HS2002-03
THE NATION S NEWSPAPER
Collegiate
Case
Study
www.usatodaycollege.com
Injuries in major leagues
skyrocket
Steroid use could share blame for
jump in trips to disabled list
By Cesar Brioso
7
Angel says steroids
'aren't worth it'
Doctors talked Gil out of using them
By Staff reports
8
Olympic-style drug
testing is rigid
By Dick Patrick
Steroids:
Are they worth it?
There are sports figures who use anabolic steroids to enhance their athletic
prowess, but at what risk? Players acknowledge there is pressure to take
steroids to compete. However, doctors caution that side effects from steroid
use can include kidney failure, heart disease, brain tumors and impotency as
well as behavioral changes. And yet, some contend that when used in lower
doses there isn't a negative effect on liver function, the immune system or
cardiac risk profile.
9
Build muscles, shrink
careers
Using anabolic steroids means risking
health and even life
By Anita Manning
10
Kids, steroids don't mix
Yet many teenagers look up to ballplayers, do whatever it takes to get
big(ger), strong(er)
By Anita Manning
12
Case Study Expert
Dr. Michael S. Bahrke
Acquisitions Editor, Human Kinetics
(Scientific, Technical, and Medical Division)
USA TODAY Snapshots®
America’s pill takers
More than 44% of
Americans take
prescription drugs
daily. Number of
prescriptions
they take:
OPE
N
PU
DO SH
& T WN
UR
N
CL
OS
E
1
2
3
4
5
moror
e
Source: American
Society of HealthSystem Pharmacists
Should athletes be tested? The decision of whether or not players should be
tested for steroids and how that would be implemented brings about
questions of privacy, fairness and the politics of sports. This case study will
review viewpoints and policies from Major League Baseball and other sports
like the NFL , NBA, U.S. Olympic team, NCAA and high school sports.
Cover Story
USA TODAY poll: 79%
of players want drug
testing
By Mel Antonen
USA TODAY
Question hanging
over baseball is
whether players,
union and owners
can deal with
steroids as well as
economic challenges
to the game
All-Star Derek Jeter is tired of the
never-ending suspicions that baseball
players are souped up with illegal
muscle-building drugs called steroids. He
knows about privacy issues but says he
wants to be tested to clear the record.
"I don't have a problem with getting
tested because I have nothing to hide,"
says Jeter, shortstop for the New York
Yankees. "Steroids are a big issue. If
anything like a home run or any injury
happens, people say it's steroids. That's
not fair."
By Frank Pompa, USA TODAY
Reprinted with permission. All rights reser ved.
AS SEEN IN USA TODAY NEWS SECTION, MONDAY, JULY 8, 2002, PAGE 1A
Jeter isn't alone in his view.
According to a USA TODAY poll
conducted June 12-23, 79% of bigleague baseball players say they
would agree to independent
testing for steroids. Even though
the players union has resisted
testing, only 17% of the polled
players back the union's stance.
But 44% of players acknowledge
there is some pressure to take
steroids to compete in the majors.
manipulate careers with control
over drug testing, voiding contracts
of undesired players and looking
the other way with stars.
A separate USA TODAY/CNN/
Gallup Poll shows that 86% of
baseball fans say players should be
tested for steroids. Almost 80% of
fans say steroids have played a role
in the recent rash of offensive
records. Cynics note that the
season home run record, which
had stood for 37 years, has been
broken twice in three seasons.
(Last Tuesday, a record 62 home
runs were hit in the majors.)
Players and owners are not
getting any closer on thorny
economic issues such as revenue
sharing among teams, luxury taxes
on high payrolls and salary caps.
Baseball's competitive balance is in
shambles. Ticket sales are
plummeting.
There also has been an alarming
increase in injuries. James
Andrews, an or thopedist in
Birmingham, Ala., who treats many
professional athletes, says he has
never seen such a rush of muscletendon injuries and thinks it could
be related to steroid use.
A USA TODAY database study
shows that trips to the disabled list
for major leaguers increased 32%
from 1992 to 2001.
So if players, fans and the league all want it, why does
testing remain out of reach?
The short answer is baseball politics. Years of battles over
economic issues have created long-running distrust
between owners and players. The two sides must agree on
drug testing and how it is implemented in collective
bargaining before it can become a reality. The relationship
between the sides is so acrimonious that there have been
few agreements -- and eight work stoppages -- since 1972.
According to numerous interviews, players want to know
before they agree to testing how the tests will be
administered and by whom. They worry about privacy
matters and what the punishment would be for players
who test positive. And they worry that owners might
Baseball's Basic Agreement
expired in November. The players
are preparing for a strike in August,
and union leaders are meeting in
Chicago today, a day before the AllStar Game in Milwaukee, to set a
strike date.
Drug testing could end up a
bargaining chip, say players and
union leaders. It certainly will be
viewed as less important by both
sides than the issues involving the
basic financial underpinnings of
the game. A testing solution won't
happen if both sides are at each
other's throats over money issues.
"I don't know if steroids testing is
going to be part of the agreement,"
says Yankees relief pitcher Mike
Stanton, the team's player
representative. "I don't want to
belittle its importance, but there
are a lot of issues on the table that
USA TODAY
will come before steroids. And the
steroids issue is not as easy as saying yes or no. There is
legal stuff."
The players say they don't trust the major league office to
administer the tests fairly. The issue of punishment for a
positive result or refusal to take a test needs to be
bargained. Players say they also have concerns over what is
tested for and when they are tested.
Colorado Rockies infielder Todd Zeile says the owners
must prove they can do the tests fairly. Still, he wants a deal.
"The sad part is that the issues I hear discussed are
whether (using steroids) is taking away from the level
playing field or whether there are long-term effects to this
stuff," Zeile says. "I never hear anybody talking about the
Reprinted with permission. All rights reser ved.
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Steroids Case Study
AS SEEN IN USA TODAY NEWS SECTION, MONDAY, JULY 8, 2002, PAGE 1A
Independent testing popular but would need approval of union, owners
morality or the ethics or the integrity of the game. It's
cheating in every sense."
Anaheim Angels outfielder Garret Anderson is
opposed to testing, calling it an invasion of privacy.
Yet, because his home runs have doubled since he hit
16 his rookie season of 1995, Anderson says he gets
falsely accused of using steroids.
