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Namaste Honourable Delegates,
My name is Gaurav Mehta and I will be your Chair for the duration of this conference. I
would like to extend a warm welcome to all of you on behalf of myself, my Crisis
Director Trevor, and the NYU MUNC community and Staff! Conferences at NYU are an
opportunity for delegates such as yourself to engage in vibrant debate and conversation
about contemporary, historical, and future politics. Within this simulation you will have
the unique ability to formulate the policy of Hindustan. You will be functioning as
prominent contemporary political figures who will engage in policy making, diplomacy,
and negotiations. In the past several months my team has worked tirelessly to assure
that this simulation will be engaging and realistic.
India in antiquity has gone by many names such as: Hindustan, Bharat, or the land of
the “Indus.” Its rich history has compounded to create a complex and at times divided
identity. It was only recently, beginning in the mid 19th century, that India began to
develop a firm national identity and it was only accomplished with the help of prolific
leaders such as Tagore, Nehru and Gandhi who solidified Indian swantantrata and an
Indian state. Unfortunately, there is the looming shadow of the 1947 Partition that
continues to define both domestic and international relations in Indian politics. But, this
shadow has not marred the ability of India to push forward into the 21st century; it has
defined itself as an industrializing liberal democracy with a robust economy and an
ever-growing bureaucracy. And it is with this we leave you to create your own policy.
My Staff and I hope you have a fantastic weekend
of debating, writing and socializing!
With best regards,
Gaurav Mehta
Chair
NYUMUNC VIII
[email protected]
Trevor Hill
Crisis Director
NYUMUNC VIII
[email protected]
0
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History
However, the British employed the tactic of
Prior to the British Raj, India can be
localities of India would not bind together
characterized by regional kingdoms that
and revolt against the imperialists. This
loosely allied with another to form pseudo
tactic has had lasting impacts on the Indian-
confederacies.
Pakistani subcontinent and has ingrained
However,
this
divide and conquer to ensure that the
tendency
towards sectionalism in accordance to
animosity between Hindus and Muslims.
geographic and societal differences was
This sectionalism was apparent in the
mitigated and allowed for the Mauryan,
emergence of the azadi movement in India.
Gupta and Mughal Empires to rise and assert
Various councils and political factions
a hegemony over most of the Indian
formed, the major two were the Indian
subcontinent.
National Congress and the All-India Muslim
However, the sectionalist tendencies of the
League. These two political institutions
Indian subcontinent did not hinder the
formed the backbone of the Indian azadi
locals’ ability to trade across the Indian
movement that would eventually lead to the
Ocean or through routes along the Silk Road.
partition of India. After several bouts of
India was known in antiquity as the land of
violence and riots, Nehru, Jinnah and other
spices, jewels and cloth. Its geographic
prominent members of the azadi movement
position placed it as the center of trade in the
in tandem with the Viceroy of India Lord
Indian Ocean, with travelers from the west
Mountbatten came to the conclusion that a
and east stopping to rest and barter before
united India that encompassed the Hindu
continuing to their destinations. It is the
majority and Muslim minority was not a
lucrative resources of India that promoted
plausible or stable outcome of independence.
the influx of Europeans and eventual British
This sudden movement towards a Muslim
Imperialism.
and Hindu State resulted in the Partition of
The British Raj was officiated with the
India and Pakistan. Millions of Hindus and
transfer of power from the East India
Muslims made their way between the
Company to the British Crown after the
borders of the two nations— riots and
Sepoy
to
violence between Hindus, Muslims and
industrialize and modernize Indian society,
Sikhs began to break out near borders and
creating an influx of western values that
within refugee camps. The Partition did not
began to shape the upper-class, leading to
mitigate the Hindu-Muslim tension, but
the notable revolutionary figures such as
instead
Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.
degrade and breakdown.
Rebellion.
The
Raj
helped
1
the
relationship
continued
to
nyumunc viii
A post-revolutionary world marked the rise
schemes of the different castes and is an
of the Congress party to prominence which
integral part of the state legislature, as he can
remained in power until the Bharatiya
summon and suspend a session in the houses
Janata Party took power in 1996 and again in
of the legislature. He has the power to
2014. These years under the Congress were
dissolve the lower house, the legislative
characterized primarily by Prime Minister
assembly, and to nominate one member to
Indira Gandhi. Under her first term she
the legislative assembly and the legislative
instituted a “state of emergency” which
council. His power extends to passing bills,
lasted for two years; she greatly limited the
as he allows a public bill to become an act or
rights of citizens and imprisoned political
can decide to reserve certain bills for the
opponents. She was assassinated by her own
assent of the president. In addition to this, no
bodyguards in 1984. Her son Rajiv Gandhi
money bill can originate in the state
took the mantle of Prime Minister and was
legislature without the recommendation of
also assassinated in 1989. Several Prime
the governor. He must also approve any
Ministers held power until Manmohan Singh
proposals for taxation or expenditure in the
took office in 2004. He presided over the
state. Lastly, the governor can grant pardons
Indian economy during an unprecedented
or reprieves and enjoys discretionary powers
period of growth. He was replaced by
that differ between states. However, the
Narendra Modi in a landslide election
governor has no diplomatic or military
against the Congress Party in 2014.
power.
Political Bureaucracy
The chief minister (CM) is considered the
The state government in India is split into
election, the governor of a state appoints the
three branches: the executive, legislative,
leader of a majority party in the state
and judicial branches. The executive branch
assembly, who in turns becomes the CM of
of the state government is comprised of the
the state. The CM appoints the council of
governor, chief minister, and the council of
ministers,
ministers. The president of India appoints
responsible for the legislative assembly, or
the governor for a period of five years. The
the Vidhan Sabha. He presides over the
governor appoints the chief minister (CM) of
meetings of the state cabinet and is
the state, and has the power to appoint
considered the leader of the legislature as he
judges to the high court as well as the higher
is the leader of the majority group that
officers of the state. The governor is also
controls the legislature. The CM ultimately
responsible for administration of welfare
decides the internal policies of the state and
real ruler of the state. After every general
2
and
along
with
them,
is
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gets bills passed through the legislature. The
decisions.
