessimilar,ifnotidentical,results.
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18) Whenshouldresearchersestablishrapportwiththeirresearchsubjects?
Answer: Researchersshouldalwaystrytoestablishrapport,afeelingoftrustbetweenresearcher
andsubject,butespeciallywhengatheringdatainsensitiveareas.
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19) Inexperimentalresearch,whatisthepurposeofthecontrolgroup?
Answer: Thecontrolgroupdoesnotreceiveexposuretotheindependentvariable.Inthecontrol
group,thesecondmeasureofthedependentvariableshouldbethesameorsimilarto
thefirstmeasure.Thecontrolgroupoffersastandardagainstwhichtocomparethe
effectoftheindependentvariable.
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20) Whatareunobtrusivemeasures?
Answer: Unobtrusivemeasuresaremethodsofresearchwherethesubjectsunderstudyare
unawaretheirbehaviorisbeingobserved.
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1.4 In-depthEssayQuestions
1) Howdidsociologybeginasatruescience?
Answer: Althoughpeopleoftheancientworldstudiedhumanbehaviorandsocialproblems,
theirstudyemphasizedtradition,superstition,myth,andthepositionofthestars.They
didnotemployempiricaltestingoftheirassumptionsandconclusions.
Socialupheavalofpreviouslyacceptedtraditionsledtopoliticalrevolutionsinthe
AmericancoloniesandFrance.TheIndustrialRevolutioncreatedanimpetusformass
migrationtothecities,whichcreatedaneedtofurtherunderstandsociallifeandgroup
behavior.Horribleworkingconditions,miserablepay,longhours,andexhaustingwork
helpeddeterioratefamilyfunction.
Outoftheturmoil,chaos,andchange,thenewscienceofmanwasproposedby
AugusteComte.Thenewfieldofstudyappliedthescientificmethodtothesocial
world,aprocessknownaspositivism.ThescienceofsociologygrewinEuropewiththe
translationofComtesworksintoEnglishandwaseventuallybroughttoAmericaatthe
turnofthe20thcentury.
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Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
2) Tracethehistoricaldevelopmentofsociologyfromitsbeginningsinthenineteenthcenturyto
itsgrowthasanacademicdisciplineintheU.S.Includeinyourexplanationthefactors
contributingtotheemergenceofsociologyandhowEuropeansociologydifferedfrom
sociologyasitwaspracticedinAmerica.
Answer: Sociologyemergedintheearly19thcenturyastheresultofanumberoffactors.New
ideasaboutsocietyandtheconvictionthatindividualspossessinalienablerightsledto
successfulpoliticalrevolutionsinFranceandAmerica.Industrialization,urbanization,
andimmigrationcreatedasocietymuchdifferentfromthetraditionalagrariansociety
thathadbeendominantforthepreviousseveralthousandyears.Therisein
urbanizationcreatedaneedfordrasticrevisionsinsocialpolicyandthemannerin
whichpeople,especiallygroups,relatedtooneanother.
Allofthissetthestageforthecreationofthenewscienceofmanproposedby
AugusteComteinFrance.Afterhisinitialwork,PositivePhilosophy,wastranslatedinto
EnglishbyMartineau,thenewsciencespreadtotheUnitedStatesinthelate19th
century.InAmerica,sociologydevelopedforthesamereasonsitdevelopedinEurope,
primarilytostudythecausesandeffectsofindustrializationofAmericansociety,
immigration,andpoverty.EarlyAmericansociologistsweremorealignedwiththe
practiceofappliedsociologyandusingsociologicalprinciplesforthepurposeofsocial
reform.Europeansociologistsweremorealignedwithpure,orbasic,sociologyandthe
developmentofsociologicaltheory.
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3) Identifythefivemajorsocialthinkerswhodevelopedthebasisofsociologicaltheoryin
Europe.Includewitheachtheoristtheirmajorcontributiontothediscipline.
Answer: ThefivemajorsocialthinkerstodevelopsociologyinEuropewereAugusteComte,
HerbertSpencer,KarlMarx,EmileDurkheim,andMaxWeber.Comteiscreditedwith
beingthefatherofsociology.Hewasthefirstpersontoapplythescientificmethodto
thesocialworld,aconceptknownaspositivism.HerbertSpencer,sometimescalledthe
secondfatherofsociologywasthefirstmajorEnglish-speakingsociologist.Heis
creditedwithdevelopingtheconceptofsocialDarwinismthatencouragedasurvivalof
thefittesttheory.Asasociologist,Spencerdevelopedawidefollowingofothersocial
scientistsinEnglandandAmerica.KarlMarx,althoughnotactuallyasociologist,hada
profoundinfluencebydevelopingtheconflictperspective.Usingeconomicsand
politicalscience,Marxdevelopedamodelofsocietythatpittedtheownersofthemeans
ofproductionagainsttheexploitedclassofworkers.EmileDurkheimwasinstrumental
inhavingsociologyrecognizedasaseparateacademicdiscipline.Durkheim
concentratedonunderstandingtheimportanceofsocialinteractionandsocial
integration,stressingthathumanbehaviorcouldnotbeunderstoodinindividualistic
terms.MaxWeberchallengedtheconclusionsofMarxthateconomicswasthecentral
forceofsocialchange–Weberbelievedthatrolebelongedtoreligion.Weberdid
extensiveworkonhowreligiousdoctrineaffectedthedevelopmentofcapitalismin
Europe.
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4) SummarizeWeberstheorywhichexplainshowtheProtestantEthicgaverisetothe
developmentofcapitalisteconomicsystems.DescribetheevidencethatWeberusedtosupport
histhesis.
Answer: TheProtestantethicreferstotheself-denyingapproachtolifethatincludedlivinga
frugallife,savingmoney,andinvestingthesurplusinordertomakeevenmoremoney.
Thisbroughtaboutthebirthofcapitalism.TheRomanCatholicbeliefsystem,onthe
otherhand,encourageditsfollowerstoholdontotraditionalwaysoflifethat
discouragedtheeconomicchangethatwasembracedbytheProtestants.Webertermed
thereadinesstoinvestcapitalinordertomakemoremoneythespiritofcapitalism.To
testthistheory,WebercomparedtheextentofcapitalisminRomanCatholicand
Protestantcountries.Inlinewiththistheory,hefoundthatcapitalismwasmorelikely
toflourishinProtestantcountries.
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5) WhywoulditbemoreaccuratetoclassifyHarrietMartineauasadoerandnotathinkerin
thewayhercontemporaryEuropeansociologistswere?
Answer: MostearlyEuropeansociologistswerepuresociologists.Theystudiedsocialconditions
andformulatedtheorybutfailedtoapplytheirfindingstothesocialworld.Ratherthan
engagingintheoryandresearchforthesakeofresearch,Martineaustudiedsociallifein
bothGreatBritainandAmerica.ShedidadetailedanalysisofAmericancustoms,
family,race,gender,politics,andreligion.Herbook SocietyinAmerica,which
documentedherobservationsoftheAmericanwayoflife,hasbecomeaclassicamong
sociologists.ShealsotranslatedComtesoriginalworkintoEnglish.Thismadethe
studyofsociologypossibleintheEnglish-speakingworldinthelaterpartofthe19th
centuryandexpediteditsfootholdinAmericainthe1890s.
PageRef:9
6) Identifythemajorcontributionsmadebywomenandminoritiestosociologyasthediscipline
developedinEuropeandNorthAmerica.
Answer: Althoughshewasnotasociologistbytraining,HarrietMartineautranslatedComtes
PositivePhilosophyintoEnglish.Martineaualsopublishedaccountsofhertravelsin
AmericainwhichshedocumentedobservationsabouttheAmericanfamily,race,
politics,andreligion.JaneAddams,althoughtrainedinmedicine,practicedapplied
sociologywiththefoundingofHull-House,arefugeshelterforthehomeless,sick,
immigrants,andthepoor.In1931,AddamssharedtheNobelPeacePrizeforherefforts
intheHull-Housemovement.Otherwomenwhomadecontributionsinthesocial
sciencesincludedMarionTalbot,GraceAbbott,FrancesPerkins,BeatricePotterWebb,
AnnaJuliaCooper,FlorenceKelley,CharlottePerkinsGilman,IdaB.Wells -Barnett,
EmilyGreeneBalch,andAlicePaul.
OfalltheearlyAmericansociologists,W.E.B.DuBoiswasoneofthemostsignificant
contributorstothediscipline.DuBoisworkedtoimprovetherelationshipbetween
whitesandblacksandchampionedthecivilrightsofAfricanAmericansdecadesbefore
themovementpickedupmomentuminthe1960s.DuBoiswasalsoinstrumentalasa
co-founderoftheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople
(NAACP).
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Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
7) Mostsociologistsinterpretsociallifefromoneofthreemajortheoreticalframeworks.Describe
themajorpointsofeachframework.Listatleastonesociologistwhohasbeenidentifiedwith
eachofthesethreetheories.
Answer: Thethreemajortheoreticalframeworksaresymbolicinteractionism,functionalanalysis,
andconflicttheory.Themajoremphasisofsymbolicinteractionismiscommunication
throughsymbols,andsymbolicinteractionistsanalyzehowbehaviordependsonthe
wayswedefineourselvesandothers.Theselfisasymbolthatconveysmeaningto
whichothersreact.EarlysymbolicinteractionistsincludeGeorgeHerbertMead,
CharlesHortonCooley,andW.I.Thomas.Functionalanalysisstatesthatsocietyasa
wholeismadeupofinterrelatedpartsthatworktogether.Functionalistsaddressthe
structureofsociety(howthepartsofasocietyfittogethertomakethewhole)and
function(whateachpartdoesandhowitcontributestosociety).AugusteComte,
HerbertSpencer,EmileDurkheim,andRobertMertonwerefunctionalists.Conflict
theorystressesthatsocietyiscomposedofgroupsthatengageinfiercecompetitionfor
scarceresources.KarlMarxcanbeconsideredthefatherofconflicttheory.Additional
contributionsweremadetothisperspectivebyC.WrightMillsandLewisCoserinthe
20thcentury.
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8) Basedonthetheoreticalperspectiveoffunctionalanalysis,whatisafunction?Whatisa
dysfunction?Describehowafunctioncanbemanifestorlatent,givingexamplesofeach.