"You get into a situation of, 'Where's it going to
end?' " he says. "It's an invasion of privacy. Once you
start doing that, then you jump to other things."
What if a testing program assured anonymity? "I
wouldn't trust it," Anderson says. "Things come out.
There is just no way you can have 100% anonymity
unless you say you're going to sue somebody for a
million dollars if they say something. Who knows?
You may get released and don't even know why. . . .
Whatever they may find in your blood. There's no
way they can convince me that it's 100% that
nobody's going to know."
St. Louis Cardinals manager Tony La Russa scoffs at
that notion. "I hear people talk about privacy issues. If
you want privacy, go play semipro ball. (Drug use)
hurts baseball. Why should we pay millions of dollars
to these guys and have them go on the disabled list?"
How other sports handle testing
Minor league baseball
Testing: All players are tested for
amphetamines, cocaine, LSD, marijuana,
opiates, PCP, Ecstasy, alcohol, steroids and
androstenedione.
Punishment: First-time offenders are
subject to education, treatment and counseling and placed in a program where
there is more random testing. Repeat
offenders are subject to various actions;
five positive tests require a suspension.
NFL
Testing: All players tested once during
preseason for steroids, cocaine, marijuana,
opiates, PCP, ephedrine. Testing continues
year-round with seven or eight players
picked randomly from each team every
week. There also are random offseason
tests.
Punishment: A first-time offender is suspended for four games without pay. A second-time offender gets a six-game suspension without pay, and a third offense draws
a year's suspension without pay.
NBA
Testing: Rookies get tested four times a
year for amphetamines, cocaine, LSD, opiates, marijuana, PCP and steroids.
Punishment: For steroids, the first
offense brings a five-game suspension and
placement in the league's drug treatment
program. A second offense gets a 10-game
suspension, and a third brings a 25-game
suspension.
Money matters
Fans polled by USA TODAY clearly voiced their support of
testing.
"I'm sure players take steroids," says Travis Hopkins, an
accountant and a Baltimore Orioles fan from Woodbridge,
Va. "I wish they wouldn't, but I understand they are taking
them to make money and get into the history books."
Penn State professor, author and drug testing expert
Chuck Yesalis, says that money is the motivation for players
using steroids and for owners not being genuinely
interested in ending their use.
Players stand to make millions if steroids improve their
stats. Owners will make more money if attendance and TV
revenue rise in response to a home run splurge or an
improved team record.
"People say, 'What are we going to do about (the drug
problem)?' " Yesalis says. "The history of doping leads me to
say, 'Nothing.'
"Unless the fans turn off their television sets or stop going
to stadia, nothing's going to happen. Sports aren't going to
U.S. Olympic team
Testing: Steroids, diuretics, narcotics,
peptide hormones (EPO), mimetics and
analogues (HGH and IGF-1 fall into this category), stimulants, blood doping, plasma
expanders. Also prohibited in certain circumstances (in competition, usually): alcohol, beta-blockers, marijuana, local anesthetics and glucocorticosteroids.
Erythropotein (EPO) is tested for at certain
events, including the most recent
Olympics in Sydney and Salt Lake City.
Punishment: Penalties vary by sport
and by substance. First-time offenders can
receive as little as a public warning or as
much as a two-year suspension. In 2001 a
diver received a two-month suspension for
using ephedrine, a track athlete received a
public warning for the same offense and a
cyclist received a three-month suspension.
All were first-time offenders who tested
positive at events.
NCAA
Testing: A year-around, on-campus, random program tests for anabolic steroids in
Division I football and track and field and
Division II football and baseball. Every college player is tested at least once a year.
Besides steroids and diuretics, testing at
NCAA championships and bowl games
includes stimulants and street drugs. A
positive test results in loss of eligibility for
one year.
do anything unless the multibillion-dollar sport industry is
threatened. The only way it can be threatened is by
diminished market share."
Estimates vary on how many players use steroids. Earlier
this summer, retired MVPs Ken Caminiti and Jose Canseco
admitted they had used steroids and charged that steroids
are rampant in baseball. Caminiti said that at least half of the
players use steroids. Canseco said the number was closer to
85%. Players disputed these numbers, and even Caminiti
backed away from his estimate.
Still, as USA TODAY's poll indicates, players do believe a
number of their ranks are using steroids.
"I feel cheated if everyone's on steroids," Chicago White
Sox first baseman Frank Thomas says. "Baseball needs to do
something."
The issue of performance-enhancing drugs became
national news in 1998. That's when St. Louis slugger Mark
McGwire admitted using androstenedione, a weight-lifting
supplement that can be bought over the counter, when he
hit a season record of 70 homers.
"There's no doubt in my mind that Mark didn't do
anything illegal," La Russa says. But, he adds, testing is
Reprinted with permission. All rights reser ved.
Page 3
Steroids Case Study
AS SEEN IN USA TODAY NEWS SECTION, MONDAY, JULY 8, 2002, PAGE 1A
What major league
players think
Results of a poll of major league
players taken between June 12 and
June 23 with 556 of the 750 players
on rosters answering at least one
question.
Most would accept
independent tests
Would you accept independent
testing for steroids and performanceenhancing drugs?
Yes
79%
4%
17%
Depends on if
union gives OK
No
They think less than
half of players use
What portion of major league
baseball players do you think
use steroids or performanceenhancing drugs?
All 0%
More than half 10%
Half 4%
Fewer than half
75%
None 3%
Almost half feel pressure to use
Do players feel pressured to take
steroids and performance-enhancing
drugs to compete at the major league
level?
Strongly agree
7%
37%
34%
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
11%
Source:Sports Exchange
By Adrienne Lewis, USA TODAY
needed "so that comparisons (of players) from
generation to generation
can be drawn as
legitimately as possible.
We're talking about the
game's integrity."
San Diego Padres
general manager Kevin
Towers says steroids are
"prevalent" in the game
and too many players are
gaining 20-30 pounds
over the winter, a surefire
sign of someone on
steroids.
Most current players
say steroids are used in
the game but label claims
by Caminiti and Canseco
as outrageous. The USA
TODAY poll showed that
75% of players believed
less than half of major
leaguers used steroids;
only 3% believed no one
used them.
