Counterfei ti ng thedeeptragedi an and droppi ng mi llstonesfrom theeyes–the rhetori calconnecti on i n Shakespeare’ stragedy ( somebri efnotes) NunoPi nt oRi be i r o Opor t oUni ve r s i t y/C.E.T.U.P. El i z abe t han t r age dypr ovi de sc opi ouse xe mpl e sbot h oft hee nt i c i ng r ol eofr he t or i c almani pul at i on and t hee nr i c hi ngar tofpe r s uas i on, and t he r e f e r e nc e t o Shake s pe ar i an t r age dy s ubs t ant i at e st he t at usoft hes pe ake randt hemi s l e adi ngpowe rofwor ds . ambi guouss Thi spape rai msati l l us t r at i ngt hi sc onc e r nwi t hl anguageandwi t ht he ac c ompl i s he d or at orand pe r f or me rasa f i gur e of t e n de pr i ve d of f e e l i ngofpi t yands ympat hy. El i z abe t han t r age dy hasr he t or i cand r he t or i c alde vi c e sati t sc or e , addi ngt ot het r adi t i onalc onc e r noft r e at i s e sands t udi e sont hear tof t heor at ororont hewi tofpe r s uas i on,e i t he ri nt heAr i s t ot e l i anand Ci c e r oni anl e gac i e sori nt he i rme di e va landRe nai s s anc es e que nc e ,t he e mphas i sdi c t at e dbyt hes ugg e s t i vepowe rofwor dsort hec apt i vat i ng v i r t ueofs pe e c h.Asa mat t e roff a c t ,i nt hes y mbi ot i cand c r os s f e r t i l i z i ngl anguage si nvol ve di napl aywr i t t e nbyShake s pe a r eandhi s 184 NunoPi nt oRi be i r o f e l l ow dr ama t i s t s ,noma t t e rhow v i t a lt hes pe c t a c ul armome ntast he f ul lc ons ummat i on oft he wor ds on t he s t age c l a i ms t o be ,t he f as c i na t i onofs pe e c ha c t i ngi nbe aut yori ne voc a t i on( hav i ngasar ul e t he ba r es uppor t of s pac e and s c e ne r yl ac ki ng i n gor ge ous or s ophi s t i c at e d panopl yoft e c hni c a lpos s i bi l i t i e s ) ,t e xtand wor dsj oi n wha ti st obes e e n( ‘ t he at r um’ )andwhati st obehe ar d( ‘ audi e nc e ’ , ‘ audi r e ’ ,t hos ewhoar et he r et ol i s t e n) .Publ i coc c as i onsde s c r i beand i de nt i f yg e nr e sofr he t or i c a ls pe e c h –f or e ns i cs pe e c h,de l i be r at i ve s pe e c h,e pi de i c t i cs pe e c h,andt he at r eanddr a mapl ayst her ol eofan s put at i o and ar gume nt at s c hool s and e duc a t i onal s our c e of di uni ve r s i t i e s ,goi nghandi nhandwi t ht hemul t i f ar i ousa s pe c t sofda i l y l i f eande xpe r i e nc e .Thes t agei sat r e me ndousr i valoft hepul pi t ,and ac t or s and pr e ac he r s ar e qual i f i e d i ns t r ume nt s of i nf or mat i on, hys t r i oni cage nt sofpe r s uas i onandr e ve l at i on,de c e i tandi l l us i on. Rhe t or i cmat t e r swhe nt heac t or ,ort hec har ac t e rhee mbodi e s ,f i ndsi n s pe e c h a pr i ma r yr e f e r e nc e ofhi si de nt i f i c a t i on.Shyl oc k,t he ol d obs t i nat emi s e r ,e xpos e shi sobs e s s i onsi nr e pe t i t i on,‘ l e thi ml ookt o hi sbond,l e thi ml ookt ohi sbond’ ,andhi sar t i c l eoff a i t hi nt her e adymadepr ove r b‘ Fas tbi nd,f as tf i nd-/A pr ove r bne ve rs t al ei nt hr i f t y 1 The Me r c hant of Ve ni c e ,2.3.55253) ,Pol oni us ,Ki ng mi nd’( Cl audi us ’ af f e c t e d advi s e r , di s pl ays hi s vani t y and vac ui t yi n r e dundanc i e s and pl at i t ude s ,e ve n whe n he c l ai ms ac c ur ac y and pr omi s e st or e ve r tt opl a i nne s sofs t y l e–‘ Mada m,Is we arIus enoar t a tal l ./Thathei smad,‘ t i st r ue ;‘ t i st r ue‘ t i spi t y,/Andpi t y‘ t i s‘ t i st r ue Haml e t ,2.2. –af ool i s hf i gur e ,/Butf ar e we l li t ,f orIwi l lus enoar t , ’ ( 97100),Hol of e r ne se xhi bi t shi spe dant r yi nt hec onvol ut i onsofhi s l udi c r ouss pe e c h –‘ Thepos t e r i oroft heday,mos tge ne r ouss i r ,i s 185 Count e r f e i t i ngt hede e pt r age di an l i abl e ,c ongr ue nt ,andme as ur abl ef ort heaf t e r noon.Thewor di swe l l Love ’ s c ul l e d,c hoi c e ,s we e t ,andapt ,Idoas s ur eyou,s i r ,Idoas s ur e ’( 1.7780) ,Fal s t af f ,e xpos e dbyPr i nc eHar r yi nt he Labour ’ sLos t ,5. 1He nr yI V 1. 2) ,i st hef unnyme r r yr oguet hats t i l lamus e shi s t ave r n( os ear gume nt , j ol l ygoodf e l l owswi t ht heabs ur dde v i ous ne s sofhi spr Hot s purpr oc l ai mshi se xt r avagants e ns eofhonour–‘ I magi nat i onof s omeg r e ate xpl oi t/Di v e shi m be yondt heboundofpat i e nc e ’( 1.3. 197198) ,ast hes hr e wdandpr agma t i cNor t humbe r l andobs e r ve s–i n pas s i onat ehype r bol i ce j ac ul at i ons–‘ Byhe ave n,me t hi nksi twe r ean e a s yl e ap/Topl uc kbr i ghthonourf r om t hepal e f ac e dmoon,/…/ ’( 1. 3.199f f ) ,ani ns i nuat e dt r ag i cde f e atr at i f i e dl a t e ron,i nt hes ac r i f i c i al t oneoft hi sbr avekni ghtoutofj oi ntont hee veoft hef i na lbat t l e– ‘ Come ,l e tust akeamus t e rs pe e di l y .Dooms dayi sne a r ;di ea l l ,di e mar r i l y’( 4.2. 