The Consumption and Consequences of Alcohol and Drugs
in Allen County
A County Epidemiological Profile
2009
Drug & Alcohol Consortium of Allen
County
532 West Jefferson Blvd
Fort Wayne, IN 46802
(260) 422-8412
Fax: (260) 423-1733
[email protected]
www.dacac.org
The Consumption and Consequences
of Alcohol and Drugs in Allen County:
A County Epidemiological Profile 2009
Developed by the Research/Local Epidemiology and
Outcomes Workgroup, 2009
Our Vision
∗ A community culture of invested organizations replicating their own
SPF activities at the front lines
∗ All primary, secondary, and higher education to install evidencebased prevention into their curricula
∗ Serving, educating, enjoining, and facilitating targeted corporations to
install evidence-based prevention and intervention programs
∗ A community intolerance of under-aged and binge drinking by youth
∗ A 50% reduction in under-aged and binge drinking by 2020
Our Mission
To reduce substance use and abuse among youth and young adults in
Allen County.
Published by the Drug & Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
2
Allen County Strategic Prevention Framework
Advisory Council
Paula Hughes, Chair
Council Member, District 2
Allen County Council
Deborah McMahan, M.D.
Health Commissioner
Allen County – Fort Wayne Department of Health
Dick Conklin
Executive Director
Tobacco Free Allen County
Sharon Mejeur
Vice-President of Student Life
University of St. Francis
Andrew Downs, PhD
Director
Mike Downs Center for Indiana Politics
Indiana-Purdue University at Fort Wayne
Wyatt Mullinax
Commissioner, Drug-Free Indiana
Indiana Criminal Justice Institute
Honorable Thomas Felts
Judge
Allen County Circuit Court
Marty Pastura
President/CEO
YMCA of Greater Fort Wayne
Loren Fifer
District 4 Representative, Vice-President
Indiana Beverage Commission
Jerry Peterson
President/CEO
United Way of Allen County
Kenneth Fries
Sheriff
Allen County Sheriff’s Department
Denise Porter-Ross
Mayor’s Northeast Area Advocate
City of Fort Wayne
Honorable Frances Gull
Judge
Allen Superior Court
Kirk Ray
Chief Executive Officer
St. Joseph Hospital
Sister Elise Kriss
President
University of St. Francis
Jonathan Ray
Executive Director
Fort Wayne Urban League
Melissa Long
Commissioner, Drug-Free Indiana
Indiana Criminal Justice Institute
Paul Wilson
President/CEO
Park Center
George McClellan, PhD
Vice-Chancellor for Student Affairs
Indiana-Purdue University at Fort Wayne
Rusty York
Chief
Fort Wayne Police Department
3
Allen County Epidemiology and
Outcomes Workgroup (LEOW)
Andrew Downs, PhD, Chair
Director
Mike Downs Center for Indiana Politics
Indiana Purdue University at Fort Wayne
Timothy Miller
Court Administrator
Allen County Circuit Court
Greg Barnes
Executive Director
Youth Services Bureau
Kelly Sickafoose
Northeast Region Community Consultant
Indiana Criminal Justice Institute
Governor’s Commission Drug-Free Indiana
Kim Churchward
Director, Criminal Division Services
Allen Superior Court
Paul Spoelhof
Manager of GIS/Special Projects
City of Fort Wayne
Kevin Corey
Captain
Fort Wayne Police Department
Kellie Turner
SPF-SIG Program Director Projects
Drug & Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
Amy DiNovo Hathaway
SPF-SIG Administrative Assistant
Drug & Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
Jeff Yoder
Assistant Director, Criminal Division Services
Allen Superior Court
Nancy Flennery
Community Planning Manager
United Way of Allen County
Angie Zelt
SPF-SIG Administrative Assistant
Drug & Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
6
1. Methods & Data Source List
11
2. Description of Allen County
20
3. Community Risk & Protective Factors
24
4. Alcohol Use in Allen County:
Consumption Patterns and Consequences
36
5. Alcohol and Drug Treatment Episodes and
Admissions Data
82
6. Other Substance Use in Allen County:
Consumption Patterns and Consequences
Marijuana, Cocaine, Methamphetamines,
Amphetamines, Heroin, Prescription Drugs,
LSD, Injected Drugs, Inhalants, MDMA, and GHB
85
7. Conclusion
131
Appendix I
Acronyms
132
Appendix II
Local Household Telephone Survey
133
Appendix III
Alcohol and Your Body
Alcohol Impairment Charts
144
Appendix IV
Maps
Tables
Figures
148
5
Introduction
In July 2005, Indiana’s Office of the Governor received a grant from the U.S. Department of
health and Human Services’ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) as part of CSAP’s
Strategic Prevention Framework State Incentive Grant (SPF-SIG) Program. The SPF-SIG grant
program represents the continuation of ongoing CSAP initiatives to encourage states to engage
in data-based decision-making in the area of substance abuse prevention planning and grantmaking.
The SPF-SIG grant was made on the heels of an earlier CSAP State Incentive Grant (SIG)
which helped to lay much of the groundwork for this new initiative. A great deal of work was
completed under the first SIG to assess substance abuse prevention services and develop a
strategic framework to guide policymaking in this area for the 21st century. The final report
summarizing the outcomes of this work, entitled Imagine Indiana Together: The Framework to
Advance the Indiana Substance Abuse Prevention System, was prepared by the Governor’s
Advisory Panel within the Division of Mental health and Addiction (DMHA), Indiana Family and
Social Services Administration.
It is available from the DMHA and the Indiana Prevention
Resource Center at Indiana University Bloomington (www.prevention.indiana.edu/imagine).
For the first SIG, CSAP required that the Governor form a state advisory council to oversee all
of the activities related to the grant. In 2007, Governor Mitch Daniels appointed Sheriff Matt
Strittmatter of Wayne County to serve as chair for the Governor’s Advisory Council (GAC) for
the SPF-SIG. An additional federal requirement of the SPF-SIG initiative was that Indiana also
establish a State Epidemiology and Outcomes Workgroup (SEOW) to collate and analyze
available epidemiological data and report findings to the GAC in order to facilitate data-based
decision-making regarding substance abuse prevention programming across the state.
Twelve community agencies in eleven counties were each awarded $660,000 for the four-year
period of time for alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamine abuse, reduction, and prevention.
One of the goals of this grant is to mobilize community efforts across multiple sectors for culture
change and population-based impact.
The Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County (DAC) received a county SPF-SIG effective
July 1st, 2007 to 2011. In the State Epidemiological indicators, Allen County ranked fourth in the
state among the 92 counties for alcohol abuse. Our grant focuses on the reduction of alcohol
abuse in Allen County with particular focus on reducing binge drinking amoung18-25 year olds.
This epidemiologic report includes data from a wide variety of community sources including
6
student perception of risk surveys, law enforcement, healthcare, census, justice and general
population telephone surveys.
7
Executive Review of the Findings
We know that the majority of young adults who binge drink between the ages of 18 and 25
years old have a history of drinking during their earlier teen years. The majority of the data and
information that we have available is based upon secondary education. From national studies
and personal observations, we know that young adults and youth do not tend to drink casually.
They drink for the express purpose of getting drunk. They binge drink. According to our local
research and despite it being illegal, 28.7% of high school seniors report that they binge drink,
29% of the 8th graders drank alcohol in the past year, and 18.3% of 6th graders drank alcohol at
some time in their life. Approximately one in every five high school seniors (18.4%) have
consumed alcohol more than forty times in their lifetime One out of every ten high school
seniors (11.2%) have consumed alcohol forty or more times in the past year. While 67.7% of
high school seniors say that their parents would disapprove or strongly disapprove of one or two
drinks occasionally, according to our telephone survey of the community, 87% of the
respondents said that parents allowing drinking or providing alcohol for minors for social
gatherings in their home is a problem in our community.
According to the 2007 PRC Community Health Assessment sponsored by Parkview Health, in
Allen County, 14.2% of the adults are binge drinkers, which represent a significant decrease
from the binge drinking rate of 24.2% reported in 2003. Four percent of the total area adults
report an average of two or more drinks of alcohol per day in the past month. This is similar to
Indiana’s state rate of 4.2% of the population who consume two or more drinks per day. In the
2008 DAC telephone survey, more than 10% of those surveyed drank twenty or more drinks in
the past thirty days and also drank five or more drinks at a sitting.
The consequences from alcohol abuse are devastating to young brains that have not yet
finished the developmental process which continues until age 25. Alcohol can seriously
damage long- and short-term growth processes. In addition, short-term or moderate drinking
impairs learning and memory far more in youth than in adults. Adolescents need only drink half
as much to suffer the same negative effects.
Drug- and alcohol-related arrests account for nearly half (45%) of the total arrests in Allen
County. While the number of total crashes declined significantly from 2007 to 2008, the number
of alcohol-related crashes slightly increased, the number of fatalities doubled, and the number
of alcohol-related fatalities tripled. While this is not good news, the number of alcohol-related
crashes is significantly lower in 2007 and 2008 than in previous years.
A 2007 review of one
8
hundred hospital-based blood tests conducted on drivers who, according to police-administered
breath tests were intoxicated, found that sixty-eight percent were positive for two or more
additional drugs as we well as to the alcohol that was present in the drivers’ systems.
In 2008 compared to 2007, the number of minor consuming investigations/arrests rose
significantly; arrest tickets issued for possession/consumption/transporting of alcohol by a minor
increased by 54%; and arrest tickets to adults for inducing a minor to possess alcoholic
beverages increased 63%.
In 2007, the Excise Police conducted a “Survey for Alcohol Compliance” in establishments
where it is lawful for youth to patronize, such as grocery stores, convenience stores and
restaurants. The rate of non-compliance statewide was 32%. Allen County’s non-compliance
rate was 51%. In 2008, the cadets and officers of the Allen County Sheriff’s Department
conducted 45 compliance checks of liquor stores in the county. Thirty-one percent of those
retailers sold to minors. In the first quarter of 2009, those cadets and officers conducted checks
of 37 liquor stores in the county. 13.5% of these retailers sold to minors.
Let us review a key statistic from our studies. Eighty-seven percent of the respondents said that
parents allowing or providing alcohol for minors for social gatherings at their home is a problem
in our community. It is one that is highly worthy of our best intervention.
Questions or comments about this report should be directed to:
Jerri Lerch
Executive Director
Project Director, SPF-SIG
Drug & Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
Phone:
(260) 422-8412
FAX:
(260) 423-1733
E-mail:
[email protected]
Andrew Downs, PhD
Indiana University Purdue University at Fort Wayne
Chair, Research/LEOW Committee
Drug & Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
Stephen Jarrell
President, Board of Directors
Drug & Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
9
DAC Organizational Chart President of the
Board of
Directors
Executive Director:
Jerri Lerch
Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
Board of Directors
Officers: President, Vice President, Past President, Vice President of
Finance/Treasurer and Secretary
Additional Directors: Chairpersons of each additional standing committee
(Finance, Intervention, Justice, Membership, Prevention, and Public Policy &
Research)
At –Large Directors: Community leaders representing city government, county
government, judicial branch, public education and corporate leadership
Executive
Committee
-H.R.
-Membership
SPF SIG Advisory
Committee
ACTIVE MEMBERS AND AFFILIATE MEMBERS
Positive
Pathways
(ATR)
Prevention
Committee
NAND
Committee
Faith
Based
Committee
Higher
Education
Committee
Justice
Committee
Finance
Committee
Intervention
Committee
Research /
LEOW
Committee
Communication/
Legislative
Committee
1. METHODS & DATA SOURCE LIST
Methods
The purpose of the Allen County LEOW is to review local data and identify patterns of
consumption and consequences associated with binge drinking in 18-25-year-old
individuals in our county. Our LEOW is comprised of local “experts”, individuals who
have firsthand understanding of the issue binge drinking and its impact on our
community. Ultimately, the members of the LEOW seek to create a data-driven process
to better understand and monitor the use of alcohol in Allen County. The LEOW shares
its findings with the Local Advisory Council and the community at large. We expect that
eventually the work of the LEOW will be used as a model for studying other substance
abuse issues facing our area.
The members of the LEOW are drawn from local agencies involved in substance abuse
prevention that have data that can be useful in understanding what is happening locally.
Members represent agencies involved in prevention and intervention projects, law
enforcement, the Department of Health, higher education, justice, and healthcare. The
LEOW’s work is ongoing and involves monitoring the impact of the final comprehensive
strategic plan and emerging challenges.
Activities of the LEOW include:
-
Identifying potential data sources.
-
Determining the groups and situations where the use and/or negative
consequences associated with binge drinking are most severe.
-
Identifying the prevailing factors that are driving the patterns the LEOW has
identified.
Data gathered by the LEOW is reviewed for relevance to the issue of underage drinking
and binge drinking. When appropriate, gross data is “cleaned” of superfluous
information not applicable to this project. The remaining information is included in the
epidemiologic report, utilized for strategic planning purposes, and made available to the
community.
11
III. LEOW WORK PLAN
Each LEOW should begin by developing a work plan that identifies the sources of data to be
analyzed and outlines a general framework to guide the analysis and interpretation of those data.
Because the primary purpose of the LEOW is to develop a thorough, data-based understanding of
what is happening within the local community with regard to the substance priority that they were
funded to address, there can be no single set of recommendations that applies to all LEOWs. It is
up to each community to develop a plan that works for them. The process the LEOWs will go
through, however, will likely be similar to what the SEOW went through in identifying the high
need communities. The primary difference is that the LEOWs will need to examine in greater
depth the risk and protective factors that are driving the high rates of use and negative
consequences associated with the priority for which they were funded. Below, I outline a general
framework that LEOWs may wish to consider as they develop their work plan.
Version: October 4, 2007
The steps draw on those the SEOW went through and include some specific strategies that the
LEOWs might wish to build into their individual work plan.
Step 1: Identify potential data sources. Because many groups are involved in addressing
substance abuse, there are many potential sources of data that LEOWs might use, including
existing sources as well as ideas for collecting new data. Consequently, the first challenge that
LEOWs will need to confront is trying to select most appropriate sources of data. The SEOW
began by making a list of all the possible data sources available from the federal government and
state agencies, and I would recommend that LEOW’s begin their investigation by constructing
such a list (copies of the SEOW’s list of data sources are available in the State Epidemiological
Profile, upon request, and online at www.healthpolicy.iupui.edu/SEOW). Once you have your
list, the LEOW should discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each data source. Remember, not
all data are equal, and there is no such thing as the “perfect” data source. In most cases, you will
want to identify a set of data sources so you can examine patterns across different sources. Some
things to consider in evaluating each data source are:
• What is the nature and extent of the data available from the source? What data elements are
included? Are the data simply descriptive (e.g., lists of individuals arrested) or do they include
additional information that might permit the identification of subgroups (e.g., age, race, gender,
social class, residential location) or the “reasons” behind individuals substance abuse behavior
(e.g., attitudes, beliefs, knowledge)?
• How recent are the data and are data available for several time periods (e.g., months, years)?
12
• How reliably are the data collected? That is, are the data collected the same way every time and
likely to yield “consistent” results because the data were collected in the same manner every
time?
• How valid are the data? Do the data accurately reflect what is going on? Are the data collected
in such a way that might create systematic “biases”? Are particular stakeholders more likely to be
concerned about one type of data over another?
Because all data sources have strengths and weaknesses, scientists and public policy makers
generally have greater confidence in the accuracy of conclusions when they are drawn from
multiple data sources (e.g., use of alcohol is consistently highest among 18-21 year olds in data
on treatment admissions, arrests for public intoxication, and alcohol-related fatal automobile
accidents). Indeed, social scientists often try to “triangulate” or compare the patterns observed
across several different data sources in order to evaluate the strength or “robustness” of a
particular patterns. Thus, LEOWs are strongly encouraged to examine as many different types of
data available as possible.
Step 2: Determine the groups, locations, and/or situations where the use and/or negative
consequences associated with the targeted substance are most severe. Once you have access to
your data, you should begin to examine the patterns of use and/or negative consequences
associated with the substance your community was funded to address. As noted above, your
community was identified as having significantly greater problem than other Indiana counties, but
this observation may not be true of all individuals in the target population identified by the
SEOW. Therefore, it is probably best to try and identify key sub-populations that are at
particularly high risk. You may also wish to examine data regarding other substances, particularly
substances that are often used together (e.g., alcohol and marijuana, cocaine, or meth). Indeed, the
SEOW noted that co-morbid use of substances is actually somewhat more likely to occur in
Indiana than in the nation as a whole.
13
Version: October 4, 2007
A critical question you will need to answer is “high, compared to what?” Most social science is comparative. Indeed,
the SEOW opted to use the national rates of various use and negative consequences measures as a “comparison
point.” Local LEOWs could, for example, identify sub-groups that have especially high risk relative to the county
rates or numbers overall. Alternatively, you might compare different subpopulations within your community to
identify those that have the highest rates (e.g., white men versus African American men). Finally, you may also want
to examine trends over various time periods within a single population or set of populations to highlight groups
where a problem seems to be expanding dramatically.
The list of sub-populations is extensive. You will find, however, that different data sources often contain different
kinds of information which limit your ability to look at some sub-populations. To thoroughly understanding what is
going on in your community, you may need to compile several data sources to explore the patterns of consumption
and negative consequences across different groups.
Key Analysis Question
Some Characteristics to Examine
Who are exhibiting the most
significant negative
consequences?
• Demographic characteristics (e.g., age,
race/ethnicity, gender, socio-economic
status, income, education, sexual
orientation)
• Known high risk sub-population groups
(e.g., commercial sex workers, foster
youth, individuals within the criminal
justice system)
Step 3: Identify the “intervening,” “causal,” or “risk and protective” factors that are driving the patterns you
identify. Once you have a sense of what group(s) you think you should target, you will need to dig deeper and try to
understand the factors driving these behaviors. To the extent possible with the data you have, you may be able to
explore some of the potential intervening or causal factors driving these behaviors. Fortunately, there is a research
literature that can help focus your analysis. Indeed, there are numerous studies that have outlined characteristics that
are often associated with risk behavior (i.e., risk factors) as well as characteristics that tend to discourage risk
behavior (i.e., protective factors). Your challenge will be to determine which risk and protective factors are operating
in your target population. Keep in mind, there are probably multiple risk and protective factors influencing a
particular group’s behavior, so your goal should be to identify as many forces as possible, as these will represent the
most important “targets” for your strategic planning process. In the table below, we provide some questions to think
about as you plan your analysis.