"Half the players? Come
on," Oakland Athletics
outfielder David Justice
says. "I look around this
clubhouse, and I don't see
anybody with the signs of
steroids use. I don't know
of anyone who came to
camp 20-30 pounds
heavier."
Finding a testing solution
The owners and players talked about steroids testing
during a June 20 meeting in New York. In February the
owners offered an 11-page proposal that calls for random
testing three times a year. The union hasn't responded.
"The ball is in their court," says Rob Manfred, Major
League Baseball's vice president of labor relations. "This is a
high-priority issue."
The only man who doesn't seem to think there is much of
a problem is Don Fehr, the head of the Major League
Baseball Players Association. He says the current system
allows for steroid testing of players, assuming a team has
"reasonable cause." No
player has been tested for
"reasonable cause."
Manfred suggests that
the steroid issue be
settled separately from
the economic issues so
"we could have an
agreement tomorrow."
But Fehr, who will spend
the next month traveling
to update the 30 teams
on the labor talks and get
input on steroids, says
removing the testing
issue from the economics
debate "is possible, but I
am not sure how
practical it would be."
What fans think
How many players do
you think use drugs?
All 0%
More than half
12%
24%
About half
Less than half
56%
None 2%
Should players be tested?
Yes, should
No, should not
86%
12%
Are drugs a major contributor
to record performances in
recent years?
Major contributor
Minor contributor
33%
45%
18%
Not a contributor
Fehr says he will do his
Source: Results of a USA TODAY/CNN/Gallup poll
of 408 baseball fans conducted June 7-8, (Margin
own research on players'
of error ± 5%):
concerns about testing
By Adrienne Lewis, USA TODAY
and will not discuss the
issue publicly. Last month he told a U.S. Senate Consumer
Affairs Subcommittee led by Byron Dorgan, D-N.D., that
steroid testing will be a key part of negotiations.
The players support their union leaders but are serious
about drug testing. "I think it's going to get done,"
Baltimore's Jeff Conine says. "They work for us."
The steroid effect
Anabolic steroids stimulate muscle growth, even without
diet and activity, and help athletes recover from injury
faster. It is against federal law to use steroids without a
prescription. President Bush signed a bill into law in 1990
that put steroids in the same classification as
amphetamines, methamphetamines, opium and morphine.
Simple possession of steroids is punishable by one year in
prison and/or a minimum fine of $1,000.
Doctors can prescribe steroids for conditions such as
AIDS.
Studies shows that side effects of steroid use can include
kidney failure, heart disease, brain tumors and impotency as
well as behavioral changes such as violent rages, depression,
even schizophrenia.
In addition to the 20-to-30-pound offseason muscle-mass
gain, signs of steroid use include a perfectly sculpted body,
mood swings and acne on the back.
Without steroids, a player on a vigorous weight program
Reprinted with permission. All rights reser ved.
Page 4
Steroids Case Study
AS SEEN IN USA TODAY NEWS SECTION, MONDAY, JULY 8, 2002, PAGE 1A
for five months in the offseason would be doing "very good"
to gain 10 pounds of muscle mass, says Tim Bishop, the
Baltimore Orioles strength coach. And that would be if the
athlete were lifting four times a week for two hours each
session.
"Anything more than that, it's a sure sign that something
else is going on," Bishop says.
Steroids also could lead to an increase in injuries,
especially to joints that can't handle the unnatural growth
in muscle. According to a USA TODAY database study,
injuries to joints in the majors increased 58% in the last 10
years. All other injuries increased 5%.
Yet ask the Yankees' Jason Giambi about steroids testing,
and he gets angry. He doesn't like it when anyone links
injuries to steroid use.
"Baseball players have been getting hurt for a hundred
years," Giambi says. "It's stupid for people to make the
connection to steroids.
"People should know that players are working hard. They
have trainers. They have people helping them plan their
diets, even cooking for them. You can't just take a pill and
expect to hit home runs. You have to have talent. Steroids
don't help you hit a baseball."
But, as Bishop says, extra muscle helps: "Added strength
behind a mis-hit fly ball to the warning track might send it
over the fence."
There are many players who have drawn whispers about
their sudden burst in size, including the San Francisco
Giants' Barry Bonds, who set a record with 73 home runs
last season, as well as the Chicago Cubs' Sammy Sosa and
the Seattle Mariners' Bret Boone.
Bonds denies using steroids and says he can be tested at
any time. The same for Sosa.
Boone, 33, gained 25 pounds before the 2001 season,
then had a career-high 37 homers and 141 RBI for the
Mariners. His career high in homers had been 24. He denies
using steroids, but he didn't condemn them last month
during an interview with Playboy.
"Who is to say someone's wrong for doing it?" Boone is
quoted as saying. "I don't know if they're good or bad. If you
abuse anything, there are going to be effects down the road.
If steroids are done in moderation, done correctly and
safely, it might be an option."
could go to independent testing, as the International
Olympic Committee did in 2000 with the formation of the
World Anti-Doping Agency. (The U.S. Olympic Committee
established a similar organization.)
Drug-testing experts hope baseball breaks the mold in
domestic sports with independent testing. Both agencies
want to talk to baseball officials about the possibilities.
"This could be a seminal moment," says Gary Wadler, a
physician and author of books on performance-enhancing
drugs. "This may be the right time for independent testing
in pro-sports."
The main problem with in-house testing is that it is
inherently a conflict of interest. Teams and the league have
an interest in seeing their stars producing on the field and
not suspended for using illegal substances. The temptation
to cover up a positive result for a star or key player becomes
too great.
When the IOC and the USOC supervised testing, there
was documented evidence of coverups.
"Everyone knows steroids is going on in baseball," says
Dick Pound, president of the world doping agency. "The
problem for the owners is how do you keep the gladiators
on the field for 160-some games a year.
"If baseball does the test, you'll get the NFL version: 'Now,
Moose, you understand we're very much against steroids.
And we're going to have a surprise test Sept. 22. That shows
you how serious we are and you're forewarned.' "
One thing is certain: Until baseball has a steroids-testing
policy, fans are going to speculate on who is and isn't using
steroids.
"The game should be steroids-free, but there are millions
of dollars involved," says Vince Troisi, a telephone lineman
from Philadelphia and a Phillies fan.
Says his friend, Victor Hnatczenko, a security officer from
Philadelphia: "Look at Barry Bonds. He never put up more
than 35 to 40 home runs (a year) in his career."