Answer: Functionsarebeneficialconsequencesofpeoplesactionsthathelpasystemtoremainin
balance.Dysfunctionsarethehumanactionsthathurtasystem.Manifestfunctionsare
plannedorintended.Latentfunctionsareunintendedconsequencesthatharmasystem.
Anexampleofamanifestfunctionforuniversitiesistoprovidestudentstheskills
necessarytodevelopacareerortoacquireskillsrequiredforfurthergraduatestudy.A
latentfunctionwouldbetohavetheopportunitytodiscoveraspouseortokeepover15
millionpeople(thenumberofcollegestudents)outofthejobmarket.Adysfunctionof
collegelifewouldbeanexcessofpartyingcreatedbyanewfoundindependencethat
leadstoalcoholismoreventualdismissalfromtheuniversity.
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9) Listanddiscusstheeightstepsofthescientificresearchmodel.Whymightasociological
researcheruselessthaneightsteps?
Answer: (1)Selectingatopic.(2)Definingtheproblem:narrowingthetopicanddescribingwhy
itisworthyofresearch.(3)Reviewingtheliterature.Whathasalreadybeenpublished
onthetopic?
(4)Formulatingahypothesis.Definehypothesis,variables,andoperationaldefinitionas
apartofthissection.(5)Choosearesearchmethod.Thisisthemeansbywhichdata
willbecollected.Therearesevenbasicresearchmethods:surveys,participant
observation,casestudies,secondaryanalysis,examiningdocuments,experiments,and
unobtrusivemeasures.(6)Collectingthedata.Includetheimportanceofvalidityand
reliability.(7)Analyzingtheresults.Thisincludestestingthehypothesis,summarizing,
andcomparingthedatacollected.(8)Sharingtheresults.Thisincludespreparing
reports,charts,andtables,andsubmittingarticlesforpublication.Notallauthorsuse
eightdistinctsteps.Somecondensethestepsandhavelessthaneight.
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TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
10) Discusstheimportanceofethicsinsocialresearch.Definewhatismeantbyethics.What
weretheethicalconsiderationsinvolvedintheresearchbyLaudHumphreys?
Answer: Researchethicsemphasizeopenness,honesty,andtruthandcondemnsfalsification,
plagiarism,andharmtosubjects.Subjectsparticipatinginresearcharenottobe
harmed,mislead,orsubjectedtounwantedpublicityandnotoriety.LaudHumphrey
misledsubjectsbymisrepresentinghimself.Afterposingasawatchqueen(alookout)
inatearoom(apublicrestroomwheremenoftenmetforcasualhomosexualsex),
Humphreysdeterminedtheidentitiesofthemenparticipatingincausalsexandthen
interviewedthemclaimingtheyhadbeenchosentoparticipateinamedicalsurvey.
Duringtheinterviewsforthenon-existentmedicalsurvey,Humphreysexploredthe
lifestylesandsexlivesofthemen.Toavoidsuspicionoftheparticipantsinthestudy,
Humphreysdisguisedhimselfandmadenoreferencetohisknowledgeoftheir
homosexualconduct.
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1.5 OpenBookQuestions
1) Atthebeginningofthechapter,theauthordescribestherevulsionhefeelswhenheseesteeth
marksonthestyrofoamcupfromwhichhewasdrinkingcoffeeatashelterforhomelessmen.
Heknewthecuphadbeencleanedinawashtubbyamanbehindthecounterbeforeitwas
handedtohim.Usingsymbolicinteractionism,explainwhytheauthorhadsuchastrong
emotionalreactiontoviewingtheteethmarks.
Answer: Therootsofsymbolicinteractionismareinsymbols,thingstowhichweattachmeaning,
andhowindividualsreacttothemeaningthesesymbolsconvey.Findingteethmarksin
hiscupconveyedasymbolthatsomeoneelsehadusedthesamecuppreviously,
probablyoneofthefellowhomelessmenattheshelter.Thesymbolsofhomelessness
conveyedbytheothermenattheshelter,beingunclean,unsanitary,anddestitute,
contributedtoanexperienceofhopelessnesstheauthordocuments.
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2) WhatsocialpoliciesmightHerbertSpencerhaveadvocatedtodealwithpeoplewhoarepoor
anddisabled?CompareSpencerslikelyresponsetothestrategyunderlyingcurrentsocial
policiestowardthesegroups.
Answer: Spencermayhaveadvocatedrefusingtoprovidepublicsupporttothepoor.Hewould
havesupportedpoliciestoisolatethemtoreducetheopportunityforthemto
reproduce.Hewouldopposecurrentsocialwelfarepoliciesthatassistpeoplewho
cannotprovideforthemselvesbecausetheyareunfitandsocietyimprovesonlyif
thesepeopledonotpassalongthesetraitstolatergenerations.
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Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
3) KarlMarxpredictedtheproletariatwouldeventuallyoverthrowthebourgeoisieinaviolent
revolution.Basedonhisobservationsofmid-nineteenthcenturyEnglandandEurope,why
doesMarxsanalysisandpredictionofclassconflict,notapplytoWestern,industrialized
societiestoday?
Answer: Theclassdivisionsthatexisttodayarenotasclearandsharpastheywereduring
Marxslifetime.ConflicttheoristssuchasMarxstressedthatsocietyiscomposedof
groupsthatarecompetingwithanotherforscarceresources,suchastheproletariats
andthebourgeoisie.Althoughitcanbearguedthatworkersmaystillbeexploited,
theirlivesandlivingconditionsarenotasmiserableasnotedinthenineteenthcentury.
Today,thedivisionbetweencapitalistsandworkersislessclearincontemporary
society,wherealargeproportionofthepopulationownsstockincorporationsinwhich
theymayormaynotbeemployed.
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4) UsingthethreemajortheoreticalperspectivesinsociologyfoundinTable1.1,chooseasocial
issue(otherthandivorce)andapplyeachtheorytothechosenissue.
Answer: Answerswillvary.
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5) Thesocialhistoryofthefamilyclearlyshowsthatmanyfunctionspreviouslyperformedby
thefamilyarenowperformedbyotherinstitutions.Basedonyourpersonalexperience,listthe
functionscurrentlyperformedbymostfamilies.Dofamiliesprovidefewerordifferent
functionsthaninthepast?
Answer: Functionscurrentlyperformedbyfamiliesincludeprovidingfood,clothing,andshelter
foryoungchildren;coordinatingtheworkschedulesoftwowageearners;providing
transportationtowork,school,after-school,andrecreationalactivitiesforadultsand
children;coordinatingfinancialmattersforallmembers;providingmoralguidanceand
supervisionforchildren;providingforromanticandsexualactivitiesformarriage
partners;providingforrecreationalactivitiesformarriagepartnersandyoungchildren.
Thediscussionofchangingfunctionsshouldacknowledgethatfamiliesstillperform
manyfunctions,althoughmanyaredifferentfromthefunctionsprovidedbyfamiliesin
earliergenerations.Forexample,sexeducationhasbeendesignatedtotheschool
system,vocationaltrainingtoinstitutionsofhighereducation,andreligiousdoctrine
moretothechurch.
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6) Selectatopicsuitableforresearchanddiscusshowastudentwoulddevelopthistopicintoa
researchprojectusingtheeightstepsoftheresearchmodelasidentifiedinthetextbook.
Answer: Followtheresearchmodelasitispresentedonpp.20-21.Whenselectingatopicfor
research,itshouldbebroadenoughsothatinformationcanbefoundaboutthetopic,
butnarrowenoughsothatitchallengesthestudentandoffersthepotentialforin -depth
study.
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TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
7) Developatablebasedonhypotheticaldatathatyouassembleonthemembersofasociology
classcomposedof25students.Makeaclassrosterthatincludesthefirstname,sex,age,and
gradepointaverageofthe25students.Then,developatablebasedonthisdataalongwithall
thecomponentsusedinTable1.2onpage23.Incorporatethemeans,medians,andmodesof
thedatacollectedwhenappropriate(gradepointaveragesandagesofthemembers).
Summarizeotherdatainanappropriateform.
Answer: Thetablewillsummarizethedatacontainedintheroster.Thetablemustincludeatitle,
headnote,headings,columns,androws.Forthesource,specifytheuniversity,your
classnumber,section,semester,andyear.
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8) Dr.ZarchovhasjustcompletedcalculatingthetestscoresofherIntroductiontoSociology
honorsclass.The15studentsinthecourseregisteredthefollowingscoresoutofamaximum
of100points:85,96,86,96,91,89,87,86,96,86,85,99,85,98,85.Basedonthesescores,what
isthemean,median,andmode?IfyouwereDr.Zarchov,whatgradingscalewouldyou
assigntothescoresandwhy?
Answer: Therangeofthescoresis85to99.Themeanorarithmeticaverageis90.0(thesumof
thescores[1350]dividedbythenumberofscores[15]).Themedian,themiddlescore,is
87.Themodeis85.Themedianisprobablythebestmeasuretouseforcomparisons.
Whenassigninggrades,Dr.Zarchovmaybeusingapercentagescalerequiredbythe
universityforgrading.Thisscalemayspecifyascoreof93%orhighertobeanA,
90-92%anA-,87to89%aB+,83to86%aB,80to82%aB -,andsoon.IfDr.Zarchovis
usingacurve,shemayawardgradesverysimilartowhatthepercentagerequirements
are,mainlybecausethegradesarebunchedtogether.Itisalsopossiblethatthishonors
examwasmoredifficultthananexamforastandardclassormayhavehadadditional
requirements.So,usingacurvebecomesmoreofamatterofdiscretionastowhatthe
professorconsidersfairbasedonanumberoffactors.
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Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
9) Guidoisdesigningasurveyforhisseniorpaperonhowstudentsutilizenon -classroom
facilitiesfortheirstudiesandresearch.Hewishestoincludebothopen-endedand
closed-endedquestionsinhissurvey.Providethreeexamplesofopen-endedquestionsthat
maybeappropriateforsuchresearchandthreeclosed-endedquestions.
Afterestablishingasetofopen-andclosed-endedquestions,discussthebenefitsand
difficultiesofeachtypeofquestion.
Answer: Open-endedquestions:
(1)Explainhowyouracademicachievementasanundergraduatewillaffectyourcareer
plansoverthenextfiveyears.
(2)Whoisyourfavoriteprofessororinstructor?Whatqualitiesaboutthisperson
contributetotheirbeingrankedinsuchhighprestige?
