.
Contents
EXPLORING THE PAST An Egyptian Nobleman Writes
His Obituary 11
List of Primary Source Documents xxiv
List of Features xxv
Preface
Pyramids and the Afterlife
xxvi
12
THEN & NOW Valuable Trade from Southern
Arabia 13
THE ROOTS OF WESTERN
CIVILIZATION
1
The Ancient Middle East to
the Sixth Century B.C.E.
A STRUGGLING SUMERIAN SCHOOLBOY
1
2
Before Western Civilization
The Paleolithic Period, 600,000–10,000 B.C.E. 2
The Neolithic Period: The First Stirrings of Agriculture,
10,000–3000 B.C.E. 3
Struggling with the Forces of Nature:
Mesopotamia, 3000–ca. 1000 B.C.E. 4
MAPPING THE PAST Mesopotamia and Egypt,
ca. 2000 B.C.E. 5
The Origins of Western Civilization
Life in a Sumerian City
6
6
Gods and Goddesses of the River Valley 7
The Development of Writing
Laws and Justice
8
Indo-Europeans: New Contributions
in the Story of the West 9
9
Rule of the God-King: Ancient Egypt,
ca. 3100–1000 B.C.E. 10
Prosperity and Order: The Old Kingdom,
ca. 2700–2181 B.C.E. 10
Hieroglyphs: Sacred Writing
she07003_fm_i_xxxi.indd viii
11
Political Expansion: The New Kingdom,
1570–1085 B.C.E. 14
The Religious Experiment of Akhenaten,
ca. 1377–1360 B.C.E. 15
PAST LIVES Powerful Female Pharaoh, Hatshepsut
(r. 1473–1458 B.C.E.) 15
The Twilight of the Egyptian Empire,
1360–ca. 1000 B.C.E. 16
Peoples of the Mediterranean Coast,
ca. 1300–500 B.C.E. 16
The Phoenicians: Traders on the Sea 16
The People of the One God: Early Hebrew
History, 1500–900 B.C.E. 17
A Jealous God, 1300–587 B.C.E. 18
Judaism in Exile
19
EXPLORING THE PAST King Solomon Secures His
Realm’s Fortune 19
Terror and Benevolence: The Growth of
Empires, 1200–500 B.C.E. 20
8
Hittites Establish Their Empire
Changing Political Fortunes, ca. 2200–1570 B.C.E. 13
ART INVESTIGATION Egyptian Fresco,
ca. 1295–1186 B.C.E. 14
The Age of Iron 21
Rule by Terror: The Assyrians, 911–612 B.C.E. 22
Babylonian Rule, 612–539 B.C.E. 22
Rule by Tolerance: The Persian Empire,
ca. 550–330 B.C.E. 23
TIMELINE
SUMMARY
24
25
9/13/11 9:19 AM
Artistic Athens 42
THE CONTEST FOR
EXCELLENCE
2
Greece, 2000–338 B.C.E.
THE GADFLY OF ATHENS 27
The Rise and Fall of Ancient Heroes,
2000–800 B.C.E. 28
The Minoans, 2000–1450 B.C.E. 28
Mycenaean Civilization: The First
Greeks, 2000–1100 B.C.E. 30
From Dark Ages to Colonies 31
Emerging from the Dark: Heroic Beliefs and Values 32
Greek Theater: Exploring Complex
Moral Problems 43
EXPLORING THE PAST A Playwright Reflects on the
Meaning of Life 44
Destruction, Disillusion, and a Search for Meaning 44
The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E. 45
Philosophical Musings: Athens
Contemplates Defeat 46
Tragedy and Comedy: Innovations
in Greek Theater 47
Hippocrates and Medicine 47
The Aftermath of War, 404–338 B.C.E. 48
TIMELINE 48
SUMMARY 49
Heroic Values Preserved 32
The Family of the Gods 33
Studying the Material World 33
ART INVESTIGATION Ezekias, Suicide of Ajax,
Athenian Vase, ca. 450 B.C.E. 34
Life in the Greek Poleis 34
The Invention of Politics 35
The Heart of the Polis 35
Fears and Attachments in Greek Emotional Life 36
Athens: City of Democracy 36
EXPLORING THE PAST Theseus Founds the City
of Athens 37
Sparta: Model Military State 38
The Love of the Contest: Olympic Games 38
The Persian Wars, 490–479 B.C.E. 39
MAPPING THE PAST The Persian Wars,
490–479 B.C.E. 40
THEN & NOW The First Marathon 41
Herodotus: The Father of History 41
Greece Enters Its Classical Age, 479–336 B.C.E. 42
Athens Builds an Empire, 477–431 B.C.E. 42
THE POLEIS BECOME
COSMOPOLITAN
3
The Hellenistic World, 336–150 B.C.E.