"And now he's breaking the home run records," Troisi
interjects. "Isn't it funny how Roger Maris' (season) home
run record stood for 37 years? Now it's been broken twice
in three years."
Contributing: Dick Patrick, David Leon Moore, Bob
Nightengale
Conflicts of interest
If baseball opts for testing, there are two choices. The
sport could police itself, as the NFL and NBA do, or baseball
Reprinted with permission. All rights reser ved.
Page 5
Behind the Story: A Reporter's Notebook
The 2002 baseball season will
be remembered in part as the
season that brought steroids testing to the forefront.
Mel Antonen
Reporter, Sports
Last February, baseball was
without a program to test for performance-enhancing drugs as
team owners pushed for a program that would allow random
testing three times a year.
The issue of no drug-testing
program in baseball became a national debate when former players Jose Canseco and Ken Caminiti, each of whom
had won an MVP award, made allegations that baseball
was overwhelmed with steroids. Caminiti said that 50% of
the players took the illegal drug while Canseco said the
number was closer to 80%.
Owners were pushing the plan. The union's leaders were
mum on the subject.
There was really no way to accurately find out the
amount of steroids use in baseball, but since the issue was
part of the Basic Agreement - a legal contract between the
owners and the players union - the USA TODAY plan was
to poll players about whether steroids testing would be a
good thing for baseball.
We didn't know what to expect, but the results showed
that 79% of the players wanted to be tested. And, the reasoning made sense: Players were tired of the accusations
that they weren't playing an honest game.
"Every time, there's a home run or an injury, the discussion turns to steroids,'' said New York Yankees shortstop
Derek Jeter.
Of course, getting a drug-testing program isn't as easy as
it sounds. Players were concerned about civil rights, and
rightfully so. They were worried how the tests would be
administered, who would do the work and the privacy and
punishment issues.
As the summer wore on, the owners and players eventually got together on a plan.
Baseball's program works like this: In 2003, players will
be tested and if 5% or more test positive, mandatory testing will take place the next two seasons. If less than 2.5%
test positive in consecutive years, mandatory testing will
be dropped.
The program brings questions that are worth discussing:
Does this agreement say that if there is small number of
players using steroids, it is not a problem in baseball? In
baseball, as it all sports, should independent testing be
used? How much credibility does a program have if testing
is done from within?
Mel Antonen, 46, a native of Lake Norden, S.D., and a
graduate of Augustana College in Sioux Falls, S.D., has covered baseball at USA TODAY for 16 years. Previously, he
was a general-assignment reporter at the Argus Leader, a
newspaper in Sioux Falls, covering politics, agriculture and
sports.
Reprinted with permission. All rights reser ved.
Page 6
AS SEEN IN USA TODAY SPORTS SECTION, MONDAY, JULY 8, 2002, PAGE 1C
Injuries in major leagues
skyrocket
Take me out of the ballgame
Steroid use could share blame for
jump in trips to disabled list
From 1994 to 2001, baseball injuries increased dramatically,
especially joint injuries, which some experts associate as possible
consequences of steroid use.
+58%
+55%
+32%
By Cesar Brioso
USA TODAY
+15%
+5%
Injuries in major league baseball are up, way up.
USA TODAY's exclusive database research comparing the
1992 and 2001 seasons found that while major league
roster spots increased 15% from 650 to 750 as the result of
expansion in 1993 and '98, the number of trips to the
disabled list increased 32%. Days missed because of injuries
increased 55% in the same period.
In 1992 major league players went on the disabled list
352 times. Last season there were 465 DL trips. In 1992
major leaguers spent 17,920 days on the DL. Last season
injury days jumped to 27,779.
"When you look at it, that's a significant increase," said Dr.
Marc Galloway, associate director at the Cincinnati Sportsmedicine and Orthopaedic Center. "Seeing an increase like
this would stimulate me to ask, 'Why is this occurring?' "
In the wake of Ken Caminiti's recent pronouncement that
half of major leaguers use steroids, national attention has
focused on just how widespread the use of performanceenhancing drugs is in baseball. In a USA TODAY poll of major
league players conducted last month, 89% said there was
some steroid use in baseball.
Roster
spots
Disabled
list trips
Injury
days
Large-joint
injuries1
Other
injuries2
1 – Includes ankle, elbow, hip, knee, shoulder and wrist
2 – Includes back, hand, foot, neck, ribcage, broken bones, fractures
Source: USA TODAY research
By Julie Snider, USA TODAY
During the last 30 years, however, multiple cases
associating steroid use with tendon and ligament damage
have focused attention on steroids' role in large-joint
injuries such as those to ankles, elbows, knees and
shoulders.
Comparing DL trips from 1992 to 2001, the number of
large-joint injuries increased 58% (from 178 to 281), while
DL visits for all other injuries, including head, neck, back,
ribs, hand and foot, increased only 5% (from 174 to 182).
"There seems to be a disproportionate increase in injuries
one might expect to see in persons who are using large
quantities of steroids," said Dr. Glen Hanson, acting director
of the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
"Although there are other potential explanations, this is
one that should be considered."
Although doctors say steroid use could be a factor in
baseball's increased disabled-list trips, they also point to
aggressive, year-round weight training, improved injury
diagnosis and increased caution with injuries because of
the millions invested in player salaries.
"Of all the potential health effects of anabolic steroids, if I
were to rank the most difficult to deal with, it would be
muscular-skeletal injuries," said Dr. Charles Yesalis,
professor of health and human development at Penn State
University.
"It would be wrong in my judgment to say we know that
part of (the increase in injuries in baseball) is due to
anabolic steroids," Yesalis said. "You don't know what
percent of people used them."
Reprinted with permission. All rights reser ved.
Page 7
AS SEEN IN USA TODAY SPORTS SECTION, MONDAY, JULY 8, 2002, PAGE 8C
Angel says steroids
'aren't worth it'
Doctors talked Gil out of using them
From staff reports
With the recent rise in power
numbers in baseball, many players are
faced with a dilemma: Lose your job to
a power hitter, or take a performanceenhancing drug to bulk yourself up and
compete.
A survey of 556 major league players
conducted by USA TODAY between
June 12-23 showed that 44% believe
there is pressure to use steroids to
compete at the major league level.
Anaheim Angels infielder Benji Gil
faced that pressure.