CM allocates or re-allocates the portfolios
Responsibilities of the state government
among ministers, and if there is any conflict
include
of opinion between the CM and a minister,
education system, supports to farmers
the latter has to resign.
disaster aid, public transportation, and state
Each state has a legislative assembly
finances.
internal
security,
the
public
consisting of the governor and one or two
Central Government
houses. The bicameral legislature contains
The central government is split into three
two houses: the legislative council, Vidhan
branches: the executive, legislative, and
Parishad, and the legislative assembly,
judicial. The Prime Minister of India makes
Vidhan Sabha. On the other hand, a
up the executive branch of the government.
unicameral legislature contains one house:
The current prime minister, Narendra Modi,
the legislative assembly. Members of the
was voted into power in May of 2014. The PM
Vidhan Sabha are popularly elected for terms
is responsible for the daily administration of
of up to five years. There are a different
India’s bureaucracy.
number of seats in the Vidhan Sabha for
The parliament is comprised of the Lok Saba,
different states. Elected members are called
the lower house, and Rajya Sabha, the upper
“member of legislative assembly” (MLA) and
house, and is led by the president. The
they are present in all states and two union
houses decide on bills to be introduced in
territories. The cabinet minister of a state is
Parliament and discuss the ordinances to be
chosen from the MLAs. Membership of the
announced by the president. They also frame
Vidhan Parishad, the upper house, cannot be
election laws and regulations to be made by
more than 1/3 the size of the MLAs. 1/6 of
the president for union territories. However,
members are nominated by governor, and
the house laws are subject to review by the
the remainder are elected by various
Supreme Court. The Lok Sabha is the
categories of specifically qualified votes.
legislative body that represents the people of
Elected members are called “member of
India. Eligible voters directly elect the 545
legislative council” (MLC) and no MLC can
members every five years. The Rajya Sabha
be a member of the cabinet of ministers.
has no more than 250 members who are
The
state
indirectly elected by the members of the state
government, or the state high courts, have
legislative assemblies. Every state is allowed
jurisdiction over the whole state. The state
a certain number of members, with the more
high court reports to the Supreme Court of
populous states having more members. In
India, which can override state court
addition,
judiciary
branch
of
the
3
twelve of
the members
are
nyumunc viii
nominated by the president. Unlike the Lok
executive branch of the government. and As
Sabha that can be dissolved by the president,
head of the Council of Ministers, the PM
the Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and 1/3
communicates all decisions made by the
of its members retire every two years.
council to the president in his advisement.
The Supreme Court of India makes up the
He can be a member of the Lok Sabha or
judicial branch of the central government. It
Rajya Sabha while providing information
is the final judicial authority in India, as it
regarding administration of the Union or
maintains and propagates law and order in
proposals for the legislature. In addition, he
the country. Its responsibilities include
allocates portfolios among the ministers and
interpreting laws, carrying out judicial
distributes work among ministries. He also
reviews,
represents
and
sentencing
verdicts
in
India
in
international
complying with laws as per the Constitution.
organizations and has a major role in
It also resolves conflicts between numerous
directing India’s foreign policy. Important
parties, including between the executive and
decisions in the government are taken in a
legislative branches, between two or more
consensus with the Cabinet Ministers. The
states within India, and between the
PM is elected by the members of the Lok
government of India and states. In the
Sabha.
current judicial system, there are a number
The President of India carries out his duties
of laws made during the colonial era that are
with the aid and advice of the PM. He has the
still enforced today.
authorization to appoint a number of
The central government has many powers,
officials to the government including the
most protected by Article 357, which states
attorney
that no state can impede on the executive
ambassadors, and high commissioners to
power of the central government within the
other countries. The president is the
states. Furthermore, the central government
commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed
has the power to take over the state in
Forces. He is the final authority in granting
matters related to national security and it
pardons and can give respite, reprieve, or
regulates trade and trade affairs between
reduce the sentence of a person convicted by
state and foreign trade. The government also
any Indian court of law, including cases
has the power to declare war and raise and
involving the death penalty. The president is
maintain the armed forces. Lastly, it can also
indirectly elected through an electoral
conduct diplomacy and authorize treaties
college comprised of the members of
with foreign countries.
parliament and the members of the state
The Prime Minister of India is the head of the
legislative assemblies. The current president
4
general,
the
chief
justice,
nyumunc viii
India-Pakistan Conflict
of India is Pranab Mukherjee. The VicePresident of India heads the Rajya Sabha.
The British partition in August 1947 led to
Foreign Policy
the creation of a Hindu-dominated but
India’s foreign policy was recently revised
of Pakistan. However, India and Pakistan
under the new Prime Minister, Narendra
were unable to be divided along purely
Modi. Modi normalized and enhanced
religious lines, and Muslims, Sikhs and
India’s relationship with the United States.
Hindus found themselves minorities in their
India
international
newly formed countries. This resulted in an
partnerships to advance domestic politics,
unforeseen and historic migration of Hindus,
such as improving technological access,
Sikhs and Muslims across the borders of
sourcing capital, gaining market access, and
India and Pakistan. Severe rioting and
securing natural resources. The Indian
population movement ensued, killing an
Government supports the “neighbors first”
estimated half a million people and leaving
principle by providing humanitarian aid to
roughly a million homeless. Since this
Sri Lanka and Nepal, improving energy
partition, the territories of Jammu and
connectivity
Kashmir have been in dispute as India and
hopes
to
utilize
with
Bangladesh,
nominally secular India and the Muslim state
and
supporting Iran and Myanmar. These efforts
Pakistan
are made in order to ease historical tensions
territories
with India’s neighbors. Modi has also
sovereignty over the territories. Pakistanis
replaced the “Look East” policy with “Act
believe that Jammu and Kashmir should
East” policy to become an integral part of
become a part of Pakistan because the
Asia.
majority of the population is Muslim.