Key Analysis Question
When, where, and under what conditions are
these groups using/abusing the substance?
Some Characteristics to Examine
• When and where do these groups use/abuse
the substance? Are their particular times of day
(e.g., after school) or locations (e.g., a particular
street or neighborhood) where they engage in
these behaviors?
• Are there particular situations when they
engage in the behaviors (e.g., at parties, when
parents away)?
• What individual (e.g., attitudes, knowledge),
familial (e.g., family involvement, regulation),
social (e.g., peer or community norms), and
environmental variables (e.g., exposure to alcohol
or tobacco advertising, availability of alcohol) are
encouraging or discouraging these groups to
engage in problem behavior?
Version: October 4, 2007
Unfortunately, many of the readily available data do not provide a wealth of information about risk and protective
factors that you can use to understand what is really happening in your community. In these situations, you may wish
to conduct your own study or studies of your community to fill in these gaps. Given the short timeline and limited
resources, your LEOW will need to think about what studies would provide the biggest return on investment with
regard to your strategic planning process. There are a number of possibilities, however. You might, for example,
conduct of brief survey of individuals you identified in Step 2 above to better understand the risk and protective
factors influencing their behavior. You might also opt to do some simple observational studies where you count the
number of alcohol related advertisements. You might consider conducting face-to-face interviews or focus groups
with members of the high risk groups you identified and ask them about when and where they engage in the behavior
as well as what individual, familial, social, and environmental factors are shaping the patterns of use/abuse.
Collecting original data will require time and resources, and we encourage your LEOW to work closely with the
youth and young adults in your community to get involved. Research has shown that youth can be valuable partners
in substance abuse prevention research. Not only do they bring a valuable perspective to the project, involvement in
the project also serves to reinforce prevention messages in the youth who participate. Of course, there are important
challenges in conducting “youth action research” which you should investigate before you launch such a study.
Regardless, if your LEOW decides they would like to collect original data to support their decision-making, we
strongly encourage you to work closely with your technical assistance provider and the SEOW support staff. There
are many existing resources, and we can help you not “reinvent the wheel.” Even more important, where possible,
we want to encourage communities to work together with the State so that the data that the individual communities
collect can be shared with others to improve all of our understanding of the substance use and abuse challenges we
face in the state of Indiana.
15
IV. USING THE FINDINGS FROM THE LEOW
Data-driven decision making requires an accurate and thorough understanding of what is happening. Ultimately, the
findings from your LEOW will identify a set of priorities that your LAC will use to develop the required
comprehensive strategic plan. Initiatives and programs outlined in your plan should logically follow from the needs
identified in your LEOW report. In this regard, your plan is most likely to have a community-level impact when it
reflects an in-depth and very detailed understanding of the local situation. Clearly, this is no easy task. The behaviors
are complex, and local situations are very dynamic. For this reason, the LEOW’s work will be ongoing, in part, to
monitor the impact of the final comprehensive strategic plan but also to monitor emerging challenges and guide
community decision-makers to address them. Ultimately, the SPF SIG framework is founded on the idea that databased decision making and evaluation will improve prevention programming and reduce the burden of substance use
and abuse on our communities.
Data Source List
This report describes alcohol and drug consumption and consequence patterns for Allen County
residents. Following is a list of the data sources used in this report.
Alcohol, Drug Expulsion and Suspension Data
Description: Number of expulsions and suspensions involving drugs, weapons or alcohol for most
schools in Allen County.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Indiana Department of Education
Geographic Level: Allen County
Availability: http://www.sis.indiana.edu/
Years: 2006-07, 2007-08
Alcohol Induced Deaths
Description: Alcohol Induced Deaths by Age and Sex, Alcohol Induced Deaths by Age and Race,
Alcohol Induced Deaths by Age and Ethnicity, proportion of all births, count of all births
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Indiana State Department of Health
Geographic Level: Allen County
Availability: http://www.in.gov/isdh
Years: 2001-2005
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents (ATOD) Survey
Description: The Indiana Prevention Resource Center (IPRC) administers this survey regarding alcohol,
tobacco, and other drug use among children and
adolescents (6th through 12th graders) in a number of schools throughout Indiana.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Indiana Prevention Resource Center (IPRC) and the Indiana Division
of Mental Health and Addiction (DMHA)
Geographic Level: State, regional, local
Availability: Reports with data tables are accessible from the IPRC website:
http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/data-survey_monograph.html
Year: 2007
16
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Survey
Description: BRFSS is a state health survey that monitors risk behaviors related to chronic diseases,
injuries, and death.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Indiana State
Department of Health (ISDH)
Geographic Level: National and state
Availability: National and state data are available from the CDC at http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/.
Year: 2006
CDC WONDER Online Query System
Description: WONDER online databases utilize an ad-hoc query system for the analysis of
public health data. Reports and other query systems are also available.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology
Program Office, Division of Public Health Surveillance and Informatics
Geographic Level: National
Availability: http://wonder.cdc.gov
Years: 1979 – 2004
The Clery Act Report
Description: The Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act,
codified at 20 USC 1092 (f) as a part of the Higher Education Act of 1965, is a federal law that requires
colleges and universities to disclose certain timely and annual information about campus crime and
security policies.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Universities in Allen County
Geographic level: Local university
Availability: http://www.ipfw.edu/police/reports/clery.shtml
Year: 2007
Community Telephone Survey
Description: 600 phone interviews conducted with 400 interviews being a random selection of and an
additional 200 interviews with a random selection of Allen County residents age 18-25.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
Geographic level: Allen County
Availability: Available through the Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County, 532 W. Jefferson, Fort
Wayne, IN
Year: 2008
Drug & Alcohol Services Information System (DASIS)
Description: The Drug and Alcohol Services Information System (DASIS) is the primary source of
national data on substance abuse treatment and has three components: National Survey of Substance
Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS), Treatment Episode Data (TEDS); Inventory of Substance Abuse
Treatment Services.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Offices of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration (SAMHSA)
Geographic Level: National
Availability: Online at http://oas.samhsa.gov.
Year:
17
Healthy People 2010, 2nd Edition
Description: Available information includes socio-demographic data for population-based
objectives (i.e., race and ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status) and operational definitions
for objectives that have baseline data.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Geographic Level: National
Availability: http://wonder.cdc.gov.
Years: November 2000
Indiana Traffic Safety Facts
Description: The Indiana Traffic Safety Facts are a series of Fact Sheets on various aspects of traffic
accidents, including alcohol-related crashes, light trucks, large trucks, speeding, children, motorcycles,
occupant protection, and young drivers. Additional briefs provide information on county and municipality
data.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Indiana Criminal Justice Institute
Geographic Level: Allen County
Availability: http://www.in.gov/cji/SAC/traffic/2007/County%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf
Year: 2006
Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey
Description: MTF is an ongoing study of youth behaviors, attitudes, and values. Annually, approximately
50,000 students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades are surveyed. Follow-up surveys are distributed to a sample
of each graduating class for a number of years after initial participation.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health
(NIH)
Geographic Level: National
Availability: Data tables are available at http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/data/data.html
Year: 2006
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Description Supports and conducts biomedical and behavioral research on the causes, consequences,
treatment, ...
Sponsoring Organization/Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Geographic Level: National
Availability: http://wwww.niaaa.nih.gov/
Years: 2007
PRC Community Health Surveys
Description: Self-reported health status, death and disability, infectious and chronic disease,
births, modifiable health risks, access to healthcare, health education and outreach.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Professional Research Consultants and Parkview Health
Geographic Level: Northeast Indiana
Availability: http://www.prconline.com
Years: 2007
18
PRC National Health Survey
Description: A systematic, data-driven approach to identifying the health status, behaviors and
needs of Americans.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Professional Research Consultants
Geographic Level: National
Availability: http://www.prconline.com
Years: 2005
Prev-Stat: County Profiles Data
Description: PREV-STAT uses GIS software and data from a variety of sources to create county profiles
and customized project reports, including maps and tables. PREV-STAT enables you to understand the
characteristics of a place, to locate a group of people with particular attributes, or to study a subset of the
population of a given locale.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Indiana Prevention Resource Center
Geographic Level: Allen County
Availability: http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/data-prevstat_pubs.html
Years: 2006, 2007
Pride Survey
Description: Includes data for alcohol, marijuana, hallucinogens, and cocaine for 6th-12th grade students
Sponsoring Organization/Source: PRIDE
Geographic Level: Allen County
Availability: Hard copy available through the Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County, 532 W.
Jefferson, Fort Wayne, IN
Year: 1994
Spillman Software System
Description: Database for all law enforcement records in Allen County
Sponsoring Organization/Source: County of Allen
Geographic Level: Allen County
Availability: Data only available to a limited number people who have the appropriate passwords
Year: 2007
Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS)
Description: TEDS provides information on the demographic and substance abuse characteristics of
annual admissions to treatment for abuse of alcohol and drugs in facilities that report to individual state
administrative data systems. A treatment episode is defined as the period between the beginning of a
treatment service for a drug or alcohol problem (admission) and termination of services.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(SAMHSA) and the Indiana Division of Mental Health and Addiction (DMHA).
Geographic Level: State
Availability: 2007 TEDS data were acquired from the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social
Research (ICPSR) at http://webapp.icpsr.umich.edu/.
Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program: County-Level Detailed Arrest and Offense Data
Description: The UCR program provides a nationwide view of crime based on the submission of statistics
by local law enforcement agencies throughout the country.
Sponsoring Organization/Source: United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI)
Geographic Level: Allen County
Availability: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/ucr.html.
Years: 2001-2002
19
2. Description of Allen County
Allen County has a population 347,316 residents, as reported by Allen County IN Depth Profile for 2005.
The county population increased almost 44,000 over the last fifteen years. Geographically, Allen County
is the largest county east of the Mississippi River. It is the third most populous county in Indiana as of
2005, representing 5.5% of Indiana’s total population, and is racially composed of (as of 2005) 84.4%
Caucasian residents, 11.7% African American residents, 1.8% Asian residents, 0.4% Native American,
and 5.3% Hispanic residents (with 1.7% in two or more race categories). The Hispanic population has
increased 322% in the last 15 years, from 5663 in 1990 to 18,262 in 2005. The 2000 Census data
reported the following: 18.8% of the county’s families are headed by single mothers, (up 28% from 1990),
11.3% of the county’s families are headed by single fathers (up 72.2% from 1990).
As one of only fifty federal refugee communities in the country for the last forty years, Allen County hosts
diverse international cultures, all with significant needs. Fort Wayne is a moderately-sized urban center
where many languages are spoken and there are a variety of levels of literacy. The largest population of
Burmese outside of Burma can be found here.
Economic disadvantage is a factor in Allen County. A leading indicator of poverty is single parent
households headed by a female, particularly with children under age 5. Forty-five percent of these families
had incomes below the poverty level (39th in the state). Twenty-five percent (24.5%) of Allen County’s
population is below 200% of the poverty level. In January 2007, the Allen County Criminal Division
Services reported the following information regarding their Alcohol Countermeasures Program clients:
632 (32%) of their clients were at or below 125% of the poverty level, an additional 261 (13%) were at or
below 150% of the poverty level and 1,102 (55%) were at 200%+ poverty level.
20
Map 2.1
Indiana Counties
21
Map 2.2
Allen County Townships
Allen County
Source:http://www.acimap.us/website/allenco
Other cities and towns include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
New Haven, east of Fort Wayne, with a 2003 population of 13,592.
Leo-Cedarville, in northern Allen County in the growing Cedar Creek Township, with a
population of 2,874.
Huntertown, north of Fort Wayne in the growing Perry Township, with 2,335 residents.
Woodburn, in eastern Allen County with 1,629 residents.
Monroeville, in southeastern Allen County, with a population of 1,275.
Grabill, in northeastern Allen County, with a population of 1,147.
Zanesville, a town bordering both Allen County and Wells County, with a population
estimate of 602 total in both counties.
22
REFERENCES, CHAPTER 2
Indiana Prevention Resource Center: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and
Adolescents (ATOD) Survey http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/data-survey_monograph.htm
Indiana Prevention Resource Center: Community Profiles Data for Allen County. Retrieved January 2009
from http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/search/prevstat
Indiana State Epidemiology and Outcomes Workgroup, 2008 (SEOW ),
http://www.policyinstitute.iu.edu/health/publicationDetail.aspx?publicationID=533
Indiana Criminal Justice Institute, Indiana Traffic Safety Facts(2008). County profiles 2007. Retrieved
December 2008 from
http://www.policyinstitute.iu.edu/PubsPDFs/TrafficBook3_2008%20FINAL.pdf
23
3. Risk Factors and Protective Factors
Research over the past two decades has tried to determine how drug abuse begins and how it
progresses. Many factors can add to a person’s risk for drug abuse. Risk factors can increase a
person’s chances for drug abuse, while protective factors can reduce the risk. However, individuals
who are at-risk do not necessarily abuse drugs or become addicted.
Risk and protective factors can affect children at different stages of their lives. At each stage, risks occur
that can be changed through prevention/intervention. Early childhood risks, such as aggressive
behavior, can be changed or prevented with family, school, and community interventions that focus on
helping children develop appropriate, positive behaviors. If not addressed, negative behaviors can lead
to more risks, such as academic failure and social difficulties, which put children at further risk for later
drug abuse. Research-based prevention programs focus on intervening early in a child’s development
to strengthen protective factors before problem behaviors develop.
Table 3.1 Describes how risk and protective factors affect people in five domains, or settings,
where interventions can take place.
Source: http://www.nida.nih.gov/Prevention/risk.html
24
Risk Factors
Risk factors can influence drug abuse in several ways. The more risks a child is exposed to, the more
likely the child will abuse drugs. Some risk factors may be more powerful than others at certain stages in
development, such as peer pressure during the teenage years; just as some protective factors, such as
a strong parent-child bond, can have a greater impact on reducing risks during the early years. An
important goal of prevention is to change the balance between risk and protective factors so that
protective factors outweigh risk factors.
Community Risk factors include availability of alcohol and drugs, laws, norms, and extreme
economic and social depravation.
Community Risk Factors: Availability of Alcohol
Table 3.2 shows the number of alcohol outlets in Allen County compared to the state in 2007.
Outlets also include grocery stores and supermarkets where alcohol is sold.
Table 3.2 Alcohol Sales Outlets Per Capita, (IN AGS, 2007, ATC, 2007)
Allen Co.
Indiana
Total Population (2006 est.)
Number of Outlets (March
2006)
346,350
6,310,320
534
11,011
Outlets Per Capita
0.0015
0.0017
1.54
1.74
Outlets Per 1,000 Persons
25
Community Risk Factors: Laws and Norms
According to Allen County, Indiana Business Data in 2002, there are 44 beer, wine & liquor stores, 81
drinking establishments that serve alcoholic beverages, and 238 full-service restaurants in Allen County.
Allen County residents rank 33rd in Indiana for spending on alcohol.
Table 3.3 Per Household Spending on Alcohol,. (AGS, 2007)
Allen County
Spending on Alcohol for Consumption
Outside the Home
Indiana
U.S.
598.9
664.9
621.7
83.7
93
87
40.9
45.4
42.5
68.1
75.6
70.7
73.6
81.7
76.4
331.1
367.2
343.4
177.7
197.1
184.3
95.8
106.2
99.3
23.3
25.9
24.2
57.6
63.9
59.7
54,272.10
48,276.60
Beer and Ale not at Home
Wine away from Home
Whiskey away from Home
Alcohol On Out-Of-Town Trips
Spending on Alcohol for Consumption
in the Home
Beer and Ale at Home
Wine at Home
Whiskey at Home
Whiskey and other liquor at home
Median Household Income
Total Spending Per HH as % of Median
HH income
Rank for Spending as % of Median HH
Income
49,170.70
1.89137
1.225
1.288
26
Community Risk Factors: Extreme Economic and Social Deprivation
Unemployment is a risk factor. The unemployment rates in Allen County have remained consistent
with the rates in state and nation, but in 2005 and 2006 Allen County percentages were greater
than the nation percentages.
Table 3.4 Unemployment Rates - Annual (Percents)
Allen County
Indiana
U.S.
2000
2.6
2.9
4
2001
4.3
4.2
4.7
2002
5.1
5.2
5.8
2003
5.7
5.3
6
2004
5.5
5.3
5.5
2005
5.3
5.4
5.1
2006
4.9
5
4.6
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, for county and Indiana reported by
www.stats.indiana.edu/laus/laus_view3.html
The educational attainment for Allen County residents for those with less a 9th grade education and
those who attended high school but did not receive a diploma is less than state and national
averages, but still affects 14.3 percent of the population.
Table 3.5 Educational Attainment. (AGS, 2007)
Allen
County
Indiana
U.S.
4.2
5.3
7.5
10.1
12.6
12.1
14.3
17.9
19.6
Less than 9th grade
9th to 12th grade, no
diploma
Total, Less Than 9th or
less than HS Diploma
Source: PREV-STAT County Profiles #5 (2008)
27
A family risk factor is being part of a single parent household. The number of males who are
single parents in Allen County is above state and national averages.
Table 3.6 Types of Households w/ Children where one parent is absent
(AGS, 2008)
Allen
County, IN
Indiana
U.S.
Lone Parent Male
(percent)
11.3
8.3
8.0
Lone Parent Female
(Percent)
18.8
24.2
25.8
Single Parent Families
(M+F) %
30.1
32.4
33.8
Source: PREV-STAT County Profiles #5 (2008)
Poverty is a community risk factor. The percent of families in poverty in Allen County is close to
state percentages, but lower than national percentages. However, more than one-fourth of
children living in single parent households in Allen County are living in poverty.
Table 3.7 Families in Poverty as Percent, 2006 est. (Claritas, 2008)
Allen
Indiana
U.S.