He says he considered using steroids
at the end of the 1999 season when he
was stuck in Class AAA. After spending
parts of four nondescript major league
seasons with the Texas Rangers, he
bounced around the minors for two
years. He was worried his career was
going nowhere.
"It seemed like my last opportunity so
I contemplated steroid use," he says.
"There didn't seem to be any interest in
bringing me to spring training so I was
like, 'Well, what do I need to do?'
"I talked to people about steroids.
They just said, 'You know what? It's not
worth the risk.' "
He says he didn't approach players for
advice. "To be honest, I've never
witnessed anyone doing it, so I would
never go and ask someone, even if
people think that they are using
steroids," he says. "I would feel too
uncomfortable to go up to somebody
that you don't know for a fact is using
and ask them such a personal question."
Gil says he spoke to two doctors and a
trainer outside of baseball.
"The doctors told me it's not smart,"
he says. "There are long-term effects
that we don't know about. And there's
no way we can know. Unless we have
humans to study long-term effects,
there's no way to know."
"The trainer said if you eat well and
don't consume a lot of alcohol and try to
keep your body pure and work out
hard, it may not give you the same
results (as steroids), but it's pretty
similar."
"I just figured it wasn't worth it. At
the time, I was married and hadn't
started a family. The doctors said they
don't know if any problems might be
passed on to my children."
Gil supports testing personally but
sees it as an issue that the players' union
should deal with.
"It's a touchy subject with players," he
says. "I wouldn't mind being tested. But
we (the union) have to be as one. If
some people have a problem with it,
maybe there shouldn't be."
The Angels invited Gil to spring
training in 2000. He's in his third season
with them and is batting .324 with two
home runs and 11 RBI in 26 games.
On the rise
Of the 352 trips major leaguers made to the
disabled list in 1992, 178 (51%) were for
injuries to large joints. Of the 465 trips to the
DL last season, 281 (61%) were for large-joint
injuries.
1992
DL visits
70
51
24
11
18
4
174
Injury
Shoulder
Elbow
Knee
Ankle
Wrist
Hip
Others
2001
DL visits
129
71
45
18
14
4
184
The number of injuries identifies as tendonor ligament-related also jumped from 1992 to
2001.
Injury
Tendon/ligament
1992
45
2001
146
From 1992 to 2001, visits to the disabled list
and says missed because of injuries have
increased steadily.
Injury
DL trips
Injury days
1992
352
17,920
1997
414
22,341
2001
465
27,779
Slowing down?
Through the All-Star break this season, there
have been fewer visits to the disabled list
compared with the same time last season.
But the number of injuries identified as tendons or ligaments has increased.
Injury
DL visits
Large-joint injuries
Injury days
Tendon/ligament
1992
367
281
24,734
76
2001
306
174
14,166
101
Contributing: David Leon Moore
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Page 8
AS SEEN IN USA TODAY SPORTS SECTION, MONDAY, JULY 8, 2002, PAGE 8C
Olympic-style
drug testing is
rigid
By Dick Patrick
USA TODAY
If Major League Baseball were to adopt Olympicstyle drug testing for performance-enhancing substances, players could encounter a shocking change.
There is no random testing in the majors for steroids
or other performance-enhancing drugs. In contrast,
athletes in Olympic sports are subject to year-round,
no-notice testing.
Athletes call it "knock and pee." Testers arrive at a
residence with their kits, and athletes have to provide
a urine sample immediately.
The U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, founded in October
2000, conducted about 1,450 out-of-competition
tests last year and plans to increase the number to
4,000 by 2004.
Out-of-competition testing started in the late 1980s
and early '90s after Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson's
positive steroid test at the 1988 Olympics cost him
the gold medal in the 100 meters. A Canadian hearing
revealed a fall-winter-spring steroid program that
allowed him to pass dozens of in-competition tests
during the summer.
Testers can arrive at inconvenient times. A couple of
years ago miler Jim Spivey was preparing to take his
son, Sebastian, to preschool when testers for the
international track federation knocked on the door of
his Chicago home.
"Three people are at the door," Spivey says. "I'm
thinking 'Arrrr.' It was 8:53 (a.m.) and Sebastian was
due at school at 9:15. So I said, 'Sebastian, this is a
day you don't go to preschool.' "
Major leaguers might also complain about perceived loss of freedom. Athletes in USADA's out-ofcompetition pool are required to inform the agency if
they are leaving their main residence for more than
three days at a time.
If testers can't locate a selected athlete at his/her
main residence and the athlete has failed to notify
USADA of a departure, the athlete can be charged
with a missed test. Three missed tests within 18
months, and an athlete is suspended for two years.
Deena Drossin, the U.S. record holder for 10,000
meters on the track, spends "hours" each year filling
out forms where she can be located.
"It's monotonous, tedious," says Drossin, who once
had to give a urine specimen during a graduation
party she hosted. "But being a drug-free, professional
athlete, it's your responsibility. You want your sport
to be seen as pure.
"It can be inconvenient and embarrassing. But it's
worth it, even if they catch only a couple of people a
year to keep the playing field more level. That's still
beneficial and better than catching no one."
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AS SEEN IN USA TODAY SPORTS SECTION, MONDAY, JULY 8, 2002, PAGE 3C
Build muscles, shrink careers
Using anabolic steroids
means risking health
and even life
By Anita Manning
USA TODAY
Sports figures who use anabolic
steroids to enhance their athletic
prowess might build bigger muscles, but they also might be heading for health problems that
could shorten their careers, and
maybe their lives, experts say.
The effects of steroids on the body
Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of
testosterone, the male sex hormone.
Taken in conjunction with a high-protein
diet and a high-level exercise regimen,
anabolics can improve an athlete’s strength,
power and endurance. By themselves steroids
don’t increase muscle mass. But used by
someone lifting heavily, steroids can produce
larger and more powerful muscles.
Taken orally, by injection, or by patch, the
drugs enable an athlete to work harder and
longer than normal because of the increase
of testosterone in the system. But abuse can
lead to serious health issues.
