Micro climate
Thermal comfort
Climatic conditions
Cliamtic zones
Definition of Climate and Cliamatology
3.2
3.3
Defination of passive and Hybrid cooling systems
Strategies of passive and hybrid cooling systems
3.3.1
Thermal insulation
3.3.2.1
Natural and hybrid ventilation
Control of thermal inertia
Ventilative structure cooling
Control of solar radiation
Ventilative environmental cooling
Difference between active and passive systems
The colour of buildings
Ventilative body cooling
Building form, morphology and orientation
Benefits of passive and hybrid cooling
Variety of climatic conditions
TH E P
A SS IV
INNOVATION
Geographical position
Date of realization
Location
Destination use
Latitude
Altitude
4.1
Architect/s
Functional quality
Design with climate
3.2 3.1
Conscious architecture
Architectural quality
Patterns
Client
Structure engineer
Environment and planning
Integration with the site
GENERAL DATA
Quantity Surveyor
Partner
Construction Management
3.3.1
3.3.2.1
3.3.2.2
3.3.2.3
3.3.2.4
Destination use
Passive and hybrid cooling systems
3.3
Energy Saving and environmental quality
3.3.2
Techniques for prevention and protection from the heat input
Ventilative passive and hybrid cooling
Evaporative cooling
Ground cooling
Radiative cooling
Natural ventilation
Techniques for extraction of heat from indoor
MORPHOLOGICAL DATA
Site features
4.1
E COO
L ING
FR OM
TRAD ION TO
IT
VATIO
I NNO
D TO
N: WI N
YESTERDAY
Technology evolution of 20th centry
1. THE PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEMS IN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
Sustainable architecture
THE PASSIVE COOLING FROM TRADITION TO INNOVATION: WIND TOWER
Sustainable and Bio architecture
TODAY
Bioclimatic architecture
3.1
The main current trend that requires an air conditional system in a
building is in great contradiction with the most elementary rules of
energy saving and protecting the planet from further environmental
pollution.
A conscious architecture is the result of a conscious architectural
design, where it is required an interdisciplinary jointed approach, in a
systemic vision that is able to understand various aspects of a building,
considering both the formal and structural as well as the qualitative
and technical devices.
The solutions offered form traditional architecture can offer, even today,
concrete answers to some of the energetic and construction challenges,
without the need of large energy consumption, but of a better exploitation of natural resources.
Through the use of rules and examples of the past, it is possible to produce a new sustainable and bio-climatic architecture that is mainly
3.THE PASSIVE & HYBRID COOLING SYSTEM IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
Life Cycle Assessment
In the past man gained considerable knowledge in
respecting nature and the environment in the way
they built, using only renewable energy sources and
materials adapted to local climate and the various
latitudes, demonstrating the ability to create extraordinary examples of understanding of nature,
through a direct relationship with the surrounding
environment.
The industrialization culture based on individual welfare, non observance of the environmental ecosystem
and of excessive consumption of non renewable
energy sources have produced a building model
based on energy dissipation.
Nowadays, changes in climatic conditions increase
the responsibility of architects and engineers in
designing new sustainable cities and buildings even
though it becomes more and more difficult to
ensure the standards of comfort required by our
society.
The selection criteria
WER
based on the synthesis of ancient rules and modern
technologies. In this new trend, it is possible to insert
wind towers, known in persian as ‘Badgir’ that literally
means “one who captures the wind”.
The sustainability elements in the traditional and
vernacular buildings are more or less deliberately
designed, however, we consider that they have been
designed unconsciously. The principle of sustainability, and the phrases such as sustainable architecture,
green architecture belong to the contemporary
world and certainly not to the past.
Wind tower is a typical element of Middle East architecture. It is a system of multidirectional collection
and extraction of winds, that plays a dual role: it captures air from the outside and lowers the internal
temperature (over 20° from 40÷45 °C usually present
in the Eastern territories) by exploiting the mass of
the structure, which has a high thermal inertia, and
transforming the system into a thermal flywheel.
Traditional and popular architecture
Relation between climate and architecture
connection between architecture and places
1.1
- Type of heat conductor (enviornmenta, sky, earth)
- Heat transfer (Convection, evaporation, conduction)
- Climate (dry, wet)
- Storage period (day, week, season)
- Material (water, rock, ecc.)