According to Modi, India must “position
However, India argues that Jammu and
itself in a leading role globally, rather than
Kashmir belong to India because in 1947,
just a balancing force” in the contemporary
Maharaja Hari Singh, the Hindu ruler of
international
Jammu and Kashmir agreed to join India by
environment.
India
is
a
both
and
hold
both
sectors
of
nations
these
claim
member of G20, BRICS, the East Asia
October 1947.
Summit, and is being considered for
In October 1947 India and Pakistan went to
permanent membership on the UN Security
war after Pakistan supported a Muslim
Council. India is the leading arms importer
insurgency in Kashmir. With a revolution in
in the world, and is set to spend as much as
his state as well as an invasion, the Maharaja
$100 billion over the next decade to enhance
of Kashmir asked India for armed assistance.
the reach of its military.
In return, he agreed to accede to India,
5
nyumunc viii
handing
over
defense,
support of the East Pakistani people. In
affairs,
December of 1971 East Pakistan became the
effectively binding Kashmir to India. Both
independent country of Bangladesh. In 1989,
India and Pakistan agreed that the accession
Armed resistance to Indian rule broke out in
would be confirmed by a referendum once
the Kashmir valley. In 1999 conflict was
hostilities between the two countries ended.
reignited after India launched air strikes
The war ended by January 1, 1949 when a
against Pakistani-backed forces that had
ceasefire was arranged by the United Nations
infiltrated Indian-administered Kashmir.
which suggested that India and Pakistan
This conflict evolved into a direct conflict
adhere to their commitment to hold a
between India and Pakistan. Later in the
referendum while a ceasefire line was drawn.
year, General Musharraf led a military coup
In 1954, Jammu and Kashmir’s accession to
in Pakistan.
India
constituent
Today tension along the ceasefire line
Assembly. Since the ratification, India has
continues. Since 1999 there have been many
regarded Jammu and Kashmir as a part of
people killed along the Indian and Pakistani
the
ceasefire line with both sides blaming each
communication,
was
Indian
powers
and
ratified
Union.
of
foreign
by
its
However,
Pakistan
continues to maintain control over one third
other
of the state, a small region of Jammu and
continuing to escalate. Most recently 17
Kashmir.
Indian soldiers were killed on September 18,
The Second Indo-Pakistani war escalated
2016
from a clash between border patrols in 1965.
Kashmir by a militant group. India blamed
Later in August, the government of Pakistan
the attack on Pakistan and declared it a
launched a covert offensive across the
terrorist state. On November 14th Pakistan
ceasefire line into the India controlled part of
announced that seven of its soldiers were
Jammu and Kashmir. Later in September,
killed by Indian gunfire across the disputed
India retaliated by crossing the international
Kashmir border. At this point in time, the
border
Pakistan-India conflict seem to be almost at
at
Lahore.
In
January
the
governments of India and Pakistan met at
for
in
the
the
violence
the
with
tensions
Indian-administered
their boiling point.
Tashkent and signed a declaration affirming
Sino - Indian Border Conflict
their commitment to solve their disputes
The Sino-Indian border conflict is just one
through peaceful means and agreeing to
manifestation of an international conflict
withdraw to their pre-August positions.
between China and India. At the core of the
In 1971 Pakistan descended into civil war and
conflict is the claim to sovereignty over the
as a result, India invaded East Pakistan in
same territory, which escalated to an armed
6
nyumunc viii
conflict in 1962. Aksai Chin is one of the
over the border. PM Modi said they were
disputed regions, which is claimed by Indian,
clear that peace on the border has to be the
but is administered by an autonomous
foundation of the trust and relationship
government in Xinjiang. The other disputed
between the two nations. On the 26th
area lies south of the McMahon Line,
September 2014 Modi stated that the tense
formerly known as North East Frontier
two-week conflict between Chinese and
Agency, and now called Arunachal Pradesh.
Indian troops was resolved, accompanied by
The McMahon Line was part of the 1914
Minister of External Affairs, Sushma Swaraj,
Simla Convention between British India and
who stated that Chinese troops would begin
Tibet, dividing the region. The agreement
withdrawing. This consensus was described
was rejected by China.
as an enormous accomplishment for both
The conflict has escalated recently. Border
sides.
tensions between China and India flared
Despite all the tensions occurring between
after New Delhi claimed 30 to 50 soldiers
the states, there are signs of the shift to more
from
armed
positive relations. On January 1st 2015,
revolutionary group, crossed approximately
military delegations from the two countries
12 miles beyond the Line of Actual Control
exchanged greetings. Then on January 26th
between the two countries on 15 April 2012,
2016, India’s Republic Day, Chinese and
and stayed there for three weeks. However,
Indian troops exchanged gifts. On Chinese
Beijing
the
New Year, February 18 2016, the Chinese put
Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated
on displays and performances for Indian
that China has always complied with relevant
soldiers. If there is solution to the overall
agreements. Later, the Chinese Premiere
border conflict, it is going to be two-fold: an
said that “a few clouds in the sky cannot shut
exchange of the territory and a show of
out the brilliant rays of our friendship’’
resolve by India.
the
PLA,
denied
a
these
separatist
accusations;
during his visit to India. In October 2013,
Social Structure
China and India signed an agreement which
implied
that
developing
India
was
infrastructure
restricted
or
Demographics
in
enhancing
India is the second most populous country in
military capabilities along the border.