A DISOBEDIENT DAUGHTER 51
The Conquest of the Poleis 52
Philip II: Military Genius 52
Death of the King 53
THEN & NOW Armor Made of Cloth 54
Alexander’s Conquests 54
A Young Ruler’s Legacy 55
The Successor Kingdoms, 323–ca. 100 B.C.E. 56
MAPPING THE PAST The Successor States After the
Death of Alexander, ca. 240 B.C.E. 57
Egypt Under the Ptolemies 57
The Seleucids Rule Asia 58
Antigonids in Greece 59
East Meets West in the Successor Kingdoms 60
Money in the New Cosmopolitan Economies 60
Armies of the Hellenistic World 61
A True Cultural Blending? 61
Struggles and Successes: Life in the
Cosmopolitan Cities 62
EXPLORING THE PAST Cities Celebrate Professional
Women 63
Patronage, Planning, and Passion: Hellenistic Art 64
Resistance to Hellenism: Judaism, 323–76 B.C.E. 65
ART INVESTIGATION Laocoön and His Two Sons,
25 B.C.E. 65
The Search for Truth: Hellenistic Thought,
Religion, and Science 66
A Life of Learning 67
Theater and Literature 67
EXPLORING THE PAST Judas Maccabeus Liberates
Jerusalem 67
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Cynics, Epicureans, and Stoics:
Cosmopolitan Philosophy 68
New Religions of Hope 69
Hellenistic Science 70
70
TIMELINE
SUMMARY
71
4
PRIDE IN FAMILY
AND CITY
Rome from Its Origins Through the
Republic, 753–44 B.C.E.
73
ROME SAVED BY A FARMER
The Rise of Rome, 753–265 B.C.E. 74
74
The Etruscan Influence
The Roman Monarchy, ca. 753–509 B.C.E.
75
Governing an Emerging Republic, 509–287 B.C.E.
Informal Governance: Patrons and Clients
TERRITORIAL AND
CHRISTIAN EMPIRES
EXPLORING THE PAST The Power of Public
Opinion 77
Dominating the Italian Peninsula
78
The Roman Empire, 31 B.C.E.–410 C.E.
MAPPING THE PAST Rome During the Republic
Family Life and City Life
Loyalty to the Family
Life in the City
79
A DEVOTED WIFE PROTECTS HER HUSBAND
80
A Pious, Practical People
The Pax Romana, 27 B.C.E.–180 C.E.
80
80
THEN & NOW Army Rations
81
Challenges to the Principate, 69–193 C.E. 99
81
ART INVESTIGATION Trajan’s Column 82
82
The Romans’ Victorious Army
Life During the Peace of Rome
85
86
Economic Disparity and Social Unrest
The Problem with Population 103
86
THEN & NOW Gym Habits
Concrete: A New Building Material 87
The Twilight of the Republic, 133–44 B.C.E.
The Reforms of the Gracchi, 133–123 B.C.E.
The Games
89
89
EXPLORING THE PAST Tiberius Gracchus Cries Out
Against Injustice 89
Populares vs. Optimates: The Eruption
of Civil Wars, 123–46 B.C.E. 90
SUMMARY
93
91
92
104
Sexual and Medical Misunderstandings 104
88
Latin Literature, 240–44 B.C.E.
The Roman Republic Ends
103
A New Decadence 103
PAST LIVES An African Playwright
Julius Caesar, 100–44 B.C.E.
MAPPING THE PAST The Roman Empire,
44 B.C.E.–284 C.E. 101
A Vibrant, Far-Flung Empire 101
Wars of the Mediterranean 82
92
96
EXPLORING THE PAST Augustus Tallies His
Accomplishments 97
Expansion and Transformation, 265–133 B.C.E.
TIMELINE
95
A New Form of Governing 97
80
An Influx of Slaves
5
76
77
105
ART INVESTIGATION Wall Painting from a Baker’s
Shop in Pompeii, ca. 70 C.E. 105
Crisis and Transformation, 192–ca. 400 C.E.
107
The Military Monarchy 107
Ravaged by Recession, Inflation, and Plague
107
The Reforms of Diocletian, 285–305 C.E. 108
The Capital Moves East 110
The Longing for Religious Fulfillment
111
Stoicism and Platonism 111
Mystery Cults 111
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The Four Faces of Judaism 112
Rise and Fall of a Frankish Dynasty, ca. 485–750 129
The Jesus Movement 113
Accomplishments and Destruction
in Italy, ca. 490–750 130
Early Christian Communities 114
The Visigoths in Spain, 418–711 131
From Christian Persecution to the
City of God, 64–410 C.E. 115
The Growing Power of the Popes 131
Looking for Christian Scapegoats 115
Monasteries: Peaceful Havens 132
EXPLORING THE PAST Titus Destroys Jerusalem 115
The Byzantine Empire, ca. 400–1000 133
Constantine: The Tolerant Emperor 116
Justinian and Theodora, r. 527–565 134
The Empire Adopts Christianity 116
Constantinople: The Vibrant City 135
The New Roman 118
ART INVESTIGATION Mosaics in San Vitale, Ravenna,
Italy, 548 136
The Influence of Holy People
120
Military Might and Diplomatic Dealings 136
TIMELINE 120
MAPPING THE PAST Justinian’s Conquests, 554
SUMMARY 121
137
Breaking Away from the West 138
Converting the Slavs, 560–ca. 1000 139
Islam, 600–1000 140
The Prophet 140
The Religion 141
The Spread of Islam 141
EXPLORING THE PAST Christians Accept Caliph
Umar’s Terms 143
Creating an Islamic Unity 144
The Gracious Life 144
Forces of Disunity 145
Heirs to Hellenistic Learning 146
Islam and the West 147
TIMELINE 146
SUMMARY 147
THE STRUGGLE TO
BRING ORDER
7
The Early Middle Ages, ca. 750–1000
6
A WORLD DIVIDED