Ability to train
longer and
harder (with a
shorter
recovery rate)
Thinning
hair
(women)
Aggression
Acne
Deepened
voice
(women)
Breast development
(men)
Decreased breast
size (women)
Anabolic steroids -- synthetic
versions of male hormones -- are
prescription drugs developed to
Early end to
teenagers’
treat a condition in which the
bone growth
testes don't produce enough
testosterone, resulting in delayed
puberty or impotence. They are
also used to treat wasting away in
patients who have AIDS or other
conditions. They are entirely different from corticosteroids, drugs
used to treat swelling and inflammation in diseases
such as arthritis.
Liver
damage
The National Institute on Drug Abuse says the drugs
interfere with normal hormone production, causing a
kind of drug-induced sex change -- men can become
feminized, with shrunken testicles and growth of
breasts, while women might grow body hair and
develop lower voices. Both genders can experience
male-pattern baldness and acne. Some studies suggest high doses of steroids also can affect the personality, leading to what the institute calls "homicidal
rage, mania and delusion."
And those are just the noticeable problems, says
Gary Wadler, assistant professor of clinical medicine
at New York University School of Medicine. "Many
side effects may not be evident for weeks, months,
years, decades."
Facial and
body hair
(women)
Heart
disease
and stroke
Better
muscle
definition
Increased
muscle mass
and weight
Increased sex drive
Shrunken testicles and reduced
sperm production (men)
Enlarged clitoris (women)
Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse
Like the male hormone testosterone, anabolic
steroids promote muscle growth in both men and
women, and it is because of this that they have been
used, legally or illegally, by athletes around the world
for decades.
Balding
(men)
By Bob Laird, USA TODAY
Long-term consequences may include stroke, heart
attack, high cholesterol and liver tumors, says Wadler,
who notes there are reports in medical literature of
15-20 premature deaths and a similar number of
heart attacks in people in their 20s and 30s who used
steroids. When used by adolescents, steroids can permanently stunt growth.
But there are no definitive studies to confirm those
fears, and some sports medicine experts say steroids
used by adults in moderation might not be so risky
after all.
Miami Research Associates' Douglas Kalman, who
has published papers on performance-enhancing
supplements and counsels athletes about nutrition,
says studies appear to show that when 300 milligrams or less a week are used, "there does not seem
to be any negative effect on liver function, the
immune system or cardiac risk profile." While high
doses might be harmful, he says, the data show
"more conservative uses of steroids might be not as
unhealthy as once thought."
While all drugs carry risks, says exercise physiologist Jose Antonio, author of Sports Supplements, "millions of athletes have used anabolic steroids regularly
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Steroids Case Study
AS SEEN IN USA TODAY SPORTS SECTION, MONDAY, JULY 8, 2002, PAGE 3C
since the 1950s. At this point there is no evidence
athletes are dying of all these maladies people have
claimed."
Moderate use for a couple of months increases
muscle mass with "minimal side effects," he says.
"Now, if you do it every day of the year, yeah, that's
stupid. . . . You've just got to be smart."
Many unknowns
But athletes are aware of the risks. "Everybody
knows the consequences," Seattle Mariners outfielder Mike Cameron says. "I've got two little kids who
want to see their father grow up."
Any discussion of risks and benefits of steroid use is
clouded by a lack of data. Because the drugs are illegal, scientists don't know who is using them, what
the effects of different doses are, how long they can
be taken before causing side effects or what happens
when they're taken with other drugs.
"Steroid use is like a black box," says orthopedic
surgeon James Andrews of Birmingham, Ala. "When
athletes come in with injuries, we don't know the
true history, because it's secret. I don't think we've
done a good job as sports medicine physicians to
delve into this black box to see how common it is and
how it relates to the injuries we see."
Andrews, who treats many professional athletes,
says he is seeing an increase in the number and
severity of joint injuries involving tendons and ligaments. He can't attribute these to steroid use but
notes that enlarged muscles put extra stress on the
tendons and ligaments that hold them in place.
"We see four to five times increased incidence in
tendon and muscle ruptures in my practice compared
to what we saw 10 years ago," he says. Hamstring
pulls, once a relatively minor problem, have become
more severe. "Not only do they pull them, but they
tear them in two," he says. Achilles' tendon ruptures
are more common, as are ruptures of biceps and triceps tendons.
"It may be there's better recognition now or more
athletes," he says. "There could be a lot of factors, but
(steroid use) could be one of the risk factors."
Many players say they don't want to take that risk.
"Guys do them, but I don't," says New York Yankees
outfielder Shane Spencer. "I think, 'Do I want to be
crippled when I am done with baseball?' I make good
money now. I don't need to risk my health to make
more."
Reprinted with permission. All rights reser ved.
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AS SEEN IN USA TODAY SPORTS SECTION, TUESDAY, JULY 9, 2002, PAGE 1C
Illustration by Sam Ward, USA TODAY
Kids, steroids don't mix
Yet many teenagers look up to ballplayers, do
whatever it takes to get big(ger), strong(er)
By Anita Manning
USA TODAY
Teenagers, looking up to those elite athletes whose
muscles ripple with steroid-enhanced power, are
picking up some dangerous training tips, health
experts warn.
Several national youth surveys estimate steroid use
by high school boys at 4%-6%, up to 12% in one study,
and about 2% for girls.
And the numbers are rising. "I'd say 500,000 to
600,000 kids in the U.S. have used these drugs at
some time," says researcher Charles Yesalis, professor
of exercise and sport science at Penn State. "Right
now steroid use is at an all-time high."
One reason, experts say, is the example set by professional and elite athletes. After Mark McGwire set a
record for homers in a season in 1998 and admitted
using the legal supplement androstenedione, a steroid
substitute, sales jumped 1,000% and steroid use by
teens of high school age crept upward. Among high
school seniors, disapproval of steroids dropped from
Reprinted with permission. All rights reser ved.
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Steroids Case Study
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91% in 1997 to 86% in 2001 while the belief that
steroids pose a great risk fell from 67% in 1997 to 59%
in 2001, according to the 2001 Monitoring the Future
Survey conducted by the University of Michigan's
Institute for Social Research and sponsored by the
National Institute on Drug Abuse.
"Athletes are cultural icons, and some have great
influence," says orthopedic surgeon Nicholas
DiNubile, team doctor for the NBA's Philadelphia
76ers. "They can use it in a positive or negative way,
but it's not neutral. They're more than athletes."