10.2
10.4
13.6
3.0
3.8
6.4
Married Couple Family w Ch in Poverty, %
of
16.8
19.2
20.7
Single Dads in Poverty, % of Single Dads
14.2
14.1
17.7
Single Moms in Poverty ,% of Single Moms
31.2
30.4
34.3
Single Parents in Poverty, % of all Single
Parents
27.6
26.4
30.5
Families with own child under 18 in Poverty
as % of all Families with own children under
18
Married Couple Families with Child in
Poverty
as % of Married Couple
Source: PREV-STAT County Profiles #5 (2008)
28
Family Risk Factors include family management problems, family conflict and family attitudes and
involvement. The following tables show county children’s earliest interactions occur in the family;
sometimes family situations heighten a child’s risk for later drug abuse, for example, when there is:
•
a lack of attachment and nurturing by parents or caregivers;
•
ineffective parenting; and
•
a caregiver who abuses drugs.
But families can provide protection from later drug abuse when there is:
•
a strong bond between children and parents;
•
parental involvement in the child’s life; and
•
clear limits and consistent enforcement of discipline.
Interactions outside the family can involve risks for both children and adolescents, such as:
•
poor classroom behavior or social skills;
•
academic failure; and
•
association with drug-abusing peers.
Source: http://www.nida.nih.gov/Prevention/risk.html
TABLE 3.8 CHILDREN IN HOMES WITH NO PARENT PRESENT (CENSUS 2000,
SF3)
Allen
Households with children (2003)
Indiana
U.S.
47,377 833,017 39,042,996
Non-family Male Head (%)
3.0
1.4
1.1
Non-family Female Head (%)
Total Households w/ Children and No
Parent (%)
3.6
0.3
0.3
6.6
1.7
1.4
Source: PREV-STAT County Profiles #5 (2008)
29
One way to measure family involvement is to look at households where every available
Source: PREV-STAT County Profiles #5 (2008)
parent is working. In Allen County, according to the 2000 Census, the following percents of
children were living in households where both parents work.
TABLE 3.9 HOUSEHOLDS WHERE ALL PARENTS WORK (US CENSUS BUREAU, 2000
Allen County
Living with 2 parents
Both parents in labor force
Father only in labor force
Mother only in labor force
Living with 1 parent
Living with father
In Labor Force
Living with mother
In Labor Force
Indiana
U.S.
72%
74%
72%
46%
48%
43%
22%
22%
22%
2%
2%
3%
28%
26%
28%
5%
6%
6%
4%
5%
5%
22%
20%
22%
18%
16%
16%
Source: PREV-STAT County Profiles #5 (2008)
30
Suspensions and Expulsions
In comparing reports from 2006-2007 and 2007-2008, Reports for 2007-2008 shows an increase in
suspensions and expulsions for middle school students and a decrease for high school students.
Figure 3.1 Allen County Public School Suspensions and Expulsions Involving
Alcohol and/or other drugs: School year 2006-2007
50
Middle Schools
High Schools
208
_
Figure 3.2 Allen County Public School Suspensions and Expulsions Involving
Alcohol and/or other drugs: School year 2007-2008
60
88
Middle Schools
6
High Schools
31
Protective Factors
Researchers know less about protective factors than they do about risk factors because fewer studies
have been done in this area. However, they believe protective factors operate in three ways. First, they
may serve to buffer risk factors, providing a cushion against negative effects. Second, they may interrupt
the processes through which risk factors operate. Third, recent scientific studies have shown that
community resources also can influence individual teenagers’ positive traits. For example, young people
are more likely to be a part of youth organizations and sports teams if their parents perceive that the
community is safe and that it has good neighborhood and city services (such as police and fire protection
or trash pickup). Similarly, youth are more apt to be exposed to good adult role models other than their
parents when communities have informal sources of adult supervision, when there is a strong sense of
community, when neighborhoods are perceived to be safe, and when neighborhood and city services are
functioning.
TABLE 3.10 COMMUNITY PROTECTIVE FACTORS (INFO USA, 2008; INFO USA, 2007; INDIANA STATE LIBRARY,
2008; DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, 2008; HEALTHY FAMILIES, 2006; PSUPP, 2006)
Places of Worship
Youth Serving Agencies
Libraries
Schools
Healthy Families
PSUPP
Year
Allen
393
66
14
93
1
1
2008
Indiana
8,886
1,025
461
1,950
2008
Source: CSAP. Science-Based Prevention Programs and Principles 2002. Rockville: U.S. DHHS,
SAMHSA, 2003.
32
Table 3.11 A Community Assessment of Prevention Programs
Model Program
Afternoon ROCKS
Afternoon ROCKS
Afternoon ROCKS
Afternoon ROCKS/Project
Alert
Afternoon ROCKS/Project
Alert
Afternoon ROCKS/Project
Alert
Afternoon ROCKS/Project
Alert
Afternoon ROCKS/Project
Alert
Afternoon ROCKS/Project
Alert
Afternoon ROCKS
Afternoon ROCKS
Afternoon ROCKS
Afternoon ROCKS/Project
Alert
Al's Pals
CRAWL
Project Alert
Positive Action
Too Good For Drugs
Afternoon ROCKS/TGFD
Afternoon ROCKS/TGFD
Afternoon ROCKS/TGFD
Afternoon ROCKS/TGFD
Allen County Prevention Programs
# of Youth
Agency/Site
Served
Jennings Recreation Center
200 per year
Southwick Elementary School
56 in fall of 2008
Prince Chapman Middle School 53 in fall of 2008
New Haven Middle School
66 in fall of 2008
Age of Youth
Served
10-14 years old
10-14 years old
10-14 years old
10-14 years old
Miami Middle School-Urban Min.
37 in fall of 2008
10-14 years old
Miami Middle School-Urban Min.
Lakeside Middle School
Lane Middle School
Portage Middle School
43 in fall 2008
Harrison Hill Elementary
Metro Youth Sports
Boys & Girls Club
Union Baptist Church
51 in fall of 2008
62 in fall of 2008
22 in fall of 2008
10-14 years old
10-14 years old
10-14 years old
10-14 years old
Lifeline Youth & Family Services
IPFW
Eagle's Nest Youth Center
Urban Ministries Center, Inc.
Mental Health Association
45
50 per year
15-20
40
3-5 years old
19 years and up
12-17 years old
10-14 years old
Living World of God Ministries
18 in fall of 2008
10-14 years old
Old Fort YMCA
Maplewood Elem.-Urban Min.
26 in fall of 2008
10-14 years old
Age of Youth
Served
6-18 years old
3 years - 12th
grade
7th-12th grade
11-13 years old
Age of Youth
Served
Age of Youth
Afternoon ROCKS/TGFD
Afternoon ROCKS/TGFD
Jefferson Middle School
Scott Academy Elementary
School
Franke Park Elementary School
Other Programs
Basketball Program
Agency
Jennings Recreation Center
# of Youth
Served
600
4H
City Girls
Decisions: It's Up to You
Purdue Extension Services
Girl Scouts
McMillen Center for Health Ed.
1,100
694
3,212
Other Programs
Agency
# of Youth
33
Diga No
United Hispanic Americans
McMillen Center for Health
Education
Powerhouse Youth Center
Powerhouse Youth Center
CANI
AIDS Task Force
Powerhouse Youth Center
Powerhouse Youth Center
Student Focus on Health
Powerhouse Youth Center
Leadership Fort Wayne
AIDS Task Force
Leadership Fort Wayne
Drug Free: Way to Be
Gap
Glo
Head Start
HIV/STD Awareness
Mentoring
Power Plant
Take Care of your Body
What's Up group
Youth as Resources
Youth Empowerment
Youth Leadership
Up to 20
12-18 years old
3,128
Between 8-12
60-90
703
3,000
48
Up to 25
3,000
Between 8-12
0-300
700
320
9-11 years old
6th-12th grade
6th-12th grade
3-5 years old
13-19 years old
6th-12th grade
6th-12th grade
13-18 years old
6th-12th grade
3-18 years
13-19 years old
15-16 years old
AIDS Task Force
Allen County Detention
Center
Center for Behavioral
Health
Community Corrections
Family and Children
Services
Freedom House
Genesis Outreach
Hope House/Martha's
Place
Indiana Development
House
Peace Counseling Inc
Recovery Center AADP
Shepherd's House
St. Joe Hospital
Thirteen Stephouse
Transitions
Vessel House
Wise Choices
A
A,T,C,F
T
T
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A,T
A
A,T,C,F
A,T,C,F
A
A
A,F
F
A.F
A
A
T
A
A
A
A
A
T
T
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A,T
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A,T,F
A
A
Substance Abuse
Education
Residential
Family Therapy
Aftercare/Relapse
Prevention
Acute Inpatient
Individual Therapy
Substance Abuse Group
Outpatient
Intensive Outpatient
Social Detoxification
Partial/Day
Hospitalization
Medical Detoxification
Detoxification
Intervention
Table 3.12 Intervention Programs in Allen County
A
A,F
A
A
A
A
A
A,T,F
A=Adult, T=Teen, F=Family, C=Children
34
REFERENCES, CHAPTER 3
Allen County Indiana Business Data (2002). Retail Availability of Alcohol in Allen County. Retrieved
January 2009, from http://www.city-data.com/business2/econ-Allen_County-IN.html
Indiana Prevention Resource Center. (2008) PREV-STAT County Profiles #5 Highlights (2008). Retrieved
March 2009 from http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/data-prevstat-factsheet05.html
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) The Science of Drug Abuse and Addiction, Preventing Drug
Abuse Among Children and Adolescents, Risk and Protective Factors, Retrieved January 2009,
from http://www.nida.nih.gov/Pevention/risk.html
STATS Indiana (2002-2006), Unemployment rates in Allen County and Indiana, as reported by Indiana
Department of Workforce Development (IDWD): Indiana counties & MSAs, Bureau of Labor
Statistics: U.S. and 50 states. Retrieved March 2009 from http://
www.stats.indiana.edu/laus/laus_view3.html
35
4. Alcohol Use in Allen County
According to the 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Use Survey, past month, annual, and lifetime alcohol
use are all lower than the state and national rates. The perception of parents in Allen County who would
disapprove/strongly disapprove of 1-2 drinks occasionally, students who see a moderate-great risk in
having 1-2 drinks occasionally, peers who would approve/strongly approve of 1-2 drinks occasionally, and
peers who would approve/strongly approve of binge drinking weekly are very close to the state rates. The
perception of parents who would disapprove/strongly disapprove of binge drinking weekly in Allen County
are higher than the state rates for 9th-12th grades. The number of Allen County students reporting that
there is moderate-great risk in binge drinking weekly is higher than the state rate.
The number of
students in Allen County who have engaged in binge drinking in the past two weeks are at or lower than
the state number. Youth who obtained alcohol in Allen County received it primarily from someone older
than 21 or by having someone else buy it.
The reasons most often given in Allen County for why youth
chose to drink were to experiment, because it tastes good, and to fit in with friends. Note that higher
numbers are expected in the 2009 ATOD Survey, due to the participation of out largest school district.
Problems and Costs Associated with Underage Drinking in Indiana
Underage drinking cost the citizens of Indiana $1.3 billion in 2005. Costs include work loss, medical care,
and pain and suffering associated with the multiple problems resulting from the use of alcohol by youth.1
In 2005, underage drinkers consumed 17.2% of all alcohol sold in Indiana, totaling $384 million in sales.
These sales provided profits of $186 million to the alcohol industry.
Violence involving youth and motor vehicle crashes attributable to underage drinking are very costly to the
state of Indiana, yet an array of other problems contribute to the overall cost. Among the children of teen
mothers, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) alone costs Indiana $22.7 million.
36
Table 4.1 Cost of Underage Drinking by Problem, Indiana 2005
Problem
Total Costs
(in millions)
Youth Violence
$677.9
Youth Traffic Crashes
$338.6
High-Risk Sex, Ages 14-20
$118.5
Youth Property Crime
$60.6
Youth Injury
$36.1
Poisonings and Psychoses
$9.5
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Among Mothers Age 15-20
$22.7
Youth Alcohol Treatment
$57.7
Total
$1,321.6
37
Figure 4.1 Cost of Underage Drinking, Indiana 2005
Costs of Underage Drinking,
Indiana 2005
Work Lost
Costs,
$306m
Medical
Costs,
$148m
Pain &
Suffering
Costs,
$867m
1 Miller, TR, Levy, DT, Spicer, RS, & Taylor, DM. (2006) Societal costs of underage drinking Journal of
Studies on Alcohol, 67(4) 519-528
2 Grant, B.F., & Dawson, D.A. (1997). Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol
abuse and dependence: Results from the Nation Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Journal of
Substance Abuse 9: 103-110.
3 Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment
Episode Data Set (TEDS). (2004).
Substance Abuse Treatment by Primary Substance of Abuse, According to Sex, Age, Race, and Ethnicity.
4 Center for Disease Control (CDC). (2005). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS).
Adverse Effects of Alcohol
Alcohol can produce a variety of adverse effects at different stages of use. Stages of use
include acute ingestion of moderate amounts, severe intoxication, chronic ingestion,
withdrawal, and effects as a result of malnutrition. Mental and psychiatric adverse events
include anxiety, panic, sedation, euphoria, irritability, restlessness, aggressiveness, violence,
depression, sleep disturbances, memory and cognitive deficits, confabulation, hallucinations,
and delusions.
Figure 4.2 Affect of Alcohol use Across a Lifespan
38
FAS
Cumulative
C
Organ
Damage
Binge
Driinking
Conseequences
Alccoholic
Faamily
Enviironment
O
Alcohol
Dependence
-
O
-
Medicatioons
Interactioons
1
-
3
Zero
Zero
≤
≤One
≤ Thre
ee
underage
u
drinking
drinking
an
nd driving
drink per
hour
Drinks per
p
occasio
on
Source:pubs.niaaa.nih.go
ov
39
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Alcohol (wine, beer, or liquor) is the leading known preventable cause of mental and physical birth defects
in the United States. When a woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy, she risks giving birth to a child who
will pay the price — in mental and physical deficiencies — for his or her entire life. Yet many pregnant
women do drink alcohol. About 1 in 12 pregnant women in the United States reports alcohol use, and
about 1 in 30 pregnant women in the United States reports binge drinking (having five or more drinks at
one time). (www.cdc.gov/ncbddd Department of Health and Human Services)
It's estimated that each year in the United States, 1 in every 750 infants is born with a pattern of physical,
developmental, and functional problems referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), while another 40,000
are born with fetal alcohol effects (FAE). FASD is an umbrella term describing the range of effects that
can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. It refers to conditions such as
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), fetal alcohol effects (FAE), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
(ARND), and alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD). (http://fascenter.samhsa.gov/)
Signs and Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Characteristics of FAS include:
•
low birth weight
•
small head circumference
•
failure to thrive
•
developmental delay
•
organ dysfunction
•
facial abnormalities, including smaller eye openings, flattened cheekbones, and indistinct philtrum
(an underdeveloped groove between the nose and the upper lip)
•
epilepsy
•
poor coordination/fine motor skills
•
poor socialization skills, such as difficulty building and maintaining friendships and relating to
groups
•
lack of imagination or curiosity
•
learning difficulties, including poor memory, inability to understand concepts such as time and
money, poor language comprehension, poor problem-solving skills
•
behavioral problems, including hyperactivity, inability to concentrate, social withdrawal,
stubbornness, impulsiveness, and anxiety
Children with FAE display the same symptoms, but to a lesser degree.
40
D
Diagnosis
an
nd Long-Te
erm Effects
P
Problems
asssociated with
h FAS tend to
t intensify as
a children move
m
into ad
dulthood. The
ese can include
m
mental
health
h problems, troubles
t
with
h the law, an
nd the inabiliity to live ind
dependently.
K
Kids
with FAE
E are freque
ently undiagn
nosed. This also
a
applies to those witth alcohol-re
elated
ne
eurodevelop
pmental diso
order (ARND
D), a recentlyy recognized
d category off prenatal da
amage that refers
r
to
ch
hildren who exhibit only the behavio
oral and emo
otional proble
ems of FAS//FAE withou
ut any signs of
de
evelopmenta
al delay or physical
p
grow
wth deficienccies.
O
Often,
in kids with FAE or ARND, the
e behavior ca
an appear ass mere bellig
gerence or stubbornnes
s
ss. They
m score we
may
ell on intellig
gence tests, but their beh
havioral deficits often intterfere with their
t
ability to
t
su
ucceed. Exte
ensive educ
cation and tra
aining for the
e parents, health care professionalss, and teache
ers who
ca
are for these
e kids are es
ssential. (htttp://kidshealth.org/paren
nt/medical/brrain/fas.htmll#)
E
Epidemiolog
gy
B
Birth
defects related to th
hese disorde
ers can be prrevented by avoiding alccohol ingestiion during prregnancy.
A
Although
FAS
SD is more strongly
s
asso
ociated with higher levells of alcohol consumptio
on compared
d with
lo
ower levels, animal studiies have sug
ggested thatt even a sing
gle episode of
o consumin
ng the equiva
alent of
tw
wo alcoholic drinks durin
ng pregnancyy may lead to
t loss of fettal brain cellss (one drink = 12 oz of beer,
b
5 oz
off wine, or 1.5
5 oz of "hard
d" liquor). Despite
D
widesspread know
wledge of alccohol's deletterious effeccts, a study
off women bettween 18 an
nd 44 years of
o age show
wed that 10 percent
p
used
d alcohol durring pregnan
ncy and
th
hat 2 percent engaged in
n "binge drin
nking" (i.e., fiive or more drinks on on
ne occasion)). Maternal factors
f
that
in
ncrease the risk
r
of FASD
D include being older tha
an 30 years, a history off binge drinking, and low
w
so
ocioeconom
mic status.
Figure 4.3 Se
erving sizes
s of alcohollic beverage
es
41
When Alcohol Affects a Fetus
The dark portions of the bars represent the periods of greatest vulnerability, the lighter portions represent
periods of time in which alcohol could cause minor structural abnormalities. Because central nervous
system development is occurring throughout the gestation period, consumption of alcohol is a concern at
every stage.