(3)Whydidyouchooseyourcurrentmajor?Ifundeclared,whyareyoucurrently
undeclaredinregardstoanacademicmajor?
Closed-endedquestions:
(4)Basedona4.0gradingscale,whatisyourapproximategrade -pointaverage?
a.3.5to4.0
c.2.5to2.999
e.belowa2.0
b.3.0to3.499
d.2.0to2.499
(5)Inthepastsemester,approximatelyhowmanyclassesdidyoucut,includingall
reasons(medical,personal,othercommitments,etc.)?
a.none
c.fivetoten
e.sixteenormore
b.onetofive
d.tentofifteen
(6)Whatistheaveragenumberofcreditsyouprefertocarrypersemester?
e.over18
a.lessthan9
c.13to15
b.9to12
d.16to18
Thebenefitofopen-endedquestionsisthattherespondentisallowedtoanswerintheir
ownwords,whilethedifficultylieswhencomparingtheoverallnumberofresponses.
Thebenefitofclosed-endedquestionsisthattheresponsesarestraightforwards,while
thedifficultyliesinlackofelaborationinresponse.
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10) Henslinusedtheresearchmethodofparticipantobservation(fieldwork)toconducthisstudy
ofthehomeless.Whatweresomeoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofusingthisresearch
method?Whatwouldhavebeensomeoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofusingother
methodsofresearch,i.e.secondaryanalysis,documents,experimentation,orunobtrusive
measures?
Answer: Participantobservationinitsmostparticipativeformisthemostqualitativeofresearch
methods.Henslinusedthistotalcommitmenttoparticipationbecause,inhiswords,I
wasdetermined...Iwillexperiencewhattheyexperience...Toputitanotherway,he
felttheir[thehomeless]pain.Noneoftheotherresearchmethodscouldhave
providedsuchanintimateandpersonalknowledgeofhomelesslife.Ontheotherhand,
participantobservationcanbedangerous.Henslincouldhavebeenattackedbyother
homelessmenwhomayhaveperceivedhimasathreat.Hecouldhavebeeninjuredin
thestreet.Hecouldhavecontracteddiseasethroughunsanitaryconditions.Another
dangerincompleteparticipantobservationisthelossofobjectivityand
over-identificationwiththesubjectsbeingstudied.Usingsecondaryanalysis,
unobtrusivemeasures,anddocumentswouldhavebeenasterileapproachtothe
problemandwouldnothaveofferedanynewinsightsintothesocialproblemof
homelessness.Experimentationwouldbequitedifficultifnotimpossiblebecauseofthe
inabilitytomanageanexperimentalandcontrolgroup.
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Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
1.6 AnalyzingDataQuestions
Figure1.1
1) BasedonFigure1.1,HowAmericansCommitSuicideonpage8,whatisthemostpreferred
methodoftakingonesownlifeamongbothAfricanAmericansandwhites?Whatreasonscan
accountforthissimilarity?Identifyatleasttwofalseconclusionsareaderofthefiguremay
cometoifheorshedidnotexercisecaution.
Answer: Gunsarethemajormeanstocommitsuicidebywhites(54.5%)andAfricanAmericans
(53.7%).Someofthereasonsforthissimilarityinclude:(1)Firearmsarethemostlethal.
Itisdifficulttomissorfakeasuicideforattention-gettingpurposesoncethetriggeris
pulled.Evenhanging(thesecondmostcommonmethod)hasamuchgreaterchanceof
beingunsuccessful.(2)Thereisaprevalenceoffirearmsinsocietyandtheiravailability
foranyonewhowishestopurchaseone.
Someofthefactsthatcannotbereadintothetableincludethefollowing:
(1)ThenumberofwhitesandAfricanAmericanswhoattemptsuicideandthe
respectivepercentageeachnumberisoftheoverallpopulationofeach.
(2)ThenumberofwhitesandAfricanAmericanswhoactuallycommitsuicideandthe
respectivepercentageeachnumberisoftheoverallpopulationofeach.
(3)ThenumberofsuicidesthatareclassifiedasaccidentsforbothwhitesandAfrican
Americanseitherbecauseofalackofevidencetoverifysuicideorasacourtesytothe
familyofthevictim.
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Note: These totals are the mean of years 2001–2006. (“Mean” is explained on page 24.) Source:
By the author. Based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009 and earlier years.
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TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
Figure1.5
2) BasedonthedataprovidedinFigure1.5,U.S.Marriage,U.S.Divorceonpage15,which
statementismostaccurate?
A) Marriageanddivorcerateshaverisenatidenticalratessince1890.
B) Intheyear2000,therewereabouthalfasmanymarriagesasthereweredivorces.
C) Since1980,bothmarriageanddivorcerateshaveappearedtoleveloff.
D) Ifthedivorceandmarriageratescontinueatthispace,thelinesillustratingeachofthem
willeventuallyintersect.
Answer: C
PageRef:15
Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 1998:Table 92 and
2009:Tables 77, 123; earlier editions for earlier years. The broken lines indicate the author’s
estimates.
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Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
Figure1.7
3) ExamineFigure1.7,TheExperimentonpage27.Dennisisconductinganexperimentonthe
abilityofstudentstohandlestress.Ifthesecondmeasureoftheexperimentalandcontrol
groupsareidentical,whatdoesthismostlikelyindicate?
A) Denniscommittedresearchfraudbynotconductingtheexperimentaccordingto
establishedmethodology.
B) Thetreatmentorindependentvariablewasineffectiveinmakingthepredictedchange.
C) Thecontrolgroupwasrandomlyelectedbuttheexperimentalgroupwasbasedonan
accidentalsample.
D) Dennisoverexposedtheexperimentalgrouptotheindependentvariablewhich
corruptedtheexperiment.
Answer: B
PageRef:28
Source: By the author.
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TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
1.7 MatchingQuestions
Matchthetermwiththedefinition.
1) sociologicalperspective
Diff:1
PageRef:4
Skill: Knowledge
A) usingobjective,systematic
observationstotesttheories
B) theapplicationofthescientific
approachtothesocialworld
2) society
Diff:1
PageRef:4
Skill: Knowledge
C) peoplewhoshareacultureand
territory
3) thescientificmethod
Diff:1
PageRef:5
Skill: Knowledge
4) positivism
Diff:1
PageRef:6
Skill: Knowledge
5) bourgeoisie
Diff:1
PageRef:6
Skill: Knowledge
D) theencouragementofpoliticians
andpolicymakerstobecome
moreawareofthesociological
perspective
E) ageneralstatementabouthow
somepartsoftheworldfit
togetherandhowtheywork
F) repeatingastudyinordertotest
itsfindings
6) socialintegration
Diff:1
PageRef:7
Skill: Knowledge
7) replication
Diff:1
PageRef:31
Skill: Knowledge
G) theuseofsociologytosolve
problems
H) anexaminationoflarge-scale
patternsofsociety
I) Marxstermforcapitalists,those
whoownthemeansofproduction
8) values
Diff:1
PageRef:31
Skill: Knowledge
9) basicsociology
Diff:1
PageRef:12
Skill: Knowledge
10) appliedsociology
Diff:1
PageRef:12
Skill: Knowledge
11) theory
Diff:1
PageRef:15
Skill: Knowledge
12) micro-levelanalysis
Diff:1
PageRef:19
Skill: Knowledge
J) sociologicalresearchwhose
purposeistomakediscoveries
aboutlifeinhumangroups
K) understandinghumanbehavior
byplacingitwithinitsbroader
socialcontext
L) thedegreetowhichmembersofa
grouporsocietyfeelunitedby
sharedvaluesandothersocial
bonds
M) thestandardsbywhichpeople
definewhatisdesirableor
undesirable,goodorbad,
beautifulorugly
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page28
Chapter1TheSociologicalPerspective
13) macro-levelanalysis
Diff:1
PageRef:19
Skill: Knowledge
14) participantobservation
Diff:1
PageRef:26
Skill: Knowledge
N) theresearcherparticipatesina
researchsettingwhileobserving
whatishappeninginthesetting
O) anexaminationofsmall-scale
patternsofsociety
15) publicsociology
Diff:1
PageRef:12
Skill: Knowledge
Answers:
1) K
6) L
11) E
2) C
7) F
12) O
3) A
8) M
13) H
4) B
9) J
14) N
5) I
10) G
15) D
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page29
Chapter2 Culture
2.1 Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1) Whattermdosociologistsusetodescribethelanguage,beliefs,values,norms,behavior,and
materialobjectssharedbymembersofsocietythatarealsopassedfromonegenerationtothe
next?
A) technology
B) culture
C) tradition
D) custom
Answer: B
Diff:3
PageRef:36
Skill: Factual
2) Whichsetofconceptsbestillustratesmaterialculture?
A) jewelry,art,hairstyles
B) beliefs,values,norms
C) buildings,clothing,folkways
D) sanctions,mores,weapons
Answer: A
Diff:3
PageRef:36
Skill: Conceptual
3) Whichtermisusedtodescribeagroupswayofthinking,gestures,language,values,and
socialnorms?
A) materialculture
B) nonmaterialculture
C) culturalrelativism
D) ethnocentrism
Answer: B
Diff:1
PageRef:36
Skill: Factual
4) Whichsetofconceptsbestillustratesnonmaterialculture?
A) jewelry,art,hairstyles
B) weapons,clothing,folkways
C) beliefs,values,norms
D) mores,sanctions,machines
Answer: C
Diff:3
PageRef:36
Skill: Conceptual
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Page30
Chapter2Culture
5) Whichofthefollowingisleastapplicabletomaterialculture?
A) thespaceshuttle
B) aleadpencil
C) anadvertisementfromaVictoriasSecret catalog
D) religiousdoctrinethatpermitsamantohaveseveralwives
Answer: D
Diff:2
PageRef:36
Skill: Applied
6) AnthropologistRalphLintonmadetheremark,Thelastthingafishwouldevernoticewould
bewater.Howdoesthemeaningofthisstatementrelatetotheunderstandingofculture?
A) Justasthereisauniversalchemicalformulaforwater,thereisauniversaldefinitionof
culture.
B) Fishareunabletograspthemeaningofculturebecauseoftheirlimitedintellectual
capacity.
C) Exceptinunusualcircumstances,theeffectsofourowncultureareimperceptibletous.