the world with approximately 1.3 billion
The Times of India reported that Chinese
people. Its primary ethnic groups are Indo-
troops entered disputed territory on 18
Aryan (72%) and Dravidian (25%). There are
August, 2014. On 18th of September, PM
15 official languages in India, and there are
Modi visited China to express his concerns
countless dialects and mixes of these. Hindi
7
nyumunc viii
is the most widely spoken at 41%. English is
Hyderabad.
also an important language India for
around 10.7%. Adult literacy in India is
national,
71.2%; 81.3% for males, and 60.6% for
political,
and
commercial
communication. It is a subsidiary official
Unemployment
stands
at
women.
language. India has 4 primary religions:
Caste System
Hinduism (practiced by 79.8% of the
One of the most important factors of social
population), Islam (14.2%), Christianity
interaction in the history of India has been
(2.3%), and Sikhism (1.7%). 2% of Indians
the caste system. One of the oldest lasting
practice other or unspecified religions.
social hierarchies on Earth, the caste system
Health and Lifestyle
has been dated to around 1100 BCE. This
India has one of the youngest populations on
complex system divides Indians into four
earth, with 45.7% of the population under the
categories based on their karma (the work
age of 24. The risk of contracting major
they do), and dharma (their duty). The four
infectious diseases in India is very high with
categories
60.4% of the population lacking access to
teachers),
improved sanitation facilities, which is
governors), Vaishyas (farmers, traders,
particularly relevant in rural areas where
merchants), and Shudras (laborers). There is
food and waterborne diseases such as
a
hepatitis and typhoid fever as well as vector
(untouchables), who are excluded from any
borne diseases including dengue fever,
privileges afforded to the castes. They work
Japanese encephalitis, and malaria are
generally as street sweepers and cleaners.
common. One of the major goals of PM
These four primary castes were also divided
Modi’s administration has been to increase
into 3,000 other castes and roughly 25,000
access to clean drinking water and sanitation
sub-castes, all based on specific jobs. For the
facilities.
majority of the history of the caste system,
About one-third of the population resides in
the restrictions were stringent. Brahmins
urban communities, while the bulk of India
and the lower castes did not live in the same
are living in rural areas. The rate of
communities, were sent to different colonies,
urbanization in India is 2.38%, making it the
and did not share the same wells. Brahmins
second-fastest urbanizing major country in
also could not accept food or drink from
the world behind China. The major urban
Shudras and in general marrying outside of
areas in India are New Delhi, the capital,
one’s caste was taboo. It was mostly
with
million,
experienced as a system of privilege for the
Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai, and
upper castes and oppression for the lower
a population of 25.703
8
fifth
are
Brahmins
Kshatriyas
group
(priests
(warriors
called
the
and
and
Dalits
nyumunc viii
ones.
system’s impact. For instance, in many
Although the constitution drafted during
southern states and in Bihar in the north,
India’s independence banned discrimination
people have begun using just one name so
on the basis of caste, caste conflict and
that their caste-originated last names do not
discrimination is still very prevalent. In
impact social interaction and employment.
1950,
Even
India
established
quotas
in
so,
tensions
are
highly
visible,
government employment for certain lower
manifesting recently in massive caste-
castes in order to make reparations by
specific protests geared toward receiving
guaranteeing employment to those who had
OBC status. In February of 2016, 18 people
suffered under the caste system, as well as to
were killed and hundreds were injured when
make up for the inevitable continued
the Jat community staged massive protests
discrimination in the labor market. In 1989,
demanding
this quota extended to “OBCs” (Other
quotas. In 2015, the Patel community
Backward Classes), which were the castes
protested in Gujarat in one of the largest
between the upper and lower strata who still
caste demonstrations in Indian history.
experienced discrimination in employment.
These protests have been controversial, since
It is a common sentiment in India that the
both the Patel and Jat communities are
influence of the caste system would have
considered politically and economically
disappeared by now if it weren’t for the fact
dominant castes. Their complaint, however,
that politicians use it as a political tool.
was that many people within their large
Castes tend to vote in blocs, and politicians
castes were still unemployed and suffering
will use caste-specific promises to garner
from poverty.
government
employment
their support. For instance, a politician
Caste Riots
might run a campaign on offering to expand
Caste violence in India has escalated in
the quotas for government employment to
recent years due to inequality. However, the
certain castes if he wanted to win their vote.
interesting aspect of this violence is that it
Caste identities are very strong, but
has not been coming from traditionally “left
the distinction is relaxing. This is mainly due
out” castes (i.e., lower class people who
to urbanization and the resulting mixing of
struggle to find employment), but rather, in
communities that were historically separated
the two largest recent cases, the claims of
by class. Inter-caste marriages are becoming
inequality have come from large, politically
increasingly common, though they are by no
influential, upper castes. For instance, the
means a regular occurrence. Certain states
most recent strikes were led by the Jat
have taken measures to reduce the caste
community in northern India, a caste most
9
nyumunc viii
see as very successful without government
surrounded Delhi, cutting off vital railway
assistance. The claim made by these
and road access. They also took blunt tools to
communities is that the government’s policy
the Munak canal, the primary source of water
toward OBC’s (Other Backward Classes) and
for the city, breaking a large segment to
traditionally lower castes of preferential
pieces. This left the city without three fifths
treatment
hurt
of its usual water supply for five days,
communities like the Jat, who are not
prompting the government to bring in water
classified as an OBC in most states.
tankers for its citizens. The protests became
The Jats are traditionally of the middle-lower
violent, and ultimately 19 people were killed
Vaishya (farmer/trader) caste, which usually
by both the military and by trampling in the
affords a caste OBC classification. The
massive crowds. After the deployment of the
difference, though, between the Jats and
military and the deaths that followed, Jat
other Vaishya castes is that the Jats defied
leaders called off the protests.