Western Kingdoms, Byzantium, and
the Islamic World, ca. 376–1000
A CAROLINGIAN FAMILY TRAGEDY 149
Bringing Order with Laws and Leadership 150
Anglo-Saxon England: Forwarding Learning and Law 151
The Venerable Bede: Recording
Science and History 151
EXPLORING THE PAST The Visigoths Lay Down the
Laws 152
THE BESIEGED BISHOP 123
Governing the Kingdom 153
The Making of the Western Kingdoms, ca. 376–750 124
Alfred the Great: King and Scholar 153
ART INVESTIGATION Saint Matthew, from a Gospel
Book, ca. 700 154
THEN & NOW Growth Spurt 125
Germanic Clothing and Food 125
Charlemagne and the Carolingians:
A New European Empire 154
Heroic Society 126
Infiltrating the Roman Empire, 376–476
126
EXPLORING THE PAST The Huns Menace Rome 128
Did Rome “Fall”? 128
Charlemagne’s Kingdom
155
MAPPING THE PAST The Empire of Charlemagne,
ca. 800 156
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Linking Politics and Religion 156
Negotiating with Byzantium and Islam 157
An Intellectual Rebirth 157
Struggle for Order in the Church 158
ORDER RESTORED
Monasteries Contribute to an Ordered World 158
Order Interrupted: Vikings and Other Invaders 159
Competing for the Realm: Charlemagne’s
Descendants 159
“The Wrath of the Northmen”:
Scandinavian Life and Values 160
Viking Travels and Conquests 161
An Age of Invasions: Assessing the Legacy 162
Manors and Feudal Ties: Order Emerging
from Chaos 163
Peasants and Lords: Mutual Obligations
on the Medieval Manor 164
Noble Warriors: Feudal Obligations
Among the Elite 165
Merriment, Marriage, and Medicine:
A Noble’s Life 166
EXPLORING THE PAST Feudal Relationships Grow
Complex 167
THEN & NOW Testing Urine Samples 168
TIMELINE 168
SUMMARY 169
8
The High Middle Ages, 1000–1300
A CHIVALROUS KNIGHT 171
Those Who Work: Agricultural Labor 172
Harnessing the Power of Water and Wind 172
New Agricultural Techniques 172
The Population Doubles 173
ART INVESTIGATION King Oswald with His Bishop
Aiden, ca. 1200 173
THEN & NOW Environmental Destruction 174
Those Outside the Order: Town Life 174
Communes and Guilds: Life in a Medieval Town 174
The Widening Web of Trade 175
The Glory of God: Church Architecture 177
The Rise of Universities 177
Scholasticism: The Height of Medieval Philosophy 179
Discovering the Physical World 180
PAST LIVES Ramón Lull (ca. 1232–1316), Scholar and
Overzealous Missionary to the Muslims 181
Those Who Fight: Nobles and Knights 182
Castles: Medieval Homes and Havens 182
The Ideals of Chivalry 182
In Praise of Romantic Love 183
The Rise of Centralized Monarchies 184
England: From Conquest to Parliament 184
The Spanish Reconquer Their Lands 185
MAPPING THE PAST Christian Expansion in Iberia 186
France and Its Patient Kings 187
The Myth of Universal Rule:
The Holy Roman Empire 187
Those Who Pray: Imperial Popes and
Expanding Christendom 188
A Call for Church Reform 188
The Investiture Controversy 189
The Byzantine Empire Struggles 190
Christians on the March: The Crusades, 1096–1291 190
EXPLORING THE PAST Princess Anna Komnene Writes
of Byzantium’s Troubles 191
EXPLORING THE PAST A Professor Advertises His Law
Lectures 194
Criticism of the Church 194
The Church Accommodates: Franciscans
and Dominicans 195
The Church Suppresses: The Albigensian
Crusade and the Inquisition 195
TIMELINE 196
SUMMARY 197
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THE WEST
STRUGGLES AND
EASTERN EMPIRES
FLOURISH
9
The Late Middle Ages, ca. 1300–1500
AGNOLO THE FAT SURVIVES THE PLAGUE 199
Economic and Social Misery 200
Famine 200
The Black Death: A Pandemic Strikes 200
Peasants and Townspeople Revolt 202
Imperial Papacy Besieged 203
EXPLORING THE PAST Cannibalism in the French
Countryside 203
Popes Move to Avignon 204
Things Get Worse: The Great Schism 204
The Conciliar Movement 204
New Critics of the Church 205
More Destruction: The Hundred
Years’ War, 1337–1453 206
England vs. France 206
THEN & NOW Killing from a Distance 207
MAPPING THE PAST The Hundred Years’ War,
1337–1453 208
Joan of Arc 208
Results of the War 209
Responses to the Disruption of Medieval Order 209
William of Ockham Reconsiders Scholasticism 209
A NEW SPIRIT IN
THE WEST
A SHEPHERD LEARNS TO PAINT 219
A New Spirit Emerges: Individualism,
Realism, and Activism 220
New Literary Giants 210
Why Italy? 221
ART INVESTIGATION Illumination from a Book
of Hours, fifteenth century 211
A Multifaceted Movement 221
Empires in the East 212
Eastern Universalism:
The Mongols 212
EXPLORING THE PAST
A Franciscan Missionary
Goes to China 214
10
The Renaissance, ca. 1300–1640
Humanism: The Path to Self-Improvement 222
The Generosity of Patrons: Supporting New Ideas 223
The Invention of the Printing Press:
Spreading New Ideas 223