D) Cultureisanaturalphenomenonthathasauniversaldefinitiontransferabletoall
societies.
Answer: C
Diff:3
PageRef:36
Skill: Conceptual
7) Intheopeningpassage,theauthordiscusseshowtryingtobepolitewhilepurchasingaticket
didntwork,andhehadtoresorttoforcefulandaggressivetacticstoreceiveservice.Inthis
case,theauthorsbehaviorcanbestbedescribedbywhichstatement?
A) Theauthorwaspracticingtherelativistfallacybecausepushingandshovingarenever
acceptable.
B) Theauthorisdisplayingethnocentrismbyusinghissuperiorsizetoforgeaheadofthe
Moroccans.
C) ByacceptingtheMoroccancustomofpushingandshovinginline,theauthorwas
practicingtheconceptofculturalleveling.
D) ThesituationillustratesthedifferencesinnonmaterialculturebetweenAmericansand
Moroccans.
Answer: D
Diff:3
PageRef:35-36
Skill: Applied
8) Whensociologistsusethephrase,theculturewithinus,whatdotheymean?
A) Cultureistransferredfromonegenerationtothenextthroughourgeneticinheritance.
B) Cultureisamatterofinstinctthatallhumanbeingsaroundtheworldshare.
C) Cultureisaffectedbyseveralbiologicalfactorsthatdifferfrompersontoperson.
D) Sharedandlearnedwaysofbelievinganddoingbecometaken-for-granted
assumptions.
Answer: D
Diff:3
PageRef:36-37
Skill: Conceptual
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page31
TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
9) Whatisthetermusedtodescribefeelingsofdisorientationandconfusionwhenencountering
values,behaviors,andexpectationstotallydifferentfromthosetowhichoneisaccustomed?
A) culturallag
B) cultureshock
C) diffusion
D) reformulation
Answer: B
Diff:3
PageRef:37
Skill: Applied
10) MarkisaforeignexchangestudentlivingwithaChinesefamily.Thefirstnighthewaswith
themhishostsservedadeliciousentreeofmeatandvegetables.Althoughtasty,Markcould
notidentifythemeat.WhenhishosttoldhimitwasroastdogMarkbecameupsetand
decidedtobecomeavegetarianforthecourseofhisstay.Inviewofthis,whichsociological
conceptdidMarkjustexperience?
A) cultureshock
B) relativistfallacy
C) culturalleveling
D) culturallag
Answer: A
Diff:3
PageRef:37
Skill: Applied
11) Whatisthetendencytouseourowngroupswaysofdoingthingsastheyardstickforjudging
thebehavior,values,andbeliefsofothers?
A) cultureshock
B) ethnocentrism
C) relativistfallacy
D) multiculturalism
Answer: B
Diff:1
PageRef:37
Skill: Factual
12) MarshallisexploringhowthevariousaspectsoftheLenapeculturefittogether,including
theirreligion,familyvalues,agriculturalefforts,andcustoms,withoutjudgingthoseelements
asbeinginferiororsuperiortomodernWesternways.Indoingso,whatsociologicalconcept
isMarshallpracticing?
A) ethnocentrism
B) culturalleveling
C) culturalrelativism
D) universalism
Answer: C
Diff:3
PageRef:37
Skill: Applied
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
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Chapter2Culture
13) Whatisanothertermfornonmaterialculture?
A) culturallag
B) reformulation
C) symbolicculture
D) ethnicwork
Answer: C
Diff:3
PageRef:40
Skill: Factual
14) WaynealwayswearsalapelpinonhissuitsignifyingthathewastherecipientoftheMedalof
Honorwhenhewasintheservice.Usually,onlyveteransrecognizewhatthepinactually
means.Inviewofthis,whichofthefollowingtermsbestdescribesWayneslapelpin?
A) Itiswhatanthropologistswouldcallatotem.
B) Thelapelpinrepresentsahypothesis.
C) Itisasymboltowhichpeopleattachmeaning.
D) Itisaculturaluniversal.
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:40
Skill: Applied
15) Whatcomponentofnonmaterialcultureisexpressedbyshakingonesheadsidetosideto
meannoandupanddowntomeanyes?
A) selectivity
B) impressionmanagement
C) sanctions
D) gestures
Answer: D
Diff:2
PageRef:40
Skill: Applied
16) Whatisasystemofsymbolsthatcanbestrungtogetherinaninfinitenumberofwaysforthe
purposeofcommunicatingabstractthought?
A) technology
B) rawmaterials
C) language
D) ethnocentrism
Answer: C
Diff:1
PageRef:42
Skill: Factual
17) Howdomembersofasocietyacquiretheabilitytouseandunderstandgestures?
A) Mostgesturesarelearnedthroughinteractionwithothers.
B) Mostgesturesareamatterofinstinct.
C) Mostgesturesareinheritedthroughgenes.
D) Mostgesturesarenaturalbehaviorrelatedtophysicalmaturity.
Answer: A
Diff:2
PageRef:42
Skill: Applied
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page33
TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
18) Whowerethetwoanthropologistswhodevelopedtheconclusionthatlanguagehas
embeddedwithinitwaysoflookingattheworld?
A) RichardCloward;LloydOhlin
B) HenryMcKay;CliffordShaw
C) EdwardSapir;BenjaminWhorf
D) RonaldAnchak;PaulStoller
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:44
Skill: Factual
19) Whattermreferstohowourlanguagedeterminesourconsciousnessandperceptionsof
objectsandevents?
A) theStockholmSyndrome
B) theSapir-Whorfhypothesis
C) theKlinefelterSyndrome
D) thePythagoreantheorem
Answer: B
Diff:1
PageRef:44
Skill: Factual
20) Jamaicanwomenpreferportlymenwithroundedmid-sections,whileAmericanwomen
prefermenwhohavetriangularphysiques,bigshoulders,andthinwaistlines.Whatterm
referstothisdifferenceofwhatissociallydesirableorundesirable?
A) norms
B) mores
C) values
D) sanctions
Answer: C
Diff:3
PageRef:45
Skill: Applied
21) Whataretheexpectationsorrulesofbehaviorthatdevelopoutofagroupsvalues?
A) mores
B) folkways
C) laws
D) norms
Answer: D
Diff:1
PageRef:45-46
Skill: Factual
22) WhatAmericancityiscalledthecapitalofLatinAmericaandhasadifficultsocialproblem
regardingtheneedforallresidentstobebilingual?
A) Houston,TX
B) SanDiego,CA
C) Miami,FL
D) NewOrleans,LA
Answer: C
Diff:1
PageRef:44
Skill: Factual
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Page34
Chapter2Culture
23) Whattermdescribeshugs,smiles,andhighfivesthatarefreelygivenbetweentwo
individualsasasignofexpressingapprovalforfollowinganorm?
A) emoticons
B) folkways
C) positivesanctions
D) moralholidays
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:46
Skill: Factual
24) Janeistotallydedicatedtoheracademicresponsibilities.Butduringspringbreak,sheengages
inwildpartyingandhellraisingthathasgivenherthenicknameCalamityJane.
Sociologically,whichofthefollowingdescriptionsbestappliestoJane?
A) Janehasasplitpersonality,onethatisdominantatschoolandtheotherthatbecomes
dominantwhensheiswithfriends.
B) WhenJanegoesonspringbreaksheisonamoralholiday.
C) Janeisenjoyingapositivesanctionthatbecomespossiblebecauseofheracademiceffort.
D) Janeisjustexperiencingwhateveryuniversitystudentenjoysbymixinghersocialand
academiclives.
Answer: B
Diff:2
PageRef:46
Skill: Applied
25) MarkandSallywentwalkinginthepark.Bothofthemwerewearingnothingontheupper
halfoftheirbodies.InAmericanculture,Markwouldbeviolatinga________andSallywould
beviolatinga________.
A) more;folkway
B) more;taboo
C) folkway;more
D) folkway;taboo
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:46
Skill: Applied
26) Georgehasahabitofmixinghispeasorcorninhismashedpotatoesandtheneatingthem
withabutterknifeatdinner.WhichphrasebestdescribesGeorgesbehaviorinthedining
hall?
A) Georgeisonamentalholiday.
B) Georgeisguiltyofviolatingafolkway.
C) Georgeisguiltyofviolatingataboo.
D) Georgeisexperiencingasocialemoticon.
Answer: B
Diff:2
PageRef:46
Skill: Applied
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page35
TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
27) Whichtermdescribesagroupthathasadistinctivewayoflookingatlife,butatthesametime
theirvaluesandnormsreflectthedominantcultureoftheirsociety?
A) counterculture
B) undergroundculture
C) subdominantculture
D) subculture
Answer: D
Diff:1
PageRef:46
Skill: Factual
28) InthemonthofDecember,manyJewishfamiliescelebrateChanukah,thefestivaloflight,
duringwhichspecialfoodsareservedandfamiliesengageinritualactivityuniquetotheir
religiousfaith.Inthiscontext,membersoftheJewishfaithrepresenta________.
A) deviantculture
B) counterculture
C) subculture
D) rivalculture
Answer: C
Diff:3
PageRef:46
Skill: Applied
29) Sunnyisaprofessionalshoplifter.WalkerisamemberoftheDevilsDisciplesandanavid
Satanworshipper.Inviewofthis,whichstatementismostcorrectregardingSunnyand
Walker?
A) SunnybelongstoasubcultureandWalkerbelongstoacounterculture.
B) BothSunnyandWalkerbelongtosubcultures.
C) SunnybelongstoacountercultureandWalkerbelongstoasubculture.
D) BothSunnyandWalkerbelongtocountercultures.
Answer: D
Diff:2
PageRef:47
Skill: Applied
30) Whichofthefollowinggroupsismostrepresentativeofacounterculture?
A) aNewYorkCitycabbiesunion
B) agroupofPhiladelphiaEaglesfans
C) anoutlawmotorcyclegang
D) agroupoftattooartists
Answer: C
Diff:1
PageRef:47
Skill: Applied
31) Whattermdescribesasocietywhichismadeupofmanydifferentreligious,racial,andethnic
groups?
A) asocietyofassimilation
B) anoncentristsociety
C) apluralisticsociety
D) acentristsociety
Answer: C
Diff:1
PageRef:50
Skill: Factual
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page36
Chapter2Culture
32) Americansbelievethatpeoplewhogetaheadatworkandatschooldeservepraise.What
valueidentifiedbysociologistRobinWilliamsisillustratedbythisbelief?