Figure 4.4 Fetal Development Chart
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Damage to the Brain
Areas of the brain that can be damaged in utero by maternal alcohol consumption:
•
Cerebrum: Largest portion of the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex and
basal ganglia); involved in controlling consciousness and voluntary processes.
•
Corpus callosum: A bundle of fibers connecting the brain's hemispheres.
•
Hippocampus: Part of the limbic system, which is involved in emotional aspects of survival
behavior; also plays a role in memory.
•
Basal ganglia: A group of structures lying deep in the brain; involved in movement and cognition.
•
Cerebellum: Involved in maintenance of posture, balance and coordination.
42
Figure 4.5 Arreas of the brain that can
c be damaged in ute
ero by materrnal alcoho
ol consumpttion:
•
Cortexx: Outer laye
er of gray ma
atter coverin
ng the surfacce of the cerrebrum and the
t cerebellu
um.
•
Neoco
ortex: Outerm
most portion
n of the cerebral cortex; contains the
e most structturally comp
plex brain
tissue
e.
•
Septa
al area: Related to the lim
mbic system, which is involved in em
motional asp
pects of survival
behavvior.
•
Thalamus: Comm
munication ce
enter that rellays informa
ation to the cerebral
c
corte
ex.
•
, through
Hypotthalamus: Im
mportant in maintaining
m
t body's in
the
nternal enviro
onment, or homeostatis
h
the receipt of sens
sory and che
emical inputt.
43
Figure 4.6 Brain of a normal baby and a brain of a baby with FAS
The brain of a normal baby (left) and the brain of a baby with fetal alcohol syndrome (right).
Source: www.fasarizona.com
Characteristic Features of a Child with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Several physical characteristics are common among children with FAS. They are shown in the
figures 4.7, 4.8, and 4.9.
44
Figure 4.8. Characteristic facial features in a child with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Findings may
include a smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, upturned nose, flat nasal bridge and midface, epicanthal folds,
small palpebral fissures, and small head circumference.
Lip-Philtrum Guide. (A) The smoothness of the philtrum and the thinness of the upper lip are assessed
individually on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = unaffected, 5 = most severe). The patient must have a relaxed facial
expression, because a smile can alter lip thinness and philtrum smoothness. Scores of 4 and 5, in
addition to short palpebral fissures, correspond to fetal alcohol syndrome. (B) Guide for white patients. (C)
Guide for black patients.
Figures 4.9 & 4.10 Characteristic features of an ear and a hand of a child with FAS
Characteristic features of an ear of a
child with fetal alcohol spectrum
disorders. Note the underdeveloped
upper part of the ear parallel to the
ear crease below ("railroad track"
appearance).
Characteristic features of a hand of a child
with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Note
the curved fifth finger (clinodactyly) and the
upper palmar crease that widens and ends
between the second and third fingers
("hockey stick" crease).
Source: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050715/279.html
45
Table 4.2 The Number of Children in Indiana and Allen County Affected by FAS
According to the Indiana Birth Defects and Problems Registry (IBDPR):*
Number of Children reported to IBDPR by Birth Year
Number of Children with Only One Reportable
Condition
Number of Children with More Than One Reportable
Condition
2003
26
2004
29
2005
17
2006
14
10
11
3
5
16
18
14
9
*Only those conditions which have been confirmed or which have been determined to be highly probable
on the Chart Audit Process are included in the data.
In Allen County, the confirmed and probable counts and rates of a newborn affected by maternal alcohol
use for 2003-2004 births is 10 of the 10,097 live births, which is .99%. For comparison’s sake, in Marion
County, 5 of their 27,982 live births were affected by maternal alcohol use, a rate of .18%.
Surgeon General's Advisory on Alcohol Use in Pregnancy
Thirty-two years ago, United States researchers first recognized fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). The
discovery of FAS led to considerable public education and awareness initiatives informing women to limit
the amount of alcohol they consume while pregnant. But since that time, more has been learned about the
effects of alcohol on a fetus. It is now clear that no amount of alcohol can be considered safe.
Based on the current, best science available we now know the following:
•
Alcohol consumed during pregnancy may cause alcohol related birth defects, including growth
deficiencies, facial abnormalities, central nervous system impairment, behavioral disorders, and
impaired intellectual development.
•
No amount of alcohol consumption can be considered safe during pregnancy.
•
Alcohol can damage a fetus at any stage of pregnancy. Damage can occur in the earliest weeks of
pregnancy, even before a woman knows that she is pregnant.
•
The cognitive deficits and behavioral problems resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure are
lifelong.
•
Alcohol-related birth defects are completely preventable.
For these reasons:
1. A pregnant woman should not drink alcohol during pregnancy.
2. A pregnant woman who has already consumed alcohol during her pregnancy should stop in order
to minimize further risk.
46
3. A woman who is considering becoming pregnant should abstain from alcohol.
4. Recognizing that nearly half of all births in the United States are unplanned, women of childbearing age should consult their physician and take steps to reduce the possibility of prenatal
alcohol exposure.
5. Health professionals should inquire routinely about alcohol consumption by women of childbearing
age, inform them of the risks of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and advise them not to
drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy.
www.surgeongeneral.gov
Alcohol and the Adolescent Brain
The average age of a child's first drink is now 12, and nearly 20 percent of 12 to 20 year-olds are
considered binge drinkers. While many believe that underage drinking is an inevitable "rite of passage"
that adolescents can easily recover from because their bodies are more resilient, the opposite is true.
Alcohol can seriously damage long- and short-term growth processes. In addition, short-term or moderate
drinking impairs learning and memory far more in youth than in adults. Adolescents need only drink half
as much to suffer the same negative effects.
The Adolescent Brain
From early adolescence through their mid-20s, a the brain goes through dynamic change and develops
from back to front. The parts of the adolescent brain which develop first are those which control physical
coordination, emotion and motivation. The part of the brain which controls reasoning and impulses,
known as the Prefrontal Cortex (see the figure below), is near the front of the brain and, therefore,
develops last. Because this part of the brain does not fully mature until the age of 25, it can have
noticeable effects on adolescent behavior. These effects include:
•
difficulty holding back or controlling emotions,
•
a preference for physical activity,
•
a preference for high excitement and low effort activities (video games, sex, drugs, rock 'n' roll),
•
poor planning and judgment (rarely thinking of negative consequences),
•
more risky, impulsive behaviors, including experimenting with drugs and alcohol. The use of
drugs and alcohol may disrupt the development of the adolescent brain in unhealthy ways, making
it harder for teens to cope with social situations and the normal pressures of life.
47
Figure 4.11 The areas of the brain
Another part of the brain region that is highly involved in memory formation and learning and suffers from
the worst alcohol-related brain damage in teens is the hippocampus. Those who had been drinking more
and for longer had significantly smaller hippocampi (10 percent). The hippocampus is an old cortical
structure located deep within a region of the brain known as the temporal lobes (see the figure 4.3). The
temporal lobes run along the sides of your brain at about the level of the temples.
48
Figure 4.12 The hippocampus
Moreover, the brain's reward circuits (the dopamine system) get thrown out of whack when under the
influence. This causes a teen to feel in a funk when not using drugs or drinking alcohol - and going back
for more only makes things worse. All drugs of abuse overload the body with dopamine — in other words,
they cause the reward system to send too many "feel-good" signals. In response, the body's brain
systems try to right the balance by letting fewer of the "feel-good" signals through. As time goes on, the
body needs more of the drug to feel the same high as before. This effect is known as "tolerance."
49
The effects of drugs on the brain don’t just end when the high wears off. When a person stops taking a
drug, his dopamine levels are low for some time. He may feel down, or flat, and unable to feel the normal
pleasures in life, even when meeting a basic life need. His brain will eventually restore the dopamine
balance by itself, but it takes time — anywhere from hours to days, or even months, depending on the
length and amount of abuse and the person.
Drinkers vs. non-drinkers: research findings
•
Adolescent drinkers scored worse than non-users on vocabulary, general information, memory,
memory retrieval, and at least three other tests
•
Verbal and nonverbal information recall was most heavily affected, with a 10 percent performance
decrease in alcohol users
•
Significant neuropsychological deficits exist in early to middle adolescents (ages 15 and 16) with
histories of extensive alcohol use
•
Adolescent drinkers perform worse in school, are more likely to fall behind, and have an increased
risk of social problems, depression, suicidal thoughts, and violence
•
Alcohol affects the sleep cycle, resulting in impaired learning and memory as well as disrupted
release of hormones necessary for growth and maturation
•
Alcohol use increases risk of stroke among young drinkers
50
Figure 4.13 How alcohol may harm mental function
Lasting implications
Compared to students who drink moderately or not at all, frequent drinkers may never be able to catch up
in adulthood, since alcohol inhibits systems crucial for storing new information as long-term memories and
makes it difficult to immediately remember what was just learned.
Additionally, those who binge once a week or increase their drinking from age 18 to 24 may have
problems attaining the goals of young adulthood—marriage, educational attainment, employment, and
51
financial independence. Rather than "outgrowing" alcohol use, young abusers are significantly more
likely to have drinking problems as adults.
Alcohol Use among School-Aged Youth
Table 4.3 Grade of First Alcohol Use in Indiana
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Has not engaged in
drinking
Has engaged in drinking
76.7
66.8
54.5
47.9
38.4
34.9
29.8
20.2
29.8
41.7
48.3
57.5
61.3
70.2
No Answer
3.1
3.4
3.8
3.8
4.1
3.8
0
Figure 4.14 Age of First Alcohol Use in Indiana
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
6th grade
7th grade
8.0
6.0
8th grade
9th grade
10th grade
4.0
2.0
11th grade
12th grade
0.0
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents
Survey
52
Figure 4.15 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual Alcohol Use
70
60
50
40
Allen County
30
Indiana
20
National 10
0
6th Grade7th Grade8th Grade9th Grade
10th Grade
11th Grade
12th Grade
Figure 4.16 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month Alcohol Use
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Allen County
Indiana
National 6th Grade 7th Grade 8th Grade 9th Grade
10th Grade
11th Grade
12th Grade
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
53
Figure 4.17 Percentage of Allen County Students Reporting Lifetime Alcohol Use
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
No Answer
50.0
Never
40.0
1‐5 times
30.0
6‐19 times
20.0
20‐40 times
10.0
40+ times
0.0
6th grade
7th grade
8th grade
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Figure 4.18 Percentage of Indiana Students Reporting Lifetime Alcohol Use
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
No Answer
50.0
Never
40.0
1‐5 times
6‐19 times
30.0
20‐40 times
20.0
40+ times
10.0
0.0
6th grade
7th grade
8th grade
9th grade
10th grade
11th grade
12th grade
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
54
Figure 4.19 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime Alcohol Use
80
70
60
50
40
Allen County
30
Indiana
National
20
10
0
6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade
Figure 4.20 Percentage of Allen County and Indiana Middle and High School Students
Reporting that their Peers would Approve/Strongly Approve of 1-2 Drinks Occasionally
50
45
40
35
30
25
Allen County
20
Indiana
15
10
5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
55
Figure 4.21 Percentage of Allen County and Indiana Middle and High School Students
Reporting that their Peers would Approve/Strongly Approve of Binge Drinking
30
25
20
15
Allen County
Indiana
10
5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 4.22 Percentage of Allen County and Indiana Middle and High School Students
Reporting their Perception of Parents Who Would Disapprove/Strongly Disapprove of 1-2
Drinks Occasionally
90
80
70
60
50
Allen County
40
Indiana
30
20
10
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
56
Figure 4.23 Percentage of Allen County and Indiana Middle and High School Students
Reporting their Perception of Parents Who Would Disapprove/Strongly Disapprove of Binge
Drinking Weekly
88
86
84
82
Allen County
80
Indiana
78
76
74
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 4.24 Percentage of Allen County and Indiana Middle and High School Students
Reporting that there is Moderate-Great Risk in Having 1-2 Drinks Occasionally
45
40
35
30
25
Allen County
20
Indiana
15
10
5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
57
Figure 4.25 Percentage of Allen County and Indiana Middle and High School Students
Reporting that there is Moderate-Great Risk in Binge Drinking Weekly
80
78
76
74
72
70
Allen County
68
Indiana
66
64
62
60
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
58
Table 4.4 Binge Drinking in the Past Two Weeks in Indiana (Percentage)
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Has not engaged in binge drinking
89.2
86.6
82.4 78.1
73.2
71.9
66.8
Has engaged in binge drinking
4.9
8.3
13.2 16.9
21.7
23.2
28.6
No Answer
5.9
5.1
4.4
5.1
4.9
4.6
5
Figure 4.26 Binge Drinking in the Past Two Weeks in Indiana
12
10
8
Once
Twice
6
3‐5 Times
6‐9 Times
4
10+ Times
2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
59
Table 4.5 Binge Drinking in the Past Two Weeks in Allen County (Percentage)
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Has not engaged in binge drinking
91.3
83.4
83.5 78.7
73.4
71.4
66.4
Has engaged in binge drinking
4.3
8
8.1
13
17.5
21.3
28.6
No Answer
4.4
8.6
8.4
8.3
9.1
7.3
5
Figure 4.27 Binge Drinking in the Past Two Weeks in Allen County
14
12
10
Once
8
Twice
3‐5 Times
6
6‐9 Times
4
10+ Times
2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
60
Table 4.6 Main Source of Alcoholic Beverages in the Past Month in Indiana (Percentage)
Has not engaged in drinking
Has engaged in drinking
No Answer
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
81.9
77.9
71.3 66.1
60.2
57.7
51.9
7
12
19
22.6
28.2
30
35.4
11.1
10.1
9.7
11.3
11.6
12.3
12.7
Figure 4.28 Main Sources of Alcoholic Beverages in the Past Month in Indiana
14
12
10
8
6
4
6th
7th
2
8th
0
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
61
Table 4.7 Main Source of Alcoholic Beverages in the Past Month (Percentage)
Has not engaged in drinking
Has engaged in drinking
No Answer
6th
7th
8th
9th
83.9
76.4
73.8 67.8
6
9.2
12.8
10.1
14.4
13.4 13.2
19
10th
11th
12th
62
57.2
51.4
23.4
28.8
35.6
14.6
14
13
Figure 4.29 Main Sources of Alcoholic Beverages in the Past Month in Allen County
12
10
8
6
4
6th
7th
2
0
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
62
Table 4.8 Most Important Reasons for Drinking in Indiana (Percentage)
Has not engaged in drinking
6th
7th
8th
9th
83.9
76.4
73.8 67.8
10th
11th
12th
62
57.2
51.4
Figure 4.30 Most Important Reasons for Drinking in Indiana
25
20
15
10
5
6th
7th
8th
0
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
63
Table 4.9 Most Important Reasons for Drinking in Allen County (Percentage)
Has not engaged in drinking
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
83
76.4
67.3
59
48.2
43.6
38.8
Figure 4.31 Most Important Reasons for Drinking in Allen County
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
64
Relationship Between Higher Education and Alcohol Abuse – Studies show that students who enroll
in high school or college but fail to achieve the desired diploma are at an increased risk for development
of alcohol abuse or dependence during adulthood compared to persons with college degrees or
postgraduate education. Specifically, individuals who dropped out of high school were more than six
times more likely to develop alcohol abuse or dependence, and those who entered college but failed to
get a degree were three times more likely to develop alcohol abuse or dependence, than were those with
a college degree. Furthermore, adults who left school before completing the ninth grade were also at
increased risk relative to those with a college degree.
Other characteristics found to be associated with risk of alcohol abuse or dependence were male gender;
being separated or divorced, being widowed, or never having married; and becoming intoxicated for the
first time before the age of 18 years. Currently working for pay was associated with a lower risk of
alcoholism. (Crum RM, Bucholz KK, Helzer JE, Anthony JC. Am J EpidemioL 1992;135:989-999.)
Table 4.10 Allen County Graduates to Higher Education, 2003-2006
Total Graduates
2003
2004
2005
2006
3,484
3,014
3,700
4,216
3,363
3,830
Total to Higher Education
3,151
2,165
Four-Year
2,673
1,639
2,711
3,042
Two-Year
287
269
398
462
Vocational/Tech
191
257
254
326
Source: Indiana Department of Education
65
Table 4.11 Pe
ercent of Allen County
y High Scho
ool Educatio
on Intent, 2007
High Scho
ool Graduates Higher Ed
ducation Inttent, 2007 Pct. Disst.
Indiana Pct. Dist.
100.00%
10
00.00%
Total Go
oing on to Higher
Education
n
91.20%
8
83.20%
Four-Y
Year Institutio
on
74.00%
6
60.90%
Two-Ye
ear Institutio
on
11.20%
1
15.40%
Vocatio
onal and Tecch.
6.00%
6.90%
2.20%
2.60%
Graduate
es
Military
G
Gender
Tren
nds on Campus
A
Allen
Countyy is mirrorin
ng the nation
nal trend off women outnumbering men on the
e college ca
ampus. In
In
ndiana, fema
ales outnumber men thre
ee to two. Here
H
is the analysis of ge
ender in colleges in Allen County.
F
Figure
4.32 College Enrollment by Genderr by Percentage
Indiana
Allen
Female
41%
%
59%
%
Male
44
4%
Female
56
6%
Male
66
Table 4.12 Allen County University Attendance by Gender
Male
Female
Concordia Theological Seminary
354
36
Taylor University
173
290
Indiana Institute of Technology
1,019
865
Ivy Tech Community College (Fall ’06)
2,732
4,278
627
1,508
5,143
6,800
University of Saint Francis
Indiana University-Purdue University
Clery Data on Allen County colleges with five of the six campuses having on campus housing.