caste restrictions and became powerful and
A similar case occurred prior to the Jat
influential, despite their technically low
protests. In late August of 2015, this time in
status. During the 18th century, through a
the prosperous state of Gujarat, members of
series of rebellions and alliances, Jat
the Patel community made explicit their
landholders were able to enrich themselves,
demands for OBC inclusion. For a month,
create vast armies, and even found a state led
Patel leaders agitated the community in
by a new Jat prince. This was the beginning
preparation for mass demonstrations. The
of Jat influence in the north, where they have
distress reached its peak when the leader of
held significant political and religious power
the Patel protests in Gujarat, Hardik Patel,
and controlled much of the wealth for three
was arrested following a massive rally during
centuries. Their success led the government
which he called for an indefinite hunger
to believe that they did not need assistance in
strike that would only end on the condition
employment,
community
that India’s central government extend OBC
disagreed, and has been resentful of the 1991
rights to the Patel community. Hardik Patel’s
OBC extension that left them out.
arrested prompted city-wide rioting in
In February of 2016, Jat community leaders
Ahmedabad, resulting in the burning of three
organized a coordinated protest around
police stations and attacks on the residencies
Delhi in the north. The protests were
of three state ministers.
triggered by the Supreme Court, who in late
Just like the Jat community, the Patels are
2015 overturned a parliamentary decision to
considered
incorporate the Jats as an OBC. Protesters
extremely affluent, as they dominate the tech
in
employment
but
the
Jat
has
10
politically
dominant
and
nyumunc viii
industry and the diamond trade in India.
of violence is expected to continue until caste
However, this has not stopped them from
differences are bridged and traditionally “left
demanding access to the 50% of government
out” groups feel included to an appropriate
jobs and university positions that are
level in government and education.
currently reserved for OBC’s and other
Hindu-Muslim Relations
scheduled castes and tribes. Critics claim
Islam first came to India in the south via
that the Patels and the Jats are both more
trade routes around the 8th century CE. This
frustrated with their inability to expand their
passive introduction of a foreign religion led
political
with
to an overall peaceful coexistence between
social
Hinduism and Islam in the south for more
power
employment
than
they
discrimination
are
or
oppression due to their caste backgrounds.
than a millennium. Unfortunately, the
Protests began again in Gujarat in July of
relationship between the two religions is not
2016, this time carried out by the Dalits
as benign in the north, which can be traced
(untouchables), the lowest group in India’s
to a history of domination and conflict
caste system. Protests were sparked by the
between the two religions, as well as British
flogging of a Dalit family in Una, on the
efforts to divide the Indians along religious
southern coast of Gujarat, after the family
lines during British Raj. Central Asians
was reported to have skinned a cow. One of
invaded Northern India multiple times
the
protest
between the 12th and 13th centuries,
performed by Dalits is suicide. At least nine
ultimately resulting in the establishment of
people attempted to kill themselves in July -
the Muslim Delhi Sultanate in the north. The
seven in a group demonstration, one in front
Delhi Sultanate expanded to encompass
of the collectorate in Gandhinagar, and one
almost all of what is now known as India,
in a village near Gondal. Dalits have been the
Pakistan, and Bangladesh, but receded to its
primary
government
smallest size by the 16th century due to its
employment quotas, but still face intense
inability to keep a tight hold on the Hindu
discrimination, highlighted by what was
kings in central India.
perceived as a harsh punishment against the
The Mughals invaded India in the 16th
Dalit family in Una. The protests culminated
century. The first Mughal emperor, Babur,
in riots in late July, during which two city
was an unprecedentedly tolerant ruler. His
buses were lit on fire, one officer was killed
empire was accommodating to Hindus, there
by a mob hurling stones, and a truckload of
were no wide scale conversion efforts, and
cow carcasses were dumped in front of the
new Hindu temples were even allowed to be
collector’s office in Surendranagar. This sort
built with his permission. Even so, his
most
common
recipients
forms
of
of
11
nyumunc viii
empire imposed religious taxes called jizya
Economy
on Hindus, contributed to religious tension.
The third emperor, Akbar, is regarded as one
Economic Policy
of the most progressive rulers of his era. He
India’s economic policy focuses on growth as
abolished jizya, allowed Hindu kingdoms
the current government seeks to increase the
under his control to obey Hindu law instead
country’s GDP. The current government’s
of Islamic law, and included many Hindus in
fiscal policy focuses on improving growth
his government. Later Mughal emperors
performance of the economy and ensuring
reversed
re-imposing
social justice for the people. The government
pilgrimage taxes on Hindus, desecrating
has sought to use direct taxes to mobilize
Hindu holy sites, and forcing conversion.
resources,
This animosity paved the way for the
reducing
conquering of India by the British, who
increasing
pitted Hindus against Muslims in order to
enterprises, and reduce inequalities of
erode the stability of the Mughal Empire. The
income and wealth by taxing the rich at a
last Mughal emperor was overthrown by the
higher rate. There are poverty alleviation
British in 1858.
programs that help improve conditions for
The long-lasting tensions between Hindus
the poor. The monetary policy of the Reserve
and Muslims have been fueled by divide-
Bank of India and the government is to keep
and-conquer tactics throughout the early
inflation at 4% for the next five years. The
interactions between these religions, and
government wants to boost growth while
reignited
the
keeping prices in check. Furthermore, Modi
devastating partition of India and Pakistan
has focused on India’s diplomatic and trade
in the 20th century. The suspicion and
relationship with other countries. Some of
hostility that still exists between these two
India’s important trade deals include the
countries have given political legitimacy to
India-European
the religious intolerance that still exists to
Agreement, Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement,
this day in India. For instance, in 2013 a feud
and the South Asian Free Trade Area.