The Politics of Individual Effort 224
The Italian City-States 224
The Ottoman Empire,
1300–1566 214
Florence: Birthplace of the Renaissance 224
Russia: The Third Rome 216
EXPLORING THE PAST Friar Savonarola Ignites a
“Bonfire of the Vanities” 226
TIMELINE 216
SUMMARY 217
MAPPING THE PAST Italy, in 1454 225
Venice: The Serene Republic? 227
Milan and Naples: Two Principalities 228
The Papal States 228
The Art of Diplomacy 229
Individualism as Self-Interest: Life
During the Renaissance 230
Growing Intolerance 230
Economic Boom Times 231
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Slavery Revived 231
Finding Comfort in Family 232
Children’s Lives 232
An Age of Talent and Beauty: Renaissance
Culture and Science 233
Artists and Artisans 233
Architecture: Echoing the Human Form 234
Sculpture Comes into Its Own 235
ART INVESTIGATION Raphael, School of Athens,
1510–1511 236
Painting from a New Perspective 236
Celestial Music of Human Emotions 237
Science or Pseudoscience? 237
Leonardo da Vinci: The “Renaissance Man” 237
Renaissance of the “New Monarchies”
of the North, 1453–1640 238
France: Under the Italian Influence 239
EXPLORING THE PAST A Courtier Describes a
Suspicious King—Louis the Spider 239
English Humanism 240
THEN & NOW Pyrotechnics in the Theater 241
Renaissance London: A Booming City 241
England’s Pride: William Shakespeare 242
TIMELINE 242
Anabaptists: The Radical Reformers 254
SUMMARY 243
Calvinism and the Growing Middle Class 254
Henry VIII and the English Church 255
“ALONE
BEFORE GOD”
11
Religious Reform and
Warfare, 1500–1648
A WOMAN PREACHER IN GENEVA 245
The Clash of Dynasties, 1515–1555 246
The Changing Rules of Warfare 246
Winners and Losers 248
The Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521–1544 248
A Tide of Religious Reform 249
The Best Path to Salvation? 249
Desiderius Erasmus: “Prince of Humanists” 249
EXPLORING THE PAST Germans Rage Against Papal
Exploitation 250
Luther’s Revolution 250
ART INVESTIGATION Jorg Breu, The Sale of
Indulgences, ca. 1530 251
Protestant Religious Ideas 252
The Catholic Reformation 258
The Stirring of Reform in Spain 258
The Society of Jesus 259
EXPLORING THE PAST Ignatius Loyola Argues for
Education as a Solution 260
The Council of Trent, 1545–1563 260
Catholics on the Offense 261
Europe Erupts Again: A Century of
Religious Warfare, 1559–1648 262
French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598 262
A “Council of Blood” in the
Netherlands, 1566–1609 263
THEN & NOW Cannon Fire 264
The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 264
Peace at Westphalia 265
Life After the Reformation 265
MAPPING THE PAST Europe, 1648 266
New Definitions of Courtship and Marriage 266
Forging a Link Between Education and Work 267
Anxiety and Spiritual Insecurity 267
Searching for Scapegoats: The Hunt for Witches 268
The Reformed Church Takes Root in Germany 252
TIMELINE 268
Bringing Reform to the States in Switzerland 253
SUMMARY 269
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North American Contacts 282
FAITH, FORTUNE,
AND FAME
12
European Expansion, 1450–1700
FRIGHTENED SAILORS “DOUBLE THE CAPE” 271
The World Imagined 272
The World Discovered 272
Fame, Fortune, and Faith: The Drive to Explore 273
New Technologies and Travel 273
The Portuguese Race for the East, 1418–1600 274
Spain’s Westward Discoveries, 1492–1522 275
ART INVESTIGATION Columbus’s Discoveries 276
The Northern Europeans Join the Race, 1497–1650 277
EXPLORING THE PAST Amerigo Vespucci Describes
the New World 277
Confrontation of Cultures 278
Life and Death Under European Rule, 1550–1700 282
THEN & NOW “. . . and a Bottle of Rum” 283
The African Slave Trade 283
Gathering Souls in the New Lands 285
The World Market and Commercial Revolution 286
High Prices and Profits: Trading on the World Stage 286
The Rise of Commercial Capitalism 287
EXPLORING THE PAST Thomas Mun Praises
Trade 288
Mercantilism: Controlling the Balance of Trade 288
The Growth of Banking 289
The Danger of Overspending: Spain
Learns a Lesson 289
PAST LIVES Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), Naturalist,
Artist, and Traveler 290
Redefining Work Roles 290
Piracy: Banditry on a World Scale, 1550–1700 291
The World Transformed 292
The Original Americans South of the Rio Grande 278
European Culture Spreads 292
The Original Northern Americans 279
European Culture Transformed 292
MAPPING THE PAST Indigenous Peoples and Empires
in the Americas, ca. 1500 280
A New Worldview 293
Early Contacts 281
Conquest of the Great Empires, 1520–1550 281
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TIMELINE 294
SUMMARY 295
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THE STRUGGLE