Table 4.13 Number of Arrests or Persons Referred for Campus Disciplinary Action
Arrests - On campus
Law Violation
A. Drug law violation
B. Liquor law violation
Disciplinary Actions- On campus
Law Violation
A. Drug law violation
B. Liquor law violation
Arrests -On campus Resident Halls
Law Violation
A. Drug law violation
B. Liquor law violation
2005
3
0
Total arrests on campus
2006
0
1
2007
5
16
2005
22
109
Number of people
referred for Disciplinary
Action on campus
2006
15
139
2007
10
313
2005
3
0
Total arrests on campus
2006
0
1
2007
4
7
Clery Safety: Annual Security Report
67
Indiana Counties: Alcohol-related Crashes, Alcohol Testing, and BAC Results
Indiana counties exhibit considerable variation in total and alcohol-related fatalities, rates of alcohol
testing, and reported BAC results. In 2007, alcohol-related fatalities averaged 27.5 percent of total
fatalities across counties.
Crash Statistics for Allen County, Indiana
While the number of total crashes declined significantly from 2007 to 2008, the number of alcohol-related
crashes slightly increased, the number of fatalities doubled, and the number of alcohol-related fatalities
tripled. While this is not good news, the number of alcohol-related crashes is significantly lower in 2007
and 2008 than in previous years.
Figure 4.33 Total Crashes - Allen County, Indiana
12000
11004
10486
9886
10000
9241
8800
8595
8217
8000
ACSD
FWPD
NHPD
6000
4000
2809
2346
2632
2310
2178
397
1831
1762
2000
278
355
368
352
346
270
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year
68
Figure 4.34 Total ATOD-Related Crashes - Allen County, Indiana
450
419
400
358
343
350
328
300
261
251
250
ACSD
FWPD
NHPD
200
150
100
107
99
107
91
77
68
50
50
22
14
13
8
0
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
10
10
9
2006
2007
2008
Year
Figure 4.35 Total Crash Fatalities - Allen County, Indiana
30
28
25
20
19
18
17
15
15
13
14
12
10
8
5
9
8
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
2002
ACSD
FWPD
NHPD
14
2003
2004
2005
2006
1
1
0
2007
2008
Year
69
Figure 4.36 ATOD-Related Fatalities - Allen County, Indiana
16
14
14
12
10
9
ACSD
FWPD
NHPD
8
8
6
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
2
1
0
0
2002
0
2003
0
2004
1
1
0
0
2005
0
2006
2007
0
2008
Year
Figure 4.37 Crashes and Fatalities in Allen County 2005
19
Total Crashes
473
Alcohol Related Crashes
31
11800
Alcohol Related Fatalities
12
Other Fatalities
70
Figure 4.38 Crashes and Fatalities in Allen County 2006
5
Total Crashes
Alcohol Related Crashes
338
13181
10
Alcohol Related Fatalities
Other Fatalities
5
Figure 4.39 Crashes and Fatalities in Allen County 2007
5
Total Crashes
352
Alcohol Related Crashes
20
11821
Alcohol Related Fatalities
Other Fatalities
15
Figure 4.40 Crashes and Fatalities in Allen County 2008
20
Total Crashes
480
25
Alcohol Related Crashes
12000
Alcohol Related Fatalities
5
Other Fatalities
71
Figure 4.41 Allen County Arrests for 2007
OWI arrests 3,697
narcotic
s‐related arrests 6,629
Total Arrests 21,391
Figure 4.42 Allen County Arrests for 2008
OWI Arrests 3,674
Narcotics‐
related arrests 6,847
Total Arrests 23,084
Source: Spillman
72
Blood Test results
In a sample of 100 blood tests from September 2006 to May 2007 collected from individuals arrested for
operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated, the following results were collected:
•
•
•
•
•
100% of blood tests were positive for alcohol. 32% were positive for alcohol alone. 42% were positive for alcohol and two other drugs. 16% were positive for alcohol and three other drugs. 10% were positive for alcohol and four other drugs. Other than alcohol, the other drugs detected in the blood tests included:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
42% were positive for marijuana. 22% were positive for cocaine. 19% were positive for benzodiazepines. 7% were positive for opiates. 6% were positive for amphetamines 5% were positive for barbiturates. 3% were positive for methadone.
Juvenile Investigations/Arrests for Alcohol or Alcohol-Related Offenses
The number of Minor Consuming Investigations/Arrests rose significantly in 2008 compared to 2007 as
noted in Table 4.14 below:
Table 4.14 Minor Consuming
Investigations/Arrests
2007
2008
Allen County Sheriff’s Dept.
109
102
Fort Wayne PD
142
309 estimated
New Haven PD
109
85
Total
360
496
73
The number of citations issued to juveniles and the number of juveniles arrested by the Indiana State
Excise Police increased when comparing 2007 to 2008 as seen in the chart below:
Table 4.15 Citations issued to juveniles/juvenile arrests
2007
2008
Citations to permit location for Minor in Tavern
5
5
Citations to permit location for Sales of Alcohol to a Minor
8
14
Arrest tickets issued for Possession of False Identification
10
62
Minors arrested for Minor in Tavern/Liquor Store
42
96
Arrest Tickets issued for Possession/Consumption/Transporting of Alcohol by a Minor
95
177
0
1
Juvenile arrested for OWI
The number of arrest tickets issued to adults by the Indiana State Excise Police for their actions related to
minors consuming are as follows:
Table 4.16 The number of arrest tickets issued to adults
Arrest tickets to adults furnishing alcoholic beverages for minors
Arrest tickets to adults for inducing a minor to possess alcoholic beverages
2007
2008
4
4
12
19
74
Alcohol Compliance Checks
In 2007, the Excise Police conducted a “Survey for Alcohol Compliance” in establishments where it is
lawful for youth to patronize, such as grocery stores, convenience stores, and restaurants. The rate of
non-compliance statewide was 32%. Allen County’s non-compliance rate was 51%. The breakdown is as
follows:
Table 4.17 Compliance Checks for 2007
Pass
Fail
Total Checks
Non- Compliance
Rate for Type
Restaurant
56
79
135
59%
Grocery/Pharmacy
38
19
57
33%
Total
94
98
192
51%
Permit Type
In 2008, the Cadets and officers of the Allen County Sheriff’s Department conducted compliance checks
of liquor stores in the county. The results of those checks were as follows:
Table 4.18 Compliance Checks for 2008
Stores Checked in:
Number Who Sold
to Minors
Total Stores
Checked
Number Cited During
June & July Checks
June 2007
8
29
N/A
July 2007
6
16
2
14
45
2
Total
In the first quarter of 2009, the cadets and officers of the Allen County Sheriff’s Department conducted
compliance checks of 37 liquor stores in the county. The results of those checks were as follows:
Table 4.19 Compliance checks for first & second quarter 2009
Stores Checked in:
First Quarter
January-March
Second Quarter
April - June
Total
Number Who Sold
to Minors
Total Stores
Checked
Number Cited During
1st Quarterly Checks
5
37
5
6
35
6
11
72
11
75
Drug Testing of Juvenile Offenders
As juveniles enter probation or the Juvenile Justice Center, they are tested for drugs. The findings for the
last eight years are shown in the chart below. Please note that the Justice Center has switched the
brand/type of test they use, and that a more significant amount of the toxin is required to produce a
positive test result. This equates to a reduction in number of positive test results. However, it is still
apparent that many teens use marijuana, methamphetamine, or cocaine.
Table 4.20 Drug testing results of juvenile offenders
2001
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
843
997
1002
1278
1832
2038
1913
5941
7220
6029
5238
9152
7447
8622
8655
723
909
941
551
1327
731
991
278
12.17
12.59
12.45
10.5
14.5
9.88
11.5
3.2
78
129
80
107
129
171
n/a
n/a
% Positive - Amphetamine
1.31
1.78
1.33
2
1.4
2.31
n/a
n/a
Tested Positive - Cocaine
N/A
17
22
17
124
46
22
18
% Positive - Cocaine
N/A
0.23
0.36
0.32
1.3
0.62
2.22
0.21
2833
2833
2611
3874
3107
7873
2332
2290
3775
3707
Juvenile Probation Clients
Number of Samples Produced
Tested Positive - Marijuana
% Positive - Marijuana
Tested Positive - Amphetamine
Juveniles at Juvenile Justice
Center
2005
Number of Samples Produced
Tested Positive - Marijuana,
Meth or Cocaine
1060
1077
953
1225
1046
1118
1208
495
% Positive - Marijuana, Meth
or Cocaine
37
37.9
33.7
31.9
33.7
14.2
32
13.4
76
Chronic Drinking - According to the 2001-2007 PRC Community Health Assessment sponsored by
Parkview Health, the percentage of total area adults who reported an average of two or more drinks of
alcohol per day in the past month has increased from 0.6% in 2001 to 4.0% in 2007.
Figure 4.43
Chronic Drinkers
(Allen County, 2001- 2007)
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
4.0%
3.4%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.6%
0.0%
2001
2003
2007
Binge Drinking - According to the 2001-2007 PRC Community Health Assessment sponsored by
Parkview Health, the percentage of total area adults who reported that there is generally one or more
times during a typical month during which they drink five or more drinks on a single occasion has
increased from 4.8% in 2001 to 14.2% in 2007.
Figure 4.44
Drinking & Driving - According to the 2001-2007 PRC Community Health Assessment sponsored by
Binge Drinkers
(Allen County, 2001-2007)
30.0%
24.2%
25.0%
20.0%
14.2%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
4.8%
0.0%
2001
2003
2007
77
Parkview Health, the percentage of total area adults who reported having driven a vehicle in the past
month after they had perhaps too much to drink has increased from 4.8% in 2001 to 5.1% in 2007.
Figure 4.45
Have Driven in the Past Month After Perhaps
Having Too Much to Drink
(Allen County, 2001-2007)
5.25%
5.15%
5.10%
5.10%
2003
2007
5.05%
4.95%
4.85%
4.80%
4.75%
4.65%
4.55%
2001
Source:
• 2001-2007 Community Health Assessment sponsored by Parkview Health
•
PRC Community Health Surveys, Professional Research Consultants. © PRC 2001-2007
• Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Data. Atlanta, Georgia. United States
Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
2005 Indiana data.
• 2005 PRC National Health Survey, Professional Research Consultants. © PRC 2005
• Healthy People 2010, 2nd Edition. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November 2000. [Objective 26-11c]
• CDC WONDER Online Query System. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology
Program Office, Division of Public Health Surveillance and Informatics. Data extracted April 2007.
78
Alcohol and Mortality
Mortality is the most commonly used indicator of the severity of health problems. The causes of death
presented in the following data are either directly or indirectly associated with alcohol. The death rate was
determined by applying a fraction that represents the association that each cause of death has with
alcohol. An example of a death directly linked with alcohol abuse is alcohol cirrhosis of the liver. This type
of death is counted as one death in computing the mortality rate. In contrast, a chronic pancreatitis death
is linked indirectly with alcohol abuse, and therefore is counted as a fraction of a single death. Chronic
pancreatitis was assigned a fraction (.60 of a death) to represent the proportion of pancreatitis deaths that
are associated with prior alcohol abuse. Deaths indirectly linked with substance abuse contribute
significantly to the overall proportion of deaths. If the death rate calculation had been limited to causes
that were directly related to substance abuse, then many deaths indirectly related to alcohol and drugs
would have remained unrecognized. The alcohol and drug associated fractions used for the mortality data
came from The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
The registration of deaths is a state function. Physicians, hospitals, laboratories and other health care
entities are required to submit death reports to the Indiana State Department of Health. All deaths were
classified according to codes in the World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of
Diseases (ICD).
79
Alcohol-Induced Deaths
Table 4.21: Alcohol-Induced Deaths by Age and Gender for Allen County Residents, Indiana, 20022006
Age Group
Male
Female
Total
18-24
0
1
1
25-34
3
0
3
35-44
16
5
21
45-64
39
12
51
65+
9
4
13
Total
67
22
89
Table 4.22: Alcohol-Induced Deaths by Age and Race for Allen County Residents, Indiana, 20022006
Age Group
White
Black
Other
Total
18-24
0
1
0
1
25-34
2
1
0
3
35-44
18
3
0
21
45-64
39
11
1
51
65+
8
5
0
13
Total
67
21
1
89
Table 4.23: Alcohol-Induced Deaths by Age and Ethnicity for Allen County Residents, Indiana,
2002-2006
Age Group
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Total
18-24
0
1
1
25-34
1
2
3
35-44
1
20
21
45-64
1
50
51
65+
0
13
13
Total
3
86
89
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) ICD-10 Codes for alcohol-induced deaths.
ICD-10 Code
Classification
E24.4
Alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome
F10
Mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use
G31.2
Degeneration of nervous system due to alcohol
G62.1
Alcoholic polyneuropathy
G72.1
Alcoholic myopathy
I42.6
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
K29.2
Alcoholic gastritis
K70
Alcoholic liver disease
K86.0
Alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis
R78.0
Finding of alcohol in blood
X45
Accidental poisoning by and exposure to alcohol
X65
Intentional self-poisoning by and exposure to alcohol
Y15
Poisoning by and exposure to alcohol, undetermined intent
Alcohol-induced causes exclude accidents, homicides, and other causes indirectly related to alcohol use.
This category also excludes newborn deaths associated with maternal alcohol use.
Source: Indiana State Department of Health, PHSDD, Data Analysis Team
80
REFERENCES, CHAPTER 4
Allen County Police Department (2008). Local data on ATOD related arrests, traffic violations and
compliance check data.
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Data. Atlanta, Georgia. United States Department of
Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 2005 Indiana
data.
Center for Disease Control (CDC). (2005). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.(2008).Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Retrieved February 2009,
from http://cdc.gov/ncbddd/fas/
CDC WONDER Online Query System. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology
Program Office, Division of Public Health Surveillance and Informatics. Data extracted April 2007.
Community Health Assessment sponsored by Parkview Health 2001-2007
Fort Wayne Police Department (2008). Spilman data on ATOD related arrests and traffic violations.
Grant, B.F., & Dawson, D.A. (1997). Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol
abuse and dependence: Results from the Nation Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey.
Journal of Substance Abuse 9: 103-110.
Healthy People 2010, 2nd Edition. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC:
U.S. Government Printing Office, November 2000. [Objective 26-11c]
Indiana Prevention Resource Center. (2008). Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs use by Indiana Children
and adolescents. Retrieved February 2009 from http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/data-surveymonograph.html
Indiana State Department of Health, PHSDD, Data Analysis Team.(2001-2005). Retrieved March 2009
from http://www.in.gov/isdh/reports/natality/2005/index.htm
KidsHealth Comes From Nemours Foundation. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Retrieved January 2009 from
http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/brain/fas.html
Miller, TR, Levy, DT, Spicer, RS, & Taylor, DM. (2006) Societal costs of underage drinking Journal of
Studies on Alcohol, 67(4) 519-528
National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research,
University of Michigan. (n.d.). Uniform Crime Reporting Program. Retrieved June 3, 2008, from
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) (2008). Affect of Alcohol use Across a
lifespan. Retrieved February 2008 from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA74/AA74.htm
Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment
Episode Data Set (TEDS). (2004). Substance Abuse Treatment by Primary Substance of Abuse,
According to Sex, Age, Race, and Ethnicity.
PRC Community Health Surveys, Professional Research Consultants. © PRC 2001-2007
PRC National Health Survey, Professional Research Consultants. © PRC 2005
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
Center for Excellence (2008). Retrieved January 2009 from http://fascenter.samhsa.gov/
81
5. Alcohol and Drug Treatment Episodes and
Admissions Data
The Treatment Episodes Data Set (TEDS) provides counts of patients that received services from state
funded substance abuse treatment programs. States, in this case the Indiana Division of Mental Health and
Addiction (DMHA), report the TEDS annually to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration’s Office of Applied Studies. Presently, Indiana DMHA does not collect discharge data,
therefore they apply a formula to estimate the number of treatment episodes in a given year. A treatment
episode is defined as the period between the beginning of a treatment service for a drug or alcohol problem
(admission) and the termination of services. In Tables 5.1 and 5.2 the dependence of the substance listed is
defined as “individuals reporting the listed substance to be their primary substance at the time of their
substance abuse treatment admission.”
Table 5.1 Number of Allen County Residents in Substance Abuse Treatment Who Reported using
12 4 Methamphetamin
e Dependence
147 Methamphetamin
e Use
264 Heroin
Dependence
318 Heroin use
582 Cocaine
Dependence
Cocain use
688 Marijuana
Dependence
894 Marijuana Use
Alcohol Use
Alcohol
Dependence
Alcohol or Drugs. Drugs listed were reported as the Primary Substance at Admission, 2007.
21 9 29
4
4
3
2
0
2
Stimulant
Dependence
Stimulant Abuse
Sedative &
Tranquilizer
Dependence
Sedative &
Tranquilizer
Abuse
Pain Reliever
Dependence
Pain Reliever Abuse
Prescription Drug
Dependence
Prescription Drug
Abuse
Table 5.2 Number of Allen County Residents in Substance Abuse Treatment Who Reported using
prescription Drugs as their Primary Substance at Admission, 2007.
1
82
Table 5.3 Combination of Drugs used by Poly-substance Abusers in Substance Abuse
Treatment, 2007
Combinations
Alcohol, Marijuana
Alcohol, Cocaine
Alcohol, Cocaine, Marijuana
Cocaine, Marijuana
Alcohol, Marijuana, unknown
drug
Alcohol, opiates/synthetics
#
269
140
120
59
%
41
21.3
18.3
9
44
6.7
24
3.7
656
Source: Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Revenue Enhancement and Data, 2008
Figure 5.1 Combined treatment modality categories are Detoxification, Rehabilitation/Residential,
and Ambulatory. The combined drug of abuse categories are alcohol, marijuana/hashish,
cocaine/crack and others.
500
450
400
350
300
2005
250
2006
200
150
100
50
65 and over
45‐64
35‐44
25‐34
18‐24
Ages 0‐17
0
Source: http://www.sis.indiana.edu/EpisodeDrugQuery.aspx?county=Allen
83
REFERENCES, CHAPTER 5
Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Revenue Enhancement and Data. (2008). Substance
abuse population by county, 2006-2007. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Family and Social Services
Administration.
Indiana Prevention Resource Center. (2007) County-level Epidemiological Indicators query episode data
by year and social demographics and treatment modality. Retrieved February 2009 from
http://www.sis.indiana.edu/EpisodeDrugQuery.aspx
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Data Archive. (2008). Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) Series.
