Science
Based on the standards set forth by the National Science Standards
Science Standards
Unifying Concepts and Patterns
I
Systems, order and organization
II
Evidence, models, and explanation
III
Change, constancy, and measurement
IV
Evolution and equilibrium
V
Form and function
A Science as Inquiry
A.1
Ability to do scientific inquiry
A.2
Understanding about scientific inquiry
B Physical Science
B.1
Structure of atoms
B.2
Structure and properties of matter
B.3
Chemical reactions
B.4
Conservation of energy and increase in disorder
B.5
Interactions of energy and matter
C Life Science
C.1
The Cell
C.1.a
Cells have particular structures that underlie their functions
C.1.b
Most cell functions involve chemical reaction
185
Science Standards (continued)
C.1.c
Cells store and use information to guide their functions
C.1.d
Cell functions are regulated
C.1.e
Plant cells contain chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis
C.1.f
Cells can differentiate, and complex multi-cellular
organisms are formed as a highly organized arrangement of
differentiated cells
C Life Science
C.2
Molecular Basis of Heredity
C.2.a
In all organisms, the instructions for specifying the
characteristics of the organisms are carried in DNA
C.2.b
Most of the cells in a human contain two copies of each of
22 different chromosomes. In addition, there is a pair of
chromosomes that determine sex
C.2.c
Changes in DNA (mutations) occur spontaneously at low rates
C Life Science
C.3
Biological Evolution
C.3.a
Species evolve over time
C.3.b
The great diversity of organisms is the result of more than
3.5 billion years of evolution that has filled every available
niche with life forms
C.3.c
Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a
scientific explanation for the fossil record of ancient life forms
and for the striking molecular similarities observed among the
diverse species of living organisms
C.3.d
The millions of different species of plants, animals, and
microorganisms that live on the earth today are related by
descent from common ancestors
C.3.e
Biological classifications are based on how organisms are
related
186
Science Standards (continued)
C Life Science
C.4
Interdependence of Organisms
C.4.a
The atoms and molecules on Earth cycle among the living and
non-living components of the biosphere
C.4.b
Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction, from
photosynthetic organisms to herbivores to carnivores and
decomposers
C.4.c
Organisms both cooperate and compete in ecosystems
C.4.d
Living organisms have the capacity to produce populations of
infinite size, but environments and resources are finite
C.4.e
Humans modify the world’s ecosystems through population
growth, technology, and consumption
C Life Science
C.5
Matter, Energy, and Organization in Living Systems
C.5.a
All matter tends toward more disorganized states. Living
systems require a continuous input of energy to maintain
their chemical and physical organization
C.5.b
The energy for life primarily derives from the sun
C.5.c
The chemical bonds of food molecules contain energy
C.5.d
The complexity and organization of organisms accommodate
the need for obtaining, transforming, transporting, releasing,
and eliminating the matter and energy used to sustain the
organism
C.5.e
The distribution and abundance of organisms and populations
in ecosystems are limited by the availability of matter and
energy and the ability of the ecosystem to recycle materials
C.5.f
As matter and energy flow through different levels of
organization of living systems-cells, organs, organisms,
communities-and between living systems and the physical
environment, chemical elements are recombined in different
ways
187
Science Standards (continued)
C Life Science
C.6
Behavior of Organisms
C.6.a
Multi-cellular animals have nervous systems that generate
behavior
C.6.b
Organisms have behavioral responses to internal changes and
to external stimuli
C.6.c
Like other aspects of an organism’s biology, behaviors have
evolved through natural selection
C.6.d
Behavioral biology has implications for humans, as it provides
links to psychology, sociology, and anthropology
D Earth and Space Science
D.1
Energy in the Earth System
D.2
Geochemical cycles
D.3
Origin and evolution of the Earth system
D.4
Origin and evolution of the universe
E Science and Technology
E.1
Abilities of technological design
E.2
Understandings about science and technology
F Science in Personal and Social Perspectives
F.1
Personal and community health
F.2
Population growth
F.3
Natural resources
F.4
Natural and human-induced hazards
188
Science Standards (continued)
F.5
Environmental Quality
F.6
Science and technology in local, national, and global challenges
G History and Nature of Science
G.1
Science as a human endeavor
G.2
Nature of scientific knowledge
G.3
Historical perspectives
189
Biology
Standards
Objectives
The Science of Biology
A.1, A.2, G.1, G.2
Explain what the goal of science is
A.1, A.2, G.1, G.2
Explain what a hypothesis is
A.1, A.2, G.2, G.3
Describe how scientists test hypothesis
A.1, A.2, G.2, G.3
Explain how scientific theory develops
A.1, B.6, C.1.e, C.1.f,
C.2.a, C.3.a, C.4.b,
C.4.a, C.5.f
Describe some characteristics of living things
A.1, B.6, C.1.e, C.1.f,
C.2.a, C.3.a, C.4.b,
C.4.a, C.5.f
Explain how life can be studied at different levels
A.1, A.2, E.2
Describe the measurement system most scientists use
A.1, A.2, E.2
Explain how the light microscope and electron microscope
are similar and different
A.1, A.2, E.2
Describe two common laboratory techniques
A.1, A.2, E.2
Explain why it is important to work safely in Biology
The Chemistry of Life
A.1, A.2, B.1, B.2, B.4
Identify the three subatomic particles found in atoms
A.1, A.2, B.1, B.2, B.4
Explain how all of the isotopes of an element are similar
and how they are different
A.1, A.2, B.1, B.2, B.4
Explain what chemical compounds are
A.1, A.2, B.1, B.2, B.4
Describe the two main types of chemical bonds
190
Biology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1, B.1, B.2
Explain why water molecules are polar
A.1, B.1, B.2
Differentiate between solutions and suspensions
A.1, B.1, B.2
Explain what acidic solutions and basic solutions are
B.1, B.2, C.1.c, C.2.a
Describe the functions of each group of organic
compounds
A.2, B.1, B.3, B.5,
C.1.b
Explain how chemical reactions affect chemical bonds in
compounds
A.2, B.1, B.3, B.5,
C.1.b
Describe how energy changes affect how easily a chemical
reaction will occur
A.2, B.1, B.3, B.5,
C.1.b
Explain why enzymes are important to living things
Cell Structure and Function
A.1, C.1.a, G.3
Explain cell theory
A.1, C.1.a, G.3
Describe how researchers explore the living cell
A.1, C.1.a, G.3
Distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
A.1, C.1.a, C.1.b,
C.1.c, C.1.e, C.2.b
Describe the function of the cell nucleus
A.1, C.1.a, C.1.b,
C.1.c, C.1.e, C.2.b
Describe the function of the major cell organelles
A.1, C.1.a, C.1.b,
C.1.c, C.1.e, C.2.b
Identify the main roles of the cytoskeleton
A.1, B.4, C.1.a, C.1.d
Identify the main function of the cell membrane and the
cell wall
A.1, B.4, C.1.a, C.1.d
Describe what happens during diffusion
191
Biology (continued)
Standards
A.1, B.4, C.1.a, C.1.d
Objectives
Explain the process of osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and
active transport
A.2, C.1.f, C.5.a, C.5.d,
C.5.f
Describe cell specialization
A.2, C.1.f, C.5.a, C.5.d,
C.5.f
Identify the organization levels in multicellular organisms
Photosynthesis
C.1.a, C.1.b, C.5.a,
C.5.b, C.5.d, C.5.f
Explain where plants get the energy they need to produce
food
C.1.a, C.1.b, C.5.a,
C.5.b, C.5.d, C.5.f
Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities
C.5.a, G.3
Explain what the experiments of van Helmont, Priestly and
Ingenhousz reveal about how plants grow
C.5.a, G.3
State the overall equation for photosynthesis
C.5.a, G.3
Describe the roll of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis
B.3, B.6, C.1.a, C.1.b,
C.5.a
Describe the structure and function of a chloroplast
B.3, B.6, C.1.a, C.1.b,
C.5.a
Describe what happens in light dependent reactions
B.3, B.6, C.1.a, C.1.b,
C.5.a
Explain what the Calvin cycle is
B.3, B.6, C.1.a, C.1.b,
C.5.a
Identify factors that affect the rate at which
photosynthesis occurs
Cellular Respiration
B.3, B.6, C.1.a, C.1.b,
C.5.a, C.5.c
Explain what cellular respiration is
B.3, B.6, C.1.a, C.1.b,
C.5.a, C.5.c
Describe what happens during the process of glycolysis
192
Biology (continued)
Standards
B.3, B.6, C.1.a, C.1.b,
C.5.a, C.5.c
Objectives
Name the main types of fermentation
C.1.a, C.1.b, C.5.a,
C.5.c, C.5.d
Describe what happens during the Krebs cycle
C.1.a, C.1.b, C.5.a,
C.5.c, C.5.d
Explain how high energy electrons are used by the
electron transport chain
C.1.a, C.1.b, C.5.a,
C.5.c, C.5.d
Identify the pathways the body uses to release energy
during exercise
C.1.a, C.1.b, C.5.a,
C.5.c, C.5.d
Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Cell Growth and Division
A.1, C.1.c, C.1.d
Explain the problems that growth causes for cells
A.1, C.1.c, C.1.d
Describe how cell division solves the problems of cell
growth
A.1, C.1.a, C.1.c, C.2.b
Name the main events of the cell cycle
A.1, C.1.a, C.1.c, C.2.b
Describe what happens during the four phases of mitosis
A.2, C.1.d, C.1.f, C.2.b
Identify a factor that can stop cells from growing
A.2, C.1.d, C.1.f, C.2.b
Describe how the cell cycle is regulated
A.2, C.1.d, C.1.f, C.2.b
Explain how cancerous cells are different from other cells
Introduction to Genetics
A.1, G.3
Describe how Mendel studied inheritance in peas
A.1, G.3
Summarize Mendel’s conclusion about inheritance
A.1, G.3
Explain the principle of dominance
193
Biology (continued)
Standards
A.1, G.3
Objectives
Describe what happens during segregation
A.1
Explain how geneticists use the principles of probability
A.1
Describe how geneticists use Punnett squares
A.1
Explain the principle of independent assortment
A.1
Describe other inheritance patterns
A.1
Explain how Mendel’s principles apply to organisms
A.1, C.1.f, C.2.b
Contrast the chromosome number of body cells and
gametes
A.1, C.1.f, C.2.b
Summarize the events of meiosis
A.1, C.1.f, C.2.b
Contrast mitosis and meiosis
C.2.b
Identify the structures that actually assort independently
C.2.b
Explain how gene maps are produced
DNA and RNA
A.1, B.2, C.2.a, G.3
Summarize the relationship between genes and DNA
A.1, B.2, C.2.a, G.3
Describe the overall structure of the DNA molecule
A.1, C.1.c, C.2.a
Summarize the events of DNA replication
A.1, C.1.c, C.2.a
Relate the DNA molecule to chromosome structure
A.1, C.1.c, C.2.a
Tell how DNA differs from RNA
194
Biology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1, C.1.c, C.2.a
Name the three types of RNA
A.1, C.1.c, C.2.a
Describe transcription and the editing of RNA
A.1, C.1.c, C.2.a
Identify the genetic code
A.1, C.1.c, C.2.a
Summarize translation
A.1, C.1.c, C.2.a
Explain the relationship between genes and proteins
C.1.d, C.1.f, C.2.c
Contrast gene mutation and chromosomal mutation
C.2.c
Describe a typical gene
C.2.c
Describe how lac genes are turned off and on
C.2.c
Explain how most eukaryotic genes are controlled
C.2.c
Relate gene regulation to development
Classification
A.1, C.3.d, C.3.e, G.3
Explain how living things are organized for study
A.1, C.3.d, C.3.e, G.3
Describe binomial nomenclature
A.1, C.3.d, C.3.e, G.3
Explain Linnaeus’ system of classification
A.1, A.2, C.2.c, C.3.a,
C.3.b, C.3.c, C.3.d,
C.3.e
Explain how evolutionary relationships are important to
classification
A.1, A.2, C.2.c, C.3.a,
C.3.b, C.3.c, C.3.d,
C.3.e
Identify the principle behind cladistic analysis
195
Biology (continued)
Standards
A.1, A.2, C.2.c, C.3.a,
C.3.b, C.3.c, C.3.d,
C.3.e
Objectives
Explain how we can compare dissimilar organisms
A.1, C.3.c, C.3.d, C.3.e
Name the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified
A.1, C.3.c, C.3.d, C.3.e
Describe the three domain system of classification
Bacteria and Viruses
A.1, C.1.e, C.3.e,
C.5.d, D.2, E.1, F.6
Explain how the two groups of prokaryotes differ
A.1, C.1.e, C.3.e,
C.5.d, D.2, E.1, F.6
Describe the factors that are used to identify prokaryotes
A.1, C.1.e, C.3.e,
C.5.d, D.2, E.1, F.6
Explain why bacteria are vital to maintaining the living
world
A.1, C.5.d
Describe the structure of a virus
A.1, C.5.d
Explain how viruses cause infection
A.2, C.4.e, F.1, F.6
Explain how bacteria cause disease
A.2, C.4.e, F.1, F.6
Describe how bacterial growth can be controlled
A.2, C.4.e, F.1, F.6
Explain how viruses can cause disease
Protists
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.e
Explain what a protist is
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.e,
C.4.c, C.5.d, F.1
Describe the major phyla of animal-like protists
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.e,
C.4.c, C.5.d, F.1
Explain how animal-like protista harm other living things
196
Biology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1, C.3.e, C.4.c,
C.4.d, C.5.d
Describe the function of chlorophyll and accessory
pigments in algae
A.1, C.3.e, C.4.c,
C.4.d, C.5.d
Describe the major phyla of unicellular algae
A.1, C.3.e, C.4.c,
C.4.d, C.5.d
Summarize the ecological roles of unicellular algae
C.3.e, C.4.c
Describe the major phyla of multi-cellular algae
C.3.e, C.4.c
Explain how multi-cellular algae reproduce
C.3.e, C.4.c
Identify some human uses of algae
C.3.e, C.4.c
Compare and contrast fungus-like protists and fungi
C.3.e, C.4.c
Describe slime molds and water molds
Fungi
C.3.e, C.4.c
Summarize the ecological roles of fungus-like protists
A.1
Identify the defining characteristics of fungi
A.1
Describe the main structures of a fungus
A.1
Explain how fungi reproduce
A.1, C.3.b, C.3.e
Identify the characteristics of the four main groups of
fungi
A.1, C.4.b, C.4.c
Explain the ecological role of fungi
A.1, C.4.b, C.4.c
Describe the problems that parasitic fungi cause
197
Biology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
Plant Diversity
A.1, C.4.b, C.4.c
Describe the kinds of mutualistic relationships that fungi
form with other organisms
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.d, C.3.e, C.5.d
Explain what a plant is
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.d, C.3.e, C.5.d
Describe what plants need to survive
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.d, C.3.e, C.5.d
Describe how the first plants evolved
C.3.e, C.4.e, C.5.d
Describe the adaptations of bryophotes
C.3.e, C.4.e, C.5.d
Identify the three groups of bryophytes
C.3.e, C.4.e, C.5.d
Explain how bryophytes reproduce
A.1, C.3.e, C.5.d
Explain how vascular tissue is important to ferns and their
relatives
A.1, C.3.e, C.5.d
Describe the three phyla of spore-bearing plants
A.1, C.3.e, C.5.d
Identify the stages in the life cycle of ferns
A.1, C.3.e, C.5.d
Describe the reproductive adaptations of seed plants
A.1, C.3.e, C.5.d
Describe the evolution of seed plants
A.1, C.3.e, C.5.d
Identify the four groups of gymnosperms
A.2, C.3.b, C.3.e
Identify the characteristics of the angiosperms
A.2, C.3.b, C.3.e
Explain what monocots and dicots are
198
Biology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
Roots, Stems, and Leaves
A.2, C.3.b, C.3.e
Describe the three different life spans of angiosperms
A.1, C.1.f, C.5.d
Describe organs and tissues of vascular plants
A.1, C.1.f, C.5.d
Identify the specialized cells of vascular plants
A.1, C.1.f, C.5.d
Contrast meristematic tissue with other plant tissue
A.1, C.5.d
Describe the three main types of roots
A.1, C.5.d
Identify the tissue and structures in a mature root
A.1, C.5.d
Describe the different functions of the roots
A.1, C.5.d
Describe the three main functions of the stems
A.1, C.5.d
Contrast monocot and dicot stems
A.1, C.5.d
Explain how primary and secondary growth occur in stems
C.5.d
Describe how the structure of a leaf enables it to carry out
photosynthesis
C.5.d
Describe how gas exchange takes place in the leaf
A.1, C.5.d
Explain how water is transported throughout a plant
A.1, C.5.d
Describe how the products of photosynthesis are
transported throughout a plant
Reproduction of Seed Plants
A.1, A.2
Identify the reproductive structures of gymnosperms and
angiosperms
199
Biology (continued)
Standards
A.1, A.2
Objectives
Explain how pollination and fertilization differ between
angiosperms and gymnosperms
A.1, C.4.c
Describe the development of seeds and fruits
A.1, C.4.c
Explain how seeds are dispersed
A.1, C.4.c
List the factors that influence the dormancy and
germination of seeds
C.4.e, E.1, E.2, F.6,
G.3
Identify the forms of plant vegetative reproduction
C.4.e, E.1, E.2, F.6,
G.3
Describe plant propagation
C.4.e, E.1, E.2, F.6,
G.3
Identify the major food crops for humans
Non-vertebrate Chordates, Fishes, and Amphibians
A.1, C.3.b, C.3.c,
C.3.e, C.4.c, C.4.e,
C.4.d
Identify the characteristics that all chordates share
A.1, C.3.b, C.3.c,
C.3.e, C.4.c, C.4.e,
C.4.d
Explain what vertebrates are
A.1, C.3.b, C.3.c,
C.3.e, C.4.c, C.4.e,
C.4.d
Describe the two groups of non-vertebrate chordates
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.e, C.4.c, C.4.e,
C.5.d
Identify the basic characteristics of fishes
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.e, C.4.c, C.4.e,
C.5.d
Summarize the evolution of fishes
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.e, C.4.c, C.4.e,
C.5.d
Explain how fishes are adapted for life in water
200
Biology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.e, C.4.c, C.4.e,
C.5.d
Describe the three main groups of fishes
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.e, C.4.c, C.4.e,
C.5.d
Describe what an amphibian is
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.e, C.4.c, C.4.e,
C.5.d
Summarize the events in the evolution of amphibians
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.e, C.4.c, C.4.e,
C.5.d
Explain how amphibians are adapted to life on land
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.e, C.4.c, C.4.e,
C.5.d
Describe essential life functions in amphibians
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.e, C.4.c, C.4.e,
C.5.d
Name the main groups of living amphibians
Mammals
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.e, C.5.d, E.2
List the characteristics of mammals
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.e, C.5.d, E.2
Tell when mammals evolved
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.b,
C.3.e, C.5.d, E.2
Describe how mammals perform essential life functions
C.3.a, C.3.b, C.3.e
Explain how the three main groups of living mammals
differ from one another
C.3.a, C.3.b, C.3.e
Name the major orders of placental mammals
C.3.a, C.3.b, C.3.e
Describe how convergent evolution caused mammals on
different continents to be similar in form and function
C.3.a, C.3.b, C.3.c,
C.3.d, C.3.e, C.6.d,
G.3
Identify the characteristics that are shared by all primates
201
Biology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
C.3.a, C.3.b, C.3.c,
C.3.d, C.3.e, C.6.d,
G.3
Describe the major evolutionary groups of primates
C.3.a, C.3.b, C.3.c,
C.3.d, C.3.e, C.6.d,
G.3
Explain the current scientific thinking about hominid
evolution.