FOR SURVIVAL AND
SOVEREIGNTY
13
Europe’s Social and Political
Order, 1600–1715
THE KING’S SOLDIERS STRIKE BACK 297
Stresses in Traditional Society 298
Mounting Demands on Rural Life 298
Pressures on the Upper Orders 299
ART INVESTIGATION Louis le Nain, The Cart,
1641 300
Royal Absolutism in France 301
Henry IV Secures the Monarchy 301
Richelieu Elevates Royal Authority 301
Mazarin Overcomes the Opposition 302
The Sun King Rises 302
EXPLORING THE PAST Louis XIV Describes
Monarchical Rights and Duties 303
MAPPING THE PAST France Under Louis XIV,
1661–1715 306
The Struggle for Sovereignty in Eastern Europe 307
Centralizing the State in Brandenburg-Prussia 307
Austria Confronts the Ottomans and
Expands Its Control 308
Russia and Its Tsars Gain Prominence 309
The Victory of the Nobility in Poland 311
The Triumph of Constitutionalism 312
The Nobility Loses Respect 312
Protestantism Revitalized 313
James I Invokes the Divine Right of Kings 313
Charles I Alienates Parliament 314
THEN & NOW Women at War 315
“God Made Men and the Devil Made
Kings”: Civil War, 1642–1649 315
EXPLORING THE PAST A Leveller Condemns the
Wealthy 316
The King Laid Low 316
A Puritan Republic Is Born: The
Commonwealth, 1649–1660 317
A NEW WORLD
OF REASON
AND REFORM
14
The Scientific Revolution and the
Enlightenment, 1600–1800
QUESTIONING TRUTH AND AUTHORITY 325
Undermining the Medieval View of the Universe 326
Developing a Modern Scientific View 327
Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton 327
EXPLORING THE PAST Kepler and Galileo Exchange
Letters About Science 329
The Revolution Spreads: Medicine,
Anatomy, and Chemistry 330
The Methodology of Science Emerges 331
Supporting and Spreading Science 332
Courts and Salons 332
The Rise of Royal Societies 333
Religion and the New Science 333
The New Worldview 333
Laying the Foundations for the Enlightenment 334
Science Popularized 334
Skepticism and Religion 335
Broadening Criticism of Authority and Tradition 336
The Enlightenment in Full Stride 336
The Philosophes 336
EXPLORING THE PAST Condorcet Lauds the Power of
Reason 337
The Encyclopedia 338
Who Has the Power to Rule? 318
Battling the Church 338
The Monarchy Restored, 1660–1688 318
Reforming Society 339
The Glorious Revolution 319
THEN & NOW The Literati 340
Royalism Reconsidered: John Locke 320
ART INVESTIGATION Léonard Defrance, At the Shield
of Minerva, 1781 341
The Netherlands Maintain a Republic 320
TIMELINE 322
SUMMARY 323
The Culture and Spread of the Enlightenment 342
TIMELINE 342
SUMMARY 343
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COMPETING FOR
POWER AND WEALTH
15
The Old Regime, 1715–1789
A KING WARNS ABOUT WAR 345
Statebuilding and Rising Ambitions 346
MAPPING THE PAST Europe, 1721 347
EXPLORING THE PAST Landlords and Serfs in
Russia 348
Warfare in the Eighteenth Century 350
Western Europe and the Great Colonial Rivalry 351
THEN & NOW Financial Crisis in the West 353
EXPLORING THE PAST Olaudah Equiano Describes the
Middle Passage 355
Moving into the Modern World 356
The Twilight of Monarchies? The Question
of Enlightened Absolutism 357
Changes in Country and City Life 359
The Agricultural Revolution 359
Manufacturing Spreads in the Countryside:
Cottage Industry 360
More People, Longer Lives 361
Deepening Misery for the Poor 362
Prosperity and the Bourgeoisie 362
The Culture of the Elite: Combining
the Old and the New 363
The Advent of the Modern Novel 363
Pride and Sentiment in Art and Architecture 363
ART INVESTIGATION Jean-Baptiste Greuze,
The Father’s Curse, ca. 1778 364
Reaching New Heights in Music 364
The Grand Tour 365
PAST LIVES Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
(1756–1791) 365
OVERTURNING THE
POLITICAL AND
SOCIAL ORDER
16
The French Revolution and
Napoleon, 1789–1815
TROUBLE BREWING IN FRANCE 371
The Collapse of the Old Order 372
The Underlying Causes of the Revolution 372
The Tennis Court Oath 374
Storming the Bastille 375
The End of the Old Order 376
The Constitutional Monarchy:
Establishing a New Order 377
EXPLORING THE PAST New Laws End the Feudal
System in France 377
The King Discredited 378
Reactions Outside France 378
To the Radical Republic and Back 379
War and the Breakdown of Order 379
EXPLORING THE PAST The Jacobins’ Revolutionary
Politics 380
Radical Republicans Struggle for Power 380
The Terror 381
The Republic of Virtue 382
THEN & NOW Terrorist Activities 383
The Revolution Spreads Outside of France 383
Resistance to the Republic Rises 384
Reaction: The “White” Terror and the Directory 385
Napoleon Bonaparte 385
Napoleon’s Rise to Power 385
MAPPING THE PAST France and Its Sister
Republics 386
Culture for the Lower Classes 366