Retrieved June 3, 2008, from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services: http://webapp.icpsr.umich.edu/cocoon/SAMHDASERIES/00056.xml
84
6. Other Substance Use In Allen County
MARIJUANA
Source: www.marijuana-picture.com
Marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug in the United States. 36 million Americans age 12 and
older have used marijuana daily or almost daily, according to the 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and
Health (NSDUH)( Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2007
National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings.)
Figure 6.1 Long-Term Trends in Life Marijuana Use by 12-th Graders
Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the
hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). It usually is smoked as a cigarette (joint, nail), or in a pipe (bong). It also is
smoked in blunts, which are cigars that have been emptied of tobacco and refilled with marijuana, often in
combination with another drug. It might also be mixed in food or brewed as a tea. As a more
concentrated, resinous form it is called hashish and, as a sticky black liquid, hash oil the strongest form
that has very high levels of THC, the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis.
85
Marijuana frequently is combined with other drugs, such as crack cocaine, PCP, formaldehyde, and
codeine cough syrup, sometimes without the user being aware of it. Thus, the risks associated with
marijuana use may be compounded by the risks of added drugs, as well (Community Epidemiology Work
Group. Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse, Vol. II, Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work
Group. December 2003).
Figure 6.2 Synonyms for Marijuana
Weed, Pot
Ganga,
Chronic,
Boom
Skunk
Reefer,
Herb
Gangster
Love boat
or Tical
Mary Jane
PCP
Wicky or
Happy
sticks
Marijuana
PCP
Crack Cocaine
Primo
Crack
Cocaine
Aunt Mary
Woolies
Bubble
Gum
Hash
Northern
Lights
Afghani #1
Source: Community Epidemiology Work Group. Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse, Vol. II,
Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group. December 2003
86
The main acttive chemica
al in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetra
ahydrocanna
abinol). The membraness of certain
erve cells in the brain co
ontain proteiin receptors that bind to THC. Once
e securely in place, THC kicks off a
ne
se
eries of cellular reactio
ons that ultimately lead
d to the hig
gh that use
ers experience when th
hey smoke
m
marijuana
.
Affect on th
Figure 6.3 Marijuana’s
M
he Brain
Marijjuana's Effects
E
on
n the Brain
Brain Regio
on
Function
ns
Associatted With
Region
Brain re
egions in which cannabin
noid receptors are
abundant
When marijuana
W
a is smoked, its
s active ingred
dient, THC,
travels througho
out the body, including the brain, to
prroduce its man
ny effects. THC attaches to sites called
ca
annabinoid rece
eptors on nerv
ve cells in the brain,
b
afffecting the wa
ay those cells work.
w
Cannabin
noid
re
eceptors are ab
bundant in partts of the brain that
re
egulate movem
ment, coordinattion, learning and
a
m
memory,
higherr cognitive func
ctions such as judgment,
an
nd pleasure.
Cerebellum
Body mo
ovement
coordina
ation
Hippocampus
Learning
g and
memory
y
Cerebral co
ortex, especia
ally
cingulate, frontal,
f
and parietal
p
regions
Higher cognitive
c
functions
Nucleus acc
cumbens
Reward
Basal gangllia
Moveme
ent
control
•
Substantia
a nigra pars re
eticulata
•
Entopedun
ncular nucleus
•
Globus pallidus
•
Putamen
Brain regions in which
h cannabinoid receptors are moderately concenttrated
Hypothalamus
Body housekeeping fun
nctions (body temperatu
ure
regulation,, salt and wa
ater balance,, reproductiv
ve
function)
Amygdala
Emotional response, fe
ear
Spinal cord
Peripheral sensation, in
ncluding pain
Brain stem
Sleep and arousal, tem
mperature regulation, mo
otor
control
Central gray
Analgesia
Nucleus of the
e solitary tra
act
Visceral se
ensation, nau
usea and vom
miting
S
Source:
http:://www.nida..nih.gov/Info
ofacts/marijuana.htm
87
Addictive Potential
Long-term marijuana abuse can lead to addiction for some people; that is, they abuse the drug
compulsively even though it interferes with family, school, work, and recreational activities. Drug craving
and withdrawal symptoms can make it hard for long-term marijuana smokers to stop abusing the drug.
(Haney M, Ward AS, Comer SD, et al. Abstinence symptoms following smoked marijuana in humans.
Psychopharmacology 141(4):395–404, 1999.)
figure 6.4 Effects of Marijuana
Marijuana
Short Term Effects
ƒ Impaired memory and
ability to learn
Long Term Effects
Respiratory Problems
• Persistent coughing, symptoms of bronchitis and more
frequent chest colds are possible symptoms
• Benzyprene, a known human carcinogen, is present in
marijuana smoke.
ƒ
Difficulty thinking and
problem solving
ƒ
Anxiety attacks or feelings
of paranoia
•
ƒ
Impaired muscle
coordination and judgment
•
ƒ
Increased susceptibility to
infections
ƒ
ƒ
Dangerous impairment of
driving skills.
Cardiac problems for
people with heart disease
or high blood pressure,
because marijuana
increases the heart rate
ƒ
ƒ
Regardless of the THC content, the amount of tar
inhaled by marijuana smokers and the level of carbon
monoxide are 3 to 5 times higher than in cigarette
smoke.
Memory and learning
Recent research shows that regular marijuana use
compromises the ability to learn and to remember
information by impairing the ability to focus, sustain,
and shift attention.
Marijuana impairs short-term memory and decreases
motivation to accomplish tasks, even after the high is
over.
Fertility
Long-term marijuana use suppresses the production of
hormones that help regulate the reproductive system.
For men, this can cause decreased sperm counts and
very heavy users can experience erectile dysfunction.
Source: www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/atod/resources.htm#3
88
Marijuana Use Among School-Aged Youth
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey and 2006 MTF Survey, marijuana usage rates in Allen County are
lower than state and national averages in all categories except for daily usage among 10th graders.
Figure 6.5 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students Reporting
Lifetime Marijuana Use
45
40
35
30
25
Allen County
Indiana
20
National
15
10
5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents
Survey
89
Figure 6.6 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students Reporting
Annual Marijuana Use
35
30
25
20
Allen County
Indiana
15
National
10
5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.7 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students Reporting
Past Month Marijuana Use
20
18
16
14
12
Allen County
10
Indiana
8
National
6
4
2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents
Survey
90
Figure 6.8 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students Reporting
Daily Marijuana Use
6
5
4
Allen County
3
Indiana
National
2
1
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents
Survey
91
METHAMPHETAMINE
Methamphetamine (meth) is a very addictive stimulant drug that activates certain systems in the brain.
It is chemically related to amphetamine but, at comparable doses, the effects of methamphetamine
are much more potent, longer lasting, and more harmful to the central nervous system (CNS).
Meth initially sends a message to the pleasure center in the brain. When a person first uses meth,
he/she might feel alert, full of energy and self-confident. The brain is releasing dopamine - a brain
chemical that carries messages between brain cells. Dopamine is associated with feelings of pleasure,
usually after food or sex. Hours after taking meth, brain cells release an enzyme that stops the
dopamine flow. If a person keeps taking meth, he/she will potentially lose the ability to experience
pleasure.
Figure 6.9 Eroding the Mind
92
Methamphetamine is taken orally, intranasal (snorting the powder), by needle injection, or by smoking.
Abusers may become addicted quickly, needing higher doses and more often. At this time, the most
effective treatments for methamphetamine addiction are behavioral therapies such as cognitive
behavioral and contingency management interventions. “Poor Man's Cocaine" is one slang term for
Meth - for good reason. Meth generally costs the same or less than crack cocaine (ranging from $25
to $100 per gram) but because the user's body metabolizes it more slowly, the high lasts much
longer. Users tend to believe they get "more bang for their buck" with meth. An intense rush is felt
almost immediately when a user smokes or injects meth. Snorting the drug affects the user about five
minutes later; it takes about twenty minutes for the rush to kick in if a user ingests meth.
Figure 6.10 Synonyms for Methamphetamine
Poor Man's Cocaine
chalk
glass
tweak
crystal
METH
zip
speed
crank
ice
tina
Source: http://www.mappsd.org/HowMethAffects.htm
Methamphetamine is a Schedule II stimulant, which means it has a high potential for abuse and is
available only through a prescription that cannot be refilled. It can be made in small, illegal
laboratories, where its production endangers the people in the labs, neighbors, and the environment.
Street methamphetamine is referred to by many names, such as "speed," "meth," and "chalk."
Methamphetamine hydrochloride, clear chunky crystals resembling ice, which can be inhaled by
smoking, is referred to as "ice," "crystal," "glass," and "tina."
(http://www.mappsd.org/How0MethAffects.htm).
93
Figure 6.11 Symptoms of Methamphetamine
People who are on Meth will show one or more of the following signs:
High body
temperature
with excessive
sweating from
cooking their
internal organs
Acne type
sores from
scratching
Pale face
Signs and Symptoms of Meth Use
Body odor of
glue or
mayonnaise
Thin from
weight loss
Dental decay
with blackened
or yellow
teeth
94
Addiction
Meth users suffer the same addiction cycle and withdrawal symptoms as do crack cocaine users. Both
drugs lead to binging - consuming the drug continuously for three or more days without sleep. While
cocaine binges rarely last longer than 72 hours, meth binges can last up to two weeks. The user is then
driven into a severe depression followed by paranoia and aggression (known as tweaking). When heavy
cocaine users experience paranoia, it almost always disappears once the binge ends. With meth, severe
mood disturbances, bizarre thoughts and behavior may last for days - sometimes weeks - and the user
loses a grip on reality.
Meth use causes both short- and long-term affects - physical as well as mental. Some people mistakenly
believe meth is less harmful than crack, cocaine or heroin, but because of the ingredients used in its
manufacturing, there is a greater chance of suffering a heart attack, stroke or serious brain damage with
meth than with other drugs. It is far more dangerous than the meth which was popular back in the 1950s
and '60s. Today's ephedrine-based meth can kill you.
(http://www.mappsd.org/How%20Meth%20Affects.htm).
Figure 6.12 Effects of Methamphetamine
Methamphetamines
Short Term Effects
Long Term Effects
ƒ
increased wakefulness
ƒ
problems with muscle rigidity and tremors
ƒ
increased physical
activity
ƒ
reduced motor speed and impaired verbal learning
ƒ
decreased appetite
ƒ
emotional and cognitive problems
ƒ
confusion
ƒ
aggressiveness
ƒ
increased respiration
ƒ
extreme anorexia
ƒ
rapid heart rate
ƒ
memory loss
ƒ
irregular heartbeat
ƒ
severe dental problems
ƒ
increased blood
pressure
ƒ
increased risk of stroke
ƒ
For intravenous (IV) methamphetamine users, there is
increased risk of hepatitis or HIV infection, and
endocarditis (inflammation of the inner layer of the
heart).
Source: www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/atod/resources.htm#3
95
Meth Labs
The number of meth labs found by police in Indiana increased by a third last year. The number, 1,059, is
the second-highest annual total in the history of the Indiana State Police. The Fort Wayne district found
the most labs in the state, more than double the previous year’s total. Noble County – historically one of
the most active counties for meth production – led the state with 80 labs discovered. Of the 228 labs
discovered in northeast Indiana, nearly four out of five were in the counties that make up the northeast
corner of the state: DeKalb, LaGrange, Noble and Steuben. DeKalb County borders Allen County.
The majority of the meth lab busts beginning in the spring of 2008 were “one-pot” methods. This method,
often done in 2-liter soda bottles, produces less of the drug and doesn’t create as many noxious fumes as
a typical meth lab. The new production method is different, but still dangerous. Vapors must be let out of
the bottles or they can explode, and the chemicals can cause burns. Two northeast Indiana counties
were among the top 10 most active in the state last year:
Table 6.1 Top Ten Indiana Counties with Highest Number of Meth Lab Seizures
County
Noble
Elkhart
Decatur
Miami
Venderburgh
LaGrange
Perry
Knox and Posey
Number of Meth Labs Busts
80
65
54
51
47
45
44
42
Marshall
41
Table 6.2 The Annual Clandestine Laboratory Responses for Allen County since 1992
Year
1992-2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Total
0
1
1
4
6
2
2
13
96
Map 6.1 Meth Lab Siiesures in Indiana 2008
97
Meth Use Among School-Aged Youth
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey and 2006 MTF Survey, methamphetamine usage in Allen County in
each of the categories of use is lower than state or national rates with the exception of 7th grade annual
usage and 6th, 7th, 8th and 11th grade past month usage.
Figure 6.13 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students Reporting
Lifetime Methamphetamines Use
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
Allen County
2.5
Indiana
2
National
1.5
1
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents
Survey
98
Figure 6.14 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students Reporting
Annual Methamphetamines Use
3
2.5
2
Allen County
1.5
Indiana
National
1
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents
Survey
Figure 6.15 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students Reporting Past
Month Methamphetamines Use
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Allen County
0.8
Indiana
0.6
National
0.4
0.2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents
Survey
99
Amphetamines
Amphetamine is a prescription Central Nervous System stimulant commonly used to treat attentiondeficit disorder (ADD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children. It is also
used to treat symptoms of traumatic brain injury, the daytime drowsiness symptoms of narcolepsy, and
chronic fatigue syndrome. Initially, it was more popularly used to diminish the appetite and to control
weight. Brand names of the drugs that contain amphetamine include Adderall and Dexedrine. The drug
is also used illegally as a recreational club drug and as a performance enhancer. Psychological effects of
amphetamine could include euphoria, a sense of well being, increased alertness, increased
concentration, increased talkativeness, increased energy, excitability, feeling of power or superiority,
repetitive behaviors, increased aggression, and in rare cases, paranoia. Effects are similar to cocaine,
especially when insufflated or injected.
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey and 2006 MTF Survey, amphetamine usage in Allen County in each
of the categories of use is lower (or equal to in 6th grade) than state or national rates.
Figure 6.16: Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime Amphetamines Use
14
12
10
8
Allen County
6
Indiana
4
National
2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents
Survey
100
Figure 6.17 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual Amphetamines Use
9
8
7
6
5
Allen County
4
Indiana
3
National
2
1
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.18 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School
Students Reporting Past Month Amphetamines Use
4
3.5
3
2.5
Allen County
2
Indiana
1.5
National
1
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents
Survey
101
COCAINE
Source: www.usdoj.gov/dea/images_cocaine.html
Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug that is snorted, sniffed, injected, or smoked. The
powdered, hydrochloride salt form of cocaine can be snorted or dissolved in water and injected. Crack
is cocaine that has been processed from cocaine hydrochloride to a free base for smoking. This form
of cocaine comes in a rock crystal that can be heated and its vapors smoked. The term "crack" refers
to the crackling sound heard when it is heated.
Figure 6.19 Synonyms for Cocaine
Nose
candy
Yao
Starspangled
powder
Sugar
boogers
Snow
COCAINE
White
dragon
Flake
Blow
Devil's
dandruff
Fast
white
lady
102
Cocaine and Alcohol an Added Danger: Cocaethylene
When people mix cocaine and alcohol consumption, they are compounding the danger each drug
poses and unknowingly forming a complex chemical experiment within their bodies. NIDA-funded
researchers have found that the human liver combines cocaine and alcohol and manufactures a third
substance, cocaethylene, that intensifies cocaine's euphoric effects, while potentially increasing the
risk of sudden death.
Figure 6.20 Effects of Cocaine
Cocaine
Short Term Effects
Long Term Effects
ƒ
erratic
•
Cardiovascular problems, including irregular heartbeat,
heart attack, and heart failure
ƒ
delusional
ƒ
Sleeplessness or sexual dysfunction
ƒ
paranoid
ƒ
Diminished sense of smell or perforated nasal septum
ƒ
violent
ƒ
Nausea, and headaches
ƒ
psychotic
ƒ
Pulmonary effects
ƒ Psychiatric complications
• www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/atod/resources.htm#3
raises blood pressure
Source:
•
Increases heart rate
ƒ
Increased risk of traumatic injury from accidents and
aggressive
Source: www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/atod/resources.htm#3
103
Crack Cocaine Use Among School-Aged Youth
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey and 2006 MTF Survey, crack usage in Allen County is at or
near the state and national rates, with the exception of past month use among 12th graders.
Figure 6.21 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime Crack Use
4
3.5
3
2.5
Allen County
2
Indiana
National
1.5
1
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and
Adolescents Survey
104
Figure 6.22 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual Crack Use
3
2.5
2
Allen County
1.5
Indiana
1
National
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children
and Adolescents Survey
Figure 6.23 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month Crack Use
9
8
7
6
5
Allen County
4
Indiana
3
National
2
1
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children
and Adolescents Survey
105
Other Drug Use Among School-Aged Youth
Heroin
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey and 2006 MTF Survey, lifetime and annual heroin usage is
higher among Allen County students in the 7th, 11th, and 12th grades. For past month use, Allen
County rates are equal to or higher than national rates, and higher than the state rate in 11th
grade.
Figure 6.24 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime Heroin Use
3
2.5
2
Allen County
1.5
Indiana
1
National
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and
Adolescents Survey
106
Figure 6.25 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual Heroin Use
2.5
2
1.5
Allen County
Indiana
1
National
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.26 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month Heroin
1.2
1
0.8
Allen County
0.6
Indiana
0.4
National
0.2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents
Survey
107
Tranquilizers
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey and 2006 MTF Survey, lifetime, annual, and past month
tranquilizer use in Allen County is equal to or below all state averages. However, it is higher than
the national average for 8th and 10th grades.
Figure 6.27 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime Tranquilizer Use
16
14
12
10
Allen County
8
Indiana
6
National
4
2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and
Adolescents Survey
108
Figure 6.28 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual Tranquilizer Use
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Allen County
Indiana
National
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.29 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month Tranquilizer Use
6
5
4
Allen County
3
Indiana
2
National
1
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents
Survey
109
Rohypnol
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey, Allen County is equal or below state averages for lifetime
use; above state averages for annual use among 11th and 12th grades; and above the state
average for past month usage for 11th grade.