between a Hindu and a Muslim family in a
The Make in India program was launched by
village in northern India escalated into riots
Prime Minister Modi in September 2014 to
and mob violence. Villagers in the area fled
promote manufacturing and investment in
their homes during the chaos and in the end
India. By 2013, India’s growth rate had fallen
a total of 38 people were dead and 366 were
to its lowest in 10 years, and this initiative,
arrested.
which was meant to boost growth in the
this
by
course
religious
by
riots
and
12
increases public savings
government
surpluses
expenditure
of
Union
public
Free
by
and
sector
Trade
nyumunc viii
country, was drafted in response. The goal of
directed investment funds to them, and
Make in India is to attract foreign businesses
controlled land use and prices.
to invest in and manufacture in India. As a
But now, the dynamic in India’s industry is
result, there would be an increase in Foreign
shifting. PM Modi has emphasized export-
Direct Investment (FDI) in the country,
led manufacturing. Since his election, his
increased exports, and increased economic
government’s focus has been primarily on
independence. The ultimate goal is a self-
heavy infrastructure projects, ranging from
sufficient India capable of exporting any
power generation to railways. His growth
surplus without the need for importing
model, with its mass deployment of labor
anything other than raw materials. This is
and capital in industry, is a step away from
one of Modi’s administration’s primary
India’s
initiatives.
strategies. India’s current focus on industry
initially
socialist
development
Industrialization
is similar to East Asian countries’ strategies,
India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal
and is predicted to grow their economy faster
Nehru, Premier from 1947 to 1964, saw
than any other major world economy in the
industrialization as the key to alleviating
coming years.
poverty.
He
not
only
promised
Income Inequality
self-
sufficiency for his nation, but also offered
The difference in the wealth share held by
external economies accruing from technical
India’s poorest 10 percent and the richest 10
progress.
percent is enormous; India’s richest 10
Believing the potential of agriculture and
percent holds 370 times the share of wealth
exports to be limited, the government taxed
of the poorest. However, as of 2015, income
agriculture by skewing the terms of trade
inequality in India is the lowest among
against
BRICS nations, but is much higher than most
it
and
emphasizing
import
substitution, thus giving priority to heavy
advanced
industry. India opted for state control over
inequality limits India’s efforts to overcome
these key industries. At different times,
poverty
nationalized industries included chemicals,
challenge
electric power, steel, transportation, life
fundamental structural change that can only
insurance, portions of the coal and textile
originate politically from the ground-up.
industries, and banking. To promote these
There are three factors intensifying India’s
industries, the government not only levied
inequality problem in addition to continuing
high tariffs and imposed import restrictions,
globalization and
but also subsidized the nationalized firms,
These
13
economies.
and
develop
necessitates
Growing
wealth
completely.
the
type
This
of
technological change.
fundamental
challenges
are:
nyumunc viii
population growth and migration, the
may ‘trickle down’ to India’s lower-income
success of a tiny elite, and lack of political
workers in small ways, providing additional
will.
job opportunities and more work hours.
India’s fertility rate is higher among lower-
However, this does little to close the wealth
income and uneducated rural populations
gap, as these wages fail to provide the
than higher-income populations. The legacy
disposable income needed for investment.
culture of large rural families is inconsistent
Emerging Middle Class
with the needs of urban economies and fuels
Class disparity has generally been an issue
migratory waves – educated or otherwise –
for politics. In the largest ever survey of mass
that cities and their formal job markets
political
cannot accommodate. There are simply too
between April-July 1996, only 19 percent of
many
resulting
the electorate reported any knowledge of
underemployment
economic reforms, even though reforms had
exacerbate the inequality gap. This pattern of
been in existence since July 1991. Of the rural
high compensation for executive-level jobs
electorate, only about 14% had heard of
has social and political effects. Further,
reforms, whereas the comparable proportion
decades of political influence have tilted the
in the cities was 32%. Further nearly 66
economic scales towards the wealthy. Public
percent of college graduates were aware of
policies can impact the distribution of
the dramatic changes in economic policy,
wealth, but in India redistributive efforts
compared to only 7 percent of the poor.
have not gone very far; the current political
Three-fourths of the electorate, both literates
regime offers little hope for improvement.
and illiterates, poor and rich, urban and
The benefits of entering the globalized
rural, were aware of the 1992 mosque
economy
over-optimistically
demolition in Ayodhya, and 80 percent
conflated with the virtues of unfettered
expressed clear opinions about whether the
capitalism. For example, the Trans-Pacific
country should have a uniform civil code or
Partnership could create opportunities for
religiously prescribed and separate laws for
some Asian businesses to expand their
marriage, divorce, and property inheritance.
markets in the United States, but structural
87% took a stand on caste-based affirmative
adjustments
action.
people,
unemployment
and
and
are
often
to
a
the
changing
regional
attitudes
in
India
conducted
competitive landscape will also undoubtedly
India’s middle class is at around 50 million
displace workers and eliminate jobs. For
people, or 5%. However, the middle class is
India the impacts of the TPP are uncertain;
expected to grow massively in the coming
the benefits of regional economic integration
years, and is projected to reach 200 million
14
nyumunc viii
in 2020, becoming the second largest middle
India’s industrial policy was one of the areas
class behind China. This projected growth in
most changed by the economic liberalization
the middle class means India is slated to
of the 1990s. The early reforms crystallized a
become a major economic powerhouse in the
trend that had been building since the
coming years. The growth of the middle class
national government moved toward a pro-
will also help to transform the country’s
business approach to industrial policy during
consumer market from a “bottom of the
the 1980s. During the following decade,
pyramid” market towards a middle-class
India transitioned from a centrally planned
consumer market with greater and more
and operated economy to a market-driven
sophisticated demand.
economy, reflecting a global trend toward
Imports, Exports, and Production
less regulation. Most government-operated
Industry accounts for 26% of GDP and
industries in India are now privatized. Post-
employs 22% of the total workforce. The
liberalization, the Indian private sector was
agriculture industry accounts for 18.2% of
faced with increasing domestic as well as
GDP and employs 47.2% of the population,
foreign competition, including the threat of
whereas
industry
cheaper Chinese imports. It has since
accounts for 24.77% of GDP and employs
handled the change by squeezing costs,
24.7% of the population. The service sector
revamping management, and relying on
accounts for 57.03% of the GDP and employs
cheap labor and new technology
28.10% of the population.