The topic became front-page news again this year
when retired MVPs Jose Canseco and Ken Caminiti
admitted using steroids. A poll of 556 big-leaguers
conducted by USA TODAY in June found 89% believe
there is some steroid use in the game, 10% believe
more than half of their peers are users and 44% feel
pressure to use steroids to compete.
A separate USA TODAY/CNN/Gallup poll of baseball
fans found 78% believe steroids contribute to the
recent glut of offensive records. The season homer
record, which stood for 37 years, has been surpassed
six times in the last four seasons. A record 62 homers
were hit last Tuesday in one day of games.
"I'll never hear that kind of number without wondering" whether performance-enhancing drugs made
it possible, DiNubile says.
In USA TODAY's poll of players, 79% support independent steroids testing. Others have less concern.
"If guys are doing it, they're grown men," Anaheim
outfielder Garret Anderson says. "Everybody is entitled to make their own decisions."
Colorado outfielder Larry Walker agrees: "I don't
worry about what guys are doing. We've got better
things to worry about in this game than that. This
isn't the Olympics. If guys want to use andro and creatine and all that stuff, it's all right."
But noted orthopedic surgeon James Andrews, who
treats pro and amateur athletes in Birmingham, Ala.,
believes young players model themselves after their
grown-up sports heroes. "Whatever is being done at
the professional level is being handed down rapidly to
the collegiate level, the high school level and the prehigh school level."
Some players agree. Chicago White Sox shortstop
Royce Clayton favors testing: "It sends a message that
steroids are a substance you don't want to mess
around with and that there is no place for them in the
game. . . . We are role models, and that's the most
important thing a player has to understand. As soon
as we test and the game is clean, the better it will be
for everybody."
As kids use steroids, adults look other way
While some doctors and researchers believe moderate steroid use in adults can have positive results with
few side effects, almost all doctors agree steroids are
dangerous for children and teens. But steroid use continues to rise among youngsters.
Yesalis, author of Performance Enhancing
Substances in Sport and Exercise, cites a study published in 2000 that found prevalent use among
eighth-graders similar to that of high school seniors.
"We've shown use down to seventh-grade level," he
says. "It's scary for anybody to use these drugs, but in
particular women and children." A 1999 Youth Risk
Behavior Surveillance study by the Centers for
Disease Control and the 2001 Monitoring the Future
survey both show steady growth in steroid use by
eighth- to 12th-graders.
It is not only young athletes who use them, Yesalis
says. Because steroids can help turn a 100-pound
weakling into a buff beach stud, they "make a young
person feel more popular, more sexually attractive,"
he says. But there is a price to pay. Anabolic steroids
are synthetic drugs related to male hormones.
They're used medically to help AIDS patients improve
strength and appetite and to treat men for delayed
puberty, impotence and hypogonadism, a condition in
which the testes are underactive.
For young athletes, steroids increase muscle mass
and strength and shorten the time for muscles to
recover from a workout. They also have the psychological effect of boosting assertiveness, giving a
"pumped-up mental attitude," DiNubile says.
The downside is that they can cause hair loss,
severe acne, infertility, masculinization of women
(deepening of voice, growth of body hair, smaller
breasts) and feminization of men (shrunken testicles,
enlarged breasts). Steroids also are thought to
increase the risk of stroke, heart disease and liver
cancer.
The drugs also can permanently stunt growth.
"Seniors in high school have, on average, grown to
95% of their adult height," Yesalis says, "but in seventh
grade, they could permanently shut down their
growth plates. So if God had intended them to be 6-2,
they could end up a muscular 5-4."
To counteract the negative effects, steroid users
combine drugs, a practice that could increase risks for
Reprinted with permission. All rights reser ved.
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Medical experts strongly oppose use by teenagers
young people, says DiNubile, a spokesman for the
American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine.
"The ones who are good at this take diuretics to get
rid of fluid retention, they take anti-estrogens, they
become very sophisticated."
doses," he says. "So when we came out and said yes,
it works but it's not safe, they didn't believe us."
Adding to that is the universal belief of teenagers in
their indestructibility, he says. "They really don't
believe these things can harm them."
But they can. Andrews says he has noticed an
Top athletes have access to steroids through physialarming increase in the instance and severity of ligacians, but "kids buy black-market stuff whose purity
ment and tendon injuries. While he can't prove
is questionable," Yesalis says. "They're more prone to
steroid use is a factor, he says these kinds of injuries
cowboy chemistry," getting information from friends
can result from stress
or the Internet, increasRapid changes are signs to watch
on tendons caused by
ing the risk of misuse.
overdeveloped muscles.
Some signs of steroid use can be mistaken for normal teenage develop"In baseball players, we
Yet the demand contin- ment, so it might be hard for parents, coaches and physicians to detect.
Nicholas DiNubile, assistant professor of orthopedic surgery at the
see an increase in the
ues unabated, driven by
incidence of rotator cuff
the desire to win and for University of Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia, says parents can look for
rapid changes such as:
injuries, a large increase
the money that brings.
in (injuries to elbow lig"I see the kids in the
* Improbable gains in lean body mass, muscle bulk and definition.
aments) related to the
office," DiNubile says.
* Increased aggressiveness or emotional ups and downs.
stress of throwing," he
"The coaches look the
* Advanced acne on chest and back.
says. The "real distressother way; their parents
* Early male-pattern baldness.
* Breast enlargement in boys.
ing aspect," he says, "is
want them getting that
we're seeing these
scholarship. A lot of peoParents should be aware that when young people try to go off steroids,
career-threatening
ple look away when it
there can be a sudden weight loss that can lead to depression in young peoinjuries in the shoulders
comes to steroids."
ple whose body image is skewed, DiNubile says. "They think they've shrunk
and elbows of baseball
like air let out of a balloon."
players in younger and
In a competitive socieyounger age groups."
ty where "moral stanInstead of resorting to steroids or other performance-enhancing subdards are being swept
stances, he says, parents can help their kids work on sports skill training
and capitalize on their natural abilities. "Try to make your great athlete that
A USA TODAY dataunder the rug," Yesalis
base study showed a
says, the temptation is to way," he says. "For many centuries, that's how great athletes were built."