A) efficiencyandpracticality
B) achievementandsuccess
C) individualism
D) progress
Answer: B
Diff:3
PageRef:50
Skill: Applied
33) WhatcorevalueintheU.S.citedbyRobinWilliamsisexemplifiedbymajorityrule,theright
ofeveryonetoexpressanopinion,andarepresentativegovernment?
A) democracy
B) activityandwork
C) efficiencyandpracticality
D) progress
Answer: A
Diff:2
PageRef:51
Skill: Applied
34) WhatisthecorevaluethatpervadesU.S.lifeandisunderscoredbytheAmericanrevolution?
A) individualism
B) equality
C) progress
D) freedom
Answer: D
Diff:2
PageRef:51
Skill: Conceptual
35) WhatthreevaluesdidJimHenslinaddtothesetoftencorevaluesofAmericanculturefirst
identifiedbyRobinWilliamsin1965?
A) education,religiosity,romanticlove
B) religiosity,individualism,activityandwork
C) romanticlove,humanitarianism,democracy
D) education,achievementandsuccess,scienceandtechnology
Answer: A
Diff:3
PageRef:51
Skill: Factual
36) Whenrelatedvaluesoverlapandreinforceoneanother,aswiththevaluesofhardwork,
education,andachievement,whattermisusedtodescribethisrelationship?
A) valuecluster
B) valuestrain
C) valuecoexistence
D) valuecontradiction
Answer: A
Diff:2
PageRef:51
Skill: Applied
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page37
TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
37) WhatfourinterrelatedcorevaluesmakeupanemergingvalueclusterintheU.S.?
A) education,religiosity,romanticlove,andfreedom
B) leisure,self-fulfillment,physicalfitness,andyouthfulness
C) hardwork,equality,leisure,andeducation
D) individualism,achievement,success,andmaterialcomfort
Answer: B
Diff:2
PageRef:51
Skill: Factual
38) InearliergenerationstherewasaseriouscontradictioninsocialvaluesinAmerica.Onone
hand,Americastoodforfreedom,democracy,andequality.Butanothervalue,group
superiority,promotedaspectsofAmericanculturethatflewinthefaceofequalitybecause
theywereracist.Asaresultofthisvaluecontradiction,whatwastheoutcome?
A) Itprovidedsocialconsensusoftheexistingvaluesystem.
B) Itwasanimpetusforsocialchange.
C) Itstrengthenedthesocialnormsheldbyvariousgroups.
D) Itresultedinastagnationofsocialintegration.
Answer: B
Diff:3
PageRef:51
Skill: Applied
39) Itisnotuncommonforviolencetoaccompanyclashesbetweensupportersofabortionrights
andthoseopposedtoabortion.Whattermwouldsociologistsusetodescribethisclashof
values?
A) rolestrain
B) relativistfallacy
C) culturewar
D) moralholiday
Answer: C
Diff:3
PageRef:53
Skill: Applied
40) Americanparentsencouragetheirchildrentobehardworking,efficient,practical,and
individualistic.Whatisthenameforthesevalues–alongwithothernorms,beliefs,andmores
–thatparentshopetheirchildrenadoptbecausetheyareworthaimingfor?
A) idealculture
B) normativeculture
C) realculture
D) materialculture
Answer: A
Diff:1
PageRef:53
Skill: Factual
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page38
Chapter2Culture
41) Whattermdosociologistsusetodescribethenormsandvaluesthatpeopleactuallyfollowas
opposedtothosetheywouldfollowiftheylivedinaperfectworld?
A) culturalrelativism
B) relativistfallacy
C) realculture
D) idealculture
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:53
Skill: Conceptual
42) Whattermreferstotheskillsorproceduresnecessarytomakeandusetools?
A) cognitiveculture
B) diffusion
C) technology
D) culturaladaptation
Answer: C
Diff:1
PageRef:53
Skill: Factual
43) Whattermbestdescribestheemergingtechnologiesthathaveasignificantimpactonsocial
life,suchastheemergenceofcomputers,satellites,andtheelectronicmedia?
A) culturallag
B) culturalinnovation
C) newtechnology
D) technicaldiffusion
Answer: C
Diff:2
PageRef:53
Skill: Factual
44) Whocoinedthetermculturallag?
A) RobertMerton
B) WilliamOgburn
C) TalcottParsons
D) C.WrightMills
Answer: B
Diff:2
PageRef:54
Skill: Factual
45) Personalcomputershavebecomeefficientandcosteffectivewhenlookingupamedicalhealth
diagnosis.Regardless,manypeoplerefusetoutilizethistypeoftechnologysupportand
continuetoseekassistanceataphysiciansoffice.Whattermdescribesthisexampleofchange
inmaterialculture,whilethenonmaterialcultureislaggingbehind?
A) culturallag
B) culturaldiffusion
C) culturalleveling
D) culturalwars
Answer: A
Diff:2
PageRef:54
Skill: Factual
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page39
TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
46) Whichofthefollowingscenariosbestillustrateshownonmaterialculturehasnevercaughtup
withthematerialculture?
A) Thenine-monthschoolyearpersistseventhoughstudentsnolongerneedtoworkon
farmsinthesummer.
B) PeoplewhoareafraidofidentitytheftrefusetoshopontheInternet.
C) Studentsarenolongertaughthowtouseaslideruleorhowtomanuallycalculate
squareroots.
D) MulticulturalismhasreplacedtheemphasisonEuro-Americanhistory.
Answer: A
Diff:3
PageRef:54
Skill: Applied
47) WhenAmericanservicemenoccupiedJapanfollowingWorldWarII,theJapanesewatchedthe
Americansplayingbaseball,appreciatedthesport,andadopteditthemselves.Today,baseball
isoneofthemostpopularsportsinJapan.ThisadoptionofbaseballbytheJapaneseisan
exampleof________.
A) culturaldiffusion
B) discovery
C) reformulation
D) technologicalinnovation
Answer: A
Diff:2
PageRef:54
Skill: Applied
48) Inafour-blocksectionofNewYorkCity,itispossibletopurchaseabagelwithcreamcheese,
eatstir-friedvegetablespreparedinawok,ordineonrawfishinasushibar.Whatdoesthis
rangeofculinarypossibilitiesillustrate?
A) culturalabsolutism
B) culturalbridging
C) culturaldiffusion
D) culturalinnovation
Answer: C
Diff:3
PageRef:54
Skill: Applied
49) WhatsociologicalconceptexplainswhynativepeoplesinremoteSouthAmericanrainforests
canbefoundusingmetalcookingpots?
A) relativistfallacy
B) culturalrelativism
C) reverseculture
D) culturaldiffusion
Answer: D
Diff:3
PageRef:54
Skill: Applied
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page40
Chapter2Culture
50) WhatsociologicalconceptisillustratedbytheadoptionofWesterndressandcultureinJapan,
thepresenceofMcDonaldsrestaurantsinMoscowandHongKong,andChineserestaurants
intheU.S.andFrance?
A) culturalbridging
B) culturaladaptation
C) culturaldissolution
D) culturalleveling
Answer: D
Diff:3
PageRef:55
Skill: Applied
2.2 True/FalseQuestions
1) Jewelry,art,andmoviesareexamplesofmaterialculture.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:36
2) Theappreciationofotherculturesandthedesiretojudgethembasedontheiruniquequalities
isethnocentrism.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:37
3) Culturalrelativismisthejudgingofotherculturesbasedonhownormaltheyareinrespect
toourown.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:37
4) Nonmaterialcultureisalsoreferredtoassymbolicculture.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:40
5) Mostgesturesareuniversalandserveasaninternationalmethodofcommunication.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:40
6) Becauselanguageallowsculturetoexist,itssignificanceforhumanlifeisdifficulttooverstate.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:42
7) TheSapir-Whorfhypothesisisbasedonthecommon-senseassumptionthatcertaincultures
aresuperiortoothers.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:44
8) Sanctionscanbeeitherpositiveornegative.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:2
PageRef:46
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page41
TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
9) Moralholidaysaretimeswhenpeopleareallowedtobreaknormsandengageinactivities
thatmightordinarilygetthemarrested.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:46
10) Rulesagainstplagiarism,cheating,andacademicdishonestyareexamplesoffolkways.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:46
11) UnitedStatessocietycontainsthousandsofsubcultures.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:47
12) Thevaluesandnormsofmostcounterculturesblendinwithmainstreamsocietyandoffer
littlethreattothedominantcultureotherthanbeingdifferent.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:47
13) Agroupwithvaluesandnormsthatplaceitatoddswiththedominantcultureisknownasa
counterculture.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:47
14) Aculturethatpromotesequalityandfreedombutatthesametimeexhibitssignsofracism
andvaluesgroupsuperiorityisanexampleofavaluecluster.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:50-51
15) Avaluecontradictionisaplacewhereamajorforceforsocialchangeinasocietycanbe
found.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:51
16) Becauseofthefreedomofspeechandabilitytoexpressindividualviews,culturewarsare
almostnonexistentintheUnitedStates.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:53
17) Technologysetstheframeworkforagroupsnonmaterialculture.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:53
18) Becauseoftheincreasedtechnologyavailableinindustrializednations,culturallagisvirtually
nonexistent.
Answer: FALSE
PageRef:54
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page42
Chapter2Culture
19) Asocietysmaterialcultureusuallyexperiencesachangefirst,andthenonmaterialculture
catchesuptothechangelater.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:54
20) ThefactthattheGoldenArchesofMcDonaldscanbeseeninTokyo,Madrid,HongKong,and
manyotherforeigncitiesisanexampleofculturalleveling.
Answer: TRUE
PageRef:55
2.3 ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Whatisthedifferencebetweenmaterialandnonmaterialculture?
Answer: Materialcultureincludesphysicalitems,tools,andthetechnologytousethem.
Nonmaterialcultureiscenteredonbeliefs,values,andotherassumptionsaboutthe
worldthatarelessconcrete.
PageRef:36
2) Whatismeantbythephrasetheculturewithinus?
Answer: Theculturewithinusreferstothetaken-for-grantedassumptionswemakeaboutwhat
isnaturalornormalinlife.Cultureliveswithinusbecausewearealwaysevaluating
whatisgoingonaroundusthroughthelensofculture.