Since liberalization, the value of India's
the
manufacturing
services
international trade has increased sharply,
industries contribute considerably to the
with the contribution of total trade in goods
overall GDP of the country. For instance,
and services to the GDP rising from 16% in
India's
GDP
1990–91 to 47% in 2008–10. India’s major
output, in 2015, was the 6th largest in the
trading partners lie in the EU, China, USA
world ($559 billion). In general, the top
and United Arab Emirates. In 2006–07,
manufacturing industries in India include:
major
oil, pharmaceuticals, engineering, jewelry,
engineering goods, petroleum products,
textile, and mining, while the top service
chemicals and pharmaceuticals, gems and
industries in India include: electricity and
jewelry, textiles and garments, agricultural
energy,
tourism,
products, iron ore and other minerals. Major
banking and finance, and aviation. It’s worth
import commodities were crude oil and
noting
related
India’s
manufacturing
industrial
manufacturing
infrastructure,
that
and
retail,
India's
economy
is
export
products,
commodities
machinery,
goods, gold and silver.
predominantly service-based.
15
included
electronic
nyumunc viii
Hindu-Muslim Relations
Muslim violence in a single state in the
The most prominent religions in India are
history of independent India. 790 Muslims
Islam and Hinduism, however, both have
and 254 Hindus were killed following the
had a violent coexistence. After the British
murder of 59 innocent Hindu passengers,
left India in 1947, the continent split into the
mostly women and children, allegedly by
nations of the Muslim Pakistan and a
Muslim youths on a train near Godhra on 27
majority Hindu India in a violent partition
February. This incident was triggered by the
which cost the lives of nearly one million
attack of a Muslim mob in which 58 Hindu
people, and the dislocation of almost eleven
pilgrims, including 25 women and 15
million.
children, were set on fire. The riots took place
Prior to the partition, there have been
across Gujarat as well as other Indian states.
frequent
against
The roots of violence between Muslims and
Muslims in India in the form of mob attacks
Hindus lie in India's history. Tensions began
on Muslims by Hindus that formed a trend of
during the Middle Ages when there was
sporadic sectarian violence between the two
Islamic domination in India. Although the
communities. Over 10,000 people have been
exact reasons for which the violence is
killed in Hindu-Muslim communal violence
motivated by is unsure, some scholars
since 1950 in a total of nearly 7,000 incidents
believe
of communal violence between 1954 and
violence are politically motivated, and
1982.
therefore a part of the electoral strategy of
incidents
of
violence
that
incidents
of
anti-Muslim
gained
mainstream political parties and not just
independence and parted from Pakistan, the
mere "riots". Others argue that although
religious tensions between Muslims and
communities are persistently facing violence
Hindus continue to flare. The most notable
and discrimination, some Muslims have
incidents included the demolition of the
been highly successful, and that the violence
Babri Masjid, a famous mosque located in
is not as widespread as it appears, but is
India, which was destroyed by militant
restricted to certain urban areas because of
Hindu nationalist groups. This incident
local socio-political conditions, and there are
sparked riots across India culminating in the
many cities where Muslims and Hindus live
death of almost 2,000 people. But perhaps
peacefully together with almost no incidents
the most notable manifestation of Hindu-
of sectarian violence.
Muslim tensions was seen in the Gujarat
According to the secularists who have ruled
Riots in 2002 which recorded the highest
India for most of the past 50 years, centuries
annual death toll in any event of Hindu-
of
After
1947,
the
year
India
16
cohabitation
have
resulted
in
an
nyumunc viii
interwoven cultural heritage that cannot be
main types of pollution in India are air and
separated
water pollution.
without
violence.
As
the
secularists see it, it is the solemn duty of
Air Pollution
India's rulers not to prefer one religion or
India is the third largest greenhouse gas
one group of believers over another because
producer in the world after China and the
that is the way to destroy society's fabric. The
United States. Furthermore, vehicles also
Hindu nationalists, in contrast, argue that it
contribute up to 35% of air pollution of India.
is Islam's intolerance and claim to exclusive
Outdoor air pollution in India contributes to
truth that has led to the destruction of
more than a half a million premature deaths
Hinduism's treasures and the defilement of
each year at the cost of hundreds of billions
its holy places, and that India's fundamental
of dollars. Multiple studies have concluded
problem has been the failure of Hindus to
that both outdoor and indoor pollution can
stand up and fight.
cause a variety of serious diseases, including
Pollution
ischemic heart disease, chronic pulmonary
After gaining independence in 1947, human
and lung cancer. In a report published by
lifestyle in India gradually changed as the
Greenpeace in February 2016 found that fine
nation searched for new sources of income.
particulate matters in New Delhi was about
Starting in 1981, the Indian government
128
started providing facilities to set up private
comparison to Beijing’s 81 and Washington
industries. For the last 30 years, with the
DC’s 12. The World Health Organization
cooperation of the government, Indian
(WHO) suggests that nations should aims for
private firms and industries have grown.
an annual average of 10 micrograms per
Now, India is one of the most rapidly
cubic meter. The study suggested that about
growing countries in the world, with the
570,000 premature deaths in India were
market growing every year. However, the
caused by exposure to fine particulate matter
rapidly growing industrialization has led to
in 2011, and an additional 12,000 were
environmental issues such as uncontrolled
caused exposure to ozone. The researchers
pollutant emissions. Likewise, destruction of
concluded that exposure to fine particulate
forests,
land
matter in India translated to losing about 3.4
poisonous
years of life. According to another study,
insecticides have contributed to pollution.