134135) . ’ ;andwhoe l s ec oul ds ayt hos ebe aut i f uland pi t hal ami on,t heapos t r ophet o‘ l ove de l i c a t eve r s e soft hes ubve r t e de pe r f or mi ngni ght ’i nt hef e mal emos tc har mi ngvoi c ebutf a i rJ ul i e t Rome o and J ul i e t ,t heope ni ng of3.2. ) ,orc oul dg i vef or m and ( me ani ngt omut uall ovei nas ha r e ds onne twi t ht hege nt epi l gr i mi nt he ba l loft heCapul e t s( 1.5.90f f )andmakewi t hhi mt het r i vi als ubl i me i nt heni ghte nc hant me nti nt heba l c onys c e ne( 2.1. ) ?Anddoe snot Ot he l l o,t hegr e atge ne r alofVe ni c e ,di s pl ayhi ss e l f as s e r t i v e ne s swhe n, s ur r ounde doft hr e at e ni ngs ol i c i t or s ,r ai s i nghi st e r s evoi c eofc ommand i ndi s a r mi ngaut hor i t ywi t ht hes oquot e d‘ Ke e pupyourbr i ghts wor ds , Ot he l l o,1.2.60) ,and l a t e r ,be f or et he f ort hede w wi l lr us t ’ e m’( Se na t e ,whe nt hede l i be r at i veoc c as i onc onc e r ni ngt hemove me nt sof t heTur ksg i ve swayt ot hej udi c i almome ntoft hear r ai g me ntoft he Moor ,doe shenoti mpr e s st heaudi e nc ewi t ht hec a l m pot e nc yofhi s 186 NunoPi nt oRi be i r o e l oque nc e ,t i me l ymode l l e dwi t ht hehumbl epe r or at i onoft hes ol di e r a l l e ge dl yde pr i ve d oft hes ki l l soft heor at or-‘ …Rudeam Ii n my s pe e c h,/Andl i t t l ebl e s s e dwi t ht hes of tphr as eofpe ac e ,/ …/ ’( 1.3.81- t hos ? 82)andc onj ur et hes upr e mac yofhi sunas s a i l abl ee oc usc l as s i c usoft hewor di n ac t i on i n a publ i coc c as i on i s Thel ul i usCae s ar . pe r hapst obef oundi nAc t3s c e ne2ofShake s pe a r e ’ sJ Mar c usBr ut us ,t hel e ade roft hec ons pi r at or st hatwi l lki l lCae s ar–‘ a bl e e di ng bus i ne s s ’pe r f or me d by ‘ s a c r i f i c e r s ,notbut c he r s ’ ,as t he i de al i s t i cnobl eRomani ns i s t son–addr e s s e st hepl e be i ansi napl a i n, bal anc e da nd c l as s i c alpr os e ,and f a c t s ar e pr e s e nt e di n an e v e n t e s t i mony,wi t hpoi s eandde l i be r a t er at i onalc ommand.Ther e l uc t ant c ons pi r at or had e xami ne d wi t h me t hod and s c r upl e hi si nne r v.g.2.1.1039) ;now t heor at orappe al st ot he c onf l i c t i ngv oi c e s( s c r ut i nyoft hec i t i z e ns ,hi ss t y l ei snothi ghorl of t y,a si twoul dbe c ome t hee pi de i c t i cl audat or ys pe e c h,be c aus ewhati sa tas t akei snott he e xa l t at i onoft hev i r t ue soft hede c e a s e dmanofs t at e ,ort hequal i t i e sof f r i e ndandc ompani on,butt hej us t i f i c a t i onofanac tt ha ts houl dbe t ake nasapai nf ulc r ue lne c e s s i t yt ha tgoe sbe yondpe r s onalt i e sand a f f e c t i onsanda i msr at he ra tt hepr e s e r vat i onoft hedi gni t yandl i be r t y ofRomet hr e at e ne dbyani mpe ndi ngdange r :‘ nott ha tIl ove dCae s ar l e s s ,butt hatIl ove d Rome mor e ’ ,he as s e r t swi t he mphas i sand t hosoft he c onvi c t i on.A s t r ong pr e r e qui s i t eofpe r s uas i on i st he e s pe ake r ,hi saut hor i t yasanhonour abl emanandar e s pe c t e dc i t i z e n– ‘ Be l i e vemef ormi nehonour ,andhaver e s pe c tf ormi nehonour ,t ha t you maybe l i e ve ’–and hi sar gume nt ,s e r ve d byar e gul ars wayi ng r hy t hm andba l anc e ds t r uc t ur e–‘ AsCae s arl ove dme ,Iwe e pf orhi m; ashewasf or t unat e ,Ir e j oi c eati t ;ashewasval i ant ,Ihonourhi m;but , 187 Count e r f e i t i ngt hede e pt r age di an ashewasambi t i ous ,Is l e w hi m’–doe snotpr oduc ei t si nt e nde de f f e c t s ont hec r owd,s ur r e nde r e dt ot hee l e gantor a t or y,andi gnor antoft he pur pos e soft heor at orśvoi c eand t heur gef orr e as oni ngand c ool ponde r at i on;t hePl e be i ansar er e adyt or e pl ac et hedi c t a t ort hatne ve r wasbyt hebr andne w abs ol ut er ul e rt obe( ‘ Le thi m beCae s ar ’/ …/ Cae s arbe t t e rpar t s/Sha l lbec r owne di nBr ut us ’ ) . Anyway‘ pur gat i on’c annotpr e vai love r‘ mur de r ’whe nt hedi a l ogi c a l mome nti sde ni e dandt heunc onc l us i v enar r at i vei st ake nove rbyan a l t e r na t i ve voi c er e ady t os ubve r tt he pr e c ar i ous ve r s i on of t he ge ne r ousnobl eRoman.Hi sc unni ngadve r s ar ys pe aksi nve r s e ,amor e appr opr i a t eve hi c l ef ort hec r e at i on and mani pul at i on ofe mot i ons . Br ut usi sabs e nt ,as i gn ofhi si nc ondi t i onalt r us ti n hi sr e c a l c i t r ant f e l l ow t r ave l l e r ,t huse nt i t l e d ast hehe r a l d oft hec aus e :i nf ac ta s ui c i da lmovet hate r as e sdi al ogue ,g i ve sf r e eve ntt ot her e mar kabl e r he t or i c a labi l i t i e sofCae s ar ’ spr ot é gé ,andde va s t at e sana r gume nti n dr a s t i cne e dofs uppor tandc ons i s t e nc e .Theor at ori si nv i t i ngi nhi s e xor di um:‘ Fr i e nds ,c ount r yme n,l e nd me your e ar s ’i s de c i de dl y war me randmor ei nt i mat et hant het e r s eandc onve nt i onal‘ Romans , c ount r y me n,andl ove r s ,he armef ormyc aus e ,andbes i l e nt ,t hatyou mayhe ar ’oft hepr e c e di ngs pe ake r ;andhi spr omi