A.1, B.3, B.6, C.1.b,
C.5.b, C.5.c, F.1
Explain how food provides energy
A.1, B.3, B.6, C.1.b,
C.5.b, C.5.c, F.1
Describe the nutrients your body needs
A.1, B.3, B.6, C.1.b,
C.5.b, C.5.c, F.1
State why water is such an important nutrient
A.1, B.3, B.6, C.1.b,
C.5.b, C.5.c, F.1
Explain how you use the food guide pyramid
A.1
Identify the organs of the digestive system
A.1
Describe the function of the digestive system
E.1
Describe sexual development
E.1
Explain the functions of the male and female reproductive
systems
E.1
Identify the four phases of the menstrual cycle
A.1, C.1.f, C.2.b,
Describe fertilization
A.1, C.1.f, C.2.b
Identify the stages of early development
A.1, C.1.f, C.2.b
Describe the function of the placenta
A.1, C.1.f, C.2.b
Outline the life cycle after birth
E.1
Explain the functions of the male and female reproductive
systems
202
A. P. Biology
Standards
Objectives
The Chemistry of Life
B.2, B.3
Determine how the unique chemical and physical
properties of water make life on earth possible
B.2, B.3
Understand the role of carbon in the molecular diversity of
life
C.1.b
B.2
B.4, B.5
Explain how cells synthesize and break down
macromolecules
Determine how the structures of biologically important
molecules account for their functions
Explain how the laws of thermodynamics relate to the
biochemical processes that provide energy to living
systems
B.3
Describe how enzymes regulate the rate of chemical
reactions
B.3
Explain how the activity of an enzyme is regulated
Cells
C.1.a
Discuss the similarities and differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
C.1.a
Explain the current model of the molecular architecture of
membranes
C.1.a, C.1.d
C.1.a
C.1.b, C.2.a
C.1.b
Describe the various mechanisms by which substances
cross membranes
Identify the functions of the various subcellular organelles
Explain how the cell cycle assures genetic continuity
Discuss the regulation of the cell cycle
203
A. P. Biology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
Celluar Energetics
B.3, C.1.b
Discuss the role of ATP in coupling the cell’s anabolic and
catabolic processes
B.3, B.4, B.5
Explain how chemiosmosis functions in bioenergetics
B.3, B.4, B.5
Explain how organic molecules are broken down by
catabolic pathways
B.3, B.4, B.5
Discuss the role of oxygen in energy-yielding pathways
B.3, B.4, B.5
Explain how cells generate ATP in the absence of oxygen
C.5.b
C.5.d, C.5.e
Describe how photosynthesis converts light energy into
chemical energy
Explain the interactions that exist between photosynthesis
and cellular respiration
Heredity
A.2, C.2.a
Discuss why meiosis is important to heredity
A.2, C.2.a
Discuss the similarities and differences between
gametogenesis in animals and plants
C.2.a, C.2.c, C.2.d
A.2
C.1.c, C.2.a
Explain how genetic information is organized in the
eukaryotic chromosomes
Discuss how Mendel’s work laid the foundation of modern
genetics
Describe the principal patterns of inheritance
Molecular Genetics
C.1.c, C.2.a
Describe the structure and function of DNA and RNA
204
A. P. Biology (continued)
Standards
C.1.c, C.2.a
C.2.c
Objectives
Explain the mechanisms by which gene expression is
regulated in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Explain how genetic information can be altered
A.2, G.1
List some practical applications of nucleic acid technology
A.2, G.1
Recognize the legal and ethical problems that may arise
from these applications
Evolutionary Biology
B.2, B.3
Describe the current biological models for the origin of
biological macromolecules
C.3.a, C.3.b
Explain the current models for the origins of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells
C.3.c, C.3.d
Explain the role of heredity and natural selection in the
process of evolution
C.3.a, C.3.c
Describe the mechanisms that account for speciation and
macroevolution
C.3.c, C.3.d
Identify the different patterns of evolution and explain the
mechanisms responsible for each
Diversity of Organisms
C.1.f
Describe the major body plans of plants and animals
C.3.b
List representative organisms from the Bacteria, Archaea,
and Eukarya
C.3.b
Describe distinguishing characteristics of each group
C.3.d, C.3.e
List evidence that organisms are related to each other
205
A. P. Biology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
Structure and Function of Plants and Animals
C.1.c, C.1.f, C.2.a
C.2.a
C.3.a, C.3.b, C.4.b,
C.5.e
Describe the patterns of reproduction and development
found in plants and animals
Explain how the organization of cells, tissues, and organ
systems determine structure and function in plant and
animal systems
Discuss the adaptive features that have contributed to the
success of various plants and animals on land
Ecology
C.4.d
C.5.b, C.5.c, C.5.d
Explain how population size is regulated by abiotic and
biotic factors
Explain the flow of energy through an ecosystem
C.4.a, C.5.f
Describe how elements cycle through an ecosystem
C.5.e, C.5.f
Explain how abiotic and biotic factors affect community
structure and ecosystem function
C.4.e
Discuss the ways humans are affecting biogeochemical
cycles
206
Zoology
Standards
Objectives
Classification
A.1,C.3.d,C.3.e,G.3
A.1,C.3.d,C.3.e, G.3
A.1,C.3.d,C.3.e,G.3
Explain how living things are organized for study
Describe binomial nomenclature
Explain Linnaeus’ system of classification
A.1,2,C.2.c,C.3.a,C.3.b,
C.3.c,C.3.d, C.3.e
Explain how evolutionary relationships are important to
classification
A.1,A.2,C.2.c,C.3.a,
C.3.b,C.3.c,C.3.d, C.3.e
Identify the principle behind cladistic analysis
A.1,A.2,C.2.c,C.3.a,
C.3.b,C.3.c,C.3.d, C.3.e
Explain how we can compare dissimilar organisms
A.1,C.3.c,C.3.d, C.3.e
Name the six kingdoms of life as they are identified
A.1,C.3.c,C.3.d, C.3.e
Describe the three domain system of classification
Protists
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.e
Explain what a protist is
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.e, C.4.c,
C.5.d, F.1
Describe the major phyla of animal-like protists
A.1, C.3.a, C.3.e, C.4.c,
C.5.d, F.1
Explain how animal-like protista harm other living
things
Invertebrates: Sponges and Cnidarians
A.1,C.1.f,C.3.c,C.3.d,C.3.e
,C.4.b,C.5.d
List all the characteristics that all animals share.
A.1,C.1.f,C.3.c,C.3.d,C.3.e
,C.4.b,C.5.d
Describe the essential characteristics that all animals
carry out
207
Zoology (continued)
Standards
A.1,C.1.f,C.3.c,C.3.d,C.3.e
,C.4.b,C.5.d
Objectives
Identify the important trends in animal evolution
C.3.e,C.4.c,C.5.d
Explain what a sponge is
C.3.e,C.4.c,C.5.d
Describe how sponges carry out essential functions
C.3.e,C.4.c,C.5.d
Describe the ecology of sponges
C.3.e,C.4.e,C.5.d,C.6.a
Explain what a cnidarian is
C.3.e,C.4.e,C.5.d,C.6.a
Explain the two body plans that exist in the cnidarian
life cycle
C.3.e,C.4.e,C.5.d,C.6.a
Describe how cnidarians carry out essential functions
C.3.e,C.4.e,C.5.d,C.6.a
Identify the three groups of cnidarians
C.3.e,C.4.e,C.5.d,C.6.a
Describe the ecology of cnidarians
Worms and Mollusks
C.3.e,C.5.d,C.6.a
Describe the defining features of flatworms
C.3.e,C.5.d,C.6.a
Identify the characteristics of the groups of flatworms
C.3.e,C.5.d,C.6.a,F.1
Describe the defining features of roundworms
C.3.e,C.5.d.C.6.a,F.1
Describe the form and function of roundworms
C.3.e,C.5.d.C.6.a,F.1
Identify roundworms that are important in human
disease
C.3.e,C.4.c,C.5.d,C.6.a
C.3.e,C.4.c.C.5.d,C.6.a,
Describe the defining features of annelids
Identify the characteristics of the classes of annelids
208
Zoology (continued)
Standards
C.3.e,C.4.c.C.5.d,C.6.a,
Objectives
Describe the ecology of annelids
C.3.e,C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d,
C.6.a
Describe the defining features of mollusks
C.3.e,C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d,
C.6.a
Describe the form and function in mollusks
C.3.e,C.4.c,C.4.e C.4.e,
C.5.d,
Identify the characteristics of the three main classes of
mollusks
C.3.e,C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d,
C.6.a
Describe the ecology of mollusks
Arthropods and Echinoderms
C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.a,
C.5.d,C.6.a
Identify the defining features of arthropods
C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.a,
C.5.d,C.6.a
Describe the important trends in arthropod evolution
C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.a,
C.5.d,C.6.a
Explain the growth and development of arthropods
C.3.e
Explain how arthropods are classified
C.3.e
Identify the distinguishing features of the three
subphyla of arthropods
C.3.b,C.3.c,C.4.c,C.5.d,
C.6.a,C.6.b,G.3
Identify the distinguishing features of insects
C.3.b,C.3.c,C.4.c,C.5.d,
C.6.a,C.6.b,G.3
Describe the two types of development in insects
C.3.b,C.3.c,C.4.c,C.5.d,
C.6.a,C.6.b,G.3
Explain what types of insects form societies
C.3.e,C.4.c,C.5.d,C.6.a
Identify the distinguishing features of echinoderms
C.3.e,C.4.c,C.5.d, C.6.a
Describe the functions carried out by the water
vascular system of echinoderms
209
Zoology (continued)
Standards
C.3.e,C.4.c,C.5.d, C.6.a
Objectives
Compare the different classes of echinoderm
Non-vertebrate Chordates, Fishes and Amphibians
A.1,C.3.b,C.3.c,
C.3.d,C.3.e
Identify the characteristics that all chordates share
A.1,C.3.b,C.3.c,
C.3.d,C.3.e
Explain what vertebrates are
A.1, C.3.b, C.3.c,
C.3.d, C.3.e
Describe the two groups of non-vertebrate chordates
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Identify the basic characteristics of fishes
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Summarize the evolution of fishes
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Explain how fishes are adapted for life in water
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Describe the three main groups of fishes
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Describe what an amphibian is
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Summarize the events in the evolution of amphibians
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Explain how amphibians are adapted for life on land
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Describe essential life functions in amphibians
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Name the main groups of living amphibians
Reptiles and Birds
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.e,C.5.d
Describe the characteristics of reptiles
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.e,C.5.d
Summarize the evolution of reptiles
210
Zoology (continued)
Standards
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.e,C.5.d
Objectives
Explain how reptiles adapted to life on land
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.4.e,C.5.d
Identify the four living orders of reptiles
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.c,C.3.d
,C.3.e,C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Describe the characteristics that all birds have in
common
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.c,C.3.d
,C.3.e,C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Summarize the evolution of birds
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.c,C.3.d
,C.3.e,C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Explain how birds are adapted to flight
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.c,C.3.d
,C.3.e,C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Describe the diversity of birds
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.c,C.3.d
,C.3.e,C.4.c,C.4.e,C.5.d
Identify ways in which birds interact with the
environment and with humans
Mammals
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.5.d,E.2
List the characteristics of mammals
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.5.d,E.2
Tell when mammals evolved
A.1,C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e,
C.5.d,E.2
Describe how mammals perform essential life functions
C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e
Explain how the three main groups of living mammals
differ from one another
C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e
Name the major orders of placental mammals
C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.e
Describe how convergent evolution caused mammals
on different continents to be similar in form and
function
C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.c,C.3.d,
C.3.e,C.6.d,G.3
Identify the characteristics that all primates share.
211
Zoology (continued)
Standards
C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.c,C.3.d,
C.3.e,C.6.d,G.3
Objectives
Describe the major evolutionary groups of primates.
C.3.a,C.3.b,C.3.c,C.3.d,
C.3.e,C.6.d,G.3
Explain the current scientific thinking about hominid
evolution.