Figure 6.30 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime Rohypnol Use
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Allen County
0.8
Indiana
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and
Adolescents Survey
110
Figure 6.31 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual Rohypnol Use
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
Allen County
0.6
Indiana
0.4
0.2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.32 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month Rohypnol Use
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Allen County
0.4
Indiana
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and
Adolescents Survey
111
Ritalin
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey, lifetime Ritalin usage rates are equal to below state rates.
Annual and past month Ritalin use is above state rates in 11th and 12th grades.
Figure 6.33 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime Ritalin Use
12
10
8
6
Allen County
4
Indiana
2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and
Adolescents Survey
112
Figure 6.34 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual Ritalin Use
9
8
7
6
5
Allen County
4
Indiana
3
2
1
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.35 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month Ritalin Use
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
Allen County
1.5
Indiana
1
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
113
Steroids
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey and 2006 MTF Survey, all three categories of use are equal
to or below state and national rates with the exception of the 11th grade.
Figure 6.36 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime Steroids Use
3
2.5
2
Allen County
1.5
Indiana
1
National
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
114
Figure 6.37 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual Steroids Use
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Allen County
Indiana
National
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.38 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month Steroids Use
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
Allen County
0.6
Indiana
0.4
National
0.2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey,
and 2006 Monitoring the Future Survey
115
Narcotics
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey, Allen County usage rates are lower than the state rates with
the exception of the 6th grade in annual and past month usage.
Figure 6.39 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime Narcotics Use
14
12
10
8
Allen County
6
Indiana
4
2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey,
and 2006 Monitoring the Future Survey
116
Figure 6.40 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual Narcotics Use
9
8
7
6
5
Allen County
4
Indiana
3
2
1
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.41 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month Narcotics Use
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Allen County
2
Indiana
1.5
1
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
117
Over the Counter Drugs
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey, Allen County usage rates for over the counter drugs are
lower than the state rates in each of the categories of use.
Figure 6.42 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime Over the Counter Drug Use
16
14
12
10
8
Allen County
6
Indiana
4
2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
118
Figure 6.43 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual Over the Counter Drug Use
12
10
8
6
Allen County
4
Indiana
2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.44 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month Over the Counter Drug Use
7
6
5
4
Allen County
3
Indiana
2
1
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
119
LSD
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey and 2006 MTF Survey, lifetime usage of LSD in Allen County
is below or equal to state and national rates in 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th grades. They are higher than the
national rate for 10th grade and 12th grade, and higher than the state rate for 11th grade. For
annual usage, Allen County rates are higher than state and national rates in 6th, 11th, and 12th
grades. For past month LSD usage, Allen County rates are higher than the state rates in 6th grade,
11th grade, and 12th grade, and higher than all national rates.
Figure 6.45 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime LSD Use
6
5
4
Allen County
3
Indiana
2
National
1
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
120
Figure 6.46 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual LSD Use
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Allen County
2
Indiana
1.5
National
1
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.47 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month LSD Use
2.5
2
1.5
Allen County
Indiana
1
National
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
121
Injected Drugs
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey, Allen County rates are above state rates in 11th and 12th
grades for lifetime usage. For annual usage, rates in 7th and 11th grade are higher in Allen County
than Indiana. Rates for 6th and 11th grade in Allen County are higher for past month usage than
they are for Indiana.
Figure 6.48 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime Injected Drug Use
3
2.5
2
1.5
Allen County
Indiana
1
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
122
Figure 6.49 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual Injected Drug Use
2.5
2
1.5
Allen County
1
Indiana
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.50 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month Injected Drug Use
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Allen County
Indiana
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
123
Inhalants
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey and 2006 MTF Survey, all inhalant use is lower across the
board in Allen County as compared to the state and national rates, with the exception of a slight
increase in past month usage among 12th graders.
Figure 6.51 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime Inhalants Use
18
16
14
12
10
Allen County
8
Indiana
6
National
4
2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
124
Figure 6.52 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual Inhalants Use
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Allen County
Indiana
National
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.53 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month Inhalant Use
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Allen County
2
Indiana
1.5
National
1
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
125
MDMA
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey and 2006 MTF Survey, lifetime MDMA usage in Allen County
is lower than in the state or nation. Annual usage is lower in Allen County with the exception of a
slight increase in 12th grade. Past month usage is lower in Allen County with the exception of 6th
and 11th grades.
Figure 6.54 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime MDMA Use
7
6
5
4
Allen County
3
Indiana
2
National
1
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
126
Figure 6.55 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual MDMA Use
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Allen County
2
Indiana
1.5
National
1
0.5
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.56: Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School
Students Reporting Past Month MDMA Use
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Allen County
0.8
Indiana
0.6
National
0.4
0.2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
127
GHB
According to the 2007 ATOD Survey, lifetime GHB usage is higher among Allen County 11th and
12th graders. Annual GHB usage is higher than state rates in 7th, 11th, and 12th grades. Past month
GHB usage is higher among Allen County 11th graders than in the State.
Figure 6.57 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Lifetime GHB Use
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
Allen County
0.6
Indiana
0.4
0.2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
128
Figure 6.58 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Annual GHB Use
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
Allen County
0.6
Indiana
0.4
0.2
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 6.59 Percentage of Allen County, Indiana, and U.S. Middle and High School Students
Reporting Past Month GHB Use
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Allen County
0.3
Indiana
0.2
0.1
0
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Source: 2007 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
129
REFERENCES, CHAPTER 6
Brown University Department of Health Education/ Student health Services. Effects of Cocaine. Retrieved
February 2007 from
http://www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/atod/resources.htm#3
Community Epidemiology Work Group. Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse, Vol. II, Proceedings of the
Community Epidemiology Work Group. December 2003
Haney M, Ward AS, Comer SD, et al. Abstinence symptoms following smoked marijuana in humans.
Psychopharmacology 141(4):395–404, 1999
Indiana Law Enforcement (2008). Clandestine Meth Lab Incidents in Allen County and top 10 Indiana
Counties.
Indiana Prevention Resource Center:
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents (ATOD) Survey
http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/data-survey_monograph.htm
METH Awareness and Prevention Project. General Information on methamphetamine use and the
consequences Retrieved January 2009 from . http://www.mappsd.org/HowMethAffects.htm
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) The Science of Drug Abuse and Addiction, NIDA InfoFacts:
Marijuana http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/marijuana.html
130
7. Conclusion
The majority of young adults who binge drink between the ages of 18 and 25 years old have a history of
drinking during their earlier teen years. Young adults and youth do not tend to drink casually; they drink
for the express purpose of getting drunk. They binge drink. The consequences from alcohol abuse are
devastating to young brains that have not yet finished the developmental process which continues until
age 25. Drug- and alcohol-related arrests account for nearly half (45%) of the total arrests in Allen
County. In recent alcohol compliance checks, Allen County’s non-compliance rate has been as high as
51%. Eighty-seven percent of the respondents in a household survey said that parents allowing or
providing alcohol for minors for social gatherings at their home is a problem in our community. These key
pieces of information demonstrate the need to continue our efforts to expand the availability of proveneffective prevention programs after school and within the schools, reduce retail availability through a
pledge campaign and compliance checks, and embark upon other programs, strategies, and awareness
campaigns to reduce substance use and abuse among youth and young adults in Allen County.
131
Appendix I: Acronyms
ADD
Attention Deficit Disorder
IYTS
Indiana Youth Tobacco Survey
ADHD
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
MDMA
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Ecstasy
ARDI
Alcohol-Related Disease Impact Database
MTF
Monitoring the Future Survey
ATOD
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use by
Indiana Children and Adolescents Survey
NCHS
National Center for Health Statistics
BRFSS
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
NCI
National Cancer Institute
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
NCLSS
National Clandestine Laboratory Seizure
System
CHD
Coronary Heart Disease
NDIC
National Drug Intelligence Center
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
NHTSA
National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration
CSAP
Center for Substance Abuse and Prevention
NIDA
National Institute on Drug Abuse
DAC
Drug & Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
NIH
National Institutes of Health
DEA
U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency
NSDUH
National Survey on Drug Use and Health
DOE
U.S. Department of Education
NVSS
National Vital Statistics System
DMHA
Division of Mental Health and Addiction
NYTS
National Youth Tobacco Survey
EPIC
El Paso Intelligence Center
OAS
Office of Applied Studies
ETS
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
ONDCP
U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy
FARS
Fatality Analysis Reporting System
SAMMEC
FSSA
U.S. Family and Social Services Administration
SAMHSA
GAC
Governor’s Advisory Council
SEDS
State Epidemiological Data System
GHB
gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid -Liquid Ecstasy
SEOW
State Epidemiology and Outcomes
Workgroup
HBV
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
HCV
Hepatitis C Virus Infection
SPF-SIG
Strategic Prevention Framework State
Incentive Grant
SPSS
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
STD
Sexually Transmitted Disease
ICD-10
ICPSR
International Classification of Diseases, 10th
Revision
Inter-University Consortium for Political and
Social Research
Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity,
and Economic Costs
U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration
IDU
Injection Drug User
TEDS
Treatment Episode Data Set
IPRC
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
UCR
Uniform Crime Reports
ISDH
Indiana State Department of Heath
USDHHS
U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services
ISP
Indiana State Police
WHO
World Health Organization
ITPC
Indiana Tobacco Prevention and Cessation
Agency
YRBSS
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
132
Appendix II: Local Household Telephone Survey
General Population Telephone Survey – General Population Responses
1. Do you think it is very difficult, somewhat difficult, or not difficult at all to obtain alcohol from:
Very
Difficult
Somewhat
Difficult
Not Difficult
At All
Don’t
Know
Older siblings
1.5%
20.5%
74.8%
3.3%
Parents
19.0%
43.5%
31.5%
6.0%
Other adult relatives
20.3%
48.8%
22.3%
8.8%
Other adults
16.8%
42.8%
34.3%
6.3%
Friends who are the same age
10.3%
16.0%
72.5%
1.3%
Bars
60.8%
27.8%
7.3%
4.3%
Restaurants
66.3%
26.5%
4.5%
2.8%
Liquor stores
63.0%
28.5%
6.8%
1.8%
Grocery stores
56.3%
34.8%
6.5%
2.5%
Convenience stores
45.3%
41.0%
9.3%
4.5%
2. Do you think it is very difficult, somewhat difficult, or not difficult at all for young people to get
alcohol from home without their parents knowing about it?
•
Very difficult
2.5%
•
Somewhat difficult
22.8%
•
Not difficult at all
71.5%
•
Don’t know
3.3%
3. Would you say that parents allowing or providing alcohol for minors for social gathering in
their home is a significant problem, minor problem, or not a problem at all in our community?
•
Significant problem
39.3%
•
Minor problem
47.8%
•
Not a problem
6.8%
•
Don’t know
6.3%
133
4. Would you say that parents allowing or providing alcohol for their own children is a
significant problem, minor problem, or not a problem at all in our community?
•
Significant problem
32.5%
•
Minor problem
52.8%
•
Not a problem
9.5%
•
Don’t know
5.3%
5. Do you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with each statement.
Strong
Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Don’t
Know
No
Answer
Most adults I know think that
binge drinking by other adults is
acceptable
3.3%
20.8%
57.8%
17.5%
0.8%
NA
Most adults I know think that
binge drinking by people age 1820 is acceptable
2.8%
9.8%
71.0%
15.8%
0.8%
NA
Most adults I know think that it is
OK for people under age 21 to
drink alcohol
1.8%
17.0%
62.5%
18.0%
0.8%
NA
6. If one drink is equal to a 12-ounce beer, a 5-ounce glass of wine, or a drink with one shot of
liquor, during the past 30 days have you had at least one drink of any alcoholic beverage such
as beer, wine, a malt beverage, or liquor?
•
YES
53.5%
•
NO
46.5%
•
DON’T KNOW
0.0%
134
7. During the past 30 days, how many days per week or per month did you have at least one
drink of any alcoholic beverage?
Days Per Week (165 respondents)
•
1 Day
2.7%
•
2 Days
30.9%
•
3 Days
12.7%
•
4 Days
9.1%
•
5 Days
9.1%
•
6 Days
1.8%
•
7 Days
3.6%
Days In The Past 30 Days (49 respondents)
•
7 Days
8.2%
•
8 Days
18.4%
•
10 Days
22.4%
•
15 Days
10.2%
•
20 Days
12.2%
•
30 Days
28.6%
8. During the past 30 days, on the days when you drank alcohol,
approximately how many drinks did you drink on average?
•
1 Drink
42.5%
•
2 Drinks
30.4%
•
3 Drinks
13.6%
•
4 Drinks
5.1%
•
5 Drinks
5.1%
•
8 Drinks
1.9%
•
12 Drinks 1.4%
135
9. How many times in the last 30 days have you had five or more alcoholic drinks
such as beer, wine, or liquor at a sitting?
•
None
87.4%
•
Once
2.8%
•
Twice
4.2%
•
3-5 Times
2.8%
•
6-9 Times
1.4%
•
10 or more times 1.4%
10. During the past 30 days how did you usually get your alcohol?
68.7% I bought it at a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket,
discount store, or gas station
27.1% I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club.
4.2% I got it at a party.
11. During the past 30 days, how many times have you been driving when you’ve had
perhaps too much to drink?
•
0 times
96.7%
•
1 times
3.3%
12. Do you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with each of these as
a reason to drink alcohol.
Strongly
Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly
Disagree
Don’t
Know
No
Answer
To experiment or to see what it is
like
7.8%
46.5%
35.5%
7.8%
2.0%
0.5%
To relax or relieve tension
7.8%
60.8%
23.8%
5.8%
1.5%
0.5%
To feel good or get high
6.0%
36.3%
45.3%
10.0%
2.0%
0.5%
To have a good time with my
friends
17.3%
51.0%
26.0%
4.3%
1.0%
0.5%
To fit in with a group I like
15.0%
29.5%
41.5%
11.5%
2.0%
0.5%
4.0%
31.5%
49.5%
13.8%
0.8%
0.5%
2.0%
22.0%
59.5%
14.8%
1.3%
0.5%
Because of anger or frustration
2.8%
28.0%
54.3%
12.0%
2.5%
0.5%
To get through the day
1.5%
19.8%
58.0%
17.0%
3.0%
0.8%
To increase or decrease the
effects of some other drug
0.0%
13.5%
60.0%
17.5%
8.5%
0.5%
To get to sleep
0.8%
21.8%
59.8%
13.0%
4.3%
0.5%
Because it tasted good
2.0%
50.8%
35.0%
7.0%
4.8%
0.5%
Because I am hooked and feel I
have to drink
1.5%
15.3%
55.3%
23.0%
4.5%
0.5%
To get away from my problems
and troubles
Because of boredom or having
nothing else to do
13. How many times in the past 30 days have you used…?
Never
1-5
times
6-19
times
20-40
times
40+
times
Don’t
Know
No
Answer
Alcohol (beer, wine, wine
coolers, liquor)
1.9%
69.4% 16.2%
9.7%
1.4%
1.4%
0.0%
Marijuana (pot, weed, hash)
99.5%
0.5%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Powder cocaine
99.5%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Crack
99.5%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Inhalants (glue, fumes, amyls)
99.5%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Amphetamines (uppers)
99.5%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
99.5%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
99.5%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Heroin
99.5%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Ecstasy or X
99.5%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
LSD (acid)
99.5%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Over-the-counter drugs (nonmedical use)
99.5%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Methamphetamines (meth,
crank, crystal)
Prescription drugs (nonprescribed use only)
138
14. Is this something that has happened frequently, sometimes, rarely or never to you in the past 30 days as a result of
drinking alcohol or using drugs.
Frequently
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
Don’t
Know
IF FREQUENTLY OR SOMETIMES Has this
been caused by alcohol, drugs, or both
Don’t
Alcohol Drugs Both
No Answer
Know
Been arrested
0.0%
0.0%
0.0 %
100%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Damaged property
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Driven a car while under
the influence
0.0%
0.0%
4.2%
95.8%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Got into an argument or
fight
0.0%
0.0%
1.9%
98.1%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Been hurt or injured
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Been taken advantage of
sexually
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Taken advantage of
another sexually
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Thought I might have a
drinking or drug problem
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
99.5%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Missed work/school
0.0%
0.0%
1.9%
98.1%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
99.5%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.0%
0.0%
0.9%
99.1%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Got nauseated or vomited
0.0%
0.0%
0.5%
99.5%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Had a hangover
0.0%
0.9%
5.1%
94.0%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Could not remember
things
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100%
0.0%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Consequence
Performed poorly at
work/school
Done something I later
regretted
15. In the past 30 days, have members of your family or friends told you that you should cut down
on using alcohol or drugs?
•
Yes
0.0%
•
No
100.0%
16. Do you have any kind of health care coverage?
•
Yes
93.0%
•
No
6.5%
•
Don’t Know
0.5%
If yes, does it cover drug and alcohol treatment?
•
Yes
42.7%
•
No
5.6%
•
Don’t Know
51.6%
Demographic Information
1.
Are you male or female?
•
Male
38.3%
•
Female
61.8%
2. Are you of Spanish or Hispanic origin?
3.
•
Hispanic
1.5%
•
Non-Hispanic
98.5%
What is your race?
•
White
92.8%
•
African American
6.3%
•
Asian Pacific Islander
0.0%
•
Some other race
1.0%
•
Don’t know
0.0%
4. Are you currently married, divorced, widowed, separated, a member of an unmarried couple,
or have you never been married?
•
Married
80.0%
•
Divorced
3.0%
•
Widowed
0.5%
•
Separated
0.0%
•
Member Of An Unmarried Couple
2.0%
•
Never Been Married
14.0%
•
Don’t Know
0.0%
5. Are there any children under the age of 18 living in your household?
•
1 Yes
28.0%
•
2 No
72.0%
If yes, are any of them:
Yes
No
Don't Know
Under 5 years old
30.4%
69.6%
0.0%
5 through 13 years old
64.3%
35.7%
0.0%
14 through 17 years old
44.6%
55.4%
0.0%
6. What is the highest level of education you have achieved?
•
Less Than A High School Diploma
3.0%
•
High School Diploma Or Equivalent
30.8%
•
Some College
22.0%
•
Associate’s Degree
11.5%
•
Bachelor’s Degree
20.0%
•
Some Graduate School
1.8%
•
Graduate Degree
10.8%
•
Don’t Know
0.0%
•
No Answer
0.3%
Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
141
7. Which of the following best describes your current situation?
•
Employed for wages
45.0%
•
Self-employed
11.3%
•
Out of work for more than one year
1.5%
•
Out of work for less than one year
1.5%
•
Homemaker
12.0%
•
Student
0.8%
•
Retired
25.5%
•
Unable to work
2.0%
•
No answer
0.5%
If employed, which category best describes where you are employed?
•
Agriculture
3.6%
•
Construction
8.9%
•
Manufacturing
10.2%
•
Wholesale or retail trade
12.0%
•
Transportation and warehousing
6.7%
•
Government or utilities
5.8%
•
Finance and insurance
3.1%
•
Real estate and rental and leasing
3.1%
•
Education
14.2%
•
Health care
11.1%
•
Social services
0.9%
•
Hotel, restaurant, or other hospitality
3.1%
•
Professional scientific, or technical services
8.9%
•
Other
8.4%
Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
142
8. Total household income
•
Less than $15,000
2.3%
•
$15,000 to $24,999
6.0%
•
$25,000 to $39,999
12.3%
•
$40,000 to $49,999
13.5%
•
$50,000 to $74,999
26.5%
•
More than $75,000
31.8%
•
No answer
7.8%
Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
143
Appendix III: Alcohol and Your Body
What kind of substance is alcohol?
Alcohol is classified as a depressant because it slows down the central nervous system, causing a
decrease in motor coordination, reaction time and intellectual performance. At high doses, the respiratory
system slows down drastically and can cause a coma or death.
Alcohol Impairment Charts
Despite the tireless efforts of thousands of advocates, impaired drivers continue to kill someone every 30
minutes, nearly 50 people a day, and almost 18,000 citizens a year. Remember — impairment begins
with the first drink.
Alcohol affects individuals differently. Your blood alcohol level is affected by your age, weight, gender,
time of day, physical condition, prior amount of food consumed, other drugs or medication taken, and a
multitude of other factors. In addition, different drinks may contain different amounts of alcohol, so it’s
important to know how much and the concentration of alcohol you consume.
The body metabolizes alcohol at the rate of about one drink per hour. Does drinking strong coffee or
taking a cold shower have an effect on the person who is drunk? The answer is yes — the result being
an alert, cold, and wet drunk. Time and only time can sober a person up.
A woman of equivalent weight drinking an equal amount of alcohol in the same time period of time as a
man may have a higher blood alcohol concentration than that man. Therefore, women should refer to the
BAC chart for women.
Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
144
Blood Alcohol Concentration Estimate – for Men
DrinksA
A
Influence
Body Weight In Pounds
B
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
1
.04
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
2
.08
.06
.05
.05
.04
.04
.03
.03
3
.11
.09
.08
.07
.06
.06
.05
.05
4
.15
.12
.11
.09
.08
.08
.07
.06
5
.19
.16
.13
.12
.11
.09
.09
.09
6
.23
.19
.16
.14
.13
.11
.10
.09
7
.26
.22
.19
.16
.15
.13
.12
.11
8
.30
.25
.21
.19
.17
.15
.14
.13
9
.34
.28
.24
.21
.19
.17
.15
.14
10
.38
.31
.27
.23
.21
.19
.17
Possibly
Impaired
DUI
.16
B
One drink is 1.25 oz. of 80 proof liquor, 12 oz. beer, or 5 oz. of wine Subtract .01 for
each hour of drinking
Source: Greater Dallas Council on Alcohol & Drug Abuse
Blood Alcohol Contentration – for Women
DrinksA
InfluenceB
Body Weight In Pounds
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
1
.05
.05
.04
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
2
.10
.09
.08
.07
.06
.05
.05
.04
3
.15
.14
.11
.10
.09
.08
.07
.06
4
.20
.18
.15
.13
.11
.10
.09
.08
5
.25
.23
.19
.16
.14
.13
.11
.10
6
.30
.27
.23
.19
.17
.15
.14
.12
7
.35
.32
.27
.23
.20
.18
.16
.14
8
.40
.36
.30
.26
.23
.20
.18
.17
9
.45
.41
.34
.29
.26
.23
.20
.19
10
.51
.45
.38
.32
.28
.25
.23
.21
A
Possibly
Impaired
DUI
One drink is 1.25 oz. of 80 proof liquor, 12 oz. beer, or 5 oz. of wine
B
Subtract .01 for each hour of drinking
Source: Greater Dallas Council on Alcohol & Drug Abuse
Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
145
Effects of
o blood alc
cohol content on thinking, feeling and behav
vior:
Now thatt you know how
h
to calculate BAC, se
ee how alcohol affects your
y
body at different levvels.
0.02 - 0.0
03 Legal deffinition of intoxication in R.I. for peop
ple under 21 years of ag
ge. Few obviious effects;
slight inte
ensification of
o mood.
0.05 - 0.0
06 Feeling of
o warmth, re
elaxation, mild sedation; exaggeratio
on of emotion and behavvior; slight
decrease
e in reaction time and in fine-muscle
e coordinatio
on; impaired judgment ab
bout continu
ued drinking..
0.07 - 0.0
09 More noticeable spee
ech impairment and distturbance of balance;
b
imp
paired motorr coordinatio
on,
hearing and
a vision; fe
eeling of ela
ation or depre
ession; incre
eased confid
dence; may not recognizze impairment.
y
and older.
0.08 Legal definition of intoxication in R.I. forr people 21 years
12 Coordina
ation and balance becom
ming difficult;; distinct imp
pairment of mental
m
facultties and
0.11 - 0.1
judgment.
15 Major imp
pairment of mental
m
and physical con
ntrol; slurred speech, blu
urred vision and
a lack of
0.14 - 0.1
motor skills; needs medical
m
evalu
uation.
ental confusion; needs medical
m
0.20 Loss of motor control; mustt have assisttance moving about; me
assistancce.
0.30 Sevvere intoxication; minimu
um conscious control of mind and bo
ody; needs hospitalizatio
h
on.
0.30 - 0.6
60 This level of alcohol has
h been me
easured in people
p
who have
h
died off alcohol into
oxication.
0.40 Uncconsciousness; coma; ne
eeds hospita
alization.
http://www
w.brown.edu/S
Student_Servvices/Health_
_Services/Hea
alth_Educatio
on/atod/alc_aa
ayb.htm
Alcohol Statistics
•
M
More
than 10
00,000 U.S. deaths
d
are caused
c
by exxcessive alccohol consum
mption each year. Directt
and indirect causes
c
of de
eath include drunk driving, cirrhosis of
o the liver, falls,
f
cancerr, and stroke
e.1
•
A least once a year, the guidelines fo
At
or low risk drinking
d
are exceeded
e
byy an estimated 74% of
m
male
drinkers
s and 72% of
o female drin
nkers aged 21
2 and olderr.2
•
65% of youth surveyed said that theyy got the alco
ohol they drink from fam
mily and
frriends.7
•
N
Nearly
14 million America
ans meet dia
agnostic crite
eria for alcohol use diso
orders.5
•
Y
Youth
who drrink alcohol are
a 50 timess more likelyy to use coca
aine than tho
ose who nevver
drink alcohol..3
Dru
ug and Alcoh
hol Consortiu
um of Allen County
146
•
Among current adult drinkers, more than half say they have a blood relative who is or was an
alcoholic or problem drinker.1
•
Across people of all ages, males are four times as likely as females to be heavy drinkers.1
•
More than 18% of Americans experience alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence at some time in
their lives.6
•
Traffic crashes are the greatest single cause of death for persons aged 6–33. About 45% of these
fatalities are in alcohol-related crashes.4
•
Underage drinking costs the United States more than $58 billion every year — enough to buy
every public school student a state-of-the-art computer.2
•
Alcohol is the most commonly used drug among young people.1
•
Problem drinkers average four times as many days in the hospital as nondrinkers — mostly
because of drinking-related injuries.1
•
Alcohol kills 6½ times more youth than all other illicit drugs combined.2
•
Concerning the past 30 days, 50% of high school seniors report drinking, with 32% report being
drunk at least once.2
Sources
1
Substance Abuse: The Nation’s Number One Health Problem, Feb. 2001
2
Mothers Against Drunk Driving
3
National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse
4
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
5
Alcohol Health & Research World
6
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Analysis
7
The Century Council
Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
147
Appendix IV: Figures, Maps and Tables
Maps
2.1
Indiana Counties
21
2.2
Allen County Townships
22
6.1
Indiana Meth Lab Seizures, 2008
97
Tables
3.1
Five Categories of Risk and Protective Factors
24
3.2
Alcohol Sales Outlets Per Capita
25
3.3
Per Household Spending on Alcohol
26
3.4
Unemployment Rates – Annual
27
3.5
Educational Attainment
27
3.6
Types of Households with Children and Median Family Income
28
3.7
Families in Poverty
28
3.8
CHILDREN IN HOMES WITH NO PARENT PRESENT
29
3.9
HOUSEHOLDS WHERE ALL PARENTS WORK
30
3.10
COMMUNITY PROTECTIVE FACTORS
32
3.11
PREVENTION PROGRAMS IN ALLEN COUNTY
33
3.12
INTERVENTION PROGRAMS IN ALLEN COUNTY
34
4.1
Cost of Underage Drinking by Problem, Indiana 2005
37
4.2
The number of children Effected by FAS
45
4.3
52
4.6
Grade of First Use of Alcohol in Indiana
Binge Drinking in the Past Two Weeks – Indiana Main Source of Alcohol
in Past Month – Indiana
Binge Drinking in the Past Two Weeks – Allen County Main Source of
Alcohol in Past Month – Allen County
Main Source of Alcoholic Beverages in the past month -Indiana
4.7
Main Source of Alcoholic Beverages in the past month –Allen County
62
4.8
Most Important Reasons for Drinking –
63
4.9
64
4.11
Most Important Reasons for Drinking – Allen County
Allen County Graduates to Higher Education 2003-2006 Allen County
University Attendance by Gender
Percent of Allen County high School Education Intent, 2007
66
4.12
Allen County University Attendance by Gender Arrests 2001-2006
67
4.13
Number of Arrests or Persons Referred for Campus Disciplinary Action
67
4.14
Juvenile Investigations/Arrests for Alcohol or Alcohol-Related Offenses
73
4.15
Citations Issued to Juveniles/Juvenile Arrests
74
4.16
Number of Arrests Tickets issued to Adults
74
4.4
4.5
4.10
Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
59
60
61
65
148
4.17
Compliance Checks for 2007
75
4.18
Compliance Checks for 2008
75
4.19
Compliance Checks for First Quarter 2009
75
4.20
Drug Testing Results of Juvenile Offenders
76
4.21
Alcohol Induced Deaths by Age & Gender 2001-2005
80
4.22
Alcohol Induced Deaths by Age & Race 2001-2005
80
4.23
Alcohol Induced Deaths by Age & Ethnicity 2001-2005
Number of Allen County Residents in Substance Abuse Treatment Who
Reported using Alcohol or Drugs
Number of Allen County Residents in Substance Abuse Treatment Who
Reported using prescription Drugs
Combination of Drugs used by Poly-substance Abusers in Substance
Abuse Treatment, 2007
Top Ten Indiana Counties with Highest Number of Meth Lab Seizures
The Annual Clandestine Laboratory Responses for Allen County since
1992
Figures
80
5.1
5.2
5.3
6.1
6.2
82
82
83
96
96
3.1
Allen Public School Suspensions & Expulsions 2006-2007
31
3.2
Allen Public School Suspensions & Expulsions 2007-2008
31
4.1
Cost of Underage Drinking, Indiana 2005
38
4.2
Affect of Alcohol use Across a Lifespan
39
4.3
Serving sizes of alcoholic beverages
41
4.4
42
43
4.6
Fetal Development Chart
Areas of the Brain that Can Be Damaged in Utero by Maternal Alcohol
Consumption
Brain of a Normal Baby and Brain of Baby With FAS
4.7
Characteristics of Child with FAS
44
4.8
Characteristic Facial Features of FAS
45
4.9
Characteristic Features of an Ear of a Child with FAS
45
4.10
Characteristic Features of an Hand of a Child with FAS
45
4.11
Areas of the Brain
48
4.12
The Hippocampus of the Brain
49
4.13
Brain Images of How Alcohol May Harm Mental Function
51
4.14
Age of First Alcohol Use in
52
4.15
High School Students and Annual Alcohol Use
53
4.16
High School Students and Past Month Alcohol Use
53
4.17
Allen County Students and Lifetime Alcohol Use
54
4.18
Indiana Students and Lifetime Alcohol
54
4.19
High School Students and Lifetime Alcohol
55
4.20
Peer Approval of Occasional Alcohol Use
55
4.21
Peer Approval of Weekly Binge Drinking
56
4.5
Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
44
149
4.22
Parental Approval of Occasional Alcohol Use
56
4.23
Parental Approval of Weekly Binge Drinking
57
4.24
Perception of Risk of Occasional Alcohol Use
57
4.25
Perception of Risk of Weekly Binge Drinking
58
4.26
Indiana Binge Drinking in the Past Two Weeks - Indiana
59
4.27
Binge Drinking in the Past Two Weeks – Allen County
60
4.28
Main Source of Alcohol in Past Month – Indiana
61
4.29
Main Source of Alcohol in Past Month – Allen County
62
4.30
Use Most Important Reasons for Drinking – Indiana
63
4.31
Most Important Reasons Use for Drinking – Allen County
64
4.32
College Enrollment by Gender by Percentage
66
4.33
Total Crashes- Allen County
68
4.34
Total ATOD-Related Crashes- Allen County
69
4.35
Total Crash Fatalities – Allen County
69
4.36
ATOD- Related Fatalities – Allen County
70
4.37
Crashes and Fatalities in Allen County - 2005
70
4.38
Crashes and Fatalities in Allen County - 2006
71
4.39
Crashes and Fatalities in Allen County - 2007
71
4.40
Crashes and Fatalities in Allen County - 2008
71
4.41
Allen County Arrests for 2007
72
4.42
Allen County Arrests for 2008
72
4.43
Chronic Drinkers –Allen County 2001-2007
77
4.44
Binge Drinkers – Allen County 2001-2007
77
4.45
Drinking And Driving in the Past Month – 2001-2007
78
5.1
Combined Treatment Episodes by Age Group 2005 & 2006
83
6.1
Long-Term Trends in Lifetime Marijuana Use by 12-th Graders
85
6.2
Synonyms for Marijuana
86
6.3
Marijuana’ Effects on the Brain
87
6.4
Effects of Marijuana
88
6.5
Students Reporting Lifetime Marijuana Use
89
6.6
Students Reporting Annual Marijuana Use
90
6.7
Students Reporting Past Month Marijuana Use
90
6.8
Students Reporting Daily Marijuana Use
91
6.9
Methamphetamine – Eroding the Mind
92
6.10
Synonyms for Methamphetamine
93
6.11
Symptoms of Methamphetamine Use
94
6.12
Effects of Methamphetamine
95
6.13
Students Reporting Lifetime Methamphetamine Use
98
Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
150
Figures (Continued
6.14
Students Reporting Annual Methamphetamine Use
99
6.15
Students Reporting Past Month Methamphetamine Use
99
6.16
Students Reporting Lifetime Amphetamine Use
100
6.17
Students Reporting Annual Amphetamine Use
101
6.18
Students Reporting Past Month Amphetamine Use
101
6.19
Synonyms for Cocaine
102
6.20
Effects of Cocaine
103
6.21
Students Reporting Lifetime Crack Use
104
6.22
Students Reporting Annual Crack Use
105
6.23
Students Reporting Past Month Crack Use
105
6.24
Students Reporting Lifetime Heroin Use
106
6.25
Students Reporting Annual Heroin Use
107
6.26
Students Reporting Past Month Heroin Use
107
6.27
Students Reporting Lifetime Tranquilizer Use
108
6.28
Students Reporting Annual Tranquilizer Use
10
6.29
Students Reporting Past Month Tranquilizer Use
109
6.30
Students Reporting Lifetime Rohypnol Use
110
6.31
Students Reporting Annual Rohypnol Use
111
6.32
Students Reporting Past Month Rohypnol Use
111
6.33
Students Reporting Lifetime Ritalin Use
112
6.34
Students Reporting Annual Ritalin Use
113
6.35
Students Reporting Past Month Ritalin Use
113
6.36
Students Reporting Lifetime Steroid Use
114
6.37
Students Reporting Annual Steroid Use
115
6.38
Students Reporting Past Month Steroid Use
115
6.39
Students Reporting Lifetime Narcotics Use
116
6.40
Students Reporting Annual Narcotic Use
117
6.41
Students Reporting Past Month Narcotic Use
117
6.42
Students Reporting Lifetime Over-the-Counter Drug Use
118
6.43
Students Reporting Annual Over-the-Counter Drug Use
119
6.44
Students Reporting Past Month Over-the-Counter Drug Use
119
6.45
Students Reporting Lifetime LSD Use
120
6.46
Students Reporting Annual LSD Use
121
6.47
Students Reporting Past Month LSD Use
121
6.48
Students Reporting Lifetime Injected Drug Use
122
6.49
Students Reporting Annual Injected Drug Use
123
6.50
Students Reporting Past Month Injected Drug Use
123
Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
151
6.51
Students Reporting Lifetime Inhalants Use
124
6.52
Students Reporting Annual Inhalants Use
125
6.53
Students Reporting Past Month Inhalant Use
125
6.54
Students Reporting Lifetime MDMA Use
126
6.55
Students Reporting Annual MDMA Use
127
6.56
Students Reporting Past Month MDMA Use
127
6.57
Students Reporting Lifetime GHB Use
128
6.58
Students Reporting Annual GHB Use
129
6.59
Students Reporting Past Month GHB Use
129
Drug and Alcohol Consortium of Allen County
152