32% increase in stints
reach the goal by any
on the major league dismeans.
abled list in the last 10 years. Injuries to large joints
increased 58%, while all other injuries increased only
"If you really believe in winning at all costs, and
5%. The number of injuries identified as tendon or ligthat's how you raise your kids, drug use is not illogiament injuries in baseball jumped 224% between
cal," he says. "I get about one call a year from one or
1992 and 2001.
two idiot parents who want my blessing to their use
of growth hormone or anabolic steroids for a kid who
Andrews has completed a study, not yet published,
is otherwise normal, but they want Johnny or Mary to
that looks at sports injuries in athletes under 18 and
be a superstar. The conversations are very short, and
found elbow ligament injuries and shoulder injuries in
I'm not very polite.
young athletes have increased dramatically. He doesn't know why. "We don't have the statistics to tell us
"Use of these drugs by kids in sports is wrong. No
what's going on, but we're all worried," he says.
discussion."
Severity and frequency of injuries rise
Unfortunately, DiNubile says, young people often
don't believe that, in part because the medical community erred in the 1970s and '80s by claiming
steroids did not increase strength or muscle mass.
"But the athletes knew, they realized they were getting gains and started experimenting with different
That's a concern, because prolonged use of steroids
is likely to increase the chance of side effects, including those that might be life threatening, he says. "I
don't want to say it's causing these things all over the
place . . . but we know there are side effects and
they're being minimized by athletes. They think
they're invincible. But until we test for it and know
(who is using the drugs), we'll be sitting here guessing.
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Steroids Case Study
AS SEEN IN USA TODAY SPORTS SECTION, TUESDAY, JULY 9, 2002, PAGE 1C
"The problem is the almighty dollar. Parents are
doing whatever they can to make professional athletes out of their children. Some start planning at 2
years of age. There's a lot of enticement to do what is
necessary to enhance performance."
Cincinnati outfielder Ken Griffey Jr. sees the same
problem at the major league level. "All you can do is
live your life the right way and not worry about the
other guys. You see things and you hear things, but
what can you do? Guys know the risks, but they also
know there's big money out there."
Messages from pros carry weight
The lure of big muscles, an athletic scholarship or a
pro career is irresistible to many youngsters, DiNubile
says. "We need real vigilance here and for more parents and coaches to be aware."
Doctors can issue warnings, but they might not
have much impact, he says. Kids might need to hear it
from more influential sources.
"It would be tremendously helpful," DiNubile says,
"if some sports heroes would be more visible on this
issue, be willing to stand up, speak to our kids and
educate them. Because kids listen to their heroes."
But Los Angeles first baseman Eric Karros says he's
disturbed by the suggestion that steroid use by major
leaguers will create a cause-and-effect spike in use by
younger athletes. "If people make decisions based on
something they've read or what a sports figure says, if
that's solely how they make decisions, then there's
obviously a lack of parenting," he says.
But others in baseball see a responsibility.
"Our sport is a microcosm of society," Houston general manager Gerry Hunsicker says. "We know that
substance abuse, including steroids, is certainly a
problem throughout our society. To have our head in
the sand and convince ourselves that it's not a problem is probably a bit naive and irresponsible. There's
growing evidence steroids are dangerous and can
even be life threatening. It certainly behooves all of us
to come up with a meaningful education and control
policy."
Contributing: Mel Antonen, David Leon Moore and
Bob Nightengale
Reprinted with permission. All rights reser ved.
Page 15
Future
implications
For discussion
1. There are many adverse effects associated with the use of
performance-enhancing substances. Develop a list of the physical,
mental, and legal risks associated with the various substances such
as anabolic steroids, creatine, and ephedrine.
2. As a teacher, coach, or parent, what strategies would you use to
prevent performance-enhancing substance abuse by your
students, athletes, or children? In addition to promoting healthy
nutrition and strength training programs, what other alternatives
exist for preventing drug use in sports?
3. While some performance-enhancing substances such as
anabolic steroids and amphetamines are illegal and banned by
sports federations, other performance-enhancing substances such
as dietary supplements are not. How can consumers assure
themselves of the purity, content, and efficacy of nutritional
supplements?
4. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled recently that the drug testing of
students participating in extracurricular activities is not a violation
of their constitutional rights. To what extent do you feel testing
deters students' drug use?
5. Develop a list of resources where you can obtain additional
information on performance-enhancing substance use in sports.
1. The number of new performanceenhancing substances, including
those used to boost the production of
oxygen-carrying red blood cells, and
technologies such as new drug
delivery systems and gene transfer
therapy that have become available
recently, is simply amazing. As a
society, how will we deal with these
new substances and techniques as
they relate to the integrity of
competitive sports and the health of
athletes?
2. Some experts believe we will
never be able to completely eliminate
doping in sport. Should we go so far
as to hold separate competitions for
those using drugs and those
competing drug-free? Would
legalizing drug use in professional
sports serve only to confirm reality,
help level the playing field, or
compound existing problems?
About The Expert
Dr. Michael S. Bahrke is an acquisitions editor in the Scientific, Technical, and Medical Division of Human
Kinetics, Champaign, Illinois. He has been an assistant professor at the University of Kansas, director of research
for the U.S. Army Physical Fitness School, fitness area coordinator at the University of Wisconsin, and project
director for a National Institute of Drug Abuse-funded research grant designed to investigate performanceenhancing substance use in the Chicago area.
Dr. Bahrke has authored more than 60 scientific articles, chapters, and books, including the recently published,
Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise.
Dr. Bahrke completed his undergraduate degree in Physical Education at the University of Wisconsin - La Crosse and received his
Master's Degree in Exercise Physiology and Doctorate in Sport Psychology from the University of Wisconsin - Madison. He is a fellow
of the American College of Sports Medicine.
Additional resources
Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise edited by Michael
S. Bahrke and Charles E. Yesalis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2002.
DRUGSTORY.ORG: Sponsored by the Office of National Drug Control
Policy
http://www.drugstory.org/
(An informational resource for entertainment writers and feature
journalists.)
STEROIDABUSE.ORG: A service of the National Institute on Drug Abuse
http://www.steroidabuse.org/
(A NIDA-sponsored web site featuring comprehensive information on
steroids.)
THE NATIONAL CENTER ON ADDICTION AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
http://www.casacolumbia.org/
(Provides statistical information and commentary on drug-related
issues.)
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH OFFICE OF DIETARY
SUPPLEMENTS
http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/
(Provides information on programs, activities, and scientific
resources concerning dietary supplements.)
For more information, log on to www.usatodaycollege.com
Page 16