212
Ecology
Standards
Objectives
The Biosphere
C.4.a,C.4.c
C.4.a,C.4.c
C.4.a,C.4.b,C.4.c
Define and discuss the terms ecology, biosphere, and
ecosystem
Distinguish between primary and secondary ecological
succession
Explain how ecological succession leads to the
development of a climax community
C.4.a
Define and discuss the term biome
C.4.a
Explain how biomes are classified
C.4.a,C.4.c
Describe and compare the characteristics of the major
land biomes
C.4.a,C.4.d
Discuss some abiotic factors that affect aquatic biomes
C.4.a
Describe the three aquatic biomes
C.4.a,C.4.c
Describe and compare the distinct ocean zones that
make up marine biomes
C.4.a,C.4.c
Describe estuaries
C.4.a,C.4.b,C.5.a-f,D.1
C.4.a,C.5.d, .5.e,C.5.f, D.2
C.4.a,C.4.b,C.4.d,
C.5.a-f,D.1
Explain how energy flows through an ecosystem
Describe the water, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen
cycles
Define the term trophic and explain how ecological
pyramids are used to represent energy relationships
among trophic levels
C.4.a,C.4.c,C.4.d,C.5.e
Define limiting factor
C.4.a,C.4.b,C.4.c,C.5.c,
C.5.e,C.5.f,D.1
Describe a food chain and food web
213
Ecology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
Populations and Communities
C.4.c,C.4.d,F.2
Define population
C.4.c,C.4.d,C.5.e,F.2
Describe the compare exponential grown and logistic
growth
C.4.c,C.4.d,C.5.e,F.2
Define steady state
C.4.c,C.4.d,C.5.e,F.2
Define carrying capacity and explain its relationship to
population growth
C.4.c,C.4.d,C.5.e,F.2
Explain why populations do not grow indefinitely
C.4.c,C.4.d,C.5.e,F.2
Define and compare density-dependent limiting factors
and density-independent limiting factors
C.4.c,C.4.d,C.5.e,F.2
Explain how competition, predation, parasitism, and
crowding and stress affect population growth
C.4.c,C.4.d,C.5.e,F.2
Explain how natural occurrences affect population
growth
C.4.c,C.4.d,C.4.e,C.5.e,F.2
Discuss human population growth
C.4.c,C.4.d,C.5.e
Define community
C.4.c,C.4.d,C.5.e
Discuss the importance of symbiotic relationships
within a community
C.4.c,C.4.d,C.5.e
Define and compare parasitism, commensalism, and
mutualism
C.4.c,C.4.d,C.5.e
Discuss the interactions that occur among ecosystems
People and the Biosphere
C.4.e,C.5.e,F.2
Discuss trends in human population growth
214
Ecology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
C.4.e,C.5.e,E.1,F.2
Discuss the effects of an increased human population
on planet Earth
C.4.e,F.2,E.1,F.4,F.5,F.6
Relate modern lifestyles to the Earth’s environmental
problems
C.4.e,E.1,F.4,F.5,F.6
Discuss the impact of pollution on the Earth’s
environment
C.4.e,F.4,F.5,F.6
Distinguish between biodegradable and nonbiodegradable materials
C.4.e,F.4,F.5,F.6
Define and discuss biological magnification
C.4.e,E.1,F.1,F.4,F.5,F.6
Discuss the harmful effects of air pollution
C.4.e,E.1,F.1,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe ways in which the Earth’s waters become
polluted
C.4.e,F.1,F.4,F.5,F.6
C.4.e,F.5
Discuss why the survival of humans depends on the
survival of other organisms in the biosphere
Explain why forests are important to the health of the
biosphere
C.4.e,F.4,F.5
Define endangered species and discuss the importance
of saving these species
C.4.e,F.4,F.5
Relate the destruction of natural habitats of plants to
food production
C.4.e,F.4,F.5
Discuss the importance of protecting the biosphere
C.4.e,F.2,F.5
Explain the importance of conservation in protecting
the environment
C.4.e,F.4,F.5,F.6
Discuss some problems and solutions associated with
waste disposal
C.4.e,F.2,F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Explain how economic factors can make the decisions
about preserving the environment difficult
215
Chemistry
Standards
A.1,E.1,E.2
Objectives
Define chemistry
A.1,A.2,E.1,E.2
Identify and examine scientific thinking
A.1,A.2,E.1,E.2
Illustrate scientific thinking
A.1,A.2,G.1,G.2,G.3,E.1,E.2
Describe the method scientists use to study nature
A.1,A.2,G.1,G.2,G.3,E.1,E.2
Develop successful strategies for learning
chemistry
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,E.2
Describe the composition of matter
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,E.2
Differentiate elements and compounds
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,E.2
Define the three states of matter
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,G.1,
G.2,G.3,E.1,E.2
Distinguish between the physical and chemical
properties
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,G.1,
G.2,G.3,E.1,E.2
Distinguish between physical and chemical changes
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,G.1,
G.2,G.3,E.1,E.2
Identify mixtures and pure substances
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,G.1,
G.2,G.3,E.1,E.2
Explore two methods of separating mixtures
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2C.4.a,C.5a,
E.1,E.2G.2,F.3
List the relative abundances of elements
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2C.4.a,C.5a,
E.1,E.2G.2,F.3
Memorize the names and symbols of some
elements
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,C.4,C.5,E.1,
E.2,F.3,G.2,G.3
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,
C.4,C.5,E.1,E.2,
Interpret Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Illustrate the Law of Constant Composition
216
Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Show how a formula describes a compound’s
composition
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe the internal parts of an atom
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Examine and explain Rutherford’s experiment to
characterize the atom’s structure
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe some important features of subatomic
particles
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Define and illustrate the terms isotope, atomic
number, and mass number
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Illustrate the symbol for an isotope
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,E.1,E.2
A1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
C.4.a,E.1,E.2,F.3
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,E.1,E.2
Compare the various features of the periodic table
Describe the natures of the common element
Predict which ion a given element forms by using
the periodic table
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
C.4.a,E.1,E.2
Describe how ions combine to form neutral
compounds
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.2
Write formulas for binary ionic compounds
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3
,E.1,E.2,G.2
Write formulas for compounds containing
polyatomic ions
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.2
Name binary compounds of metals and nonmetals
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.2
Name binary compounds containing only
nonmetals
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.2
Name compounds containing polyatomic ions
217
Chemistry (continued)
Standards
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.2
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,
B.3,E.1,E.2
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.
3,E.1,E.2,G.3
Objectives
Recognize how the anion composition determines
the acid’s name and name common acids
Show how very large or very small numbers can be
expressed in scientific notation
Use the English, metric, and SI systems of
measurement
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,E.1,E.2
Use the metric system to measure length, volume,
and mass
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,E.1,E.2
Describe how uncertainty in measurement arises
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,E.1,E.2
Describe how uncertainty in measurement is shown
by using significant figures
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,E.1,E.2
Solve various types of problems using dimensional
analysis
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,E.1,E.2
Recognize and compare the Fahrenheit, Celsius,
and Kelvin temperature scales
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,E.1,E.2
Develop problem solving skills
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,E.1,E.2
Define density and explain its importance in
chemistry
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Explore the concept of average mass and counting
through weighing
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Explain atomic mass and its experimental
determination
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Explain the mole concept and Avogadro’s number
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Convert among moles, mass, volume, and number
of atoms in a sample
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Define molar mass
218
Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Convert between moles and mass of a given
sample
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Calculate the mass percent of an element in a
given compound
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Calculate empirical formulas of compounds
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Calculate the molecular formulas of compounds
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe the signals that show a chemical reaction
has occurred
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Identify the characteristics of a chemical reaction
and the information given by a chemical reaction
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Write a balanced equation
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Explain some factors that cause reactions to occur
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Identify the solid that forms in a precipitation
reaction
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Write molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic
equations
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe the key characteristics of the reactions
between strong acids and strong bases
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe the general characteristics of a reaction
between a metal and a nonmetal
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.4
Show electron transfer as a driving force for
chemical reactions
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe various classification schemes for
reactions
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Define the molecular and mass information given
in a balanced equation
219
Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Use balanced equations to determine relationships
between moles of reactants and moles of products
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Relate masses of reactants and products in a
chemical reaction
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Relate masses of reactants and products in a
chemical reaction
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Carry out mass calculations that involve scientific
notation
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Compare the stoichiometry of two reactions
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Apply the concept of limiting reactants
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Recognize the limiting reactant in a reaction
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Use the limiting reactant to do stoichiometric
calculations
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,G.1,G.2,G.3
Calculate actual yield as a percentage of theoretical
yield
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5,C.5.a,E.1,E.2,G.2
Describe the general properties of energy
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5,C.5.a, E.1,E.2
Apply the concepts of temperature and heat
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5,C.5.a, E.1,E.2
Relate the direction of energy flow as heat
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5,C.5.a, E.1,E.2
Show how energy flow affects internal energy
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5,C.5.a, E.1,E.2
Describe how heat is measured
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,B.4
,B.5,C.5.a, E.1,E.2
Calculate the enthalpy of chemical reactions
220
Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,B.4,B.5,
C.5.a,E.1,E.2,F.1,F.3,F.5,F.6
Show how the quality of energy changes as it is
used
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,B.4,B.5,
C.5.a,E.1,E.2,F.1,F.3,F.5,F.6
Identify the energy resources of our world
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,B.4,B.5,
C.5.a,E.1,E.2,F.1,F.3,F.5,F.6
Describe energy as a driving force for natural
resources
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.2,G.3
Describe Rutherford’s model of the atom
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.2,G.3
Explore the nature of electromagnetic radiation
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.2,G.3
Describe how the emission spectrum of hydrogen
demonstrates the quantized nature of energy
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.2,G.3
Describe the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.2,G.3
Explain how the electron’s position is represented
in the wave mechanical model
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.2,G.3
Recognize the shapes of orbitals designated by s,
p, and d
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.2,G.3
Review the energy levels and orbitals of the wave
mechanical model of the atom
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.2,G.3
Describe electron spin
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Demonstrate how the principle energy levels fill
with electrons in atoms beyond hydrogen
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Identify valence electrons and core electrons
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Show the electron configurations of atoms with Z
greater than 18
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe the general trends in atomic properties in
the periodic table
221
Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,E.2,F.6
Write stable electron configurations
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,E.2,F.6
Predict the formulas of ionic compounds
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,E.2,F.6
Describe ionic substances
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,E.2,F.6
Identify factors governing ionic size
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,
E.1,E.2,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Write Lewis structures
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,E.2,F.6
Describe molecular structure and bond angles
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,E.1,E.2,F.6
Apply the VSEPR model to molecules with double
bonds
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2, G.3
Describe atmospheric pressure and the way in
which barometers work
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2, G.3
List and convert the various units of pressure
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2, G.3
Describe the law that relates the pressure and
volume of a gas
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2, G.3
Calculate gas law problems
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2, G.3
Define absolute zero
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2, G.3
Describe the law relating the volume and
temperature of a sample of gas at constant moles
and pressure and do calculations involving that law
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2, G.3
Summarize and relate all of the gas laws including
moles at constant temperature and pressure and
do calculations involving that law
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,E.2
Describe the ideal gas law and use it in calculations
222
Chemistry (continued)
Standards
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,E.2
Objectives
Explain the relationship between the partial and
total pressure of a gas mixture and to use this
relationship in calculations
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,F.1,F.4,F.5,F.6,G.3
Explain the relationship between laws and models
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,F.1,F.4,F.5,F.6,G.3
List the basic postulates of the kinetic molecular
theory
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,F.1,F.4,F.5,F.6,G.3
Define the term temperature
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,F.1,F.4,F.5,F.6,G.3
Describe how the kinetic molecular theory explains
the gas laws
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,F.1,F.4,F.5,F.6,G.3
Describe the properties of real gases
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,E.1,
E.2,F.1,F.4,F.5,F.6,G.3
Define STP
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,B.5,
C.5,C.6,E.1,E.2
Describe dipole-dipole attractions, hydrogen
bonding, and London dispersion forces
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,B.5,
C.5,C.6,E.1,E.2
Relate the properties of these forces on the
properties of liquids
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,B.5,
C.5,C.6,E.1,E.2
List some of the important features of water
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,B.5,
C.5,C.6,E.1,E.2
Describe the interactions between water molecules
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,B.5,
C.5,C.6,E.1,E.2
Define and calculate the heat of fusion and the
heat of vaporization
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,B.5,E.1,E.2
Summarize the relationship among vaporization,
condensation, and vapor pressure
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.4,B.5,E.1,E.2
Relate the boiling point of water to its vapor
pressure
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.5,
E.1,E.2,F.1,F.6,G.2
Describe the various types of crystalline solids
223
Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.5,
E.1,E.2,F.1,F.6,G.2
Describe the interparticle forces in crystalline solids
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.5,
E.1,E.2,F.1,F.6,G.2
Describe how the bonding in metals determines
metallic properties
A.1,A.2,B.2,E.1,E.2,
F.1,F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe the process of dissolving
A.1,A.2,B.2,E.1,E.2,
F.1,F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Explain why certain substance dissolve in water
A.1,A.2,B.2,E.1,E.2,
F.1,F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Define qualitative terms associated with the
concentration of a solution
A.1,A.2,B.2,E.1,E.2,
F.1,F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Explain the factors that affect the rate at which a
solute dissolves
A.1,A.2B.2,E.1,E.2
Calculate mass percent
A.1,A.2B.2,E.1,E.2
Use molarity to calculate the number of moles of
solute present
A.1,A.2B.2,E.1,E.2
Calculate the concentration of a solution made by
diluting a stock solution
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,F.5,G.3
Solve stoichiometric problems for solution reactions
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,F.5,G.3
Solve problems involved in acid-base reactions
A.1,A.2B.2,E.1,E.2
Describe and do calculations involving normality
and equivalent weight
A.1,A.2B.2,E.1,E.2
Describe the effect of a solute on solution
properties
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,C.4,
C.6,E.1,E.2
Describe the two models of acids and bases and
the relationship of conjugate acid-base pairs
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,C.4,
C.6,E.1, E.2
Define acid strength
224
Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,C.4,
C.6,E.1, E.2
Show the relationship between acid strength and
the strength of the conjugate base
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,C.4,
C.6,E.1, E.2
Describe the ionization of water
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.1,F.4,F.5,F.6
Perform acid-base titrations
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.1,F.4 F.5 F.6
Describe the general characteristics of buffered
solutions
A.1,A.2,B.3,B.6,E.1,
E.2,F.4,F.6,G.3
Describe the collision model of how chemical
reactions occur
A.1,A.2,B.3,B.6,E.1,
E.2,F.4,F.6,G.3
Describe activation energy
A.1,A.2,B.3,B.6,E.1,
E.2,F.4,F.6,G.3
Show how a catalyst speeds up a reaction
A.1,A.2,B.3,B.6,E.1,
E.2,F.4,F.6,G.3
Show reactions with reactants or products in
different phases
A.1,A.2,B.3,B.6,E.1,
E.2,F.4,F.6,G.3
Describe how equilibrium is established
A.1,A.2,B.3,B.6,E.1,
E.2,F.4,F.6,G.3
Describe the characteristics of chemical equilibrium
A.1,A.2,B.3,C.4,C.5,
E.1,E.2,F.1,F.4,F.5
Predict changes that occur when a system at
equilibrium is disturbed
A.1,A.2,B.3,C.4,C.5,
E.1,E.2,F.1,F.4,F.5
Calculate equilibrium concentrations from
equilibrium constants
A.1,A.2,B.3,C.4,C.5,
E.1,E.2,F.1,F.4,F.5
Calculate the solubility product of a salt given its
solubility and vice-versa
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe metal-nonmetal oxidation-reductions
reactions
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Tell how to assign oxidation states
225
Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe oxidation and reduction in terms of
oxidation states
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,G.1,G.2,G.3
Identify oxidizing and reducing agents
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,G.1,G.2,G.3
Balance oxidation-reduction equations by using
half-reactions
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,G.1,G.2,G.3
Define electrochemistry
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,G.1,G.2,G.3
Identify the components of an electrochemical cell
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe the composition and operation of
commonly used batteries
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe the electrochemical nature of corrosion
and to learn some ways of preventing it
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe the process of electrolysis and show the
commercial preparation of aluminum
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
List the types of radioactive decay
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Write nuclear equations that describe radioactive
decay
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe how one element can be changed into
another by particle bombardment
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe radiation detection devices and half-life
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Show how objects can be dated by radioactivity
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Discuss the use of radiotracers in medicine
226
Chemistry (continued)
Standards
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Objectives
Show fusion and fission as producers of nuclear
energy
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,D.3,D.4,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe nuclear fission and how a nuclear reactor
works
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,D.3,D.4,
E.1,E.2,F.3,F.4,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe nuclear fusion and how radiation damages
human tissue
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,C.5,
E.1,E.2,F.1,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe the types of bonds formed by the carbon
atom
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,C.5,E.1,E.
2,F.1,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe the alkane-compounds that contain
saturated carbon atoms
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,C.5,E.1,E.
2,F.1,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Show structural isomers and to draw their
structural formulas
A.1,A.2,B.1,B.2,B.3,C.5,E.1,E.