s e dapol ogy–‘ Do g r a c et oCae s ar ’ sc or ps e ,andgr ac ehi ss pe e c h/Te ndi ngt oCae s a r ’ s g l or i e s ,whi c hMa r kAnt ony,/ Byourpe r mi s s i on,i sal l owe dt omake ’, t ha ts e al st hef at alge s t ur eoft hec r e dul ousBr ut us ,i fnoti nf or mi ngt he nve nt i o,i tant e c i pat e s ,atl e a s t ,abr i e fc e r e mony mai ni nt e nt i onofhi si ofmour ni ng( ‘ Ic omet obur yCae s a r ,nott opr ai s ehi m’ . )wi t hf ur t he r i nf l e xi onsofde vas t at i ngi mpor t .Whatf ol l owsi sa l s owe l l known–a c onvol ut e d di s c our s et ha tgr ope s atpos s i bi l i t i e si ni t sc apt i vat i ng 188 NunoPi nt oRi be i r o i ns i nuat i ons ,and t headve r s at i ve ,c ondi t i onalorc onc e s s i vec l aus e s t wi s tandunde r mi neBr ut us ’s t anc eandj e opar di z et hei nt e gr i t yofhi s e t hos : ‘ ButBr ut uss ayshewasambi t i ous , AndBr ut usi sanhonour abl ema n. / …/ Ye tBr ut uss ayshewasambi t i ous , AndBr ut usi sanhonour abl ema n. ’ I ti samode s tandhone s tmanwhoaddr e s s e st hea s s e mbl y–‘ Is pe ak nott odi s pr ovewhatBr ut uss poke ,/Buthe r eIam t os pe akwha tI know’–andl a t e ronat ouc hi ngpe r or at i onwi l lvi br a t ei nt hes ame t one–‘Iam noor at or ,asBr ut usi s ,/Buta syouknow mea l l ,apl ai n bl untman,/Thatl ov emyf r i e nd; ’ ,r e vi v i ngt hec ont r as tbe t we e nt he de c e i t f ular t i f i c eoft hef l owe r ys pe e c handt hepl ai nunador ne dwor ds oft hes i mpl et r ut h;hi st e s t i mony wi l li nf l amet hepas s i onsoft he c ommonpe opl e ,movi ngonbyc a r e f uls t e ps ,t e s t i ngr e ac t i ons ,wi t ht he r os ,ors e ns eoft i me ,apr e c i ousi t e mi n mos tac c ut eandope r a t i vekai t hel e g ac yoft hea c c c ompl i s he dor at or .Theal l e ge d‘ ambi t i on’i sr ul e d nt i me me ,or r he t or i c al outby me ans oft he j oi ntope r at i on of e v.g.Anambi t i ousmangr a bsaki ngl yc r ownwhe ne ve ri ti s s y l l og i s m( r goCae s ari s of f e r e dt ohi m /Cae s art hr i c er e f us e daki ng l yc r own,e opoif oundi nt hemos tbas i ce xpe r i e nc e notanambi t i ousman)andt ( t henons c i e nt i f i cpr oof ,i nAr i s t ot e l i ant r adi t i on–t obej us tt ohi s f r i e nds ,t obr i ngc apt i ve st oRome ,t of e e ls ympa t hyt owar dst hepoor , ande v e r y t hi ngt hatt heor a t orhasye ti ns t or et ode s c r i bet heman,a l l t ha tc l as he sagai ns tl abe land al l e gat i on t ha twoul d vi ndi c a t et he bl oodya c t i onoft hec ons pi r a t or s ) ;andt he‘ honour abl eman’ ,aphr as e 189 Count e r f e i t i ngt hede e pt r age di an s or e c ur r e nt l yc onj ur e dt oc har a c t e r i z e Br ut us ,s l i de s down and be c ome st he e uphe mi s t i cc ove r i ng f or vi c e and i ni qui t y ,t he par adi as t ol ewor ki ngatt hel e ve lofa nar gume nti nut r amquepar t e m andde mol i s hi ngar e f as hi one dmur de r–t hemanl yde e doft henobl e s a c r i f i c e r s ,t huse xpos i ng t henat ur eofBr ut us ’unde r t aki ng i nt he hosoft hec r owdandur ge san par adoxt ha te xpl oi t st hevul ne r abl epat i mpos s i bl ec ompos e ddi s c r i mi nat i on: ‘ Oj udge me nt !Thouar ef l e dt obr ut i s hbe as t s , Andme nhavel os tt he i rr e as on./ …/ ’( s e eal s ot heope npunonBr ut us ) . Ange l sdonots t ab,andBr ut uswasCae s ar ’ sange l ,‘ I ngr at i t ude ,mor e s t r ongt ha nt r a i t or s ’ar ms ’ ,wast hec r uc i alf ac t ori ng r e atCae s ar ’ sf a l l –t heaudi e nc ewe e pbe f or et hehys t r i oni cc apt i va t i ngpe r f or manc e ,t he t i oorc opi ousde l i ve r y,appr opr i at e l ys pi c e dbyt hei c oni c i mpr e s s i veac r e f e r e nc e ,‘ Eve natt hebas eofPompe y ’ ss t at ue ,/Whi c ha l lt hewhi l e r anbl ood,g r e atCae s arf e l l ’ ,andt hepowe r f uls y mbolpr ovi de dbyt he onoft hevi s ualpr oof–‘ It e l lyout hatwhi c hyour s e l ve s t i me l yoxymor doknow /Show yous we e tCae s ar ’ swounds ,poorpoordumbmout hs , /Andbi dt he ms pe akf orme ’ .The nt hel as twi l landt e s t a me nt ,anot he r t r umphi nawi der angeofr e s our c e s ,f ue l l i ngt hei ns i di ouss ugge s t i on v.g. ,‘ Is pe aknot ofmut i nybe hi ndt hemas kofwi s dom andr e s t r ai nt( t odi s pr ovewhatBr ut uss poke ,/Buthe r eIam t os pe akwha tIdo know’ , 101102) . Powe rl i e si n wor ds and Br ut us ’ na ï ve gr e at ogosand r e as on c r umbl e s e xpe c t at i onsi nt hepe r s uas i venat ur eofl hosand downi nf ac eoft hei r r upt i onoft hec or r upt i ngf or c eofpat i nor di nat epas s i ons ,pe r haps ,asQue nt i nSki nne rwr i t e s ,i nav i c t or y adi as t ol e ,t hei ns t r ume nt mai nl ydi r e c t e dbyt her he t or i c alf i gur eofpar 190 NunoPi nt oRi be i r o ofe xc us e ,ac c or di ngt o He nr yPe a c ham i n hi sTheAr t eofEngl i s h 1589)– Poe s i e( ‘ Unl i keFal s t af f ,ore ve nShyl oc k,Br ut usc annots i mpl ybedi s mi s s e df or at t e mpt i ng,i nPe ac ham’ sphr as e ,t ooppos