PageRef:37
3) Ethnocentrismismostassociatedwithfeelingsofsuperiority,discrimination,andprejudice
onehaswhencomparingonesownculturetoothers.Howmayethnocentrismhavepositive
consequences?
Answer: Fromapositiveperspective,ethnocentrismcreatesin-grouployalties.
PageRef:37
4) Whatismeantbythestatement,cultureprovidesamoralimperative?
Answer: Asamoralimperative,onescultureprovidesareferencepointofwhatisrightor
wrongwhichisthestandardbywhichallotherculturesarejudged.
PageRef:37
5) Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenculturalrelativismandethnocentrism?
Answer: Bothculturalrelativismandethnocentrismdescribehowonecanrespondtoanew
culture,buttheyaresodifferentthattheyareessentiallyopposites..Culturalrelativism
isanattempttounderstandotherculturesontheirownterms,whileethnocentrism
involvesjudgingotherculturesonlybythetermsofyourownculture.
PageRef:37-38
6) Whyisnonmaterialculturesometimesreferredtoassymbolicculture?
Answer: Thecentralcomponentofnonmaterialcultureisthesymbolstowhichpeopleattach
meaningandusetocommunicatewithoneanother.Symbolsincludegesturesand
language.
PageRef:40
Copyright©2011PearsonEducation,Inc.AllRightsReserved
Page43
TestBankforHenslin,EssentialsofSociology,9/e
7) Aregesturesuniversal?Explain.
Answer: Theuseofgesturesisaculturaluniversal,meaningeverysocietyusesgesturesto
communicate.Theyarenotuniversal,however,witheachculturehavingdistinctand
differentinterpretationsofwhatparticulargesturesmean.
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8) WhatistheSapir-Whorfhypothesis?
Answer: TheSapir-Whorfhypothesisistheconclusionthatlanguagenotonlyexpresses
thoughts,butalsoshapesthewaywethinkandperceiveourenvironment.
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9) PattiSueandShortyarestudentsatastateuniversity.Forspringbreaktheyhavegoneto
MardiGrasinNewOrleans.HowmightyoudeterminethatPattiSueandShortywanttotreat
theirspringbreakasamoralholiday?
Answer: IfPattiSueandShortycelebrateMardiGrasbyviolatingsomenormsthattheywould
otherwisefollowwhenatschoolorhome(suchasdrinkingresponsiblyandstaying
clothedinpublic),theywouldbeenjoyingamoralholiday.
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10) Whatisthelikelyresponseagroupwillhaveifoneofitsmembersviolatesafolkway?
Answer: Violationofafolkwaymayresultinaminornegativesanction,suchasadisapproving
look,comment,othergesture,ormaybeoverlooked.
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11) Whatdistinguishesataboofromanormviolation?Giveanexampleofeach.
Answer: Thedegreeofrevulsiontheactgeneratesdetermineswhetherornotitisanorm
violationorataboo.Speeding,cheatingononesincometax,andmostcrimeswouldbe
considerednormviolations.Ataboo,however,usuallygeneratesfeelingsofrevulsionat
itsverysuggestion,suchasonemayexperiencewhenthinkingaboutpeopleeating
humanfleshorchildrenhavingsexwiththeirparents.
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12) Whatisthedifferencebetweenasubcultureandacounterculture?
Answer: Asubcultureisaworldwithinthelargerworldofthedominantculturewithdistinctive
norms,beliefs,language,orvaluesystems.Whenasubculturesvaluesandnormsplace
itatoddswithandseparatefromthedominantculture,thenitisreferredtoasa
counterculture.
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13) Whatfeatureofacounterculturedistinguishesitfromasubculture?
Answer: Counterculturesembracevalues,norms,andbehaviorthatareatoddswiththe
dominantculture,andmayactuallythreatenit.Asubcultureembracesvaluesand
normsthataredistinctivebutthatdonotcontradictthedominantculture.
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14) Whatisapluralisticsociety?
Answer: Apluralisticsocietyisonemadeupofmanydifferentgroupsandwhichsharesthe
valuesofdifferentracial,ethnic,andreligiousgroups.
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Chapter2Culture
15) Whatisthedifferencebetweenavalueclusterandavaluecontradiction?
Answer: Valueclustersconsistofdifferentbutrelatedconceptsthatmembersofaculture
considertobegoodordesirable.Whentheserelatedvaluesaretakentogether,they
formalargerwhole,whichsociologistsrefertoasavaluecluster.Valuecontradictions,
ontheotherhand,involvetwovaluesinthesameculturethataresofarapartthatthey
defyoneanother.
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16) Whatisaculturewar?
Answer: Aculturewarisaclashinvaluesbetweentraditionalistsandthoseadvocatingfor
culturalchange.Inthepast,culturewarsinAmericahaveresultedinviolence
perpetratedbythosewhoseetheirvaluesunderattack,buttheclashesthatareoften
labeledasculturewarstodayaretypicallymildbycomparison.
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17) Howdoesrealculturedifferfromidealculture?
Answer: Thevalues,norms,andgoalsthatagroupconsidersworthaspiringtoandpassfrom
generationtogenerationarecalledidealculture.Thenormsofidealculturemayormay
notbefollowedbyallmembersofthegroup.Thevalues,norms,andgoalspeople
actuallyfollowarecalledrealculture.
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18) Whatdoesthetermnewtechnologymean.Whatsomeexamplesofnewtechnology?
Answer: Newtechnologyisemergingtechnologythathasasignificantimpactonsociallife.
Examplesofnewtechnologyincludecomputers,satellites,andtheelectronicmedia.
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19) Whatismeantbythetermculturallag?
Answer: Culturallagresultswhenagroupsmaterialculture,ortechnology,changesfasterthan
thegroupsnonmaterialculture.
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20) Howdoesculturaldiffusionoccur?
Answer: Culturaldiffusionoccurswhenmembersofoneculturecomeintocontactwithother
groupspossessingadifferentculturethathaseithernonmaterialormaterialqualities
foundtobedesirable.
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2.4 In-depthEssayQuestions
1) Definethetwomajorcomponentsofculture.Whyisculturesodifferentaroundtheworld
amongthevarioussocietiesoftheworld?
Answer: Cultureiscomposedofmaterialcultureandnonmaterialculture.Materialculture
includesjewelry,art,tools,weapons,buildings,machines,utensils,andanyitemused
bymembersofsociety.Italsoincludesthetechnologytousetheseitems.Nonmaterial
cultureisagroupswayofthinking.Thisincludesitsbeliefs,values,andother
assumptionsabouttheworld.Materialandnonmaterialculturearevastlydifferent
aroundtheworldduetoanumberoffactors.Availabilityofresourceswilldictatethe
foodandlivingconditionsofagroup.Combinedwiththelevelofindustrializationand
technologicaladvancement,aculturecanbebothelementaryandprogressive.
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2) Howarecultureshockandethnocentrisminterrelated?Howcanastudenttryingto
understandotherculturesavoidboth?
Answer: Cultureshockisthedisorientationandconfusiononefeelswhenconfrontedbyan
entirelynewculture.Thiscanincludeadifferenceinmaterialculture,suchaseating
roastdogormonkeybrains,orthenonmaterialcultureofdifferentreligiouspractices.
Ethnocentrismisthetendencytouseonesowngroupsstandardstojudgeotherswhich
isthefirststepinbeingpreparedforshock.Inordertoguardagainstboth
ethnocentrismandcultureshock,astudentofculturemustbeopen-mindedandbe
readytoacknowledgethataparticularculturalpracticeorartifactisnomorenatural
thananyother.Thisdoesnotmeanheorshemustembraceanothercultureandpractice
entirely,butitdoesmeanthestudentmustnotcriticizethewayoflifeofotherssimply
becauseitisnotthesameastheirown.
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3) Summarizethemainpointsofculture.
Answer: 1.Thereisnothingnaturalaboutmaterialculture.
2.Thereisnothingnaturalaboutnonmaterialculture.
3.Cultureprovidesthemeansbywhichweseetheworldandperceivereality.
4.Cultureprovidesthefundamentalbasisfordecisionmaking.
5.Cultureisthemoralimperativethatdeterminestherightwayofdoingthings.
6.Comingintocontactwitharelativelydifferentculturechallengesourbasic
assumptionsaboutlife.
7.Althoughtheparticularsofculturediffer,cultureitselfisuniversal.
8.Allpeopleareethnocentricwhichhasbothpositiveandnegativeconsequences.
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Chapter2Culture
4) Discusstheimportanceofgesturesforcommunicatingwithothers.Aregesturesacultural
universal?
Answer: Gesturesareausefulshorthandforconveyingmessageswithoutwords.Theyfacilitate
communication,emphasizemessageswhenusedwithspokenlanguage,andprovide
simplicityinconveyingmeaning.Gesturescansummonemotion,insomecasesbetter
thanthespokenword.
Theuseofgesturesisaculturaluniversal,meaningallculturesemploygesturesinone
formoranother.Themeaningofeachindividualgesture,however,canvarygreatly
fromculturetoculture.
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5) Whatarethesymboliccomponentsofnonmaterialculture?Providethedefinitionandan
exampleofeach.
Answer: Thecentralcomponentofnonmaterialcultureisthesetofsymbolsthatpeopleuse.
Universally,thesymbolsofnonmaterialculturearegestures,language,values,norms,
sanctions,folkways,andmores.Gesturesareusingonesbodytocommunicatewith
others,suchasshakingtheheadupanddownforyesorsidetosideforno.
Languageissymbolsstrungtogetherinaninfinitenumberofwaysusedfor
communication.Languagecanbewrittenorspoken,andincludesthousandsof
variationsincludingEnglish,Russian,French,etc.Languageallowshumanexperience
tobecumulative,whilewepassideas,knowledge,andattitudesfromonegenerationto
thenext.Therewouldbelittletonowaytocommunicatetootherswhatisonyour
mind,suchashumanthoughtsorexperiencesthatconnectustogether.Sanctionsarein
responsetofollowinganormandcanbepositive(smile)ornegative(frown).Folkways
arenormsnotstrictlyenforced,suchasamalenotwearingashirtontheupperhalfof
hisbodywhileinastore.Moresarenormstakenveryseriouslyandessentialtocore
values.Exampleswouldbestealing,rape,orkillingsomeone.