2,F.1,F.6,G.1,G.2,G.3
Describe the system for naming alkanes and
substituted alkanes
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Show the composition and uses of petroleum
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe various types of chemical reactions that
alkenes undergo
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,
E.2,F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Name hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,C.6,E.1,E.2
Describe and name aromatic hydrocarbons
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,E.2
Describe the common functional groups in organic
compounds
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,E.2
Describe simple alcohols and how to name them
A.1,A.2,B.2,B.3,E.1,E.2
Describe how alcohols are made and used
A.1,A.2,B.2,C.5,E.1,E.2
Describe proteins and their primary, secondary,
and tertiary structures
A.1,A.2,B.2,C.5,E.1,E.2
Describe the various functions served by proteins
227
Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1,A.2,B.2,C.5,E.1,E.2
Tell how enzymes work
A.1,A.2,B.2,C.5,E.1,E.2
Describe the fundamental properties of
carbohydrates
A.1,A.2,B.2,C.5,E.1,E.2
Describe the fundamental nucleic structures
A.1,A.2,B.2,C.5,E.1,E.2
List the four classes of proteins
228
A. P. Chemistry
Standards
Objectives
UNIT I - Review Concepts
B.1
Define and give examples of matter, chemical and physical
properties, chemical and physical changes, elements, compounds,
homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, solutions, metals,
nonmetals, metalloids, mass, weight, and volume
A.1,A.2
Work with and/or solve problems using correct SI units
A.1,A.2
Express measurements in the correct number of significant
digits and determine the correct number of significant figures in
computation
B.2
A.1,A.2,B.5
Find the density of an irregular solid
Convert units of temperature
B.2,B.3
Determine that pigments have different molecular structure and
polarity
B.2,B.3
Determine the Rf values for pigments on a chromatogram
UNIT II - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
B.1
Describe the structure of the atom
B.1
Explain how Dalton’s Atomic Theory could be revised in light of
discoveries of atomic particles and isotopes
B.1,B.2,B.3
B.2,B.3
Describe and give examples of the Law of Conservation of Mass
Describe and give examples of the Law of Constant Composition
B.1
Describe Rutherford’s model of the nuclear atom
B.1
Explain Millikan’s determination of the charge of an electron
B.1
Determine the atomic number, mass number, number of protons,
number of neutrons for an atom or ion
229
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
A.1,A.2,B.1,
E.1,E.2
B.1
Objectives
Explain how a mass spectrometer works to find abundances of and
masses of isotopes
Explain how emission spectra relate to wavelength
B.1,B.3
Describe the formation of ions and predict their charges
B.1,B.3
Demonstrate ionic and covalent bonding through Lewis structures
A.1,A.2
Problem solve through the use of dimensional analysis
B.2,B.3
Write formulas for ionic and molecular compounds
B.2,B.3
Name ionic and molecular compounds
B.1,B.2,B.3
Use Lewis Dot Models to visualize molecular bonding
B.1,B.2,B.3
Determine valence electrons and to draw Lewis Dot diagrams
B.2,B.3
Name acids and write their formulas
B.2,B.3
Solve problems involving percent composition
B.2,B.3
Calculate the amount of water in a hydrate
B.2,B.3
Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of a compound
B.2,B.3
Determine the empirical formula from the results of a combustion
analysis
B.2,B.3
Calculate theoretical yields and relative error in experimentation
230
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
UNIT III - Stoichiometry and Solution Stoichiometry
B.2,B.3
Define and give examples of a chemical reaction, limiting reactant,
ionic and molecular compounds, strong and weak electrolytes,
mole, mole ratios, theoretical yield, actual yield, percent yield,
percent error, molarity, solution, solute, solvent, Avogadro’s number,
solubility, concentration of solution, oxidation, reduction, and
electron transfer
B.2,B.3
Balance chemical equations
B.2,B.3
Classify chemical equations and write examples of synthesis,
decomposition, single replacement, metathetical, redox,
combustion, and acid-base
B.2,B.3
Make stoichiometric calculations involving mole-mole, mass-mass,
volume-volume, mole-Avogadro’s number or a combination of these
determinations
B.2,B.3
Calculate problems involving amount of solute, solution volume, and
molarity of a solution
B.2,B.3
Use the computer and conductivity probes to show the conductivity
of ions in solution
B.2,B.3
Determine the limiting reactant
B.1,B.3
Use the properties of metals and nonmetals to predict reaction
products
B.2,B.3
Use the rules for assigning oxidation numbers
B.2,B.3
Write molecular and net ionic equations for redox reactions
B.2,B.3
Use the Activity Series of Metals to predict whether a metal will be
oxidized by an acid or salt
B.2,B.3
Use the Solubility Rules to predict which reactions will form an
insoluble product
B.2,B.3
Calculate the dilution of a solution of one concentration to another
of lower concentration
231
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
A.1,A.2
Objectives
Use a buret in titrations
A.1,A.2,E.1,
E.2
Use pH meters
A.1,A.2,E.1,
E.2
Use the computer and pH probes to determine endpoint in titrations
B.2,B.3
Calculate the molarity of an acid or base given its volume and the
volume of and molarity of a standard base titrated with it
UNIT IV - Gases
B.2,B.3
Define gas pressure, partial pressure, absolute zero, STP, ideal gas,
diffusion, effusion, viscosity, vapor pressure, and phase changes
B.2,B.3
State the basic postulates of the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
B.2,B.3
Apply the Kinetic-Molecular Theory to the gas laws
B.2,B.3
Relate intermolecular forces to boiling point and freezing point
B.2,B.3
Calculate problems using Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Gay- Lussac’s
Law, Graham’s Law, Avogadro’s Law, Dalton’s Law, MaxwellBoltzmann Law, Ideal Gas Law, and Van der Waal’s Equation
B.2,B.3, E.1,
E.2
Use computer and probes to determine the relationship between
pressure and volume
B.2,B.3
Calculate the molar volume of a gas
B.2,B.3
Calculate the molar mass of a gas given the mass, volume,
temperature and pressure of the compound if moles of gas can be
determined
B.2,B.3
Calculate the density of a gas given temperature, pressure, molar
mass or the formula of a compound
232
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
B.2,B.3
Objectives
Calculate the volume of gas formed in a chemical reaction and
collected by water displacement
UNIT V - Thermochemistry
B.3,B.4,B.5
Define and give examples of system, universe, surroundings,
potential energy, kinetic energy, specific heat, heat capacity,
enthalpy, enthalpy change, state function, ∆H, endothermic process,
exothermic process, standard state, standard molar enthalpy of
formation, molar heat of combustion
B.3,B.4,B.5
Explain and apply the First Law of Thermodynamics
B.3,B.4,B.5
Calculate internal energy, heat, work using the equation ∆E=q+w
for a system
B.3,B.4,B.5
Solve calorimetry problems involving q=mc∆T
B.3,B.4,B.5
Use Hess’s Law to solve for heat change and enthalpy of reaction.
B.3,B.4,B.5
Calculate the heat of combustion
B.3,B.4,B.5
Calculate heats of reaction from tabulated standard molar enthalpies
of formation
UNIT VI - Electronic Structure of the Atom
B.1,B.2
Define and give examples of wave, wavelength, frequency,
amplitude, continuous spectrum, line spectrum, quantum, photon,
main energy shell, subshell, atomic orbital, quantum numbers,
paramagnetic substances, and diamagnetic substances
B.1,B.2
Analyze spectra and apply spectrum analysis
B.1,B.2
Recognize the characteristic color of light emitted by certain metallic
salts.
B.1,B.2
Calculate frequency, wavelength, and velocity of electromagnetic
radiation using νλ = c
233
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.1,B.2
Use Planck’s equation to relate the frequency and energy of
electromagnetic radiation
B.1,B.2
Describe the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom
B.1,B.2
Explain how small particles have both particle and wave properties
B.1,B.2
Explain the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
B.1,B.2
Interpret the basic postulates of quantum mechanics
B.1,B.2
Draw the shapes of the s, p, and d orbitals
B.1,B.2
Write electron configurations
B.1,B.2
Explain the Aufbau process
B.1,B.2
Explain Hund’s Rule
UNIT VII - Periodic Properties of the Elements
B.1,B.2
Define and give examples of a group of elements, period of
elements, representative elements, transition elements, noble
gases, lanthanide series, actinide series, s-block elements, p-block
elements, d-block elements, f-block elements, effective nuclear
charge, atomic radii, ionic radii, isoelectronic ions, ionization energy,
electron affinity, and electronegativity
B.1,B.2
Explain and relate the Periodic Law
B.1,B.2
Predict trends within a period and within a group
B.1,B.2
Identify and predict trends in the reactions and solubility of the
alkaline earth metals
A.1,A.2,B.2,
B.3
Collect, dry and perform quantitative analysis of precipitates
234
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
UNIT VIII - Chemical Bonding
B.1,B.2,B.3
Define and give examples of valence electrons, Lewis dot symbols,
ionic bonds, covalent bonds, double covalent bonds, triple covalent
bonds, sigma and pi bonds, hybridization of orbitals, polarity,
skeleton structure, resonance structure, formal charge, bond
energy, bond distance, and hydrogen bonding
B.1,B.2,B.3
Draw Lewis structures for common atoms, ions, and molecules
B.1,B.2,B.3
Use periodic trends of electronegativity to predict bond type
B.1,B.2,B.3
Apply the Octet Rule to bonding
B.1,B.2,B.3
Predict the formulas of binary ionic compounds
B.1,B.2,B.3
Assign oxidation states to the atoms in a Lewis structure
B.1,B.2,B.3
Assign formal charges to the atoms in a Lewis structure
B.1,B.2,B.3
Investigate the relationship between type of bonding in a substance
and its properties
B.1,B.2,B.3
Use bond energies to calculate ∆H for a reaction involving gases
UNIT IX - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
B.1,B.2,B.3
Define and give examples of electron domain region, lone pair of
electrons, bond pair of electrons, polar covalent bond, nonpolar
covalent bond, a σ bond, a п bond, isomerism, and coordination
complexes
B.1,B.2,B.3
Distinguish between molecular geometry and electronic geometry
B.1,B.2,B.3
Predict the molecular geometry of a molecule using VSEPR
B.1,B.2,B.3
Predict bond angles for molecules that have no lone pairs
235
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.1,B.2,B.3
Predict bond angles for molecules with lone pairs
B.1,B.2,B.3
Describe the fundamental concepts of valence bond theory
B.1,B.2,B.3
Compare VB theory with MO theory
B.1,B.2,B.3
Predict hybrid orbitals for molecules and polyatomic ions and relate
VSEPR
B.1,B.2,B.3
Predict orbitals used by terminal atoms to form bonds in molecules
and polyatomic ions
B.1,B.2,B.3
Draw molecular orbital energy level diagrams for all 1st and 2nd
period homonuclear diatomic molecules
B.1,B.2,B.3
Predict stability, bond order, bond length, and magnetic properties
from molecular orbital energy level diagrams
B.1,B.2,B.3
Construct molecular geometry using VSEPR theory
B.1,B.2,B.3
Draw molecular orbital energy level diagrams for selected
heteronuclear diatomic molecules
UNIT X - Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and Solids
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Define and give examples of a liquid, surface tension, cohesion,
adhesion, capillary action, viscosity, evaporation, vapor pressure,
volatile liquid, boiling point, normal boiling point, critical
temperature, critical pressure, solid, freezing point, melting point,
sublimation, and unit cell
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Calculate the heat gained or lost when a substance undergoes a
temperature change and/or a phase change
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Determine the requirements and relative strengths of various
intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, and
dispersion forces
B.2,B.3
Calculate the number of atoms per unit cell
B.2,B.3
Calculate the density of a unit cell
236
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
B.2,B.3
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Objectives
Classify solids
Interpret phase diagrams and show triple point, critical temperature,
and critical pressure
B.2,B.3
Distinguish between crystalline and amorphous solids
B.2,B.3
Use the unit cell formation for the calculation of ionic radii
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Describe how intermolecular forces affect the dissolving process
UNIT XI - Properties of Solutions
B.2,B.3,B.5
Define and give examples of solvent, solute, solubility, molarity,
molality, percent composition, mole fraction, normality, ionic salts,
electrolytes, nonelectrolytes, freezing point elevation, boiling
point elevation, vapor pressure, osmotic pressure, absorption, and
percent transmittance
B.2,B.3,B.5
Describe colligative properties
B.2,B.3,B.5
Describe the effect that physical properties have on solubility
B.2,B.3,B.5
Calculate molarity, molality, and normality
B.2,B.3,B.5
Calculate freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, lowering
of vapor pressure and increasing osmotic pressure
B.2,B.3,B.5
Describe various colloidal systems
B.2,B.3,B.5
Memorize the solubility rules and apply rules to predicting reaction
products
B.2,B.3,B.5
Distinguish between ideal and nonideal solutions
B.2,B.3,B.5
Explain the Brownian Movement
237
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.2,B.3,B.5
Apply Raoult’s Law
B.2,B.3,B.5
Identify characteristic absorption bands in an IR spectrum
A.1,A.2,E.1,
E.2
Correctly use a Spectrophotometer
A.1,A.2,E.1,
E.2
Collect absorbance and concentration data to produce a Beer’s Law
graph
A.1,A.2,E.1,
E.2
Collect Absorbance and Wavelength to produce an absorption
spectrum
B.2,B.3
Use Beer’s Law to determine the concentration of a solution
UNIT XII - Chemical Kinetics
B.2,B.3,B.5
Define and give examples of the following order of a reaction,
reaction intermediate, rate determining step of a mechanism, halflife reactions
B.2,B.3,B.5
Explain the Collision Theory
B.2,B.3,B.5
List the factors that influence the rate of a chemical reaction
B.2,B.3,B.5
Use experimental data to postulate a reaction mechanism
B.2,B.3,B.5
Describe graphically the activation energy of an endothermic and
exothermic reaction
B.2,B.3,B.5
Explain the Transition-State Theory
B.2,B.3,B.5
Determine the order of reaction for reactants and the rate constant
B.2,B.3,B.5
Determine the activation energy for reactions at different
temperatures
B.2,B.3,B.5
Describe the effect of a catalyst on reaction rate
238
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.2,B.3,B.5
Express reaction rates in terms of changes of concentration and
products per unit time
B.2,B.3,B.5
Calculate the Rate Law for a reaction
B.2,B.3,B.5
Solve problems involving activation energy and the Arrhenius
equation
B.2,B.3,B.5
Compare and contrast zero, first, and second order reactions in
terms of the plot needed to give a straight line, the relationship of
the rate constant to the slope of the straight line, and the half-life of
the reaction
B.2,B.3,B.5
Interpret how changing the conditions of the reaction affects both
the rate and the rate constant of the reaction
B.2,B.3,B.5
Explain the role of a catalyst in the rate and mechanism of a
reaction
B.2,B.3,B.5
Distinguish between a homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst
B.2,B.3,B.5
Interpret data from a first order reaction to determine its half-life
B.2,B.3,B.5
Interpret the Boltzmann distribution law in light of reaction rates
UNIT XIII - Chemical Equilibrium
B.2,B.3,B.5
Define and give examples of equilibrium, equilibrium constant, and
reaction quotient
B.2,B.3,B.5
Write an equilibrium constant expression for any balanced equation
B.2,B.3,B.5
Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc
B.2,B.3,B.5
Calculate the equilibrium for a chemical reaction
B.2,B.3,B.5
Calculate the partial pressure equilibrium constant, Kp
B.2,B.3,B.5
Calculate the Kp from the Kc
239
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.2,B.3,B.5
Calculate the reaction quotient, Q
B.2,B.3,B.5
Predict if a reaction will proceed toward equilibrium from the Q
B.2,B.3,B.5
Use Le Châtelier’s Principle to determine the direction in which a
system at equilibrium will shift when stresses are applied
B.2,B.3,B.5
Explain how a catalyst will affect the equilibrium constant
UNIT XIV - Acids and Bases in Equilibria
B.2,B.3
Define and give examples of Arrhenius acid, Arrhenius base,
Brønsted-Lowry acid, Brønsted-Lowry base, Lewis acid, Lewis base,
pH, pOH, normal salts, hydrogen salts, hydroxyl salts, and oxysalts,
titration curve, endpoint, and an equivalence point
B.2,B.3
Identify Brønsted-Lowry conjugate acids and bases
B.2,B.3
Write equations to represent acid-base reactions using BrønstedLowry
B.2,B.3
Memorize the ionization constant for water
B.2,B.3
Identify a weak acid or base
B.2,B.3
Write chemical equations to represent the ionization of a weak acid
or weak base, Ka or Kb
B.2,B.3
Determine the pH and pOH for a reaction
B.2,B.3
Convert from {H3O+}, {OH}, to pH or pOH
B.2,B.3
Determine the concentrations of all reactants and products at
equilibrium
B.2,B.3
Recognize Lewis acid-base reactions
B.2,B.3
Recognize salts that undergo hydrolysis and write a reaction for the
ion with water
240
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
A.1,A.2,B.2,
B.3,E.1,E.2
Objectives
Use a pH probe to determine a titration curve and an ionization
constant
B.2,B.3
Calculate data to produce a titration curve
B.2,B.3
Calculate the pH at any point along a titration curve
B.2,B.3
Determine the equivalence point of a weak acid-strong base titration
B.2,B.3
Calculate the molar concentrations of two acid solutions
UNIT XV - Aqueous Equilibria
B.2,B.3
Define and give examples of common ion effect, acid-base indicator,
hydrolysis, buffer solutions, and ionization constants
B.2,B.3
Write solubility product expressions for slightly soluble compounds
B.2,B.3
Solve problems involving solubility product constants from solubility
B.2,B.3
Solve problems involving molar solubility from Ksp
B.2,B.3
Solve problems involving concentrations of substances necessary to
produce a precipitate
B.2,B.3
Calculate the Qsp in order to predict whether or not a precipitate will
form
B.2,B.3
Solve problems involving concentrations of ions involved in
simultaneous equilibrium
B.2,B.3
Calculate the pH of a buffer solution
B.2,B.3
Find the pH range of color change for the indicator
B.2,B.3
Predict whether of not a precipitate will form when a concentration
of cation is present with a weak base
241
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
UNIT XVI - Chemical Thermodynamics
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Define and give examples of entropy, disorder, entropy change,
enthalpy, enthalpy change, free energy, free energy change, and
spontaneous process
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Explain the sign conventions for heat and work
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Explain the First Law of Thermodynamics
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Calculate the change in internal energy
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Describe the relationship between ∆H and ∆E
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Calculate w for a chemical reaction involving gases
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Predict for certain processes whether entropy increases or decreases
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Distinguish between a state function and a path function
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Calculate the values of heat change and enthalpy of reaction.