et het r ut hbyf al s et e r ms .But nori sheabl et opr ovi deanunas s ai l abl ej us t i f i c at i onofhi sac t .Washea pur ge rorme r e l yamur de r e r ?I ti spar tofhi st r age dy,wear emadet o r e al i s e ,t hatt hi si sa que s t i on wi t houtan ans we r :i twi l lal waysbe pos s i bl et oar guei nut r amquepar t e m,one i t he rs i deoft hec as e .Suc hi s t he powe r of r he t or i c ; mor es pe c i f i c al l y, s uc hi st he powe r of 2 par adi as t ol e . ’ ,‘ Par adi as t ol e :r e de s c r i bi ngt hevi c e sasvi r t ue s ’ . Dr ama i s di a l ogue and c onf l i c t , ne got i a t i on be t we e n c ont r ar y pos i t i ons ,and s oi sr he t or i c ;on t hes t agee ac hc ha r ac t e rorf ac t i on br i ng sagl i mps eoft r ut h,e ac hc aus ehast obeponde r e di nr e l a t i ont o t he whol e we b ofpos s i bi l i t i e st he a c t i on pr ovi de s us wi t h.The ul i usCae s ar audi e nc ei st he r et oe val ua t eandj udgeandde l i be r at e .I nJ Mar kAnt onyr e j oi c e si nhi ss uc c e s s :‘ Now l e ti twor k.Mi s c hi e f ,t hou ar taf oot ,/Taket houwha tc our s et houwi l t ’( 3.2.261263)i st he bl i s s f ulout bur s toft he vi c t or i ousant agoni s t ;and i ns pi t e oft he i mpr e s s i vepr oj e c t i on ofCae s ar ’ ss hadow t ot hes e c ond hal foft he a c t i on,whi c he nt i t l e shi m ast het r ag i che r ot hatg i ve st hepl ayi t s na me ,i ti st hei de al i s t i candg e ne r ousMar c usBr ut uswhoc a t c he sour a t t e nt i onands y mpat hy. Butwha thappe nswhe nt hehe r oi sav i l l a i nt hatknowsnopi t yandi s ut t e r l yc l os e dt oanys e ns eofc ommuni t y?I fCae s arwas ,af t e ra l l ,not l gr él ui ,how c anwet ake a mbi t i ous ,andBr ut uswasac ons pi r at orma t hehe r oi ce mi ne nc eoft heas s ume dmal e f ac t ort ha tourc ons c i e nc eand nl i mi ne?Rhe t or i cmaybeoneoft he ourbe t t e rs e l ve swoul dr e j e c ti s our c e sofapuz z l i ngs e duc t i on.I nt heRe nai s s anc er he t or i cwass e e nas 191 Count e r f e i t i ngt hede e pt r age di an abas i ci ns t r ume ntofe duc a t i onandake yc ompani ont opubl i cl i f e .A s oc i alpar adyg m oft hege nt l e manandc our t i e r–Ophe l i a’ swor dst hat mour nHaml e t ’ sappar e ntt r ans f or ma t i onandde c l i nec omet omi nda t onc e ,ort he s upe r c i l i ousand r e l axe d pos e oft he young man i n pr e z z at ur a, t he Br onz i no’ s por t r ai t , an e l oque nt i mage of t he s nonc hal anc eofaf a mi l i ari nt e r c our s ewi t hc ul t ur ei nas ophi s t i c at e d mi l i e u–s ugge s t e df l e xi bi l i t yandadapt at i onasi ngr e di e nt sf ort hef i ne ar tofl i vi ng,c aut i oni nbe havi ourandc onve r s at i on,asCas t i g l i oneand Gr ac i án advi s ei nt he i rhandbooksofpr omot i on and s ur v i val ,and whe ni tc ome st ot hee xe r c i s eofpowe r ,t hemos tdi s pas s i onat eor c yni c almi ndswoul dadvoc at e ,gi ve nt he i rvi e wsofhumannat ur eand c ondi t i on-´ …me nar ewr e t c he dc r e a t ur e swhowoul dnotke e pt he i r wor dt o you,you ne e d notke e p yourwor dt ot he m’ ,‘ af l e xi bl e 3 .Fl e xi bi l i t yi s di s pos i t i on,var yi ngasf or t uneandc i r c ums t anc e sdi c t a t e ’ apas s wor di nRi c har dofGl ouc e s t e rśwor dsandde e ds .Ands i nc et he c har dI I It he he r o di s pl ays t he s ki l l s ofan ve r y be gi nni ng ofRi ac c ompl i s he dr he t or i c i ani nl ovewi t hhi sc r a f t .I nt hef i r s tf amousl i ne s oft hepl ay– ‘Now i st hewi nt e rofourdi s c ont e nt Madegl or i ouss umme rbyt hi ss unofYor k, Andal lt hec l oudst hatl our e duponourhous e I nt hede e pbos om oft heoc e anbur i e d. Now ar eourbr owsboundwi t hvi c t or i ouswr e at hs , Ourbr ui s è dar mshungupf ormonume nt s , Ours t e r nal ar umsc hange dt ome r r yme e t i ngs , Ourdr e af ulmar c he st ode l i ghf ulme as ur e s . ’ -t hes pe ake rac c umul at e sme t aphor s ,al l i t e r at i ons ,i nt e r nalr hy me s , puns ,anaphor i cs t r uc t ur e s ,… andhes us t a i nshi si nge nuousve r vet o 192 NunoPi nt oRi be i r o t hee ndofhi ss pe e c h.Theor a t orj oi nst hedi r e c t or( ‘ Pl ot shaveIl a i d, i nduc t i ons dange r ous ’ )t hat wi l lor c he s t r at et he ot he rc har ac t e r s ’ move me nt sand a l l oc at et he i rr ol e s .‘ Iam de t e r mi ne dt o pr ove a v i l l a i n’ ,hes a yswi t houtagr a i nofs hame ,unawa r e soft heambi gui t yof hi s de t e r mi nat i on ( t he e xpr e s s i on off r e e wi l lor ,c onve r s e l y,t he de t e r mi ni s t i cs upe r vi s i onanddi r e c t i onofs upe r i ormy s t e r i ouspowe r s ) . c har dI I Ii nt hee c onomy I ti snott hemome ntt odi s c us st hepl ac eofRi oft heFi r s tTe t r al ogy ,buti ti sf ai re nough t os ayt ha t ,e ve ni ft he pr ot agoni s tt ake shi st i met oa s s e r tambi t i ont ot het hr oneashi st ar ge t –‘ And l ook whe n Ia m Ki ng,c l a i mt hou ofme/Thee ar l dom of He r e f or d and t he movabl e s/Whe r e oft he Ki ng my br ot he rwas pos s e s s e d’( 3.1.194196) ,apr omi s et ohi smos tout s t andi ngc r ony t ha thewi l lf or ge t ,put t i nga tbayhi spowe r f ulal l y,t hec har ac t e r ’ s bac kgr ound,f i r ml ye s t abl i s he di nt hemi ndsofaudi e nc eandr e ade r ,f or nr yVI ,Par t3,wasf ami l i ar ,i nc l ude s whom t hei magec r e at e di nHe t hi spur pos easanaxi als t i mul ousoft hev i t alRe nai s s anc ee ne r gyona f r e es t agef orhi sj oyf uli nc ur s i on,‘ t hewor l df ormet obus t l ei n’( 1.1. 