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6) Explaintherelationshipbetweennorms,folkways,andmores.
Answer: Normssetforthexpectedbehaviorofmembersofaparticularsociety,andtheyreflecta
culturesvalues.Folkwaysandmorearetypesofnorms.Themajordifferenceisinthe
scopeoftheexpectationsandthereactionbyothermembersofsocietytoanindividual
notfollowingeachconcept.Normsareenforcedthroughtheuseofpositiveand
negativesanctions.Themoreseriousanormviolation,themoreseverethesanction.
Folkwaysarenormsthatarenotstrictlyenforced.Peopleareexpectedtocomplywith
folkways,buttheirviolationresultsinamuchlessseveresanction.Propereatinghabits,
dress,andetiquetteareexamplesoffolkways.Moresarenormsthatareessentialtoa
societyscorevaluesthatmustbefollowed.Violationofmoresmayormaynotequate
tobreakingalaw,butitwouldresultinharshreactionsbyothermembersofsociety.
Cheatingonexamsandexposingoneselfinpublicareexamplesofmoreviolations.
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7) Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweensubculturesandcountercultures?Provide
examplesofeach.
Answer: Subculturesareaworldwithinthelargerworldofthedominantormainstreamculture.
Eachsubculturehasadistinctivewayoflookingatlife.Whilemaintainingtiestothe
dominantculturalvalues,ithasqualitiesincludingtools,values,beliefs,attitudes,and
practicesthatarespecifictothemembersofthesubculture.Subculturescanbebasedon
valuesandnormscommontopeopleinsimilaroccupational,political,religious,ethnic,
andregionalsettings.Subculturesdonotnecessarilythreatenthevaluesofsociety,they
aresimplydifferent.Counterculturesaresubcultureswithanaddeddimensionof
rejectingthedominantculturescorevaluesandnorms.Becausetheycontradictthe
valuesofthedominantculture,acounterculturesactivitiesmaybeseenasimmoralor
illegalbyothers,suchasthecultureofdrugaddicts,prostitutes,andhategroups.
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8) IdentifysixofthetencorevaluesinU.S.societyidentifiedbysociologistRobinWilliams.
Defineavalueclusterandvaluecontradiction.Developatleastonevalueclusterandidentify
onevaluecontradiction.
Answer: The10valuesidentifiedbyRobinWilliamsare(1)achievementandsuccess,(2)
individualism,(3)hardwork,(4)efficiencyandpracticality,(5)scienceandtechnology,
(6)materialcomfort,(7)freedom,(8)democracy,(9)equality,and(10)group
superiority.Theauthoradded(11)education,(12)religiosity,and(13)romanticlove.
Valueclustersaremadeupofvaluethatarelinkedtogether,inthesensethatembracing
onenecessitatesembracingtheothers.Examplesofvalueclustersincludethegrouping
ofachievementandsuccess,hardwork,education,materialcomfort,andindividualism
orthegroupingofequality,democracy,andfreedom.Valuecontradictionsare
representedbythosevaluesthatopposeoneanother.Anexampleofavalue
contradictioninU.S.societyisthetensionbetweengroupsuperiorityandfreedom,
democracy,andequality.
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9) Definetheconceptsculturelagandnewtechnology.Provideanexampletoillustratehowthe
introductionofanewtechnologyinsocietyproducedaconditionofculturelag .
Answer: CulturallagisatermcoinedbyWilliamOgburnthatmeansnotallpartsofaculture
changeatthesamepace.Nonmaterialcultureusuallylagsbehindmaterialculture.New
technologyreferstoemergingtechnologiesthathaveasignificantimpactonsociallife,
suchasthedevelopmentofthedesktopcomputer,satellitecommunications,andcell
phones.Theemergenceoftheaffordablei-podsoracellphoneareclassicexamplesof
newtechnologythathascontributedtoculturallag.Althoughwithinthegraspofmany
Americans,asignificantnumbercontinuetousetheirhomephonesoroutdatedSony
Walkmans.Therefusaltoadoptnewertechnologyvariesforavarietyofreasons,such
asamistrustofthehardware,orfailuretotakethetimetolearnitsoperation,anda
relianceontradition
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Chapter2Culture
10) Defineculturaldiffusionandculturalleveling,providinganexplanationofhowtheyare
similaraswellasdifferent.
Answer: Culturaldiffusionistheprocessofonesocietyadoptingsomepartofanothersocietys
materialornonmaterialculture.ExamplesofthisaretheJapaneseadoptionofbaseball
andthefondnessAmericanshaveforChinesefood.Culturallevelingistheprocess
whereculturesbecomesimilartooneanother.ThepresenceofMcDonaldsrestaurants
inAsiaandEuropeandotherelementsofwesternculture(suchasdress,music,and
recreationalinterests)beingspreadaroundtheworldrepresentculturalleveling.
Althoughculturallevelingistypicallytheresultofthecultureofapowerfulsociety
spreadingworldwide(suchasbaseball,McDonalds,andKFC)thedominantculture
willalsoabsorbthematerialandnonmaterialcultureoflesspowerfulsocieties,suchas
thepopularityofvariousethnicfoodsinWesternsociety.
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2.5 OpenBookQuestions
1) IntheopeningvignettetheauthorcommentsonseveralpracticesoftheMoroccanpeoplethat
madehimfeeluneasy,especiallyhowtheystaredathimandthelackofconcernforsanitation
byfoodvendorsandinrestaurants.BasedonyourowntravelsoutsidetheUnitedStatesand
theknowledgeyouhavegainedaboutothercultures,identifyatleastthreeAmericanpractices
thatpeoplefromothercultureswouldconsiderstrange.Identifytheareaoftheworldor
peoplewhowouldfindthebehaviorcitedasodd.
Answer: Answerswillvaryupontheextentoftravelbystudentsandtheirexperiencewithother
cultures.ThefollowingisapartiallistofsomeoftheAmericanpracticesthatcouldbe
seenasstrangeinothercultures.
(1)Lockingoneshomeorapartmentwhenleaving.Thiswouldappearstrangeto
membersofatribalsocietysuchastheHmong(page38).
(2)Womenwearingblousesordressesthatcovertheirupperbody.WomeninUganda
andmanyothersub-SaharanAfricancountriesgotoplessinpublic.
(3)Womenwearingshorts.Inmanyofthesamesocietieswheregoingtoplessinpublic
isacceptable,showingtoomuchlegisconsideredscandalous.
(4)Eatingbeefandthesmellofcookingmeat(steaksandhamburgers).Hinduswould
beoffendedbythethoughtofeatingbeefsincecowsaresacred.
(5)WorkingonSunday,evenforsimplehouseholdchoressuchasdoingthelaundryor
mowingthelawn.TheAmishwouldfrownuponthis,aswouldsomeChristian
fundamentalistsgroups.
(6)Goingtoahospitaltohaveababy.Childbirthinmanysocietiesisoftendoneinthe
homeoroutdoors.
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2) AnthropologistRobertEdgertonarguesthatculturesshouldbeevaluatedonthebasisofthe
qualityoflifetheyprovidetheircitizens.Isitpossibletousethisstandardtoavoidboth
culturalrelativismandethnocentrisminexaminingculturesdifferentfromonesown?Are
therequalitiesthatallsocietiescanagreeonthatwouldbethebasistodevelopamore
culturallyuniversalstandardtojudgesocieties?
Answer: Edgertonssuggestionwouldseemtoavoidbothculturalrelativismandethnocentrism,
butitmaynotavoideither.Thetermqualityoflifehasdifferentmeaningsindifferent
cultures.Imposingourdefinitionofthetermwouldconstituteethnocentrism.
Acceptingthedefinitionwithinaculturewouldconstituteculturalrelativism.Although
membersofindustrialWesterncultureswouldquicklydenouncefemalecircumcision,
gangrape,andwifebeating,thesepracticesarecommonandevenconsideredessential
insomecultures.
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3) AfterreadingtheCulturalDiversitybox,YouAreWhatYouEat?AnExplorationinCultural
Relativity,discussAmericanfoodsthatpeopleinotherculturesmayfindoffensive.Then
analyzethestatement,Youarewhatyoueat.
Answer: Americansgenerallydonteatrawmonkeybrains(orcookedonesforthatmatter),nor
aretheyfondofroastdogorcat.Butwhataboutpickledpigsfeet,cowtongue,orfried
hogintestine?Thentherearevarioustypesofwildgamemanypeopleenjoy,ranging
fromvenisontostewedgroundhoglegs.Membersoftheclassmayberequiredtotoura
supermarketandmakealistoffoodstheyfindavailableinthedeli,freshmeatcase,
amongfrozenfoods,andcannedgoodssectiontheyfindunusual.
Asfarasbeingyouarewhatyoueat,isavegetarianapieceoflettuceanymorethana
personwhoenjoysahamsandwichapig?Arepeoplewhoenjoyescargotsnails?
Symbolically,wetendtoviewfoodsasrepresentativeofcertainlifestyles.Withafew
exceptions,itisntwhatweeatthatdetermineswhatweare,buttheamountsofspecific
foodsthatweeatcombinedwithotherfactorssuchasheredity,physicalactivity,
lifestyle,andpersonalhabits.
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Chapter2Culture
4) IntheCulturalDiversityboxtitledMiami–ContinuingControversyoverLanguage,Henslin
reportsthathalfoftheresidentsofMiamihavetroublespeakingEnglishandtheotherhalf
havedifficultyspeakingSpanish.Thisresultsinpersonaldifficultiesforeveryone.Takea
positiononwhetherornotimmigrantsshouldberequiredtolearnanduseEnglish.Defend
thepositiontakenandincludeanyparametersassociatedwithit.
Answer: Thereisnorightanswerforthisquestion,onlyanevaluationofhowwelltheansweris
defended.
ArgumentsadvocatingtheuseofEnglishinAmericacanbesupportedonanumberof
factors.Itisthedominantlanguageofthenation.Itprovidesuniformityintransacting
business,education,andallotheraspectsofhumaninteraction.Inaddition,thereareso
manyvariationsofSpanishthatlearningonedialectdoesnotnecessarilytranslateto
understandingHispanicsfromotherareas.Thenecessitytoprovideinstructionsintwo
ormorelanguagesandtheaccompanyingbooks,texts,andsoondrainresourcesfrom
allsocialinstitutionsincludingeducation,government,religion,theeconomy,and
others.Ifonelanguage(Spanish)ispermittedtoexistforroutinetransactions,willthis
beanimpetusforotherlanguagestoalsobeadopted?Mostadvocatesofanational
languagesuggestaperiodofadjustmentandadaptationforimmigrantstolearnthe
language.