Festivals, Popular Literature, and Drink 366
Religious Revivals 366
Foreshadowing Upheaval: The American Revolution 367
Insults, Interests, and Principles:
The Seeds of Revolt 367
A War for Independence 368
Creating the New Nation 368
TIMELINE 368
SUMMARY 369
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Napoleon Consolidates Control 386
Reforming France 387
Creating the Empire 387
War and Conquest 388
The Impact Overseas 389
Decline and Fall 390
ART INVESTIGATION Francisco de Goya,
The Executions of the Third of May, 1808 391
TIMELINE 392
SUMMARY 393
FACTORIES, CITIES,
AND FAMILIES IN THE
INDUSTRIAL AGE
17
The Industrial Revolution, 1780–1850
A MERCHANT FAMILY RISES,
A RAILROAD WORKER FALLS 395
The Industrial Revolution Begins 396
EXPLORING THE PAST A Middle-Class Reformer
Describes Workers’ Housing 408
A Booming Commercial Economy in the West 396
The Promise and Pitfalls of Work in the Cities 408
Britain’s Unique Set of Advantages 396
Living with Urban Growth 408
A Revolution in Agriculture 398
Worrying About Urban Society: Rising Crime 409
New Markets, Machines, and Power 398
Public Health and Medicine in the Industrial Age 410
The Rising Demand for Goods 398
The Danger of Disease 410
Cotton Leads the Way 399
Seeking Medical Care 411
Iron: New Processes Transform Production 399
Promising Developments for Public Health 412
The Steam Engine and the Factory System 399
Family Ideals and Realities 413
Coal: Fueling the Revolution 400
Middle-Class Ideals: Affection, Children, and Privacy 413
Railroads: Carrying Industrialization
Across the Land 401
Separate Spheres: Changing Roles for
Middle-Class Women and Men 414
EXPLORING THE PAST Andrew Ure Defends Industrial
Capitalism 401
Working-Class Realities 415
ART INVESTIGATION William Powell Frith, The Railway
Station, 1862 402
THEN & NOW Office Hours 416
Britain’s Triumph: The Crystal Palace Exhibition 402
Prostitution 415
Stress and Survival in the Working Classes 417
Industrialization Spreads to the Continent 403
TIMELINE 416
Balancing the Benefits and Burdens
of Industrialization 404
SUMMARY 417
The Middle Class 404
MAPPING THE PAST The Industrial Revolution in
Europe, 1850 405
The Working Classes 405
Developing Working-Class Consciousness 407
Life in the Growing Cities 407
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COPING WITH
CHANGE
18
Ideology, Politics, and
Revolution, 1815–1850
A GATHERING OF VICTORS 419
The Congress of Vienna 420
The Concert of Europe: Securing the
Vienna Settlement 420
Ideologies: How the World Should Be 421
MAPPING THE PAST Europe, 1815 422
NATIONALISM AND
STATEBUILDING
19
Unifying Nations, 1850–1870
BUILDING UNIFIED NATION-STATES 445
The Drive for Italian Unification 446
EXPLORING THE PAST Garibaldi Appeals to Italians for
Support 447
ART INVESTIGATION Garibaldi Landing in Sicily 448
Germany “By Blood and Iron” 448
THEN & NOW National Pride 450
Conservatism: Restoring the Traditional Order 422
The Fight for National Unity in North America 452
Liberalism: Individual Freedom and Political Reform 423
Divided Authority in the Austrian
and Ottoman Empires 453
EXPLORING THE PAST A Conservative Theorist
Attacks Political Reform 423
PAST LIVES John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) & Harriet
Taylor (1807–1858) 425
Nationalism: A Common Identity and
National Liberation 426
Using Nationalism in France and Russia 454
Napoleon III and the Second Empire 454
MAPPING THE PAST The Decline of the Ottoman
Empire, 1683–1914 455
PAST LIVES Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) 456
Romanticism: Freedom, Instinct, and Spontaneity 426
Alexander II and Russia 456
ART INVESTIGATION Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Medieval
Town on a River, 1815 428
EXPLORING THE PAST A Serf Reacts to the Russian
Emancipation Proclamation 457
Early Socialism: Ending Competition and Inequities 429
“Scientific Socialism”: Karl Marx and
The Communist Manifesto 430
TIMELINE 458
SUMMARY 458
Restoration and Repression 431
The Return of the Bourbons in France 431
Reaction and Repression in the German States 432
Restoration in Italy 432
Conservatism in Russia 433
Holding the Line in Great Britain 433
A Wave of Revolution and Reform 434
The Greek War for Independence 434
Liberal Triumphs in Western Europe 435
Testing Authority in Eastern and Southern Europe 435
Liberal Demands in Great Britain 435
The Dam Bursts, 1848 437
The “Glory Days” 437
THEN & NOW Student Revolutionaries 439
EXPLORING THE PAST German Liberals and
Nationalists Rally for Reform 440
The Return to Order 440
What Happened? 441
TIMELINE 442
SUMMARY 443
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.