Indians have 30% lower lung function as
This rampant pollution has led to health
compared
issues and long-term livelihood impacts. The
worsening air quality in the cities.
emissions
degradation
and
obstructive disease, increased risk of stroke
from
vehicles,
use
of
17
micrograms
to
per
cubic
Europeans
meter,
due
to
in
the
nyumunc viii
Water Pollution
completely deprived of water and sea life for
Water pollution is a major concern in India
the past 15 years due to the immense
as rivers are primary water source for many.
pollution.
Foreign Relations
Due to lack of governmental management,
rivers in India are becoming increasingly
toxic. Pollutants in rivers include organic
Japan
waste, sediment, and toxic chemicals. Most
Over the years, India and Japan’s relations
Indian industries produce a large scale of
have
pollutant emissions which wash out through
indirectly, often using China as a middleman
canals and into rivers. A recent report stated
for cultural diffusion. In 2015, India
around 29,000 million liters of liquid dirt
proposed a high-speed rail line between
daily are produced in India when there is a
Ahmedabad and Bombay. The project would
capacity of only 6,000 million liters.
require
Furthermore, 80% of sewage in the country
technical
is not treated and flows directly to the rivers,
maintaining a high-speed railway line. PM
facilitating the spread of waterborne disease.
Modi met with the Prime Minister of Japan,
It is estimated that 75-80% of water
Shinzo Abe, multiple times cementing the
pollution by volume is from domestic
future of an intimate relationship between
sewage. Untreated sewage flowing into water
the two countries. This relationship has
bodies has almost doubled in recent years.
resulted in Japan’s commitment to invest 34
Experts predict another 100% increase in the
billion
following 20 years. In turn, this causes an
infrastructure system.
increase of water borne diseases such as
The budding relationship between India and
cholera, dysentery, jaundice, and diarrhea.
Japan
led
to
the
Water pollution is also a major cause for poor
negotiation
of
a
nutritional standards and development in
monumental deal hinges on India barring
children.
tests of nuclear weapons, in return Japan will
One of the most polluted rivers in India is
provide India with plans and technology to
also the most holy, the Ganges. The level of
build nuclear reactors. Likewise, India and
pollutants found in the river and the levels of
Japan have been negotiating a deal in which
Coliform bacteria are now 3,000 and 2,800
India will buy 12 US-2 Aircrafts from the
times respectively over the limited suggested
Japanese aircraft manufacturer ShinMayway
by the WHO as ‘safe.’ The Yamuna river, the
Industries. The deal is speculated to be
main contributor to the Ganges has been
valued between $1.5 billion dollars and $1.6
18
been
distant,
impacting
infrastructure
knowledge
dollars
investment
on
into
another
building
India
and
establishment
nuclear
deal.
and
and
its
and
This
nyumunc viii
billion dollars.
have also established a Joint Committee on
Thailand
Science and Technology that meets regularly
India and Thailand are both politically and
to
maintain
a
dialogue
concerning
culturally close with one another. The Thai
development and research. India is also
alphabet borrows elements of Sanskrit, Thai
among Vietnam’s top ten trading partners
and Hindu culture share many artistic and
and shares a close economic relationship
traditional similarities, and the existence of
with the country. Indian investments in
Buddhist holy sites within Indian borders
Vietnam amount to about $1 billion. An
inspires many Thai Buddhists to make
estimated 2,500 Indians live in Vietnam.
pilgrimages over the border. 138,000 ethnic
Myanmar
Indians enjoy Thai citizenship and live and
India and Myanmar have historically traded
work in the country. India and Thailand are
and interacted extensively due to their close
bound by multiple overlapping economic
proximity. They have entered into an
treaties and tend to be close partners within
extensive bilateral trade agreement in 1970
international organizations such as the
and have traded closely since. Bilateral trade
Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the
between the two countries has been growing
Indian Ocean Rim Association, the East
steadily and is expected to reach $10 billion
Asian
Ganga
by 2020. India is also Myanmar’s ninth
Cooperation, and the Asia Cooperation
largest investor, investing $730.649 million
Dialogue. India’s policy of “Act East”
dollars annually. India and Myanmar also
compliments Thailand’s “Look West” policy
have extensive defense agreements. A couple
which seeks to emulate successful economic
hundred military officials trained in India
practices of Western countries.
during 2015.
Summit,
the
Mekong
Vietnam
Australia
India and Vietnam enjoy a very close
India and Australia were both once part of
relationship. From the beginning of both
the British Empire, but are now are within
countries’ independence, their leaders have
the commonwealth and share a strong
frequently visited each other to establish and
relationship. In 2006 they signed the
maintain a friendship which they see as
Memorandum on Defense Coordination and
being rooted in their shared struggle for
in 2009 signed the Joint Declaration on
independence from Western powers. Every
Security Cooperation. In September of 2015
year, the Secretaries of Defense of both
the Minister of Defense of Australia visited
nations meet to discuss their mutual interest
India where he spoke of bettering ties
in a secure Southeast Asia. The two nations
between India and Australia. India is
19
nyumunc viii
Australia’s seventh largest trading partner,
and the fifth largest export market for India,
trading Indian refined petroleum, pearls,
and other resources such as coal.
20
nyumunc viii
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