ArgumentssupportingtheneedforAmericanstolearnSpanish(aswellasother
languages)canbesupportedbyanappreciationformulticulturalismandanecessityin
theever-shrinkingworldofbusiness.ItisalsonotedthatmostEuropeanAmericans,
suchastheGermans,spoketheirownlanguageformorethanonegenerationbefore
subsequentgenerationslearnedEnglish.
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5) IntheCulturalDiversityboxtitledRaceandLanguage:SearchingforSelf -Labels,Henslin
states,Theethnictermswechoose–orwhicharegivenus–aremajorselfidentifiers.They
indicatebothmembershipinsomegroupandaseparationfromothergroups.Whataresome
ofthesanctions,bothpositiveandnegative,thatcanresultfromacceptingorrefusingto
accepttheselfidentifierswechooseoraregiventous?Theanswercanincludeidentifiers
otherthanrace.
Answer: Culturedeterminesbehaviorthatisgenderspecific,classspecific,agespecific,andeven
racespecific.Althoughtheenforcementofthenormsthatguidetheseexpected
behaviorshavebecomemoreflexibleinthe21stcentury,therearestillexpectations
peoplearetofollowbasedonthetermsonechoosesoraregiventoidentifythem.
Someexamplesofpositiveandnegativesanctionsareappliedtothefollowingcultures.
TheIrishpridethemselvesonbeingheavydrinkers.TobeIrishandnotaconsumerof
largeamountsofalcoholmayresultinanegativesanctionofnamecallingorbeing
refusedinvitationstoparties.Gender-specificbehaviorforboysandgirls,menand
women,hasbeenanissuesinceAdamandEve.Toviolatethegender -specificbehavior
resultsinlabelssuchastomboyorsissy.AfricanAmericanswhorefusetotakea
subordinaterolemaybeconsidereduppityandwhiteAmericanswhodontembrace
theAmericanvalueclusterofachievementandsuccess,progress,andactivityandwork
maybecalledwhitetrash.
Conversely,therecanbepositivesanctionsawardedforbeingamodelofbehavior
expectedbasedonanidentifier.Ayoungwomanwhoembracesalltheexpected
behaviorandqualitiesmostteenagersaspiretoachievemaybeelectedpromqueen.A
contestantwhowinstheironmancompetitionwouldbethemansman.African
AmericanswhoembracetheirAfricanheritagebywearingtraditionalAfricandress
fromtimetotimewouldbepositivelyrecognizedaswell.
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6) Definemoralholidayandmoralholidayplaces.Identifyperiodswhenstudentsareexpected
tobeonamoralholidayandtheplacestheyfrequentwhendoingso.
Answer: Moralholidaysarespecifiedtimeswhenpeopleareallowedtobreaknorms.Moral
holidayplacesarelocationswherenormsareexpectedtobebroken.Examplesofmoral
holidayincludeweekends,semesterbreak(toadegree),andespeciallyspringbreak.
Moralholidayplacesincludepartieshostedbyotherstudents,fraternitiesorsororities,
localbars,holidayspots(NewOrleans,especiallyduringMardiGras,Cancun,
Caribbeanresorts),casinos.
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Chapter2Culture
7) Howarefolkwaysandmoressimilaraswellasdifferent?Areeitheruniversal,evenamong
collegestudents?Supportyouranswerwithexamplesbasedoncollegelifeandexperiences
youhavehad.
Answer: Bothfolkwaysandmoresarenorms--expectationsorrulesofbehaviorthatdevelopout
ofagroupsvalues.Folkwaysarenormsthatarenotstrictlyenforcedanddonotresult
inovertsanctionswhenbroken.Moresarenormsessentialtoasocietyscorevalues.
Membersofsocietyinsistonmoresbeingfollowed.Nottodosocanresultinostracism,
arrest,orothermajornegativesanctions.
Folkwaysandmoreswillvaryfromuniversitytouniversityandevenamongdifferent
groupsatthesameuniversity.Forexample,studentswhoaredevoutmembersofthe
NewmanCenter(Catholicsocialorganization)orotherreligiousgroupsmayconsider
sexualbehaviorbeforemarriageaviolationofamorewhileotherstudentssimply
considersexualbehaviormoreofafolkway.
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8) Valuecontradictionsoccurwhencommonlyheldvaluesconflict.Describeseveralvalue
contradictionsthatareoccurringbetweenthetraditionalvaluesandtheemergingvaluesinthe
U.S.
Answer: Achievementandsuccessconflict,aswellasactivityandwork,withtheemergingvalue
ofleisure.Freedom(touseonespropertyasonelikes)andpursuitofmaterialcomfort
bothconflictwiththeemergingvalueofenvironmentalism,whichemphasizesthe
obligationtoexerciserestraintinusingnaturalresourcesandpollutingthe
environment.Religiositymayconflictwithself-fulfillmentwhenthelattervalue
encouragespeopletodiscardreligiousbeliefsandpracticesinfavorofsecularbeliefs
andpractices.
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9) Henslinassertsonpage54,Ifagroupstechnologychanges,sodothewayspeoplethinkand
howtheyrelatetooneanother.Howhascomputercommunicationchangedthewaystudents
formfriendshipsandrelatetonewfriends?
Answer: Computercommunicationmakesitpossibletoformrelationshipswithmorepeople.
Manyofthoserelationshipsarebasedsolelyoninformationcommunicatedby
computer,ratherthanface-to-faceinteraction.Computercommunicationmakesit
possibletoenhancetheimagewecommunicatetonewfriends,tomakeusseemmore
attractive,skilled,orinteresting.Itencouragesbusinesstransactionsthatwerenever
consideredaspossibleonlyafewyearsago.eBayismakingsomeusersmillionaires
whowouldhavebeenfailuresinbusinessbecausetheylackedinvestmentcapitalorthe
peopleskillsneededtoaccompanytheirbusinessskills.Teenagersandadultsenterchat
rooms,engageincybersex,andperusecountlessWebpagesaboutissuestheywould
haveotherwiseneverexperienced.Withmanyofthesetransactions,eventhoseengaged
inforbusiness,friendshipsaremorelikelytodevelopwithface-to-faceinteraction
ratherthanthroughcyberspace.Inaddition,peoplearemorepronetowardsbeing
abusedorsubjectedtofraudthroughcomputercommunicationthantheyarein
face-to-faceinteraction.
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10) Defineandexplainthesociologicalsignificanceoftechnologyandnewtechnology.
Answer: Itistechnologythatsetsaframeworkforagroupsnonmaterialculture.Astechnology
changes,sodoesthewaypeoplethinkandhowtheyrelatetooneanother.Inmost
cases,technologyissynonymouswithprogress.Changeisnotalwaysgood,however,
andsomegroupswouldarguethattechnologycanbeharmfultosociety.Forexample,
wasthesplittingoftheatomactuallyatechnologicaladvancementorathreatto
mankind?Thistechnologychangedthewaypeoplethink,thetoolsinAmericas
militaryarsenal,andthebeliefsAmericansholdonissuessuchasmodernwarfare.
Culturallagalsooccurswhennewtechnologyimpactsmaterialculture,suchas
electronicdevicesortransportation.Certaingroups,suchastheAmish,aresuspicious
ofmanyformsoftechnologythatotherpeopletakeforgrantedandcouldnotlive
without,suchastheautomobileandelectricity.
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Chapter2Culture
2.6 MatchingQuestions
Matchthetermwiththedefinition.
1) materialculture
Diff:1
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Skill: Knowledge
2) nonmaterialculture
Diff:1
PageRef:36
Skill: Knowledge
3) ethnocentrism
Diff:1
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Skill: Knowledge
A) aclashofvaluesbetween
opposinggroupsinsocietythatis
sosevereitmayresultin
extremelyhightension,violence,
andsocialupheaval
B) theuseofonesowncultureasa
yardstickforjudgingthewaysof
otherindividualsorsocieties,
generallyleadingtoanegative
evaluationoftheirvalues,norms,
andbehaviors
4) symbolicculture
Diff:1
PageRef:40
Skill: Knowledge
5) Sapir-Whorfhypothesis
Diff:1
PageRef:44
Skill: Knowledge
6) negativesanction
Diff:1
PageRef:46
Skill: Knowledge
7) positivesanction
Diff:1
PageRef:46
Skill: Knowledge
8) moralholiday
Diff:1
PageRef:46
Skill: Knowledge
9) folkways
Diff:1
PageRef:46
Skill: Knowledge
C) thetheorythatlanguagecreates
waysofthinkingandperceiving
D) anexpressionofdisapprovalfor
breakinganorm
E) thespreadofcultural
characteristicsfromonegroupto
another
F) theclassificationofculturethat
includesbeliefs,ideas,values,and
assumptions
G) agroupwhosevalues,beliefs,and
relatedbehaviorsplaceits
membersinoppositiontothe
broaderculture
H) atimewhenpeopleareallowedto
breaknormswithoutpenalty
I) anothertermfornonmaterial
culture
10) subculture
Diff:1
PageRef:46
Skill: Knowledge
11) counterculture
Diff:1
PageRef:47
Skill: Knowledge
J) agroupwhosevalues,beliefs,and
relatedbehaviorsdistinguishits
membersfromthelargerculture
K) arewardorexpressionof
approvalforfollowinganorm
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12) culturewar
L) thevaluesandnormsthatpeople
insocietyofficiallyholdandwant
topassontotheirchildren
Diff:1
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Skill: Knowledge
13) realculture
Diff:1
PageRef:53
Skill: Knowledge
14) idealculture
Diff:1
PageRef:53
Skill: Knowledge
M) theclassificationofculturethat
includesart,buildings,weapons,
machines,andclothing
N) thenormsandvaluesthatpeople
actuallyfollow
O) normsthatarenotstrictly
enforced
15) culturaldiffusion
Diff:1
PageRef:54
Skill: Knowledge
Answers:
1) M
6) D
11) G
2) F
7) K
12) A
3) B
8) H
13) N
4) I
9) O
14) L
5) C
10) J
15) E
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