152) ,ashes ayswhe nac c ount i ngf orhi sac hi e ve me nt sandant e c i pa t i ng hi sne xtmove s ,hi s‘ de e pi nt e nt ’ ,i nc onf i de nc et ot heaudi e nc e .Ti me wi l lc omewhe nhes t opst r us t i ngBuc ki ngham,e nr age dbyhe s i t at i ons be f or et hemons t r ouspr os pe c toft hemur de roft heKi ng ’ sne phe wsi n t heTowe r–‘ Thede e pr e vol vi ngwi t t yBuc ki ngha m /Nomor es hal lbe t hene i ghbourt omyc ouns e l s ’ ,4.2.4243,andi nf ac tt heabs e ns eof t hi sdar e de v i lonhi ss i dehasmome nt ousi mpor t .Hi sr i ght handi s ,l i ke Ri c har d,ane xpe r ti nt hear tofdi s s i mul a t i onandpe r f or manc e– ‘ Tut ,Ic anc ount e r f e i tt hede e pt r age di an, Spe akandl ookbac k,andpr yone ve r ys i de , 193 Count e r f e i t i ngt hede e pt r age di an Tumbl eands t ar tatwaggi ngofas t r aw; I nt e ndi ngde e ps us pi c i on,ghas t l yl ooks Ar eatmys e r vi c e ,l i kee nf or c e ds mi l e s ; ’( 3.5.59) -andi nt hepl ayt ha tbot hdi r e c tandpe r f or m,t hef akec e r e monyt hat s e al sRi c har d’ sac c e pt anc eoft he‘ gol de nyokeofs ove r e i gnt y ’ ,t hef i r s t par toft hedi al ogue( 3.7.116172)obe ysf or ma lr he t or i c alde v i c e s– nt r oduc t i o wi t hc apt at i o pe t i t i on i ss t r uc t ur a l l ya r r ange di n an i e ambl e ,t he nt henar r at i oandatl as tt hec onc l us i o, be ne vol e nt i aeandpr i a or and r e s pons ei s made ac c or di ngl y ,wi t h a pr e f a c t or y apor dubi t at i o,f ol l owe dbynar r at i o,andt hes pe e c hc ome st oane ndwi t h onc l us i o;t her e ma i ni ngpar toft her i gge dde bat ei sar r ange d t heduec ac c or di ngt os i mi l arpat t e r nsand c onf i gur at i on.ButRi c har d pr ove s t ha thec oul dt r e ad t hepr i mr os epa t ht o damnat i on on hi sown. De f or me d,s e ntbe f or ehi st i mei nt hi sbr e a t hi ngwor l d,hat e dbyhi s mot he r ,f orwhom hewas‘ t hewr e t c he d’ s tt hi ng’whe nhewasyoung– ge ne r al l y ,i nf ac t ,hat e dbywome n,whi c har ei nt hef r ontl i neoft he mor alandpol i t i c a ls t i gma t i z a t i onofhi sc r ooke dbody,t hehe r oc l a i ms t obes ubt l e ,f a l s eandt r e ac he r ous( 1.1.37)andt ohavenof r i e ndsbut ‘ t hepl a i nde v i landdi s s e mbl i ngl ooks ’( 1.2.236) .Al ls a i danddone , Ri c har dofGl ouc e s t e rhasnopi t y :e ve nCl ar e nc eSe c ondMur de r e rc an f e e l‘ aki ndofr e mor s e ’be f or et hebl oodyde e d,andt or e pe ntaf t e ri t , S i rWi l l i am Cat e s byf r e e z e si ns i ghtoft her umourt obes pr e ada r ound, de v i s e dt os e a lLadyAnne ’ sf at e( 4.2.4958) ,Tyr r e l ,t hemur de r e r hi r e d by t heKi ng t o di s pat c ht het wo br at si nt heTowe r ,c annot s uppr e s s hi s hor r or whe nl i s t e ni ng t ot he nar r a t i ve of ‘ pi t e ous mas s ac r e ’and ‘ r ut hl e s s but c he r y ’t ha te xt e r mi nat ei nnoc e nc e and pe r f e c t i ona ndr ous e‘ c ons c i e nc eandr e mor s e ’i nt heki l l e r st he ms e l ve s . 194 NunoPi nt oRi be i r o Thehe r oi sde pr i v e doft hemos tbas i chumanf e e l i ngs ,andhec an,i n hi sdi s pai ront hee veofde at h,onl yme e tt hepuz z l i ngs e ns eofdoom i n t hemos te s s e nt i alandr adi c a ll one l i ne s s : ‘ …The r ei snoc r e at ur el ove sme ; Andi fIdi e ,nos oulwi l lpi t yme . Nay,whe r e f or es houl dt he y,s i nc et hatImys e l f Fi ndi nmys e l fnopi t yt omys e l f ? ’( 5.3.201204) . How c an wef e e lpi t yf orhi mt he n?How c an bee nt i t l e dt ot r agi c he r oi s m ac ha r ac t e rt hatc l a i mspr oudl yt obeav i l l ai nandani mpi ous mas t e rofl i e s– ‘ Andt husIc l ot hemynake dvi l l ai ny Wi t hoddol de ndss t ol e nf or t hofHol yWr i t , ’( 1.3.335337) / …/ Thus ,l i ket hef or malVi c e ,I ni qui t y, Imor al i z et heme ani ngsi nonewor d’( 3.1.8283) -ke e pi ngt hedoubl enat ur eofc har a c t e randac t or ,t hei mpos t ort hat a mus e shi saudi e nc eandi nvi t e st he mt os har ehi st r i umph( ‘ Wase ve r woman i nt hi shumourwooe d?Wa se ve rwoman i nt hi shumour won? ’ ,1.2.227228) ? Pi t yi s not t he r e adi ng t ouc ht one he r e .Pe r haps admi r at i on and c e r t a i nl ypur ee nt e r t ai nme nt .Whe nt heknavei si nhi spr i me ,hec anbe br i l l i antand amus i ng:hepl ayst hede vot e dl ove rc our t i ngt hemos t i mpr obabl el adyi nana t t e mptaga i ns ta l lodds .Butt hef ac ti st hat Lady Anne ,atf i r s tpl ayi ng t he r ol