THEN & NOW Drug Trafficking 478
Establishing Control in Asia 478
The Legacy of Imperialism 481
TIMELINE 482
SUMMARY 483
MODERN LIFE AND
THE CULTURE OF
PROGRESS
21
Western Society, 1850–1914
MASS POLITICS
AND IMPERIAL
DOMINATION
20
Democracy and the New
Imperialism, 1870–1914
A PLACE IN THE SUN 461
Demands for Democracy 462
Liberal Democracy in Western Europe 462
For and Against Democracy in Central
and Eastern Europe 464
Insiders and Outsiders: Politics of the Extremes 465
The Spread of Unions 465
Socialism Gains Strength 466
Anarchism: Freedom from All Authority 466
Anti-Semitism and Ultranationalism 467
Still Outsiders: Women, Feminism,
and the Right to Vote 468
Emigration: Overseas and Across Continents 469
ART INVESTIGATION Eugène Laermans,
The Emigrants, 1896 470
Leaving Europe 470
The New Imperialism: The Race for Africa and Asia 471
EXPLORING THE PAST Kaiser William II Links
Nationalism and Imperialism 471
EXPLORING THE PAST Economics and Imperialism
in Africa 472
Money and Glory 472
The Tools of Conquest 473
The Scramble for Africa 474
MAPPING THE PAST
Imperialism in Africa, ca. 1885 475
Imperialism in Africa, 1914 476
URBAN SPRAWL 485
The Second Industrial Revolution 486
Steel Leads the Way 486
New Transportation and Communication Networks 487
The Birth of Big Business 487
The Lure of Shopping 487
Winners and Losers in the Race for Wealth 488
The New Urban Landscape 488
Rebuilding Cities 489
Sewers and Subways 489
City People 489
On Top of It All: The Urban Elite 489
Pride and Success: The “Solid” Middle Class 490
Hardworking and Hopeful: The Lower Middle Class 491
The “Other Half”: The Working Classes 491
ART INVESTIGATION Léon Frédéric, The Stages of a
Worker’s Life, 1895–1897 492
What to Do About “Them” 492
Building Character Through Athletics 492
The New Tourist 493
Private Life: Together and Alone at Home 493
Family: The Promise of Happiness 493
EXPLORING THE PAST Beeton’s Guide for
Women 494
A Home of One’s Own 494
Poor Housing 495
Intimacy and Morality 495
Sexual Realities 496
Psychic Stress and Alcoholism 496
Science in an Age of Optimism 497
Science, Evolution, and Religion 497
THEN & NOW Science Majors 498
EXPLORING THE PAST Walter Bagehot on Natural
Selection and Human History 499
Mysteries of the Material and Human World 500
Germs, Cures, and Health Care 500
Culture: Accepting the Modern World 501
Realism and Naturalism: The Details of Social Life 502
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Impressionism: Celebrating Modern Life 503
From Optimism to Uncertainty 503
Everything Is Relative 504
Sex, Conflict, and the Unconscious 504
Fear of Social Disintegration 504
MAPPING THE PAST World War I 514
Slaughter and Stalemate on the Western Front 514
THEN & NOW Modern Warfare 516
Victory and Defeat on the Eastern
and Southern Fronts 516
The War Spreads Across the Globe 517
Disenchantment Sets In 505
Art Turns Inward 505
War on the Home Front 518
TIMELINE 506
Mobilizing Resources 518
SUMMARY 507
New Gender Roles 518
Maintaining the Effort 519
ART INVESTIGATION Let Us Never Forget 519
To the Bitter End 520
Assessing the Losses 521
The Peace Settlement 521
PAST LIVES Käthe Kollwitz (1867–1945) 522
Versailles: A Victors’ Peace 523
Redrawing the Map of Europe 523
EXPLORING THE PAST In the Trenches and
Beyond 524
Legacy of the Peace Treaty 524
Revolutions in Russia 526
The First Warnings, 1905 526
The Fall of the Tsar 526
The Provisional Government 527
The Rise of the Bolsheviks 528
Communism and Civil War 529
TIMELINE 530
SUMMARY 531
DARKENING
DECADES
DESCENDING INTO
THE TWENTIETH
CENTURY
22
World War and Revolution, 1914–1920
23
Recovery, Dictators, and
Depression, 1920–1939
LIBERATION, LOSS, AND REALITY 533
Trying to Recover from the Great War, 1919–1929 534
The Victors Hold On 534
Continuing Crises in Germany 535
Conciliation and a Glimpse of Prosperity 535
The Roaring Twenties? 536
ASSASSINATION IN SARAJEVO 509
On the Path to Total War 510
Rivalries and Alliances 510
Crises in the Balkans 511
The Front Lines 512
Off to Battle 512
The Anxious Twenties 538
Turning Away from Democracy: Dictatorships
and Fascism, 1919–1929 538
Authoritarianism in East-Central Europe 539
The Rise of Fascism in Italy 539
Transforming the Soviet Union, 1920–1939 541
The Schlieffen Plan 513
Lenin’s Compromise: The NEP 541
EXPLORING THE PAST A Russian Socialist Supports
the War Effort 513
The Struggle to Succeed Lenin 542
Stalin’s Five-Year Plans 542
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.