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Verify Hess’s Law
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Use Hess’s Law to solve problems of energy, entropy, and free
energy
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Calculate ∆G and ∆0G
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Determine the spontaneity of a reaction
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Describe the relationship between free energy change and
equilibrium constants
242
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Explain and apply the Third Law of Thermodynamics as it relates to
absolute entropies
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5
Calculate the ∆Hneutralization
UNIT XVII - Electrochemistry
B.2,B.3,B.5
Define and give examples of redox, anode, anion, cation, cathode,
oxidizing agent, reducing agent, emf, electrode, electrolytic cell,
half-cells, potential difference and voltaic cell
B.2,B.3,B.5
Use the half-reaction method to balance redox equations
B.2,B.3,B.5
Distinguish between an electrolytic cell and a voltaic cell in terms of
function and 0G
B.2,B.3,B.5
Solve problems using Faraday’s Law
B.2,B.3,B.5
Predict reaction products for both electrolytic and voltaic cells
B.2,B.3,B.5
Draw a diagram of a standard hydrogen electrode
B.2,B.3,B.5
Use a table of Standard Reduction Potentials to compute cell
voltages
B.2,B.3,B.5
Solve problems using the Nernst equation
B.2,B.3,B.5
Diagram voltaic cells using proper notation
B.2,B.3,B.5
Describe the relationship between the free energy change, the cell
potential, and the equilibrium constant
B.2,B.3,B.5
Give examples of primary cells, secondary cells, and fuel cells
B.2,B.3,B.5
Establish the reduction potentials of unknown metals relative to an
arbitrarily chosen metal using the computer as a voltmeter
243
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
UNIT XVIII - Chemistry of Coordination Compounds
B.2,B.3
Define and give examples of a domain, ferromagnetism, donor
atom, unidentate ligand, bidentate ligand, polydentate ligand,
coordination number, cis-trans, ionization isomers, hydrate isomers,
coordination isomers, linkage isomers, geometric isomers, optical
isomers, isomerism, fac-mer isomerism, low spin complexes, and
high spin complexes
B.2,B.3
Account for the tendency of the transition metals to form
coordination compounds
B.2,B.3
Describe the experiments of Alfred Werner
B.2,B.3
Name coordination compounds
B.2,B.3
Write formulas for coordination compounds
B.2,B.3
Draw structures for all the geometric and optical isomers of
coordination compounds or complex ions
B.2,B.3
Draw crystal field splitting diagrams for octahedral, tetrahedral and
square planar complex ions and coordination compounds
B.2,B.3
Explain why the orbitals are split in energy
B.2,B.3
Explain the reversal energies of t2g and eg orbitals between
octahedral and tetrahedral complexes
B.2,B.3
Distinguish between low spin and high spin octahedral complexes
B.2,B.3
Explain the relationship between the electron pairing energy and the
crystal field splitting energy for an octahedral complex
B.2,B.3
Write net ionic equations involving complex ions
A.1,A.2,B.2,
B.3
Synthesize a coordination compound and identify it by colorimetric
methods
244
A. P. Chemistry (continued)
Standards
Objectives
UNIT XIX - Nuclear Chemistry
B.1,B.2
Define and give examples of radioactivity, half-life, nuclide, and
radioactive decay
B.1,B.2
Predict nuclear stability and mode of decay using N/Z ratio
B.1,B.2
Work problems involving half-life
B.1,B.2
Balance nuclear equations
B.1,B.2
Determine the reactivity of a series of metals and nonmetals
B.1,B.2
Rank a series of metals and nonmetals according to their relative
reactivity
B.1,B.2
Detect through separation and qualitative analysis select cations
and anions present in unknown solutions
UNIT XX - Organic Compounds
B.1,B.2
Define and give examples of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic
hydrocarbons
B.1,B.2
Write formulas, structure formulas, and hybrid orbitals for alkanes,
alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons
B.1,B.2
Write the names of the alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic
hydrocarbons
B.1,B.2
Recognize the functional groups for alcohols, aldehydes, ketones,
ethers, carboxylic acids, and esters
B.1,B.2
Describe the basic organic chemical reactions
B.1,B.2
Write structural formulas of all isomers for organic compounds that
have the same molecular formula
A.1,A.2,B.1,
B.2
Prepare a quantity of an ester and purify it by distillation
245
Evolution/Genetics
Standards
Objectives
The Cell Cycle
C.1.a,C.1.c,
C.2.a,C.2.b
Describe the structural organization of the genome
C.1.a,C.1.b,
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Overview the major events of cell division that enable a genome of
one cell to be passed on to two daughter cells
C.1.a,C.1.c,
C.2.a,C.2.b
Describe how chromosome number changes throughout the human
life cycle
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
C.1.a,C.1.c,
C.2.a,C.2.b
Explain what makes heredity possible
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Explain how independent assortment, crossing over, and random
fertilization contribute to genetic variation in sexually reproducing
organisms
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b,C.3.a
Explain why inheritable variation was crucial to Darwin’s theory of
evolution
C.1.b,C.1.c,
C.2.a,C.2.b,
C.2.c
List the sources of genetic variation
Mendelian Genetics
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
List four components of Mendel’s hypothesis that led him to deduce
the law of segregation
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
State Mendel’s law of segregation
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Use a Punnett square to predict the results of a monohybrid cross
and state the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of the F2 generation
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Distinguish between genotype and phenotype; heterozygous and
homozygous; dominant and recessive
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Explain how a testcross can be used to determine if a dominant
phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous
246
Evolution/Genetics (continued)
Standards
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Objectives
Define random event, and explain why it is significant that allele
segregation during meiosis and fusion of gametes at fertilization
are random events
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Use the rule of multiplication to calculate the probability that a
particular F2 individual will be homozygous recessive or dominant
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Given a Mendelian cross, use the rule of addition to calculate the
probability that a particular F2 individual will be heterozygous
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
State Mendel’s law of independent assortment
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Use a Punnett square to predict the results of a dihybrid cross and
state the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of the F2 generation
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Give an example of incomplete dominance and explain why it is not
evidence for the blending theory of inheritance
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Explain how the phenotypic expression of the heterozygote is
affected by complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and
codominance
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Describe the inheritance of the ABO blood system and explain why
the IA and IB alleles are said to be codominant
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Define and give examples of pleiotropy
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Explain how epistasis affects the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid
cross
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Describe a simple model for polygenic inheritance, and explain why
most polygenic characters are described in quantitative terms
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Describe how environmental conditions can influence the
phenotypic expression of a characteristic
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Given a simple family pedigree, deduce the genotypes for some of
the family members
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Describe the inheritance and expression of cystic fibrosis, TaySachs disease, and sickle-cell disease
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Explain how a lethal recessive gene can be maintained in a
population
247
Evolution/Genetics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Explain why consanguinity increases the probability of
homozygosity in offspring
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Explain why lethal dominant genes are much rarer than lethal
recessive genes
C.2.b, E.1, F.1,
F.6
Explain how carrier recognition, fetal testing, and newborn
screening can be used in genetic screening and counseling
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
C.1.a,C.1.c,
C.2.a,C.2.b
Explain how the observations of cytologists and geneticists
provided the basis for the chromosome theory of inheritance
A.2,C.2.b,G.1
Explain why Drosophila melanogaster is a good experimental
organism
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Define linkage and explain why linkage interferes with independent
assortment
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Distinguish between parental and recombinant phenotypes
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Explain how crossing over can unlink genes
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Map a linear sequence of genes on a chromosome using given
recombination frequencies from experimental crosses
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Explain what additional information cytological maps provide over
crossover maps
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Distinguish between a heterogametic sex and homogametic sex
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Describe sex determination in humans
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Describe the inheritance of a sex-linked gene such as colorblindness
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Explain why a recessive sex-linked gene is always expressed in
human males
248
Evolution/Genetics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Explain how an organism compensates for the fact that some
individuals have a double dosage of sex-linked genes while others
have only one
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Distinguish among nondisjunction, aneuplodiy, and polyploidy;
explain how these major chromosomal changes occur and describe
the consequences
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Distinguish between trisomy and triploidy
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Distinguish the effects of alterations in chromosome structure, and
explain the role of position effects in altering the phenotype
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Describe the type of chromosomal alterations implicated in the
following human disorders: Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome,
extra Y, triple-X syndrome, Turner syndrome, cri du chat
syndrome, and chronic myelogenous leukemia
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Define genomic imprinting and provide evidence to support this
model
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Explain how the complex expression of a human genetic disorder,
such as fragile-X syndrome, can be influenced by triplet repeats
and genomic imprinting
C.1.c,C.2.a,
C.2.b
Give some exceptions to the chromosome theory of inheritance,
and explain why cytoplasmic genes are not inherited in a
Mendelian fashion
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
C.1.a,C.1.b,
C.1.c,C.2.a
Explain why researchers originally thought protein was the genetic
material
C.1.a,C.1.b,
C.1.c,C.2.a
Summarize the experiments performed by Griffith, Hershey and
Chase, and Chargaff to provide evidence that DNA is the genetic
material
C.2.a
List the three components of a nucleotide
C.2.a
Distinguish between deoxyribose and ribose
C.1.b,C.2.a
List the nitrogenous bases found in DNA, and distinguish between
pyrimidines and purines
249
Evolution/Genetics (continued)
Standards
C.1.c,C.2.a
C.2.a
Objectives
Explain how Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA, and
describe what evidence they used
Explain the “base-pairing rule” and describe its significance
C.1.b,C.2.a
Describe the structure of DNA, and explain what kind of chemical
bond connects the nucleotides of each strand and what type of
bond holds the two strands together
C.1.c,C.2.a
Explain semiconservative replication, and describe the MeselsonStahl experimen
C.1.b,C.1.c,
C.2.a
Describe the process of DNA replication, and explain the role of
helicase, single strand binding protein, DNA polymerase, ligase,
and primase
C.1.b,C.2.a
Explain what energy source drives endergonic synthesis of DNA
C.2.a
Define antiparallel, and explain why continuous synthesis of both
DNA strands is not possible
C.2.a
Distinguish between the leading strand and the lagging strand
C.2.a
Explain how the lagging strand is synthesized when DNA
polymerase can add nucleotides only to the 3’ end
C.1.b, C.1.c,
C.1.d, C.2.c
Explain the role of DNA polymerase, ligase, and repair enzymes in
DNA proofreading and repair
Protein Synthesis
C.1.a,C.1.c,
C.2.a
Give experimental evidence that implicates proteins as the links
between genotype and phenotype
C.1.c,C.2.a
Explain how RNA differs from DNA
C.1.c,C.2.a
Explain how proteins are synthesized from genes
C.1.c,C.2.a
Distinguish between transcription and translation
250
Evolution/Genetics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
C.1.c,C.2.a
Define codon, and explain what relationship exists between the
linear sequence of codons on mRNA and the linear sequence of
amino acids in a polypeptide
C.1.c,C.2.a
List the three stop codons and the one start codon
C.1.c,C.2.a
Explain in what way the genetic code is redundant and
unambiguous
C.1.c,C.2.a
Explain the evolutionary significance of a nearly universal genetic
code
C.1.c,C.2.a
Explain the process of transcription including the three major steps
of initiation, elongation, and termination
C.1.c,C.2.a
Describe the general role of RNA polymerase in transcription
C.1.c,C.2.a
Distinguish among mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
C.1.c,C.2.a
Describe the structure of tRNA and explain how the structure is
related to function
C.1.c,C.2.a
Given a sequence of bases in DNA, predict the corresponding
codons transcribed on mRNA and corresponding anticodons of
tRNA
C.1.c,C.2.a
Describe the wobble effect
C.1.c,C.2.a
Describe the structure of a ribosome, and explain how this
structure relates to function
C.1.c,C.2.a
Describe the process of translation including initiation, elongation,
and termination and explain what enzymes, protein factors, and
energy sources are needed for each stage
C.1.c,C.2.a
Explain what determines the primary structure of a protein and
describe how a polypeptide must be modified before it becomes
fully functional
C.1.c,C.2.a
Describe what determines whether a ribosome will be free in the
cytosol or attached to rough ER
C.1.c,C.2.a
Explain how proteins can be targeted for specific sites within the
cell
251
Evolution/Genetics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
C.1.c,C.2.a
Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA.
C.1.c,C.2.a
Explain how eukaryotic mRNA Is processed before it leaves the
nucleus
C.1.c,C.2.a
Describe some biological functions of introns and gene splicing
C.1.c,C.2.a
Explain why base-pair insertions or deletions usually have a
greater effect than substitutions
C.1.b,C.1.c,
C.1.d,C.2.a,
C.2.c
Describe how mutagenesis can occur
Common Descent and Descent with Modification
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain what is meant by the principle of common descent and
“descent with modification”
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over
time
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain why variation was so important to Darwin’s theory
C.3.a,C.3.c
Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain why the population is the smallest unit that can evolve
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain how natural selection results in evolutionary change
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain why the emergence of population genetics was an
important turning point for evolutionary theory
C.3.a,C.3.c,
C.3.d
Describe the lines of evidence Darwin used to support the principle
of common descent
C.3.a,C.3.c,
C.3.d
Describe how molecular biology can be used to study the
evolutionary relationships among organisms
C.3.a,C.3.c
Distinguish between the scientific and colloquial uses of the word
“theory”
252
Evolution/Genetics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
Population Genetics
C.3.a,C.3.c,
C.3.d
Explain what is meant by the “modern synthesis”
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain how microevolutionary change can affect a gene pool
C.3.a,C.3.c
State the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, and use the general HardyWeinberg equation to calculate allele and genotype frequencies
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain the consequences of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
C.3.a,C.3.c
Demonstrate that a disequilibrium population requires only
one generation of random mating to establish Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium
C.3.a,C.3.c
Describe the usefulness of the Hardy-Weinberg model to population
geneticists
C.3.a,C.3.c
List the conditions a population must meet in order to maintain
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain how genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating,
and natural selection can cause microevolution
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain the role of population size in genetic drift
C.3.a,C.3.c
Distinguish between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain why mutation has little quantitative effect on a large
population
C.3.a,C.3.c
Describe how inbreeding and assortative mating affect a
population’s allele frequencies and genotype frequencies
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain what is meant by the statement that natural selection is
the only agent of microevolution which is adaptive
C.3.a,C.3.c
Describe the technique of electrophoresis and explain how it
has been used to measure genetic variation within and between
populations
253
Evolution/Genetics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
C.3.a,C.3.c
List some factors that can produce geographical variation among
closely related populations
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain why even though mutation can be a source of genetic
variability, it contributes a negligible amount to genetic variation in
a population
C.3.a,C.3.c
Give the cause of nearly all genetic variation in a population
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain how genetic variation may be preserved in a natural
population
C.3.a,C.3.c
Describe the neutral theory of molecular evolution and explain how
changes in gene frequency may be nonadaptive
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain the concept of relative fitness and its role in adaptive
evolution
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain why the rate of decline for a deleterious allele depends
upon whether the allele is dominant or recessive to the more
successful allele
C.3.a,C.3.c
Describe what selection acts on and what factors contribute to the
overall fitness of a genotype
C.3.a,C.3.c
Give examples of how an organism’s phenotype may be influenced
by the environment
C.3.a,C.3.c
Distinguish among stabilizing selection, directional selection, and
diversifying selection
C.3.a,C.3.c
Define sexual dimorphism and explain how it can influence
evolutionary change
C.3.a,C.3.c
Explain why natural selection cannon breed perfect organisms
Genetic Technology
E.2,F.6
Explain how advances in recombinant DNA technology have helped
scientists study the eukaryotic genome
E.2,F.6
Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes
254
Evolution/Genetics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
E.2,F.6
Describe how restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis are used
to isolate DNA fragments
E.2,F.6
Explain how the creation of sticky ends by restriction enzymes is
useful in producing a recombinant DNA molecule
E.2,F.6
Outline the procedures for producing plasmid and phage vectors
E.2,F.6
Explain how vectors are used in recombinant DNA technology
E.2,F.6
Describe the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses and
explain how they are useful in recombinant DNA technology
E.2,F.6
Explain the importance of DNA synthesis and sequencing to
modern studies of eukaryotic genomes
E.2,F.6
Describe how bacteria can be induced to produce eukaryotic gene
products
E.2,F.6
Describe how recombinant DNA technology can have medical
applications such as diagnosis of genetic disease, development
of gene therapy, vaccine production, and development of
pharmaceutical products
E.2,F.6
Describe how gene manipulation has practical applications for
agriculture
E.2,F.6
Describe how plant genes can be manipulated using the Ti plasmid
carried by Agrobacterium as a vector
E.2,F.6
Explain how foreign DNA may be transferred into
monocotyledonous plants
E.2,F.4,F.6,
G.1
Describe how recombinant DNA studies and the biotechnology
industry are regulated with regards to safety and policy matters
255
Animal Physiology
Standards
C.1.a,C.1.f.