e oft he mour ni ng wi dow and r e ve nge f ulabus e dwoman( ac ombi nat i onoff e e l i ngsont hebr i nkof t he gr ot e s que i nt he s us pe c te xt r avagant vol upt uous ne s s of i t s e xpr e s s i on–t hel adys e e mst opr ot e s tt oomuc h,asGe r t r uds aysi n 195 Count e r f e i t i ngt hede e pt r age di an r e s pe c tt ot he Que e ni n The Mous e t r ap,t he pl ay i nt he pl ay i n Haml e t ) ,vi t upe r at e st he‘ dr e adf ulmi ni s t e rofhe l l ’ ,f e e dsavi v i dt ake andl e ave wi t h he ri mpor t unat es ui t or– t he Pe t r a r c han l ove rand l yr i c a lador e r ,bur ni ngi npas s i onands ubl i mewor s hi p.A s ur pr i s i ng l ac kofc onv i c t i onst ha twi l ll e adt oaf i nals ur r e nde rc onve ye di nt he l udi c r ouspat he t i ci mmobi l i t yoft hef e mal ef i gur ehol di ngpr e c ar i ous l y t hewe aponofhi sal l e ge de ne my,t hatkne e l sbe f or ehe rwi t hhi sbar e br e a s ti nv i t i ngt hes t r i ke ;andt heac c e pt anc eoft her i ngt ha tc e l e br at e s t hepe r pl e xi ng a l i anc ei san e l oque ntmovepr ovi di ng t heve nge f ul womanwi t habr andne wr ol e .Lat e ri nt hea c t i on,hei nt e r r upst he v i gour ouswr at hf uls pe e c h ofQue e n El i z abe t h,di s ar mi ng wi t ht he kai r osofhi si ne xpe c t e d and c aus t i ci nt r us i on t he f i e r yt or r e ntof ac c us at i onsoft heol dpr ophe t e s s( I .3) .Thevi l l ai nbus t l e si nawor l d de pr i ve dofmor a ls e ns e ,pe r mane nt l yc opi ngwi t ht he i rpas thor r or s andpr e s e ntt r e a s ons .God’ ss c our geandmi ni s t e r ? I ti sI ago,Ot he l l o’ sar c he ne myandbe t r aye r ,t hes upr e mer he t or i c i an. Re s e nt ulagai ns tOt he l l o’ sde c i s i ont opr omot eCas s i o,andf ue l l i nghi s de s t r uc t i vepur pos ewi t h a he ap ofbl ur r e d mot i ve s( among t he m, howe v e r ,s e xualj e a l ous ys e e mst os t andouta saf ami l i are xpe r i e nc et o t hevi l l a i n–‘ t heg r e e ne y e dmons t e r ,whi c hdot hmoc k/Theme ati t f e e dson. ’ ,3.3.154155,i sas us pe c tr e f e r e nc e ,i ni t sv i vi de xpr e s s i on and pe r s onalv i br at i on) ,‘ hone s t ’I ago wi l lus ehi sr e put at i on asa humbl ef ai t hf uls ol di e randl oyalf r i e ndt ot r e adapat hofmount i ng c ha l l e nge sc omi ngupt ot hef i nalc ol aps eoft hehat e dMoor .Heke e ps t he c r e dul ous Rode r i go on t he vai n e xpe c t a t i on of gai ni ng De s de mona’ sl ove ,ac c os t si n hi spe r ve r t e d mi nd t hegal l antCas s i o, t ha thewi l lt r e a c he r ous l ybr i ngt ope r di t i onbyt heage nc yofRode r i go, 196 NunoPi nt oRi be i r o age ntpr ovoc at e ur ,andt hevi r t uousDe s de mona ,gi v i nghi se nge nde r e d mons t r ousbi r t hani ns i nuat i ngandc or r upt i ngi maget obepr i nt e di n t heunguar de dmi ndoft heg r e atGe ne r a lofVe ni c e .Thet e mpt at i on s c e ne( ac t3s c e ne3) ,r i ghti nt hemi ddl eoft heac t i on,i l l us t r at e st hes l y and unobt r us i ve c ommi t me ntoft he vi l l ai n,s upr e me di r e c t orand dr a mat i s t or c he s t r at i ng move me nt s ,s t i mul a t i ng s e ns a t i ons and pas s i ons and s ugg e s t i ng a s s oc i a t i ons . Hi st a l e nt f i nds i n t he c oope r a t i onoft hevi c t i mi t st ouc hs t one ,andi twor ksoutac c or di ngt o c a r e f ul l yde s i gne d mov e s .Thevaguef i gur et hatge t sawayf ur t i ve l y f r om De s de monaast houghe s c api ngf r om Ot he l l o’ sgaz ec annotbe Cas s i o( ‘ Ha!Il i ke nott ha t ’ ,r e mar kst he i ns i di oust e mpt e r ) ,t he appar e ntr e l uc t anc et os a t i s f y Ot he l l o’ sc ur i os i t y and t he unt i me l y i nt e r c e s s i on ofDe s de mona i nf avouroft hegal l ants ui t orf al l e ni n di s gr ac ebe c ome ss us pi c i ous( how i nt e r e s t i ng,t he ykne we ac h ot he r be f or et heGe ne r al ’ smar r i age ,and Cas s i opl aye dt hegobe t we e ni n t he i rc our t i ng! ) ,andmanandwomanputt oge t he ri nt hepi c t ur e–t he y s houl dofc our s es e e m hone s t–pave st hewayt oada r i ngpr os pe c t i on ofOt he l l o’ sf r ai l t i e s .Att hi sj unc t ur e‘ t hi nk’ ,‘ hone s t ’and ‘ s e e m’ c onde ns e an at mos phe r e ofi nnue ndoe sand doubt sc onj ur e d,one s houl ds t r e s s ,byt heac c os t e d par t ,t heonewho a f t e ra l lt ake st he i ni t i at i v ea nd ke e ps t he di al ogue goi ng on. Re s t r ai nt ,c ont r i ve d xe mpl a( ‘ She he s i t a t i on,e xpl or at i onoft heaut hor i t yofpr e c e de ntore di dde c e i v ehe rf at he r ,mar r y i ngyou,/Andwhe ns hes e e me dt os hake , and f e ar your l ooks ,/She l ove dt he m mos t ,203204) ,e voki ng Br abant i o’ somi nouswar ni nge a r l i e ri nt heac t i on( ‘ Lookt ohe r ,Moor , i ft houha s te ye st os e e ./Shede c e i v e dhe rf at he r ,andmayt he e ’( 1.3. ogosc onve ye d by t he 289290) ,and t hec r af t yi ns c r i pt i on oft he l 197 Count e r f e i t i ngt hede e pt r