Classification of techniques of passove cooling
Building form and orientation
1.2
Colour and albedo
Control of solar radiation
Influence of the wind in popular architecture
Archetypal systems of ventilation
Thermal inertia
Presence of vegetation
1.2.1
Natural ventilation techniques according to the movment of air
Principals of natural ventilation
1.2.2.1
- Stack effect
- Ventilation through vertical
- Single-sided ventilation
- Ventilation combined wind and stack effect
- Ventilation through Horizontal of air
TRADITION
Presence of fountain and Salsabil
Symbolic meaning of water
Uuonscious sustainability
1.1
Passive coolign strategies
1.2
Techniques for prevention and protection from the heat input
1.2.1
Natural ventilation
Ventilative cooling
Evaporative cooling
Ground cooling
Radiative cooling
Techniques for extraction of heat from indoor
Passive cooling systems among Middle Est and Mediterranean
1.2.2.1
Influence of the climate in city planning
1.2.2.3
Urban texture
1.3.1
1.2.2.2
1.2.2 1.2.2.3
1.2.2.4
Courtyard house
Patio house
Dome
Flat roof
Double-shelled dome
Dome with air vent
1.3.2
1.2.2.5
1.3
Thermal control
Elements from urban scale
1.3.1
Elements form building scale
1.3.2
Solar control
Thermal inertia
Natural ventilation
Zisa’s palace
Dammusi di Pantelleria
Camera dello Scirocco
Trulli di Puglia
Sassi di Matera
Costozza’s villas in Vicenza
Passive cooling systems in Italian’s traditional architecture
The origin of Wind towers
1.4.1
1.4
Natural ventilation and night cooling
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
Ventilative cooling with wind tower
1.4.5
Evaporative cooling
1.4.6
Ground cooling
2.1
Ground ventilative cooling
Night cooling
4.2
The wind towers in Iran: Badgir (wind catcher)
The analysis of specifications
2.2
Wind speed
Relative humidity
A
Kingspan Lighthouse - 2007
B
BedZed, Beddington Zero Energy Development - 2002
C
Solihull Campus - 2001
D
New Parliamentary Building (Portcullis House) - 2000
CLIMAT DATA
Precipitation
Degree days for cooling
Degree days for heating
E
F
G
Type
H
Orientation
Number of occupants
BUILDING DATA
Dimensional data
Numer of storeys
Floor area
Jubilee Campus - 1999
IGuzzini headquarters - 1998
Building research Establishment (BRE) - 1996
Inland Revenue Center - 1994
I
Ionica Headquarters Building - 1994
J
Queens Building, De Montfort University - 1993
K
Armoury Tower - Unrealized
L
2. WIND TOWER
Temperature
4. STUDY CASES: WIND TOWER IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
Climate Type
Climatic and architectural context
2.2.1
The history and origin
2.2.2
Constitutive elements
2.2.3
Materials
2.2.4
Constructive systems
Cooling modality
Lybia
Afghanistan
Pakistan
Egypt
Iraq
Persian Gulf
Iran
Catgut and chain
Shelf
2.1
2.2.5
Direct ventilative cooling
2.2.6.1
Indirect evaporative cooling
2.2.6
Indirect ventilative, evaporative and ground cooling
typological classification of Badgir
Peru
Function modality
Denomination and location
Direction of captation of the wind
Geometry
Building destination
2.2.6.2
2.2.6.3
2.2.7
2.2.7.1
2.2.7.2
2.2.7.3
2.2.7.4
Chimney
Stalk
Covrage
Partitions and
channels
Decoration
2.2.3
2.2.7.5
Functional diagram of a wind tower, in
the presence of wind, during the night
Functional diagram of a wind tower, in
the presence of wind, during the day
Badgir's connection to the main rooms
through horizontal and wet channels
Badgir's link through a vertical channel
with underground water pipes
2.2.6.2
Functional diagram of a wind tower, in
the absence of wind, during the night
Functional diagram of a wind tower, in
the absence of wind, during the day
2.2.6.1
An experimental building in Catania - Unrealized
Structure type
External walls
Internal walls
CONSTRUCTION
Roof
Internal floor
Ground floor
Functional wind tower only
Ventilation system
Air input system
Air output system
Air output system
Control system
Internal solar shading system
External solar shading system
Control system
Windows
Walls
Floors
Roof
Ventilation strategies
Solar control
Thermal insolation
Thermal inertia
Ventilative evaporative cooling
COOLING STRATEGIES
The aim of the research was exploring the potential of using passive cooling systems and natural ventilation with special attention on wind towers.
The work presented is a result of a study focused on traditional passive cooling strategies.
More particularly, the most common types of wind towers were analyzed in relation to different aspects: from the typology analysis to the dimensional one, from materials to systems
and construction processes, from “live welfare” to energy efficiency.
In parallel, it was conducted analysis on modern passive cooling systems to produce a methodological document that could be useful to builders for the design of technological solutions
towards energy efficiency.
All the analysis will create a basic knowledge on these ancient passive cooling system that can be often joined in a modern building plan in a contemporary and more efficient view.
One - directional
Square plan
Collocation of porous pottery
jars inside Badgir
2.2.6.3
Wind towers with both functional and symbolic validity
2.2.7.1
Two - directional
Three-directional
Fuor - directional
Multi - directional
Circular
Rectangualr plan
Octagonal plan
Esagonal plan
Circular plan
Multi - directional
Of two or more floors
Badkesh (wind scape)
2.2.7.3
2.2.7.4
Title of thesis: The passive cooling from tradition to innovation: wind Tower
Topic and aim of the research
The work presented is a scheme that shows a synthesis of a PhD Research concluded in March 2011. The aim of the
research was exploring the potential of using passive cooling systems and natural ventilation with special attention on
wind towers. The study was focused on traditional passive cooling strategies which had been used in Middle East and
Mediterranean areas.
More particularly, the most common types of wind towers were analyzed in relation to different aspects:
from the typology analysis to the dimensional one, from materials to systems and construction processes, from “live
welfare” to energy efficiency. In parallel, it was conducted analysis on modern passive cooling systems to produce a
methodological document that could be useful to builders for the design of technological solutions towards energy
efficiency.
Methodological approach and fields of investigation
1) Cognitive and cultural area
- Diffusion of the issues on the conventional air conditioners and their environmental impact.
- Create a base knowledge of important and ancient "passive systems" that exploit the available
resources of the area.
- Knowledge of strategies and techniques of passive cooling, which are used in traditional
Middle Eastern and Mediterranean, as well as in contemporary buildings.
- Knowledge and elaboration of an important technology of the traditional Middle Eastern
architecture, especially Iranian, in relation to the state of the art of literature in that field,
referencing texts in the farsi language as well.
- Derive from study cases of contemporary architecture which are employing the wind towers’
technology, principles and useful criteria for passive cooling.
- Compare passive cooling traditional technologies and systems, used in the Middle East and
the Mediterranean.
2) Technological and architectural area
- Typological analysis
- Analysis of construction and material.
- Analysis and performance evaluation.
3) Energetic area
- Energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources.
- Energy and economic saving
- Individual well-being without sacrificing the aesthetic values and in respect of resources and
environmental balance.