B.2,C.1.a,
C.1.f,C.5.f
Objectives
Define anatomy and physiology
Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human
body and explain how they are related
C.5.f
Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major
functions of each system
C.3.e
Classify by organ system all organs discussed
C.3.e,C.1.a
B.2,C.1.c
Identify the organs shown on a diagram or a dissectible torso
List functions that humans must perform to maintain life
C.1.f
List the survival needs of the human
C.1.c
Define homeostasis and explain its importance
A.2,B.5
C.1.a
Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining
homeostasis and normal body function
Describe the anatomical position verbally or demonstrate it
G.2
Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions,
surfaces, and body planes
G.2
Locate the major body cavities and list the chief organs in each
cavity
C.1.a,C.1.f
Name the four major tissue types and their chief subcategories
C.1.a,C.1.c,
C.1.f
Explain how the four major tissue types differ structurally and
functionally
C.1.a,C.1.c,
C.1.f
Give the chief locations of the various tissue types in the body
C.1.f
Describe the process of tissue repair
256
Animal Physiology (continued)
Standards
C.1.a
Objectives
List the general functions of each membrane type—cutaneous,
mucous, serous, and synovial—give its location in the body
C.1.a,C.1.b
Compare the structure (tissue makeup) of the major membrane
types
C.1.a,C.1.d
List several important functions of the integumentary system and
explain how these functions are accomplished
C.1.a,C.1.c
When provided with a model or diagram of the skin, recognize and
name the following skin structures: epidermis, dermis, (papillary
and reticular layers) hair and hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and
sweat gland
C.1.f, C.1.a
Name the layers of the epidermis and describe the characteristics
of each
C.1.a,C.1.f
Describe the distribution and function of the epidermal
derivatives—sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair
C.1.a,G.2
Name the factors that determine skin color and describe the
function of melanin
G.2,A.1
Differentiate between first-, second-, and third-degree burns
G.2, A.1
C.1.a,C.1.d
G.2,A.1
G.2, A.1
C.1.f
G.2
C.1.f
Explain the importance of the “rule of nine”
Summarize the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma, squamous
cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma
List several examples of integumentary system aging
Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial or appendicular
List at least three functions of the skeletal system
Name the four main kinds of bones
Identify the role of bone and the organic matrix in making bone
both hard and flexible
257
Animal Physiology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
C.1.f,C.1.a
Describe briefly the process of bone formation in the fetus and
summarize the events of bone remodeling throughout life
C.1.a,C.1.f
On a skull or diagram, identify and name the bones of the skull
G.2,A.1
Describe how the skull of a newborn infant (or fetus) differs from
that of an adult, and explain the function of fontanels
G.2,A.1
Name the parts of a typical vertebra and explain in general how
the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae differ from one
another
G.2,A.1
Discuss the importance of the inter-vertebral discs and spinal
curvatures
G.2,A.1
Explain how the abnormal spinal curvatures (scoliosis, lordosis,
and kyphosis) differs from one another
G.2,A.1
Identify on a skeleton or diagram the bones of the shoulder and
pelvic girdles and their attached limbs
G.2,A.1
Describe important differences between a male and female pelvis.
C.1.a, C.1.f
Describe similarities and differences in the structure and function
of the three types of muscle tissue and indicate where they are
found in the body
C.1.a, C.1.f
Define and explain the role of the following: endomysium,
perimysium, epimysium, tendon, and aponeurosis
G.2
Define muscular system
C.1.a,A.1
Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle and explain
the role of actin- and myosin-containing myofilaments
C.1.a,A.1
Describe how an action potential is initiated in a muscle cell
C.1.a, C.1.d
C.1.a,C.1.b
Describe the events of muscle cell contraction
Define graded response, tetanus, isotonic and isometric
contractions and muscle tone as these apply to a skeletal muscle
258
Animal Physiology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
G.2
Define oxygen debt and muscle fatigue and list possible causes of
muscle fatigue
C.1.d
Describe the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on skeletal
muscles and other body organs
G.2,A.1
Define origin, insertion, prime mover, antagonist, synergist, and
fixator as they relate to muscles
G.2,A.1
Demonstrate or identify the different types of body movements
G.2,A.1
List some criteria used in naming muscles
C.6.a
C.1.a,C.1.f
C.6.a
List the general functions of the nervous system
Explain the structural and functional classifications of the nervous
system
Define central nervous system and peripheral nervous system and
list the major parts of each
C.1.a,C.1.f
State the function of neurons and neuroglia
C.1.a,C.1.f
Describe the general structure of a neuron and name its important
anatomical regions
C.1.a
C.1.a,C.1.f
C.1.a
C.1.a,C.1.f
C.1.d,G.2
C.1.d
Describe the composition of gray matter and white matter
List the two major functional properties of neurons
Classify neurons according to structure and function
List the types of general sensory receptors and describe their
functions
Describe the events that lead to the generation of a nerve impulse
and its condition from one neuron to another
Define reflex arc and list its elements
259
Animal Physiology (continued)
Standards
C.1.a
C.1.a,C.1.f
Objectives
Identify and indicate the functions of the major regions of the
cerebral hemispheres, diencephalons, brain stem, and cerebellum
on a human brain model or diagram
Name the three meningeal layers and state their functions
G.2,A.1
Discuss the formation and function of cerebrospinal fluid and the
blood-brain barrier
G.2,A.1
Compare the signs of a CVA with those of Alzheimer’s disease; of a
contusion with those of a concussion
C.1.a,C.1.d
Define EEG and explain how it evaluates neural functioning
C.1.a,C.1.f
List two important functions of the spinal cord
C.1.a
C.1.a,G.2
C.1.a,C.1.f
C.6.a
Describe the spinal cord structure
Describe the general structure of a nerve
Identify the cranial nerves by number and by name, and list the
major functions of each
Describe the origin and fiber composition of (a) ventral and dorsal
roots, (b) the spinal nerve proper, and (c) ventral and dorsal rami
G.2
Discuss the distribution of the dorsal and ventral rami of spinal
nerves
G.2
Name the four major nerve plexuses, give the major nerves of
each, and describe their distribution
C.1.a,C.1.f
G.2
C.6.a
Identify the site of origin and explain the function of the
sympathetic and para-sympathetic divisions of the autonomic
nervous system
Contrast the effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic
divisions on the following organs: heart, lungs, digestive system,
blood vessels
List several factors that may have harmful effects on brain
development
260
Animal Physiology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
G.2
Briefly describe the cause, signs, and consequences of the
following congenital disorders: spina bifida, anencephaly, cerebral
palsy
G.2
Explain the decline in brain size and weight that occurs with age
G.2
Define senility and list some possible causes
C.1.a
When provided a model or diagram, identify the accessory eye
structures and list the functions of each
C.1.a
Explain how rod and cone function differ
C.1.a,C.1.f
Name the eye tunics and indicate the major function of each
G.2
Describe image formation on the retina
G.2
Trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina
G.2
Discuss the importance of an ophthalmoscopic examination
G.2
Define the following terms: accommodation, astigmatism, blind
spot, cataract, emmetropia, plaucoma, hyperopia, myopia, and
refraction
G.2
Trace the visual pathway to the optic cortex
G.2
Discuss the importance of the papillary and convergence reflexes
C.1.a,C.1.f
Identify the structures of the external, middle, and internal ear,
and list the functions of each
G.2
Explain the function of the organ of Corti in hearing
G.2
Define sensorineural and conductive deafness and list possible
causes of each
G.2
Explain how one is able to localize the source of a sound
261
Animal Physiology (continued)
Standards
G.2
Objectives
Describe how the equilibrium organs help maintain balance
C.1.a,C.1.f
Describe the locomotion, structure, and function of the olfactory
and taste receptors
G.2
Name the four basic taste sensations and list factors that modify
the sense of taste
C.1.f
Describe changes that occur in the special sense organs with age
G.2
Define hormone and target organ
G.2
Describe how hormones bring about their effects in the body
G.2
Explain how various endocrine glands are stimulated to release
their hormonal products
G.2
Define negative feedback and describe its role in regulating blood
levels of the various hormones
G.2
Describe the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands
G.2
On a appropriate diagram, identify the major endocrine glands and
tissues
C.1.a
List hormones produced by the endocrine glands and discuss their
general functions
G.2
Discuss ways in which hormones promote body homeostasis by
giving examples of hormonal actions
C.1.a
Describe the functional relationship between the hypothalamus
and the pituitary gland
G.2
Describe major pathologic consequences of hypersecretion and
hyposecretion of the hormones considered in this chapter
C.1.a,C.1.f
G.2
Indicate the endocrine role of the kidneys, the stomach and
intestine, the heart, and the placenta
Describe the effects of aging on the endocrine system and body
homeostasis
262
Animal Physiology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
G.2
Describe the composition and volume of whole blood
G.2
Describe the composition of plasma and discuss its importance in
the body
C.1.a, C.1.f
List the cell types making up the formed elements and describe
the major functions of each type
G.2
Define anemia, polycythemia, and leucopenia, and leukocytosis,
and list possible causes for each condition
G.2
Explain the role of the hemocytoblast
G.2
Describe the blood-clotting process
G.2
Name some factors that may inhibit or enhance the blood-clotting
process
G.2
Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups
G.2
Explain the basis for a transfusion reaction
G.2
Explain the basis of physiological jaundice seen in some newborn
babies
G.2
Indicate blood disorders that increase in frequency in the aged
G.2
Describe how the heart pumps blood
G.2
Describe how blood vessels provide the conduits within which
blood circulates to all body tissues
G.2
Describe the location of the heart in the body and identify its
major anatomical areas on an appropriate model or diagram
G.2
Trace the pathway of blood through the heart
G.2
Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits
263
Animal Physiology (continued)
Standards
C.1.a
Objectives
Name the functional blood supply of the heart
G.2
Define systole, diastole, stroke volume, and cardiac cycle
G.2
Explain the operation of the heart valves
G.2
Define heart sounds and murmur
G.2
Name the elements of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart
and describe the pathway of impulses through this system
C.6.a
C.1.a,C.1.f
Describe the effect of the following on heart rate: stimulation by
the vagus nerve, exercise, epinephrine, and various ions
Compare and contrast the structure and function of arteries, veins,
and capillaries
G.2
Identify the body’s major arteries and veins and name the body
region supplies by each
G.2
Discuss the unique features of special circulations of the body:
arterial circulation of the brain, hepatic portal circulation, and fetal
circulation
G.2
Define blood pressure and pulse and name several pulse points
G.2
List factors affecting and/or determining blood pressure
G.2
Define hypertension and atherosclerosis and describe possible
health consequences of these conditions
G.2
Describe the exchanges that occur across capillary walls
G.2
Describe briefly the development of the organs of the
cardiovascular system
G.2
Name the fetal vascular modifications or “fetal shunts,” and
describe their function before birth
G.2
Explain how regular exercise and a diet low in fats and cholesterol
may help maintain cardiovascular health
264
Animal Physiology (continued)
Standards
G.2
Objectives
Name the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive
organs and identify each on an appropriate diagram or model
C.1.a
Identify the overall function of the digestive system as digestion
and absorption of foodstuffs, and describe the general activities of
each digestive system organ
C.1.a
Describe the composition and function(s) of saliva
G.2
Name the deciduous and permanent teeth and describe the basic
anatomy of a tooth
G.2
Explain how villi aid digestive processes in the small intestine
G.2
Describe the mechanisms of swallowing, vomiting, and defecation
G.2
Describe how foodstuffs in the digestive tract are mixed and
moved along the tract
C.1.a,C.1.f
C.1.a
G.2
C.1.a
Describe the function of local hormones in the digestive process
List the major enzymes or enzyme groups produced by the
digestive organs or accessory glands and name the foodstuffs on
which they act
Name the end products of protein, fat, and carbohydrate digestion
State the function of bile in the digestive process
G.2
Define nutrient, essential nutrient, and calorie
G.2
List the six major nutrient categories. Note important dietary
sources and the principal cellular uses of each
G.2
Define enzyme, metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism
C.1.a
G.2
Describe the metabolic roles of the liver
Recognize the sources of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and
their uses in cell metabolism
265
Animal Physiology (continued)
Standards
Objectives
G.2
Explain the importance of energy balance in the body and indicate
consequences of energy imbalance
G.2
List several factors that influence metabolic rate, and indicate the
effect of each
G.2
Describe how body temperature is regulated
G.2
Name important congenital disorders of the digestive system and
significant inborn errors of metabolism
G.2
Describe the effect of aging on the digestive system
266
Earth Science
Standards
Objectives
Introduction to Earth Science
C.5.e,C.5.f,
D.3
C.4.c
Name the four main branches of earth science
Discuss the relationship between earth science and ecology
A.1,A.2
Identify the steps that make up scientific methods
A.1,A.2
Explain how the meteorite-impact hypothesis developed
A.1,A.2
Distinguish between a hypothesis, a theory, and a scientific law
G.2
A.1,A.2
Describe the Doppler effect
Summarize the big bang theory of the origin of the universe
A.1,A.2,G.2,
G.3
List evidence for the big bang theory
A.1,B.2,B.5,
G.1,G.2
Describe how astronomers determine the composition, surface
temperature and distance to stars
A.1,B.2,D.4
Describe the evolution of a star from a nebula to a white dwarf,
neutron star or black hole and discuss the reason for variations in
the development of stars
A.1,B.2,G.1
Describe the types of galaxies and how they are grouped or
organized by astronomers
A.1,B.2,D.3,
D.4
Discuss our solar system including its formation, evolution of its
components, and eventual demise
The Earth in Space
B.5,C.3.d
B.2,E.2
List the characteristics of the earth’s three major zones
Explain how studies of seismic waves have provided information
about the earth’s interior
267
Earth Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1,G.2
Define magnetosphere and identify the possible source of the
earth’s magnetism
A.1,G.2
Summarize Newton’s law of gravitation
C.5.b,D.4,G.2
A.1,G.2
A.1,D.3,D.4,
G.3
Describe the earth’s revolution and rotation
Tell why the seasons change
Explain how the sun is used as a basis for measuring time
Models of the Earth
F.6,G.2
Distinguish between latitude and longitude
F.6,G.2
Explain how latitude and longitude can be used to locate places on
the earth
E.2,G.2
Explain how a magnetic compass can be used to find directions on
the earth
E.2,F.6,G.2
Describe the characteristics and uses of three types of map
projections
E.2,F.6,G.2
Define scale, and explain how scale can be used to find distance on
a map
C.5.a,E.2,G.2
Explain how elevation and topography can be shown on a map
C.5.a,E.2,G.2
Interpret a topographic map
Plate Tectonics
A.1,A.2,G.2,
G.3
A.1,A.2
Explain Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift
List evidence for Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift
268
Earth Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
A.1,A.2,G.2
Describe seafloor spreading
A.1,A.2,B.2
Summarize the theory of plate tectonics
B.2,G.2
Compare the characteristic geologic activities that occur along the
three types of plate movement
A.1,A.2,E.2
Explain the possible role of convection currents in plate movement
A.1,A.2,E.2
Summarize the theory of suspect terranes
Deformation of the Crust
A.1,A.2,B.1
Predict isostatic adjustments that will result from changes in the
thickness of the earth’s crust
A.1,A.2,B.2
Identify sources of stress in crustal rock
A.1,A.2,B.5
Compare folding and faulting as responses to stress
G.2
Describe four types of faults
A.1,A.2,B.2,
E.2
Identify the types of plate collisions that build mountains
A.1,A.2,G.2
Identify four types of mountains and discuss the forces that shaped
them
Earthquakes
A.1,A.2,G.2,
E.2
A.1,A.2,B.2
E.2,G.2
A.1,A.2,E.2
Discuss the elastic rebound theory
Explain why earthquakes generally occur at plate boundaries
Compare the three types of seismic waves
Discuss the method scientists use to pinpoint an earthquake
269
Earth Science (continued)
Standards
E.2
Objectives
Discuss the method most commonly used to measure the
magnitude of earthquakes
A.1,E.2,G.2
Describe possible effects of a major earthquake on buildings
B.2,E.2,G.2
Discuss the relationship of tsunamis to earthquakes
F.4,G.2
B.2,E.2,G.2
List safety rules to follow when an earthquake strikes
Identify changes in the earth’s crust that may signal earthquakes
Volcanoes
B.2,E.2,G.2
Describe the formation and movement of magma
B.2,G.2
Define volcanism
B.2,G.2
List three locations where volcanism occurs
B.2,E.2,G.2
Summarize the relationship between lava types and the force of
volcanic eruptions
B.2,G.2
Describe the major types of tephra
B.2,G.2
Identify the three main types of volcanic cones
A.1,E.2
Summarize the events that may signal a volcanic eruption
A.1,A.2
Summarize the evidence for extraterrestrial volcanism
A.1,A.2
Explain the differences between volcanism on earth and on lo
Minerals of the Earth’s Crust
B.1,B.2,B.3
Define a mineral and distinguish between the two main mineral
groups
270
Earth Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.1,B.2
Identify the elements found most abundantly in common minerals
B.1,B.2
Name six types of nonsilicate minerals
B.1,B.2,B.3
Distinguish among four main arrangements of silicate-oxygen
tetrahedral found in silicate minerals
B.1,B.2,B.3
Describe some characteristics that help distinguish one mineral
from another
B.1,B.2,B.3
List four special properties that may help identify certain minerals
Rocks
B.1 B.2,B.3
Identify the three major types of rock and explain how each is
formed
A.1,B.2,G.2
Summarize the steps in the rock cycle
B.1,B.2,B.3
Describe how the cooling rate of magma and lava affects the
structure of igneous rocks
B.1,B.2,B.3
Classify igneous rocks according to their mineral composition
B.1,B.2
Describe a number of identifiable igneous rock structures
A.1,B.1,B.2
Name the three main types of sedimentary rock features
B.1,B.2,B.3
Describe several identifiable sedimentary rock features
B.1,B.2,G.2
Distinguish between regional and contact metamorphism
B.2,G.2
Distinguish between foliated and unfoliated metamorphic rocks and
give an example of each
The Ocean Basins
G.2
Name the major divisions of global oceans
271
Earth Science (continued)
Standards
A.1,G.2
Objectives
Describe the goals of oceanography
A.1,E.2,G.2
Describe the main features of the continental margins
A.1,E.2,G.2
Describe the main features of the deep ocean basin
A.1,G.2
A.1,B.2,G.2
Describe the formation of ocean-floor sediments
Explain how ocean-floor sediments are classified according to
physical composition
The Atmosphere
B.2,B.5,F.3,
G.2
E.2,G.2
Discuss the composition of the earth’s atmosphere
Explain how two types of barometers work
B.2,B.5,G.2
Describe the layers of the atmosphere
A.1,E.4,F.5,
G.2
Identify the weather conditions that increase the effects of air
pollution
A.1,D.1,D.2
Explain how radiant energy reaches the earth
A.1,D.1,G2
D.1,E.2
D.2,E.2,F.3,
G.2
G.2
Describe how visible and infrared light warm the earth
Summarize the processes of radiation, conduction, and convection
Describe the global patterns of wind
Describe some factors that create local wind patterns
Water in the Atmosphere
D.2,G.2
Explain how water vapor enters the air
272
Earth Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
D.2,G.2
Explain the meaning of humidity and describe how it is measured
G.2
Describe what happens when the temperature of air decreases at
or below the dew point
G.2
List the conditions that must exist for a cloud to form
D.2,G.2
G.2
Identify the types of clouds
Describe four ways fog may form
Weather
D.2,G.2
Explain how an air mass forms
E.2,G.2
List and describe the types of air masses that usually affect the
weather of North America
G.2
Compare the characteristic weather patterns of cold fronts with
those of warm fronts
A.1,E.2,G.2
Describe how a wave cyclone forms
A.1,E.2,G.2
Describe the stages in the development of hurricanes,
thunderstorms, and tornadoes
E.1,E.2
Describe the types of instruments used to measure air temperature
and wind speed
E.1,E.2
Describe the instruments used to measure upper-atmospheric
weather conditions
E.2,G.2
Explain how a weather map is made
E.2,G.2
Describe the steps involved in preparing a weather forecast
273
Physics
Standards
Objectives
I Extra-Unitary Goals
Experimental Design
A.1,A.2
Build a qualitative model
A.1,A.2
Identify and classify variables
A.1,A.2
Make tentative qualitative predictions about the relationship
between variables
Data Collection
A.1,A.2
Select appropriate measuring devices
A.1,A.2
Consider accuracy of measuring device and significant figures
A.1,A.2
Maximize range of data
Mathematical Modeling
A.1,A.2
Learn to use graphical analysis software
A.1,A.2
Develop linear relationships
A.1,A.2
Relate mathematical and graphical expressions
Lab Report
A.1,A.2
Present and defend interpretations
A.1,A.2
Write a coherent lab report
274
Physics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
II Particle Moving with Constant Velocity
Reference Frame, Position, and Trajectory
B.2,B.5
Choose origin and positive direction for a system
B.2,B.5
Define motion relative to frame of reference
B.2,B.5
Distinguish between vector and scalar concepts (displacement vs.
distance, velocity vs. speed)
B.2,B.5
Compare the motion of an object in multiple reference frames
B.2,B.5
Apply the addition of velocities to inertial reference frames
Particle Model
B.2,B.5
Relate kinematical properties (position and velocity) and laws of
motion
B.2,B.5
Derive the relationships from position vs. time graphs
Multiple Representations of Behavior
B.2,B.5
Introduce use of motion maps and vectors
B.2,B.5
Relate graphical, algebraic, and diagrammatic representations
Dimensions and Units
B.2,B.5
Use appropriate units for kinematical properties
B.2,B.5
Use dimensional analysis to identify units in an equation
III Uniformly Accelerating Particle Model
275
Physics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
Concepts of Acceleration, Average Velocity, Instantaneous Velocity
B.2,B.5
Contrast graphs of objects undergoing constant velocity and
constant acceleration
B.2,B.5
Define instantaneous velocity (slope of tangent to curve in x vs. t
graph)
B.2,B.5
Distinguish between instantaneous and average velocity
B.2,B.5
Define acceleration, including its vector nature
B.2,B.5
Include acceleration vectors in motion map
Multiple Representations (graphical, algebraic, diagrammatic)
B.2,B.5
Relate stack of kinematic curves
B.2,B.5
Relate various kinematic expressions
Uniformly Accelerating Particle Model
B.2,B.5
Describe domain and kinematical properties
B.2,B.5
Derive relationships from x vs. t and v vs. t graphs
Analysis of Free Fall
B.2,B.5
Measure acceleration due to Earth’s gravity
B.2,B.5
Derive mass independence of acceleration due to Earth’s gravity
IV Free Particle Model
Newton’s 1st Law (Galileo’s Thought Experiment)
276
Physics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.2,B.5
Develop notion that a force is required to change velocity, not to
produce motion
B.2,B.5
Develop notion that constant velocity does not require an
explanation
B.2,B.5
Define inertia, mass, and weight, and distinguish between them
Force Concept
B.2,B.5
Express force as an interaction between an agent and an object
B.2,B.5
Choose system to include objects, not agents
B.2,B.5
Express Newton’s 3rd Law in terms of paired forces (agent-object
notation)
Force Diagrams
B.2,B.5
Represent forces as vectors originating on object (point particle)
B.2,B.5
Use the superposition principle to show that the net force is the
vector sum of the forces
Statics
B.2,B.5
Recognize that zero net force produces same effect as no force
acting on object
B.2,B.5
Decompose vectors into components
V Constant Force Particle Model
Newton’s 2nd Law
B.2,B.5
Develop mathematical models from graphs of acceleration vs. force
and acceleration vs. mass
B.2,B.5
Introduce mathematical notation for a proportion
277
Physics (continued)
Standards
B.2,B.5
Objectives
Introduce joint variation
Dynamical Properties, Force Diagrams, and Motion Maps
B.2,B.5
Deduce motion from force diagrams
B.2,B.5
Relate the directions of the acceleration and net force vectors
Friction
B.2,B.5
Distinguish between static and kinetic friction
VI 2-D Particle Models
Free Fall
B.2,B.5
Define free fall as motion when the only force acting on the object
is gravity
B.2,B.5
Revisit 1-D accelerated motion (now in y-direction)
Projectile Motion (application of two particle models)
B.2,B.5
Extend 1-D math models of accelerated motion to 2-D projectile
motion - decompose projectile motion vectors into x and y
components
B.2,B.5
Extend 1-D math models of accelerated motion to 2-D projectile
motion - describe projectile motion as the simultaneous occurrence
of two 1-D motions
B.2,B.5
Extend force diagrams and motion maps to motions in 2-D
VII Energy
View Energy Interactions in Terms of Transfer and Storage
278
Physics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.4,B.5
Develop concept of relationship among kinetic, potential, and
internal energy as modes of energy storage - emphasize use of
multiple tools (especially pie charts and bar graphs) to represent
energy storage
B.4,B.5
Develop concept of relationship among kinetic, potential, and
internal energy as modes of energy storage - apply conservation
of energy to mechanical systems
Variable Force of Spring Model
B.4,B.5
Interpret graphical models, especially that the area under curve on
F vs. x graph is defined as elastic energy stored in spring
B.4,B.5
Develop mathematical models
Develop Concept of Working as Energy Transfer Mechanism
B.4,B.5
Introduce conservation of energy
B.4,B.5
Working is the transfer of energy into or out of a system by means
of an external force. The energy is the area under an F vs. x
graph, where F is the force transferring energy
B.4,B.5
Energy bar graphs and system schema represent the relationship
between energy transfer and storage
Contrast Conservative vs. Non-conservative Forces
B.4,B.5
Energy transfers by conservative forces are reversible
VIII Central Force Particle Model
Uniform Circular Motion
B.2,B.5
Define the relationship between velocity and force
B.2,B.5
Define the relationship between velocity and radius
279
Physics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.2,B.5
Define the relationship between velocity and mass
B.2,B.5
Derive the mathematical model describing the relationship between
force, mass, radius, and velocity
B.2,B.5
Deduce that the constant of proportionality for both relationships
must be 1
B.2,B.5
Distinguish between centripetal and centrifugal force
B.2,B.5
Construct Force diagrams which display the force acting on an
object undergoing uniform circular motion
IX Impulsive Force Model
Momentum
B.2, B.5
Define momentum and distinguish between momentum and
velocity
Impulse
B.2, B.5
Define impulse and distinguish between impulse and force
B.2, B.5
Determine the impulse acting on an object via an F vs. t graph
B.2, B.5
Determine the impulse acting on an object given the change in
momentum
Conservation of Momentum
B.2,B.5
Show that the system momentum before a collision is equal to the
system momentum after the collision
B.2, B.5
Show that the total system momentum after an explosion remains
zero
B.2, B.5
Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions
B.2, B.5
Use conservation principles to solve momentum problems involving
elastic and inelastic collisions
280
Honors Physics
Standards
Objectives
I Extra-Unitary Goals
Experimental Design
A.1,A.2
Build a qualitative model
A.1,A.2
Identify and classify variables
A.1,A.2
Make tentative qualitative predictions about the relationship
between variables
Data Collection
A.1,A.2
Select appropriate measuring devices
A.1,A.2
Consider accuracy of measuring device and significant figures
A.1,A.2
Maximize range of data
Mathematical Modeling
A.1,A.2
Learn to use graphical analysis software
A.1,A.2
Develop linear relationships
A.1,A.2
Relate mathematical and graphical expressions
Lab Report
A.1,A.2
Present and defend interpretations
A.1,A.2
Write a coherent lab report
281
Honors Physics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
II Particle Moving with Constant Velocity
Reference Frame, Position, and Trajectory
B.2,B.5
Choose origin and positive direction for a system
B.2,B.5
Define motion relative to frame of reference
B.2,B.5
Distinguish between vector and scalar concepts (displacement vs.
distance, velocity vs. speed)
B.2,B.5
Compare the motion of an object in multiple reference frames
B.2,B.5
Apply the addition of velocities to inertial reference frames
Particle Model
B.2,B.5
Relate kinematical properties (position and velocity) and laws of
motion
B.2,B.5
Derive the relationships from position vs. time graphs
Multiple Representations of Behavior
B.2,B.5
Introduce use of motion maps and vectors
B.2,B.5
Relate graphical, algebraic, and diagrammatic representations
Dimensions and Units
B.2,B.5
Use appropriate units for kinematical properties
B.2,B.5
Use dimensional analysis to identify units in an equation
III Uniformly Accelerating Particle Model
282
Honors Physics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
Concepts of Acceleration, Average Velocity, Instantaneous Velocity
B.2,B.5
Contrast graphs of objects undergoing constant velocity and
constant acceleration
B.2,B.5
Define instantaneous velocity (slope of tangent to curve in x vs. t
graph)
B.2,B.5
Distinguish between instantaneous and average velocity
B.2,B.5
Define acceleration, including its vector nature
B.2,B.5
Include acceleration vectors in motion map
Multiple Representations (graphical, algebraic, diagrammatic)
B.2,B.5
Relate stack of kinematic curves
B.2,B.5
Relate various kinematic expressions
Uniformly Accelerating Particle Model
B.2,B.5
Describe domain and kinematical properties
B.2,B.5
Derive relationships from x vs. t and v vs. t graphs
Analysis of Free Fall
B.2,B.5
Measure acceleration due to Earth’s gravity
B.2,B.5
Derive mass independence of acceleration due to Earth’s gravity
IV Free Particle Model
Newton’s 1st Law (Galileo’s Thought Experiment)
283
Honors Physics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.2,B.5
Develop notion that a force is required to change velocity, not to
produce motion
B.2,B.5
Develop notion that constant velocity does not require an
explanation
B.2,B.5
Define inertia, mass, and weight, and distinguish between them
Force Concept
B.2,B.5
Express force as an interaction between an agent and an object
B.2,B.5
Choose system to include objects, not agents
B.2,B.5
Express Newton’s 3rd Law in terms of paired forces (agent-object
notation)
Force Diagrams
B.2,B.5
Represent forces as vectors originating on object (point particle)
B.2,B.5
Use the superposition principle to show that the net force is the
vector sum of the forces
Statics
B.2,B.5
Recognize that zero net force produces same effect as no force
acting on object
B.2,B.5
Decompose vectors into components
V Constant Force Particle Model
Newton’s 2nd Law
B.2,B.5
Develop mathematical models from graphs of acceleration vs. force
and acceleration vs. mass
B.2,B.5
Introduce mathematical notation for a proportion
284
Honors Physics (continued)
Standards
B.2,B.5
Objectives
Introduce joint variation
Dynamical Properties, Force Diagrams, and Motion Maps
B.2,B.5
Deduce motion from force diagrams
B.2,B.5
Relate the directions of the acceleration and net force vectors
Friction
B.2,B.5
Develop Coulombic frictional force law
B.2,B.5
Distinguish between static and kinetic friction
VI 2-D Particle Models
Free Fall
B.2,B.5
Define free fall as motion when the only force acting on the object
is gravity
B.2,B.5
Revisit 1-D accelerated motion (now in y-direction)
Projectile Motion (application of two particle models)
B.2,B.5
Extend 1-D math models of accelerated motion to 2-D projectile
motion - decompose projectile motion vectors into x and y
components
B.2,B.5
Extend 1-D math models of accelerated motion to 2-D projectile
motion - describe projectile motion as the simultaneous occurrence
of two 1-D motions
B.2,B.5
Extend force diagrams and motion maps to motions in 2-D
VII Energy
View Energy Interactions in Terms of Transfer and Storage
285
Honors Physics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.4,B.5
Develop concept of relationship among kinetic, potential, and
internal energy as modes of energy storage - emphasize use of
multiple tools (especially pie charts and bar graphs) to represent
energy storage
B.4,B.5
Develop concept of relationship among kinetic, potential, and
internal energy as modes of energy storage - apply conservation
of energy to mechanical systems
Variable Force of Spring Model
B.4,B.5
Interpret graphical models, especially that the area under curve on
F vs. x graph is defined as elastic energy stored in spring
B.4,B.5
Develop mathematical models
Develop Concept of Working as Energy Transfer Mechanism
B.4,B.5
Introduce conservation of energy
B.4,B.5
Working is the transfer of energy into or out of a system by means
of an external force. The energy is the area under an F vs. x
graph, where F is the force transferring energy
B.4,B.5
Energy bar graphs and system schema represent the relationship
between energy transfer and storage
Contrast Conservative vs. Non-conservative Forces
B.4,B.5
Energy transfers by conservative forces are reversible
VIII Central Force Particle Model
Uniform Circular Motion
B.2,B.5
Define the relationship between velocity and force
B.2,B.5
Define the relationship between velocity and radius
286
Honors Physics (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.2,B.5
Define the relationship between velocity and mass
B.2,B.5
Derive the mathematical model describing the relationship between
force, mass, radius, and velocity
B.2,B.5
Deduce that the constant of proportionality for both relationships
must be 1
B.2,B.5
Distinguish between centripetal and centrifugal force
B.2,B.5
Construct Force diagrams which display the force acting on an
object undergoing uniform circular motion
IX Impulsive Force Model
Momentum
B.2, B.5
Define momentum and distinguish between momentum and
velocity
Impulse
B.2, B.5
Define impulse and distinguish between impulse and force
B.2, B.5
Determine the impulse acting on an object via an F vs. t graph
B.2, B.5
Determine the impulse acting on an object given the change in
momentum
Conservation of Momentum
B.2,B.5
Show that the system momentum before a collision is equal to the
system momentum after the collision
B.2, B.5
Show that the total system momentum after an explosion remains
zero
B.2, B.5
Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions
B.2, B.5
Use conservation principles to solve momentum problems involving
elastic and inelastic collisions
287
A. P. Environmental Science
Standards
Objectives
Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability
C.4.d,C.4.e,F.2,
F.5
F.2,F.3,F.5
F.2,F.3,F.4,F.5,
F.6
F.4,F.5,F.6
F.2,F.3,F.4,F.5,
F.6
F.5,F.6
Define exponential growth and describe the connection between
exponential growth and environmental problems
Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of globalization
Distinguish between the following terms: physically depleted and
economically depleted resources; nonrenewable, renewable, and
potentially renewable resources; reuse and recycle
Summarize underlying causes of environmental problems
Understand the cultural changes that have increased the human
impact on the natural environment
Summarize strategies humans can use to work closely with the
earth
Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy
A.1,A.2,G.1
Describe how science works
B.1B.2,B.4,B.5
Distinguish between forms of matter and quality of matter
B.1,B.2,B.3,
B.4,B.5
Distinguish between forms of energy and quality of energy
E.1,E.2,G.2
B.1,B.2,B.3,
B.4,B.5
F.5,F.6
Define and explain mathematical models and how they are useful
in predicting the behavior of a complex system
Describe how the law of conservation of matter and the law of
conservation of energy govern normal physical and chemical
changes.
Compare the sustainability of the two different types of
economies for future generations of people
Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work
288
A. P. Environmental Science (continued)
Standards
B.2,C.1.f,C.2.a
Objectives
List and distinguish among five levels of organization of matter
that are the focus of the realm of ecology
B.1,B.2,C.1.a,
C.1.c,C.1.f,
C.2.a
List the characteristics of life
B.5,C.1.e,D.1,
D.2,D.3
Distinguish among lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and
ecosphere
D.2,D.3
Describe how the sun, gravity, and nutrient cycles sustain life on
Earth
D.2,D.3
Compare the flow of matter and the flow of energy through the
biosphere
D.2
B.1,B.2,B.5,
B.5,C.1.a,C.1.E
B.2,B.3,B.4,
B.5,C.4.a,
C.4.b,D.1
C.5.f,D.1
Name and describe three types of biogeochemical cycles
Define abiotic component of an ecosystem
Define biotic component of an ecosystem
Distinguish between food chains and food webs; grazing food
webs and detrital food webs
Apply the second law of energy to food chains and pyramids of
energy, which describe energy flow in ecosystems
Evaluate which ecosystems show the highest average net primary
productivity and which contribute most to global net primary
productivity
Evolution and Biodiversity
C.3.a,C.3.b,
C.3.c,C.3.d,
C.3.c
Briefly describe the evolution of life from chemical evolution to
the development of eukaryotic cells
Define natural selection and the three conditions that are
necessary for evolution of a population by natural selection
289
A. P. Environmental Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
C.4.c
Distinguish between a specialist and a generalist and evaluate the
conditions that favor these two approaches
C.4.c
Define ecological niche
C.3.c,C.4.c
C.3.b
E.1,E.2,F.5
Define speciation and compare allopatric speciation with
sympatric speciation
Define extinction and distinguish between background extinction
and mass extinction
Discuss the pros and cons of artificial selection and genetic
engineering
Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
D.1,D.2
Describe at least five different factors that contribute to global
air-circulation patterns
D.1,D.2
Describe how ocean currents generally redistribute heat
B.5,D.1,D.2
C.4.a,
C.3.b
Define greenhouse effect and name greenhouse gases
Describe how climate affects the distribution of plant life on Earth
Compare the climate and adaptations of plants and animals in
deserts, grasslands, and forests
Aquatic Biodiversity
C.5.d,C.5.e
Summarize the distribution of light, salt, and temperature in
different aquatic life zones
C.4.a,C.4.b,
C.4.c
Briefly describe the characteristics and ecological significance of
coral reefs
C.4.a,C.4.b.
C.4.c
Describe the ecological functions performed by wetlands
290
A. P. Environmental Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
B.5,D.1,C.4.a
List and compare the four zones of a lake and distinguish
between oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes. Describe stratification
and a turnover in a lake
B.5,D.1,C.4.a
Define watershed
Community Ecology
C.4.a,C.4.b,
C.4.c
Describe the three characteristics that describe a biological
community
C.4.b,C.4.c
Distinguish among the following roles played by species and give
one example of each: native species, nonnative species, indicator
species, keystone species
C.4.b,C.4.c
Distinguish among the following species interactions and give
one example of each: interspecific competition, predation, and
symbiosis
C.5.e
Summarize the competitive exclusion principle and list two
strategies species use to reduce competition
C.4.b,C.4.c,
C.5.e
Distinguish among three forms of symbiotic relationships and give
one example of each: parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism
C.4.e,C.5.a
Define succession. Distinguish between primary and secondary
succession. Describe how humans affect communities
Population Ecology
C.4.b,C.4.c,
C.5.d
Describe the various types of population distribution patterns that
can occur in nature and comment on which is most common and
why
C.5.e,F.2
Define birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration
C.5.e,F.2
Define limiting factor and give an example of a resource that
would be limiting in an ecosystem
C.5.e,F.2
Define exponential growth
C.5.e,F.2
Compare a J-shaped growth curve with an S-shaped growth
curve and comment on the factors that produce the sigmoid
(S-shaped) curve
291
A. P. Environmental Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
C.5.e,F.2
Define carrying capacity and explain what determines the
carrying capacity of an ecosystem
C.5.e,F.2
Explain density-dependent population controls and densityindependent population controls
C.5.e,F.2
List the four general types of population fluctuations in nature
C.5.e,F.2
Define r-selected species and K-selected species and compare the
two and give an example for each type of species reproductive
pattern
C.5.e,F.2
Describe the three general types of survivorship curves in nature
Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population and Its Impact
F.2,F.6
Define birth rate, death rate, emigration rate, and immigration
rate
F.2,F.6
Define infant mortality rate and explain why it is considered a
good indicator of quality of life
F.2,F.6
Compare rates of population growth in developed countries and
developing countries and explain the differences you find
F.2,F.6
Using population age structure diagrams, explain how the age
structure of a country creates population growth momentum
F.2,F.6
Summarize key factors used to influence population size:
immigration policy, family planning, economic rewards and
penalties, empowering women
F.2,F.6
List the four stages of the demographic transition
F.2,F.6
List social, biological, political, and economic issues that can be
addressed to help developing countries undergo a demographic
transition
Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach
C.3.b,C.3.d
C.5.e
Differentiate between intrinsic value and instrumental value of
biodiversity
292
A. P. Environmental Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
C.5.d,C.5.e
Distinguish between old-growth and second-growth forests and
give one example of each
C.4.b,C.5.f
List five reasons why forests are commercially and ecologically
important
F.3,F.5,F.6
List three factors underlying causes of tropical deforestation
F.3,F.5,F.6
List six human activities which actually destroy the tropical
forests
F.5
List four types of tree harvesting, indicating which type of
management they are most likely to be used for
B.5,F.5,F.6
Distinguish among surface fires, crown fires, and ground fires
B.5,F.5,F.6
Summarize threats to forests from fires, pathogens, and air
pollution and strategies for dealing with each threat
F.6
List ways to help reduce the interlocking problems of tropical
deforestation and the fuelwood crisis
F.5
Define wilderness
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of whole ecosystem
and species-by-species approaches to increasing sustainability
Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe the economic, medical, scientific, ecological, and
aesthetic, recreational, and ethical significance of wild species
C.3.b,C.4.d
Distinguish among local extinction, ecological extinction, and
biological extinction
C.4.c,F.4,F.6
List eight human activities, which directly increase the wildlife
extinction rate
F.6
State and briefly describe the most far-reaching international
treaty to protect wildlife
Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
293
A. P. Environmental Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
C.4.a,C.4.b,F.6
Discuss the importance of aquatic systems research and its
potential environmental and economic benefits
F.6
Describe the problems associated with marine environment
protection
C.4.b
Describe ecological functions performed by wetlands
F.6
Describe environmental problems associated with coastal and
inland wetlands
F.6
Discuss the problems caused by human development of lake and
river resources, including eutrophication, introduction of alien
species, and management for flood control and power generation
F.6
Describe how some rivers are being protected from development
Food, Soil Conservation, and Pest Management
C.4.b,C.4.e
List four major types of agriculture and compare the energy
sources, environmental impacts, yields, and sustainability of
traditional and industrial agriculture
C.4.a,C.4.e
Describe the problems of soil erosion and desertification
C.4.a, C.4.e
C.4.a,C.4.e
Describe the problems of salinization and waterlogging of soils
and how they can be controlled
List nine ways to approach the problem of soil erosion
F.6
Evaluate the green revolution
F.6
Discuss the use of genetic engineering techniques to improve the
human food supply
F.6
Assess the pros and cons of agricultural subsidies and
international food relief
C.4.a
F.6
List the five major classes of pesticides
Describe the consequences of relying heavily on pesticides
294
A. P. Environmental Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
F.6
Name the U.S. law that controls pesticide regulation and give
three reasons why this law is considered the weakest and most
poorly enforced of the environmental laws
F.6
List and briefly describe nine alternative pest management
strategies
C.4.b,C.4.e,F.6
Define sustainable agriculture and summarize how the United
States could move toward creating a more sustainable
agricultural system
Water
D.2
Briefly describe earth's water supply
D.2,F.6
List four causes of water scarcity and describe the factors that
play into a positive feedback loop creating water stress
D.2,F.6
List five ways to increase the water supply and list advantages
and disadvantages of each strategy
D.2,F.6
State the percentage of water wasted throughout the world and
describe measures that can be taken to reduce water losses
through irrigation, industry, and home use
F.4,F.6
List three ways that humans contribute to flooding
F.4,F.6
List and describe four ways humans use to control flooding and
evaluate which of these strategies is likely to have the best longterm results
F.4,F.6
Describe the pieces that contribute to a picture of sustainable
water use
Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
D.1,D.2,D.3
Describe the layers of the earth's interior and the internal
and external earth processes responsible for forming earth's
landscape
D.1,D.2,D.3
Distinguish three different tectonic plate boundaries and the
geologic features often found at each and explain how this
knowledge is significant for understanding mineral deposits and
evolution
295
A. P. Environmental Science (continued)
Standards
B.2,D.1,D.2.F.3
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Objectives
List three types of mineral resources, and give one example of
each
Distinguish between subsurface and surface mining and describe
the environmental impacts of mining
F.5,F.6
Describe the economics of nonrenewable minerals
F.5,F.6
Describe how mineral resources can be used more sustainably
Nonrenewable Energy
B.4,B.5
Define net energy and state its significance in evaluating energy
resources
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
List the advantages and disadvantages of using conventional oil,
oil from oil shale, and oil from tar sands to heat space and water,
produce electricity, and propel vehicles
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Distinguish among natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied
natural gas, and synthetic natural gas and list the advantages
and disadvantages of using natural gas as an energy source
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
List advantages and disadvantages of using coal as a fuel source
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
List advantages and disadvantages of using conventional nuclear
fission to create electricity
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Summarize current thinking about disposal of low-level and highlevel radioactive wastes
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe the potential use of breeder nuclear fission and nuclear
fusion as energy sources
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
E.1,E.2,F.5,F.6
Describe changes which can be made in industry, transportation,
buildings, lights, and appliances which would improve energy
efficiency
E.1,E.2,F.5,F.6
Compare the following solar technologies and evaluate the
advantages and disadvantages of each: solar power tower, solar
thermal plant, nonimaging optical solar concentrator, solar cooker
296
A. P. Environmental Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
E.1,E.2,F.5,F.6
List the advantages and disadvantages of using water in the
forms of hydropower, tidal power, wave power, and ocean thermal
currents to produce electricity
E.1,E.2,F.5,F.6
List the advantages and disadvantages of using wind to produce
electricity
E.1,E.2,F.5,F.6
List the advantages and disadvantages of using biomass to heat
space and water, produce electricity, and propel vehicles
E.1,E.2,F.5,F.6
List the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen gas to
heat space and water, produce electricity, and propel vehicles
E.1,E.2,F.5,F.6
List the advantages and disadvantages of using geothermal
energy for space heating, high-temperature industrial heating,
and electricity production
F.6
Analyze the interactions of economic policy and energy resources
F.6
List ways that the United States could build a more sustainable
energy future
Air Pollution
D.2,F.4,F.5,F.6
F.4,F.5
Summarize ways in which humans disrupt Earth's major gaseous
nutrient cycles
List eight major classes of primary outdoor pollutants
F.4,F.5,F.6
Define acid deposition and identify the level of risk that acid
deposition creates for ecological systems and for human health
F.4,F.5,F.6
List the four most dangerous indoor air pollutants, the potential
health effects of each, and strategies for dealing with each
F.5,F.6
F.4,F.5,F.6
Summarize the Clean Air Act
Define emissions trading policy and tell which pollutants are being
regulated by this policy
Climate Change and Ozone Depletion
297
A. P. Environmental Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
F.4,F.5,F.6
List four greenhouse gases which have risen in the last
few decades and list four human activities which contribute
greenhouse gases to the atmosphere
D.1,D.2
F.5,F.6
Describe the pattern of the earth's average surface-temperature
fluctuation throughout geologic time
State the range of temperature change which could cause real
damage to ecosystems and explain why a range so seemingly
small can have such major consequences
F.4,F.5,F.6
List seven strategies which would slow potential global warming,
including both prevention and cleanup approaches
F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe the origin of stratospheric ozone and the role it plays in
protecting life on Earth
F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe the scientific work on CFCs and their relationship to
ozone
C.4.e,F.4,F.5,
F.6
Explain the potential consequences of ozone depletion and
propose three ways for slowing these changes
Water Pollution
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
List seven types of water pollutants and give an example of each
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Compare problems of lake water pollution to those of stream
pollution
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe the difference between eutrophication and cultural
eutrophication
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe what is happening to the quality of coastal waters and
how coastal waters can be protected
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
List the major pollutants of groundwater and explain why cleanup
of groundwater is so difficult. List six ways to prevent and three
ways to cleanup groundwater pollution
F.5,F.6
Briefly describe two major laws that protect water quality in the
United States
F.5,F.6
Briefly describe and distinguish among primary, secondary, and
tertiary sewage treatment
298
A. P. Environmental Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Discuss how public drinking water is purified and how the U.S.
Safe Drinking Water Act helps ensure that drinking water is clean
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
List three strategies to shift emphasis from pollution cleanup to
pollution prevention strategies and several ways that individuals
can contribute to a reduction in water pollution
Solid and Hazardous Waste
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Define hazardous waste and state the percentage of hazardous
waste that is not regulated
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Compare waste management and pollution prevention
approaches to solid and hazardous waste
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe each of the elements and priorities in an Integrated
Waste Management system
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Discuss the variety of environmental management methods to
deal with solid waste and describe the attributes and drawbacks
of each of these methods
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe a modern sanitary landfill
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Name and briefly describe two U.S. hazardous-waste laws
Economics, Environment, and Sustainability
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Distinguish among the following: economic system, natural
capital, human capital, manufactured capital, pure free-market
economic system, marginal costs and marginal benefits
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe ecological pricing and the tools that environmental
economists use to estimate the value of the earth’s ecological
services
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Distinguish between external costs and external benefits
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe Gross Domestic Product, and per capita GDP
299
A. P. Environmental Science (continued)
Standards
Objectives
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Identify the factors that an environmentally honest market
system consider and what is meant by full-cost pricing, product
eco-labeling, subsidy shifting, green taxes, environmental
regulation, tradable pollution, and eco-leasing as methods to
improve environmental quality
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe approaches for reducing poverty and shrinking the
wealth-gap among nations
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Describe a plan to move toward creation of earth-sustaining
economies
Environmental Worldviews, Ethics, and Sustainability
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
List and contrast four different schools of thought within the
planetary management worldview
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Compare the inherent value of a species, as described by lifecentered worldviews, to the more utilitarian value of species, as
described by human-centered worldviews
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Identify evidence that is given to indicate a shift in worldviews is
underway toward stewardship, environmental wisdom and deep
ecology worldviews
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Identify the key goals of environmental education or
environmental literacy
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Explain how focus on more simple living and direct nature
experiences contribute to a more sustainable future
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
List six common traps to be avoided in moving toward a more
sustainable future
F.3,F.4,F.5,F.6
Evaluate the important things we can do to reduce our
environmental impact
300