War in North Africa and the Balkans 561
Operation Barbarossa: Germany
Invades the Soviet Union 561
Japan Attacks 562
Behind the Lines: The Struggle and the Horror 562
EXPLORING THE PAST Stalin Collectivizes
Agriculture 544
Blood and Terror: The Great Purges 545
The Great Depression, 1929–1939 545
Crash! 545
THEN & NOW Government Interference 546
In the Teeth of the Depression 546
Searching for Solutions 546
Nazism in Germany 547
The Young Adolf Hitler 547
The Birth of Nazism in Germany’s Postwar Years 547
EXPLORING THE PAST Goebbels’s Nazi Propaganda
Pamphlet 548
The Growth of the Nazi Party 548
The Appeal of Nazism 549
Hitler Takers Power 549
Life in Nazi Germany 550
ART INVESTIGATION Felix Nussbaum, Self-Portrait with
Jewish Identity Card, 1943 551
Rebuilding and Rearming the New Germany 552
TIMELINE 552
MAPPING THE PAST World War II in Europe 563
The Holocaust 563
Collaboration and Resistance 565
EXPLORING THE PAST The Nazi Death Camps 566
Mobilizing the Home Fronts 566
THEN & NOW Nontraditional Careers 567
Turning the Tide of War, 1942–1945 567
The Eastern Front and the Battle of Stalingrad 567
The Southern Fronts 568
The Western Front 568
The War in the Pacific 569
EXPLORING THE PAST “We Shall Plunge into Enemy
Ships” 570
Peace and the Legacy of War 570
The Settlement 571
The Legacy of War 571
TIMELINE 572
SUMMARY 573
SUPERPOWER
STRUGGLES AND
GLOBAL
TRANSFORMATIONS
25
The Cold War, 1945–1980s
“ANOTHER WORLD” 575
SUMMARY 553
Origins of the Cold War 576
The Heart of the Cold War 576
INTO THE
FIRE AGAIN
24
The Global Impact of the Cold War 578
World War II, 1939–1945
HOPES CRASHED INTO RUINS 555
The Road to War, 1931–1939 556
International Affairs Break Down 556
Civil War in Spain 557
Trying to Cope with Germany 557
ART INVESTIGATION Pablo Picasso, Guernica,
1937 557
Axis Victories, 1939–1942 559
Triumph of the German Blitzkrieg 560
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MAPPING THE PAST Europe During the Cold War 579
ART INVESTIGATION Wolf Vostell, Miss America,
1968 582
Détente 583
East and West: Two Paths to Recovery in Europe 583
Tight Control in the Soviet Union
and Eastern Europe 583
Parliamentary Politics and Prosperity in
the Western Democracies 585
EXPLORING THE PAST A Warning About the United
States 586
Assessing the Paths Taken 587
The Twilight of Colonialism 588
Revolts in Southern Asia 589
Conflict in the Middle East 589
Liberating Africa 590
A Sense of Relativity in Thought and Culture 591
Existentialism: Responsibility and Despair 592
A Culture of Contrasts and Criticism 593
Protests, Problems, and New Politics:
The 1960s to the 1980s 594
A Flurry of Social Protests and Movements 594
EXPLORING THE PAST An Oxford Student Explains
Revolutionary Attitudes 595
Stagnant Growth and Rising Inflation 596
The New Political Landscape 597
Postindustrial Society 598
Changing Fortunes in the Postindustrial Society 598
The Baby Boom and the Booming Cities 599
The Shifting Foundations of Family and Private Life 599
The “Sexual Revolution” and the Youth Culture 600
Breakthroughs in Science 600
THEN & NOW Computer Technology 601
From the Universe Above to the Universe Within 601
The Information Revolution 601
Transforming Medicine 601
TIMELINE 602
SUMMARY 603
INTO THE TWENTYFIRST CENTURY
26
The Present in Perspective
OPENING A NEW ERA 605
The Collapse of Communism 606
Undermining Communism in the Soviet Union 606
Gorbachev Launches Reforms 607
Revolutions in Eastern Europe 608
The Soviet Union Disintegrates 610
EXPLORING THE PAST The End of the Cold War 611
Life After the Collapse of Communism 612
Nationalism Unleashed 613
Repercussion and Realignments in the West 615
The United States Unchallenged
and Germany Rising 615
Politics Shift to the Right 615
Toward European Integration 616
The World and the West from a Global Perspective 617
East Asia and the Rise of the Pacific Rim 618
The Challenge of Islam 618
International Terrorism and War 619
MAPPING THE PAST The Middle East and Iraq,
2003 620
THEN & NOW Terrorist Activities 622
Upheavals in North Africa and the Middle East 623
Across Borders: Cultural Conflict and Convergence 624
Beyond Borders: Uncertainty and
Opportunity in a Shrinking World 625
EXPLORING THE PAST The Copenhagen Accord on
Climate Change 627
ART INVESTIGATION Charles Michael Helmken,
Loveaidspeople, 1989 629
TIMELINE 630
SUMMARY 631
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
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