age di an e nt i me meorr he t or i c a ls y l l og i s m( Ve ne t i anwome nar eus e dt opr i va t e r go…)– v i c e sandpubl i cv i r t ue s ,De s de monai saVe ne t i anwoman,e r os ,i s do t he i rwor k wi t h ove r powe r i ng e f f e c t s .Thet i mi ng,orkai pe r f e c t ,i tdi r e c t st hee nt i c e dhe r ot hr oughal i neofa s s oc i a t i onst ot he f i nalr e ve l at i onoft hebar eandc r udet r ut h,c onf i r mi ngl i mi narf e a r s andr e pr e s s e di nt ui t i ons ,wi t has e a lofadamantf or c eofpe r s uas i onf or c onc l us i ve e v i de nc e appar e nt l y hav i ng be e nf ound outby Ot he l l o hi ms e l f .Not hi ngwi l lc omeofnot hi ng .Thef al s es ubs t ant i a l i t yoft he hepl ayi n ‘ oc ul arpr oof ’andt hemani pul at i onofCas s i oandBi anc ai nt l lt he npr oduc et he i re f f e c t si nt hemome ntwhe nt hevi c t i m t hepl aywi as i nuos at hehe r o i snomor eabl et ot hi nkanddi s c r i mi nat e .I nhi svi as s i mi l a t e st he i mage r y ofhi sf oe ,pe r v ade d by l as c i vi ousani ma l r e f e r e nc e s ,v i ol e ntout bur s t sofde s t r uc t i ve e ne r gy,s i ni s t e rr e mar ks announc i ng mur de r ousde e ds ;and de l i be r at ec ont r olofs pe e c h and ac t i ongi ve swayt os hat t e r e df i t sands t a r t s ,s e l f abj e c t i onandbr oke n s pe e c h.De s de mona’ ss ac r i f i c ei sabl ac kr i t ua lofbl oodande xpi at i on, pe r f or me dbyame s me r i z e dpr i e s tobs e s s e dwi t ht hec r ue lne c e s s i t yof pur i f i c a t i on.Whatc ans aveOt he l l of r om t hi sc r i mi nalde g r adat i onand r e s c uehi m asa t r ag i che r o?Whatr e de e mst hehe r oi n oure ye s ? Be s i de st heas s umpt i onofgui l tandt heac c e pt anc eofpuni s hme nt( ‘ / … Oc ur s è d,c ur s è ds l ave !/Whi pme ,yede v i l s , /Fr om t hepos s e s s s i onof t hi she av e nl ys i ght !/Bl ow meabouti nwi nds !Roas tmei ns ul phur !/ Was h mei nt hes t e pdown gul f sofl i qui df i r e ! ’ ,5. 2. 283287) ,t he r he t or i c a lout l i neoft hehe r o’ ss pe e c h,‘ t heOt he l omus i c ’ ,asWi l s on hei de aofl os sandwas t et ha tt he Kni ghtc al l si ti naf amouse s s ay4,ort pr ot agoni s tr e gi s t e r si n hi sl as tmome nt s ,c onve r ge i nr e de mpt i ve mot i on.I tt i st hevoi c eofgr aveandf as c i nat i nge l oque nc ewhatr e ade r s 198 NunoPi nt oRi be i r o ke e pi n mi nd whe n booksc l os eorandi e nc e sbus t l ei nr umour ous ag i t at i ont ot hee xi t ;ands uf f e r i ng,t het or me nt i ngpai nt hatgoe shand i nhandwi t ht hec our s eofda mnat i onandt hatonl yi magi nat i onon he at r um mundic anpayduet r i but et o. t hi ss i deoft het be t h.Thepr ot agoni s tpour st hemi l kofc onc or di nt ohe l l Sot ooi nMac whe nheg i ve si nt ot hei ns t r ume nt sofdar kne s sand,ur ge dbyLady Mac be t h’ ss ol i c i t at i ons , a mi ght y e c ho of t he We i r d Si s t e r s ’ e nc ant at i ons ,s t opsupt ’ ac c e s sandpas s aget or e mor s e .Whe nt ouc he d byt e mpt at i on,hec annotf ul l yc opewi t ht hes t r anges t i r r i ngsi nhi s bos om,andt r i e st ogi vet he mf or m andme ani ng : ‘ I fi twe r edonewhe n‘ t i sdone ,t he n‘ t we r ewe l l I fi twe r edonequi c kl y.I ft heas s as s i nat i on Coul dt r amme lupt hec ons e que nc e ,andc at c h Wi t ht hes ur c e as es uc c e s s–t hatbutt hi sbl ow Mi ghtbet hebe al landt hee ndal l !–he r e , Buthe r e ,upont hi sbankands hoaloft i me , We ’ dj umpt hel i f et oc ome .Buti nt hos ec as e s Wes t i l lhavej udge me nthe r e–t hatwebutt e ac h Bl oodyi ns t r uc t i ons ,whi c h,be i ngt aught ,r e t ur n Topl aguet hei nve nt or .Thi se v e nhande dj us t i c e Comme ndst hei ngr e di e nc eofourpoi s one dc hal i c e Toourownl i ps ./ …/ ’( 1.7.112) Al oneont hes t ageandi nt hemi ds tofade l i be r at i vepr oc e s s ,Mac be t h e xa mi ne s hi s wi s he sr e gar di ng hi s vi e ws of t he l i f et oc ome , ac knowl e dg e st hee nor mi t yofac r i met oc ommi tupon hi sv i r t uous l i e geandgue s t ,andi nt e r r ogat e shi sc ons c i e nc e .Theunbe ar abl et e ns i on g i ve st ot hes pe e c hane r r at i cc our s e ,r yt hm andr e pe t i t i onsbr i ngt o mi ndt hei nc ant at i onsoft hei mpe r f e c ts pe ake r s ,l aye mpha s i supona di s t r e s s i ngpr ogr e s sc har ge dwi t hi nf l e c t i onsanddi ve r s eat t i t ude sand f e e l i ngss t r uggl i ng i nt hes pe ake r ’ sbr e as tf orr e g i me nt .Agai ns thi s 199 Count e r f e i t i ngt hede e pt r age di an be t t e rs e l f ,hewi l ls t r i keabl ow t hatwi l lki l lt i me–andwi l lul t i mat e l y bi ndhi mt ot hee ve r mov i ngwhe e lofdr yFor t une( ‘ Tomor r ow,and t omor r ow, and t omor r ow’ ) , de pr i ve hi m of t he bl e s s i ngs t hat ac c ompani e sol dage ,‘ Ashonour ,l ove ,obe di e nc e ,t r oopsoff r i e nds ’ , anddr e s shi mf ordus t yde at h.Hewi l lf i ndi nhi swi f eape r s uas i ve ac c ompl i c e ,r e ady t o de ny he rs e x and nat ur e( i n he rs i ni s t e r c onj ur at i onoft he‘ s pi r i t s/Thatt e nde ronmor t a lt hought s ’andt he i nvoc a t i onof‘ t hi c kni ght ’andi t spr ot e c t i v ebl ankoft hedar k)andt o e xhor the rhus bandhar pi ngont hec or dofma l e ne s sandma l ei nt e gr i t y i nbr aveMac be t h( ‘ Buts c r e w yourc our ag et ot hes t i c ki ngpl ac e ’ )wi t h t hei r r e s i s t i bl eur ger e ve r be r a t i ngi napa t r i ar c aluni ve r s epr e or dai ne d byt hes upr e mev i r t ueofc our agei nt hebat t l e f i e l dandpe r vade dby s t r angei mage sofde a t h,s t r angei mag e sofbl oodands t r anges c r e ams ofde at h.Mac be t hf e e l snopi t y–t heas s aul tonBanquoandFl e anc eby t hehi r e d mur de r e r s( who ar er e c kl e s sofwha tt he ydo t os pi t et he wor l d,orwoul ds e tt he i rl i v e sonanyc hanc et ome ndt he i rwr e t c he d l i ve s ) ,orl at e rt he r avagi ng i nc ur s i on i n Mac duf f ’ sc as t l e and t he s l aught e rof‘ Hi swi f e ,hi sbabe s ,andal lunf or t unat es oul s/Thatt r ac e hi mi nhi sl i ne ’( 4.2.151152)ar ec l amor ouse v i de nc eofhi sf e r oc i t y. Thevi ol e ntappr opr i at i on oft hec r own – a f r ui t l e s sc r own and a bar r e ns c e pt r e–wi l laf f l i c thi m wi t hanagoni z i ngf e e l i ngofl os sand r e pr obat i on ( Mac be t hs ha l ls l e e p no mor e ,and hi se t e r na lj e we li s g i ve nt ot hec ommone ne myofman) .Te r r i bl edr e amsandt heanxi e t y ofanunf ul f i l l e dt as kt or t ur ehi m -‘ Of ul lofs c or pi onsi smymi nd, de arwi f e ’( 3.2.36) ,hec onf i de st ohi spar t ne ri ne vi li ne xc r uc i a t i ng pai n.I ti st hepoi ntofnor e t ur n( ‘ Iam i nbl ood/Sos t e ppe di ns of ar t ha ts houl dIwadenomor e ,/Re t ur ni ngwe r east e di ousasgoo’ e r . ,3. 200 NunoPi nt oRi be i r o 4.136138) ,de s c r i bi ngas t at i oni nhi spat ht onot hi ngne s sandt he s ur r e nde rt o a br ave and f at a lde at h,pr e s s e d by t he f e e l i ng of i mpe ndi ngdi s a s t e r .Thi sanat omyofe vi lope nst hedoort ot hei nne r t r i bul a t i onsoft het yr ant ,he l pst hegr ant i ngofhi ss t at usast r ag i che r o; andhi sl ac kofpi t yi st e mpe r e dbyoneofi t smos tpoe t i cde f i ni t i ons , r i ghtont hee v eofhi sdr as t i cr e s ol ut i on: ‘ Andpi t y,l i keane w bor nbabe St r i di ngt hebl as t ,orhe ave n’ sc he r ubi nhor s e d Upont hes i ght l e s sc our i e r soft heai r , Shal lbl ow t hehor r i dde e di ne ve r ye ye , Thatt e ar ss hal ldr awnt hewi nd.…’ ( 1. 7. 2125) I ti st hepr ot agoni s t ’ sl anguagewhatul t i ma t e l yr e ve r be r a t e si n our he l l o, mi ndswi t h qual i f i e d poe t i cand i magi nat i vei mpac t .Asi n Ot e mi ne nc er e s c ue she r oe sf r om t he i ri ndi f e r e ntc ondi t i on and make s t he m vi s i bl ea tt he i rpe r i l ,i nt he i rs pl e ndourandmi s e r y ,l e adst he m be yondpl a c i dhapi ne s sandpe ac e f ulr e s i gnat i onoft hec ommonand ave r age woman and man;and c e r t ai nl y Mar k Ant ony’ sr he t or i c al ur s ushonor um oft he ve nt ur ehasnotmuc ht odowi t ht hec i c e r oni anc Romanpa t r i c i an,I ago’ sc unni ngmove sandRi c har dofGl ouc e s t e r ’ s s ki l l sc hal l e nge mos t out r age ous l y mor al i nt e nt i ons or ne ut r al pr ag mat i s m as s i gne dt oRhe t or i cbyI s oc r at e sorQui nt i l i an,andt he nt i t he s i s ,t hea r t i f ac tofpar al e l i s m andc ont r i ve d a mbi guousl i neofa i s oc ol on,t hes e ns eoff e v e r i s hur ge nc yde pi c t e dbye nume r at i on,t he t aphor ,t heopac i t yg i ve nbyme t al e ps i s mys t e r yc onve ye dbyde ns eme orc onvol ut e ds pe e c hdonotf i ti nt hear tofpe r s uas i onort heope r at i ve l oc at i onofde bat eorne got i at i on.Dange rl i e si nwor ds ,buta l s oi nt he c har m oft hee va s i vec ompl e xme ani ngandt hebe aut yofr yt hm and 201 Count e r f e i t i ngt hede e pt r age di an c ade nc et hat ,e v e nwhe nf ur t i veanda mbi guousi nt he i rl ogos ,f as c i nat e r e ade r sandaudi e nc e swi t ht ha tki ndofmus i ct hatgoe sonl i vi ngasa s ol i dg l or yi nourt i me . 202 NunoPi nt oRi be i r o 1| Al lr e f e r e nc e st ot hepl aysar et ot heNor t one di t i on( GREENBLATT,St e phe n,g e ne r ale di t or , TheNor t onShake s pe ar e ,Ne w Yor kandLondon,W.W.Nor t on& Company,1997) . 2| ‘ Par adi as t ol e :r e de s c r i bi ngt hevi c e sasvi r t ue s ’ ,i nADAMSON,Syl vi a,ALEXANDER,Gavi n, andETTENHUBER,Kat r i n,e d. ,Re nai s s anc eFi gur e sofSpe e c h,Cambr i dge ,Cambr i dge Uni ve r s i t yPr e s s ,2007,p.163. 3| BULL,Ge or ge ,t r ans l at i onandi nt r oduc t i on,Ni c c ol òMac hi ave l l i :ThePr i nc e ,London, Pe ngui nBooks ,1981,pp.100101. 4| ‘ TheOt he l l oMus i c ’ ,i nTheWhe e lofFi r e–I nt e r pr e t at i onsofShake s pe ar i anTr age dy,London andNe w Yor k,Me t hue n,1949,pp.97119. 203
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz