Orange County Before
It Was A County
Stephen Gould
Western Association for the
Advancement of Local History
Tustin, California
This historical keepsake and limited first edition
commemorating the one hundredth year
centennial anniversary of Orange County is one
of twenty-five copies of which this is:
No.
I
.
The Author
Dedicated to:
My a u n t a n d u n c l e ,
Marion Knott
and Anthony B u r t o n Montapert
CHAPTER ONE
The Land
The h i s t o r i a n m i g h t wonder and i m a g i n e w h a t i t was
l i k e i n Orange C o u n t y b e f o r e i t was o r g a n i z e d a s a c o u n t y .
To d o s o o n e m u s t go b a c k o v e r 2 0 0 y e a r s a g o t o 1769 when
P o r t o l a and h i s E x p e d i t i o n e x p l o r e d t h e a r e a f o r t h e King
of S p a i n .
The h i s t o r i c r e c o r d o f t h a t f i r s t o v e r l a n d e x p e d i t i o n
from San Diego t o M o n t e r e y was k e p t b y F a t h e r F r a y J u a n
C r e s p i i n h i s famous d i a r i e s a n d l e t t e r s .
C r e s p i had b e e n
a s t u d e n t o f J u n i p e r o S e r r a o n t h e i s l a n d of M a l l o r e a .
B o t h came t o Mexico i n 1 7 4 9 .
I t was o n l y n a t u r a l t h a t
C r e s p i would s e r v e u n d e r S e r r a who was h e a d o f t h e
Franciscan missions i n California.
The P o r t o l a E x p e d i t i o n
was t h e r e s u l t o f a r o y a l o r d e r " t o r e s i s t a n y a g g r e s s i o n s
t h e R u s s i a n s " m i g h t make o n t h e P a c i f i c C o a s t . 1
The f i r s t r e c o r d e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f w h a t i s now Orange
County was made b y F a t h e r C r e s p i .
On J u l y 2 2 ,
1769 t h e
f i r s t r e l i g i o u s c e r e m o n y i n t h e a r e a t o o k p l a c e a s two
d y i n g I n d i a n i n f a n t s were b a p t i z e d n e a r San C l e m e n t e i n
C r i s t i a n i t o s Canyon.
The n e x t d a y t h e e x p l o r e r s
came t o a v e r y p l e a s a n t g r e e n v a l l e y , f u l l o f
w i l l o w s , a l d e r s , l i v e o a k s , and o t h e r t r e e s
n o t known t o u s .
I t h a s a l a r g e a r r o y o which
a t t h e p o i n t w h e r e w e c r o s s e d i t c a r r i e d a good
s t r e a m of f r e s h and good w a t e r , w h i c h , a f t e r
r a n n i n g a l i t t l e way formed i n p o o l s i n some
l a r g e p a t c h e s of t u l e s .
Near t h a t l o c a t i o n t h e F r a n c i s c a n s would e s t a b l i s h M i s s i o n
San J u a n C a p i s t r a n o i n 1776. 2
"On J u l y 2 4 , 1 7 6 9 w e p i t c h e d camp on a v e r y l o n g mesa
of e a r t h 1 ' [ t h e T r a b u c o P l a i n ] "which r u n s t o t h e f o o t o f a
high mountain range,"
[ S a n t i a g o a n d Modjeska P e a k s of t h e
S a n t a Ana M o u n t a i n s ] " f r o m w h i c h f l o w s a n a r r o y o o f good
water"
[Alisos Creek].
" I n s t a n t l y t h e I n d i a n s from a
v i l l a g e i n t h e v a l l e y came t o v i s i t u s .
They came w i t h o u t
arms and w i t h a f r i e n d l i n e s s u n e q u a l e d ; t h e y made u s
p r e s e n t s o f t h e i r p o o r s e e d s and w e made r e t u r n w i t h
r i b b o n s and gew-gaws
.3
1,
The n e x t d a y F r a y C r e s p i o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e I n d i a n s
" h a v e h o u s e s made of w i l l o w s , and l a r g e b a s k e t s o f r e e d s s o
t i g h t l y woven t h a t t h e y h o l d w a t e r . " 4
On J u l y 2 6 t h , t h e
e x p e d i t i o n f o l l o w e d a s h a l l o w canyon and " c r o s s e d t h e head
of Oso C r e e k and s o o n r e a c h e d A l i s o Canyon where t h e y f o u n d
w i l d g r a p e s a n d t h e b e a u t i f u l r o s e s of C a s t i l e . 11 5
So w e went on o v e r v e r y o p e n c o u n t r y , w i t h h i l l s
and b r o a d m e s a s , a s c e n d i n g a n d d e s c e n d i n g t h r o u g h
t h r e e o r f o u r l i t t l e v a l l e y s o f good s o i l w e l l
grown w i t h a l d e r s
and w e e n t e r e d a l a r g e
A t t h e b e g i n n i n g of i t w e p i t c h e d camp
plain.
n e a r a d r y l a g oo n on a s l o p e [Lambert R e s e r v o i r ,
a m i l e n o r t h of t h e E l Tor0 Marine A i r S t a t i o n ] ,
f r o m which w e examined t h e s p e c i o u s p l a i n , t h e
e n d o f which w e c o u l d n o t see [ t h e S a n t a Ana
V a l l e y s e c t i o n o f t h e Los A n g e l e s B a s i n ]
...
.
Two d a y s l a t e r t h e P o r t o l a E x p e d i t i o n a r r i v e d a t t h e
b a n k s of t h e S a n t a Ana R i v e r .
Father Crespi
c a l l e d t h i s p l a c e t h e sweet name o f J e s u s
d e 10s T e m b l o r e s , b e c a u s e w e e x p e r i e n c e d h e r e
a h o r r i f y i n g e a r t h q u a k e , which was r e p e a t e d
f o u r times d u r i n g t h e d a y . One o f t h e h e a t h e n
who were i n t h e camp, who d o u b t l e s s e x e r c i s e d
among them t h e o f f i c e o f p r i e s t , a l a r m e d a t
t h e o c c u r r e n c e no less t h a n w e , b e g a n w i t h
f r i g h t f u l c r i e s and g r e a t d e m o n s t r a t i o n o r f e a r
t o e n t r e a t heaven, t u r n i n g t o a l l t h e winds.
T h i s r i v e r i s known t o t h e s o l d i e r s a s t h e
S a n t a Ana. 7
One of t h e s o l d i e r s was J o s e A n t o n i o Yorba.
Forty-one
y e a r s l a t e r h e would r e c e i v e o n e o f two S p a n i s h l a n d g r a n t s
i n what t o d a y i s Orange C o u n t y .
The 6 2 , 5 0 0 a c r e g r a n t
which h e s h a r e d w i t h h i s nephew Juan P a b l o P e r a l t a was
known a s t h e Rancho S a n t i a g o d e S a n t a Ana. 8
"The Yorbas and P e r a l t a s , t h e S a n t a Ana V a l l e y ' s
f i r s t " [ E u r o p e a n ] " s e t t l e r s had l o n g i r r i g a t e d t h e l a n d
n o r t h and west o f Orange w i t h w a t e r b r o u g h t f r o m t h e S a n t a
Ana R i v e r b y enormous i r r i g a t i o n d i t c h e s .
The Yorbas
p r o b a b l y i r r i g a t e d t h e l a r g e s t a r e a of any p l a c e i n o l d
~ a l i f o r n i a . " ~J o s e A n t o n i o Yorba had f o u r s o n s .
p r o s p e r o u s a n d w e l l known was Don B e r n a r d o Yorba.
The m o s t
He
r e c e i v e d a Mexican l a n d g r a n t Rancho Canon d e S a n t a Ana i n
1834. 1 0
On J u l y 2 9 , 1 7 6 9 t h e P o r t o l a E x p e d i t i o n c r o s s e d t h e
S a n t a Ana R i v e r " w i t h g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y , on a c c o u n t o f t h e
s w i f t n e s s o f i t s c u r r e n t . I1 11
Orange C o u n t y r e s t e d i n a n a t u r a l v a l l e y which was
h i g h e r when t h e S a n t a Ana R i v e r emerged from i t s c a n y o n .
Water was much m o r e p l e n t i f u l b e f o r e t h e f i r s t m i s s i o n
s e t t l e m e n t s i n C d l i f o r n i a d u e t o t h e m a s s i v e d e s t r u c t i o n of
b r u s h and t i m b e r b e c a u s e of f o r e s t f i r e s i n t h e m o u n t a i n s
and h i l l s i d e s . 1 2
The w a t e r s h e d o f t h e S a n t a Ana R i v e r e x t e n d s f r o m t h e
m o u n t a i n s of San B e r n a r d i n o and t h e famous w a t e r s of
Arrowhead t o t h e h i n t e r l a n d s o f t h e San J a c i n t o M o u n t a i n s
and t h e p e a k s o f S a n t i a g o and Modjeska t h a t f o r m t h e w e l l known S a d d l e b a c k .
R i v e r b e d s and c r e e k s s u c h a s t h e S a n t a Aria a n d
S a n t i a g o t h a t seemed p a r c h e d and b a r r e n i n t h e summer a n d
e a r l y f a l l c o u l d become r a g i n g u n c o n t r o l l a b l e t o r r e n t s i n
t h e l a t e f a l l and w i n t e r .
On J a n u a r y 2 9 ,
1851 t h e Diary of
J u d g e B e n j a m i n Hayes r e c o r d s , " t h e m a i l r i d e r f r o m San
~ i e g oa r r i v e d i n t h i s c i t y " [ L o s A n g e l e s ] " o n Wednesday,
h a v i n g b e e n 1 0 d a y s on t h e r o a d , i n c l u d i n g a d e t e n t i o n of 7
d a y s a t t h e S a n t a Ana, t h a t r i v e r b e i n g i m p a s s a b l e f o r t h a t
l e n g t h of t i m e . 11 1 3
The S a n t a Ana R i v e r w h i c h d u r i n g t h e American P e r i o d
was deemed b y t h e Army C o r p s o f E n g i n e e r s a s t h e w o r s t
f l o o d t h r e a t w e s t of t h e M i s s i s s i p p i changed h e r c o u r s e
many t i m e s .
Although i t g e n e r a l l y emptied i n t o t h e P a c i f i c
j u s t w e s t of Newport B a y , d u r i n g t h e f l o o d o f 1 8 2 2 i t
changed i t s c o u r s e and f l o w e d t h r o u g h t h e San J o a q u i n Ranch
and t h e u p p e r Newport Bay c r e a t i n g t h e B a l b o a P e n i n s u l a ,
and t h e s a n d b a r s t h a t l a t e r would become B a l b o a , L i d o ,
Harbor and L i n d a I s l a n d s .
T h i s o v e r a b u n d a n c e t o summer d r y r i v e r b e d s p u z z l e d
many e a r l y t r a v e l e r s i n S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a b u t n o t t h e
p i o n e e r s of O r a n g e .
I n 1886 t h e y w r o t e t h e f i r s t n a t i v e
p l a y known t o b e s t a g e d i n t h e S a n t a Ana V a l l e y .
In the 5
b e n e f i t s a t i r e -The P l a z a p r o d u c e d t o r a i s e money t o
b e a u t i f y t h e Orange P l a z a , t h e l o c a l r i v e r s were d i s c u s s e d :
Act I
-
Scene I
"Ignorance B l i s s :
Water i n t h e r i v e r !
I thought
t h a t was t h e p l a c e f o r w a t e r .
Glibb:
Y o u ' r e r i g h t my young f r i e n d ,
b u t t h e n you see i n t h e E a s t t h e
w e t w a t e r r u n s on t o p o f t h e b e d .
Here n a t u r e i s s o k i n d a s t o k e e p
i t r u n n i n g u n d e r t h e bed m o s t o f
t h e t i m e , s o a s t o s a v e us t h e
e x p e n s e of b r i d g e s
The Orange C o u n t y of t h e p r e - r a i l r o a d
pastoral splendor.
. 14
11
d a y was o n e of
I n t h e 1 8 7 0 s t h e w i l d l i f e was s o
p l e n t i f u l t h a t t h e p i o n e e r r e s i d e n t s of t h a t d a y c o u l d h a v e
w i l d d u c k o r g e e s e f o r d i n n e r by m e r e l y t a k i n g aim a t o n e
f l y i n g o v e r h e a d i n f o r m a t i o n a few s t e p s f r o m o n e ' s f r o n t
porch.
C.
E.
U t t s t a t e s t h a t when h i s f a m i l y moved t o
T u s t i n i n 1 8 7 4 t h o u s a n d s o f g e e s e were n e s t i n g j u s t a few
h u n d r e d f e e t f r o m downtown T u s t i n . 15
The p i o n e e r s f o u n d t h e " v a s t v a l l e y " a " s e m i a r i d l a n d ,
where q u i l and hawks, e a g l e s and t u r k e y v u l t u r e s , and t h e
l o r d l y C a l i f o r n i a condor c i r c l e d g r a c e f u l l y over p l a i n s
o f t a l l m u s t a r d and w i l d g r a s s e s
."
The c o n d o r was
p a r t i c u l a r l y v e n e r a t e d by t h e l o c a l I n d i a n s .
Its f e a t h e r s
6
were u s e d by t h e i r p r i e s t s p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e i r i n i t i a t i o n
rites.
Wildlife--badgers,
coyotes, "jackass" r a b b i t s and,
i n t h e m o u n t a i n s , g r i z z l y b e a r s , d e e r , g r a y wol v e s t
m o u n t a i n l i o n s , and w i l d c a t s - - w a s
p l e n t i f u l and t h e c l i m a t e
temperate, except f o r t h e i n t e r m i t t e n t hot dry, g a l e f o r c e
w i n d s t h e i n d i g e n o u s ~ n d i a n sc a l l e d "wind o f t h e e v i l
s p i r i t s " o r " d e v i l ' s w i n d . I' 17
The wind which t h e S p a n i a r d s a n d l a t e r t h e M e x i c a n s
would c a l l t h e ' S a n t a n a s '
years.
h a s r a i s e d h a v o c down t h r o u g h t h e
D u r i n g t h e Boom of t h e 1 8 8 0 s E l Modena was p r o u d o f
t h e i r new s a n c t u a r y f o r t h e Q u a k e r ' s E l Modena F r i e n d s
Church.
David H e w e s , a San F r a n c i s c o made m u l t i -
m i l l i o n a i r e who had d e v e l o p e d a v a s t r a n c h n e a r b y , had
d o n a t e d a l a r g e b e l l which hung i n t h e c h u r c h t o w e r .
H i s t o r y r e c o r d s t h a t n o t o n l y d i d t h e " D e v i l Winds" b l o w
down t h e c h u r c h and i t s h e a v y b e l l b u t s e v e r a l y e a r s l a t e r
t h e two-story,
n e w l y b u i l t Ear lham H o t e l . 1 8
A r e p r o d u c t i o n o f a pre-1900's
postcard
showing a " t y p i c a l Mexican Peon Home and
family."
Photo c o u r t e s y of S p e c i a l
Collections, California S t a t e University,
Fullerton.
CHAPTER TWO
The P e o p l e
What were t h e p e o p l e l i k e t h a t s e t t l e d i n w h a t i s now
Orange C o u n t y .
One c a n o n l y g u e s s a s t o t h e e x a c t r a c i a l
make-up o f t h i s s m a l l r e g i o n .
However, i n 1850 i n
C a l i f o r n i a a s a whole
n e a r l y o n e f o u r t h o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n was f o r e i g n born.
P e r s o n s b o r n i n G r e a t B r i t a i n and I r e l a n d ,
Germany and F r a n c e c o n s t i t u t e d n e a r l y o n e - h a l f
of t h i s f o r e i g n - b o r n p o p u l a t i o n . B e t w e e n 1850
and 1860 t h e f o r e i g n - b o r n p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d
s h a r p l y , a c c o u n t i n g f o r 39 p e r c e n t o f t h e
p o p u l a t i o n of C a l i f o r n i a .
Thereafter the
foreign-born p o p u l a t i o n of C a l i f o r n i a d e c l i n e d ,
constituting a s t e a d i l y decreasing proportion
o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . The p r o p o r t i o n
30 p e r c e n t i n 1890, 2 2 p e r c e n t i n 1920. Ygs
P r i o r t o s t a t e h o o d t h e a r e a which was l a t e r t o be
c a l l e d Orange C o u n t y had a p r i m a r i l y Mexican a n d I n d i a n
population.
San J u a n C a p i s t r a n o had t h e l a r g e s t
population.
V i s i t o r s t o t h e a r e a c a l l e d t h e m i s s i o n town a
l a r g e M e x i c a n - 1 n d i a n v i l l a g e . By t h e t i m e o f U.S.
Census of
1850 i t s s i z e had b e e n r e d u c e d t o 400 i n h a b i t a n t s . 20
J u d g e Hayes t h o u g h t t h a t Los A n g e l e s had i t s own s l a v e
s y s t e m i n 1850.
The I n d i a n s would b e j a i l e d f o r
d r u n k e n n e s s on t h e weekends.
Then p r o s p e c t i v e e m p l o y e r s
s u c h a s t h e m a j o r domo o f Rancho Los A l a m i t o s would b a i l
them o u t .
The p e o n s 1 f u t u r e w e e k s 1 wages would p a y t h e
b a i l , t h e r e s t o f t h e i r p a y would be i n w i n e and s o m e t i m e s
a few d o l l a r s .
T h i s was u s u a l l y r e p e a t e d w e e k l y u n t i l t h e
Indian died.
I n 1868 T i t u s C r o n i s e i n h i s c l a s s i c N a t u r a l W e a l t h o f
C a l i f o r n i a wrote:
Anaheim i s t h e name o f a v i l l a g e s e t t l e d b y a
company o f German w i n e - g r o w e r s o n a d e a d - l e v e l
p l a i n , a b o u t t w e n t y - f o u r m i l e s e a s t of Wilmington.
I n 1857, t h e s i t e where t h e v i l l a g e s t a n d s
was a b a r r e n , d r y , s a n d y p l a i n , s i m i l a r t o t h a t
e x t e n d i n g around i t , f o r miles, a t t h e p r e s e n t
time.
I n t h e summer o f t h a t y e a r a company o f
p u r c h a s e d 1 , 2 6 5 a c r e s of t h e
Germans
T h i s l a n d was
p l a i n a t $2.00 p e r a c r e
d i v i d e d i n t o f i f t y r e c t a n g u l a r l o t s , of twenty
A town
a c r e s e a c h , w i t h s t r e e t s b e t w e e n them.
s i t e was l a i d o u t i n t h e c e n t e r , w i t h s i x t y
b u i l d i n g l o t s - - o n e f o r e a c h s h a r e h o l d e r and t e n
f o r p u b l i c purposes.
The l o t s were a l l f e n c e d
w i t h w i l l o w s , s y c a m o r e s and p o p l a r s , and a b o u t
t e n a c r e s of e a c h p l a n t e d t o v i n e s .
A f t e r a l l t h e e x p e n s e s were p a i d , e a c h
s h a r e of t w e n t y a c r e s f e n c e d , p a r t l y p l a n t e d
i n v i n e s two y e a r s o l d , w i t h a town l o t , 100 by
200 f e e t , c o s t $ 1 , 4 0 0 .
Each o f t h e s e s h a r e s i s
worth a s m a l l f o r t u n e t o t h e owner, a t t h e
p r e s e n t t i m e ( 1 8 6 8 ) , and w i l l b e w o r t h a g r e a t
d e a l more a few y e a r s h e n c e .
There a r e n e a r l y
1,000,000 v i n e s growing i n t h i s v i l l a g e , a b o u t
7 5 0 , 0 0 0 o f which b e a r f r u i t . T h e r e a r e a l s o
1 0 , 0 0 0 f r u i t - t r e e s of v a r i o u s k i n d s , t h e w h o l e
p l a c e r e s e m b l i n g a f o r e s t and f l o w e r - g a r d e n ,
d i v i d e d i n t o s q u a r e s w i t h f e n c e s of w i l l o w ,
p o p l a r and s y c a m o r e , which s h e l t e r t h e f r u i t
from e v e r y wind. N e a r l y e v e r y l o t c o n t a i n s a
c o m f o r t a b l e h o m e s t e a d , and t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f
t h e v i l l a g e number a b o u t f o u r h u n d r e d .
There
i s a good p u b l i c s c h o o l , s e v e r a l s t o r e s , a n d a
post-office i n t h e toy?, b u t n e i t h e r a lawyer,
d o c t o r , nor m i n i s t e r .
...
...
Anaheim h a s b e e n w e l l known a s t h e German c o l o n y .
Lesser known b u t h a v i n g a l a r g e r i m p a c t i n P o l a n d t h a n
America was t h e u t o p i a n P o l i s h " B r o o k s Farm" e s t a b l i s h e d i n
1876 j u s t o u t s i d e o f Anaheim n e a r t h e p r e s e n t d a y
i n t e r s e c t i o n s of S t a t e C o l l e g e B o u l e v a r d and L i n c o l n
Avenue.
Among t h e e l e v e n P o l i s h i n t e l l e c t u a l s were
S h a k e s p e a r e a n a c t r e s s H e l e n a M o d j e s k a , a n d Nobel p r i z e
w i n n i n g Henryk S i e n k i e w i c z . 2 2
A l t h o u g h t h e s o c i a l i s t c o l o n y was a d i s m a l f a i l u r e ,
t h e exper ience i n C a l i f o r n i a matured Sienkiewicz' w r i t i n g
and p r o p e l l e d him t o l a t e r l i t e r a r y t r i u m p h s .
I t also led
Modjeska t o e s t a b l i s h a home i n Modjeska Canyon which
became a g a t h e r i n g p l a c e f o r i n t e l l e c t u a l s a n d a r t i s t s ,
.
P o l i s h and non-Pol i s h 23
When C a l i f o r n i a a c h i e v e d s t a t e h o o d i n 1 8 5 0 t h e
American b o u n d a r i e s of Los A n g e l e s C o u n t y were d e t e r m i n e d .
Orange C o u n t y t s p r e s e n t b o u n d a r i e s l a y a t t h e S o u t h e r n e n d
o f much l a r g e r Los A n g e l e s C o u n t y .
known f o r i t s r a n c h o s .
The a r e a was m a i n l y
San J u a n C a p i s t r a n o had a c r u m b l i n g
m i s s i o n , a few a d o b e s a n d " a few I n d i a n h u t s .
0
24
E l R e f u g i o was Don J o s e S e p u l v e d a ' s h e a d q u a r t e r s i n
p r e s e n t d a y S a n t a Ana j u s t e a s t of t h e S a n t a Ana R i v e r .
It
was t h e s i t e of l a v i s h f i e s t a s which e n d e d when a l t e r n a t i n g
f l o o d s , d r o u g h t s and Yanquees h i t t h e r a n c h e r o c a t t l e
owners h a r d a f t e r t h e Mexican American War.
Sepulveda and
P i o P i c o were r i v a l s i n 1 8 5 1 i n S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a ' s m o s t
famous h o r s e r a c e w h e r e a r e p u t e d $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 c h a n g e d h a n d s . 2 5
A l t h o u g h S e p u l v e d a ' s h o r s e won t h e r a c e , h e l o s t t h e Rancho
San J u a q u i n i n 1864.
The 50,000 a c r e r a n c h o was s o l d t o
w e l l known w e a l t h y sheepmen I r v i n e F l i n t a n d t h e B i x b y
B r o t h e r s f o r $18,000.
I n 1876 J a m e s I r v i n e b o u g h t o u t h i s
p a r t n e r s w h i c h by t h e n i n c l u d e d t h e 4 7 , 2 2 6 . 6 1 a c r e Rancho
Lomas d e S a n t i a g o and p a r t of t h e Ranch S a n t i a g o d e S a n t a
Ana.
O r i g i n a l l y 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s , t h e I r v i n e Ranch r e m a i n e d
i n t h e h a n d s of t h e I r v i n e f a m i l y f o r o v e r 1 0 0 y e a r s a n d
d o m i n a t e d Orange C o u n t y g e o g r a p h i c a l l y and
a g r i c u l t u r a l l y . 26
A n o t h e r s e t t l e m e n t which i n l a t e r d a y s was known a s
Yorba c e n t e r e d t h e h a c i e n d a o f Don B e r n a r d o Yorba
.
B e r n a r d o ' s a d o b e and s u r r o u n d i n g r a n c h o b u i l d i n g s became
t h e c e n t e r o f a s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g community.
I t was o n e o f
t h e l a r g e s t s e t t l e m e n t s c o n t a i n e d on any one rancho i n
S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a . 27
By t h e 1 8 8 0 ' s when t h e v i n e y a r d i s t o f Anaheim,
McPherson ( n e a r O r a n g e ) , E l Modena and S a n t a Ana were
l o o k i n g f o r w a r d t o s i t t i n g back t o e n j o y t h e r e w a r d s of t h e
back-breaking
l a b o r o f t h e e a r l i e r y e a r s , t h e "Anaheim
B l i g h t u d e s t r o y e d a l l t h e g r a p e v i n e s o f t h e S a n t a Ana
V a l l e y . 28
By 1850 t h e H a c i e n d a d e Las Yorbas was t h e s o c i a l
and b u s i n e s s c e n t e r of t h e S a n t a Ana V a l l e y .
The
m a s t e r ' s h o u s e became a two s t o r y s t r u c t u r e o f
a b o u t t h i r t y rooms, n o t i n c l u d i n g t h e s c h o o l ,
h a r n e s s s h o p , s h o e m a k e r ' s room, a n d o t h e r p l a c e s
o c c u p i e d by d e p e n d e n t s .
I n a l l t h e r e were m o r e
t h a n f i f t y rooms a r r a n g e d a b o u t a c o u r t o r p a t i o
i n t h e r e a r of t h e m a i n r e s i d e n c e .
A c c o r d i n g t o a d e s c e n d a n t o f B e r n a r d o Yorba,
t h e t r a d e s m e n and p e o p l e employed a b o u t t h e h o u s e
were : F o u r wool-combers , two t a n n e r s , o n e b u t t e r
and cheeseman who d i r e c t e d e v e r y d a y t h e m i l k i n g
of from f i f t y t o s i x t y c o w s , o n e h a r n e s s m a k e r ,
two s h o e m a k e r s , o n e jeweler, o n e p l a s t e r e r , o n e
c a r p e n t e r , o n e major-domo, two e r r a n d b o y s , o n e
s h e e p h e r d e r , o n e c o o k , o n e b a k e r , two w a s h e r women, o n e woman t o i r o n , f o u r s e w i n g women,
o n e d r e s s m a k e r , two g a r d e n e r s , a s c h o o l m a s t e r ,
More t h a n a
and a man t o make t h e w i n e .
h u n d r e d lesser e m p l o y e e s were m a i n t a i n e d on
t h e ranch.
The I n d i a n p e o n s l i v e d i n a l i t t l e
v i l l a g e o f t h e i r own.
The r a n c h o had two o r c h a r d s w h e r e v a r i o u s
t y p e s o f f r u i t were grown, and some w h e a t was
Ten s t e e r s a month w e
raised.
s l a u g h t e r e d t o s u p p l y t h e h a c i e n d a . 55
...
...
...
" B e r n a r d o Yorba became known a s t h e l a r g e s t a n d m o s t
r e l i a b l e f a r m e r " o f h i s d a y i n t h e S a n t a Ana V a l l e y .
A l t h o u g h h e owned s e v e r a l r a n c h o s and s u p e r v i s e d t h e
r a i s i n g of t h o u s a n d s o f c a t t l e , h e r a i s e d e n o u g h g r a i n t h a t
t h e Yorbas were t h e f i r s t i n t h e v a l l e y t o h a v e t h e i r own
m i l l . 30
By t h e t i m e t h e S o u t h e r n P a c i f i c R a i l r o a d had e x t e n d e d
i t s l i n e s t o Anaheim i n 1 8 7 6 , t h e t o u g h l o n g - h o r n e d S p a n i s h
and Mexican c a t t l e had d i s a p p e a r e d .
The g r e a t Mexican and
S p a n i s h Land G r a n t s were b e i n g s u b d i v i d e d i n t o f a r m s and
townsites.
Only f r o m t h e San J o a q u i n Ranch s o u t h were t h e
l a r g e land h o l d i n g s being preserved,
On t h e I r v i n e
h o l d i n g s s h e e p had r e p l a c e d c a t t l e d u r i n g t h e wool boom o f
t h e 1 8 6 0 ' s . 31
The p i o n e e r s o f Anaheim a n d t h e W e s t m i n s t e r a n d G o s p e l
Swamp a r e a had s u r v i v e d f l o o d s and t h e r a v a g e s o f s t a r v i n g
c a t t l e and u n b r i d l e d h o r s e s ,
Anaheim, S a n t a Ana, R i c h l a n d
( l a t e r O r a n g e ) and T u s t i n C i t y had w e a t h e r e d t h e d r o u g h t s ,
r a t t l e s n a k e s , t h e u n p r e d i c t a b l e p l a g u e s of g r a s s h o p p e r s and
t h e e n d l e s s f o r a g e s of i n n u m e r a b l e r a b b i t s and o t h e r
wildlife.
The McFaddens h a d a p a r t i a l s o l u t i o n t o o n e of
t h e p l a g u e s . 32
I n 1 8 7 3 R o b e r t McFadden i n S o u t h S a n t a Ana c o n c l u d e d
t h a t i f h e and h i s f a m i l y were t o b e s u c c e s s f u l f a r m i n g on
t h e 5 , 0 0 0 a c r e s t h a t t h e y owned, i t would b e i m p e r a t i v e
t h a t a fence be b u i l t .
They were c o n s t a n t l y w a r d i n g o f f
l o o s e s t o c k a n d " b a n d s o f h o r s e s o r h o g s . "33
Robert m e t
h i s b r o t h e r James i n San F r a n c i s c o a n d p r o c u r e d a b o a t l o a d
of lumber which was s h i p p e d d i r e c t l y t o Newport.
B e f o r e t h e y c o u l d g e t i t o n t o t h e l a n d i t was
n e a r l y a l l s o l d t o new s e t t l e r s who n e e d e d i t
f o r b u i l d i n g s on t h e i r n e w l y b o u g h t l a n d s .
C o n s e q u e n t l y i t was n e c e s s a r y t o h a v e m o r e
l u m b e r s h i p p e d and i n a s h o r t t i m e tgg b r o t h e r s
were e n g a g e d i n t h e l u m b e r b u s i n e s s .
A t h i r d b r o t h e r , John McFadden, j o i n e d them and i n
1874 Newport n an ding was r e o p e n e d .
I t had b e e n c l o s e d f o r
a few y e a r s a f t e r t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e wool m a r k e t .
To
e n h a n c e t h e i r booming l u m b e r b u s i n e s s t h e McFaddens o r d e r e d
a s p e c i a l l y b u i l t s t e a m s c h o o n e r , The Newport, which was
35
s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d t o c r o s s Newport h a r b o r s g s a n d b a r s .
The S a n t a Ana R i v e r of 1870 a n d 1 8 8 0 f o l l o w e d i t s
p r e s e n t bed r a t h e r c l o s e l y e x c e p t a s a n d b a r p r e v e n t e d i t
from e m p t y i n g i n t o t h e P a c i f i c a n d i t wound a t o r t u o u s p a t h
t h r o u g h Newport Bay and e m p t i e d a t Rocky P o i n t now known a s
Corona d e l Mar.
Not o n l y was t h e c u r r e n t f r o m t h e r i v e r
d a n g e r o u s , b u t t h e t i d e and t h e c h a n g i n g s a n d b a r s r e s u l t e d
i n t h e d e a t h o f f i v e men i n 1 8 7 8 .
36
I n 1887 a n a c c i d e n t o c c u r r e d w h i c h i n d u c e d t h e
McFaddens t o move t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e i r s h i p p i n g wharf t o
t h e p r e s e n t d a y Newport P i e r .
Their harbor-pilot
and c l o s e
f r i e n d , Tom R u l e , drowned w h i l e m a r k i n g t h e Newport c h a n n e l
f o r t h e s t e a m e r The Newport.
Tom R u l e made s t a t e h i s t o r y
f o r s i n g l e - h a n d e d l y t r o u n c i n g t h e "sand l o t a g i t a t o r "
Dennis Kearney.
H e a t t r a c t e d a s t a t e w i d e f o l l o w i n g of
v o c i f e r o u s a n t i - C h i n e s e and w o r k i n g m a n ' s p a r t y
a d h e r e n t s . 37
K e a r n e y made t h e m i s t a k e o f m a k i n g f a l s e
a c c u s a t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e McFadden b r o t h e r s i n a S a n t a Ana
speech.
Rule c o n f r o n t e d Kearney t h e morning a f t e r t h e
s l a n d e r o u s s p e e c h , and K e a r n e y d r e w a gun on R u l e .
Tom
t h r e w a h e a v y blow which l a n d e d K e a r n e y a g a i n s t t h e s i d e o f
S a n t a A n a ' s Layman H o t e l .
Then t h e b u l l y o f San F r a n c i s c o
r e t r e a t e d t h r o u g h t h e b a r , t h r o u g h t h e d i n i n g room and
a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t i n t o t h e d r u g s t o r e . 38
I t was t h e r e
w h e r e h e was o v e r t a k e n b y t h e now t h o r o u g h l y
a r o u s e d R u l e , who p i n n e d him t o t h e f l o o r and
pummeled him q u i t e s e v e r e l y . By a s t r a n g e
c o i n c i d e n c e K e a r n e y was r e s c u e d f r o m h i s
m o r t i f y i n g p o s i t i o n by o n e o f t h e McFadden
b r o t h e r s , n e i t h e r of whom had known o f M r .
R u l e ' s c o n t e m p l a t e d r a i d on t h e i r s l a n d e r e r .
T h i s i n c i d e n t which was a t o n c e h e r a l d e d
o v e r t h e s t a t e , had t h e e f f e c t o f i m m e d i a t e l y
d i m i n i s h i n g K e a r n e y ' s power a n d i n f l u e n c e t o
a n a l a r m i n g e x t e n t and h e s o o n p a s s e d i n t o
h i s t o r y a s a mere b l a t h e r s k i t e .
...
Samuel Armor, i n h i s 1 9 1 1 H i s t o r y of O r a n g e , l a b e l e d " t h e
m o s t n o t a b l e e v e n t i n S a n t a A n a ' s h i s t o r y was t h e p h y s i c a l
u n d o i n g of D e n n i s K e a r n e y , i n t h e f a l l o f 1 8 7 9 . 1'39
I n t h e boom of t h e 1 8 7 0 ' s and 1 8 8 0 1 s , z e a l o u s r e a l
e s t a t e i n v e s t o r s and p r o m o t e r s and t o u r i s t s p u b l i s h e d
g l o w i n g b o o k s and p a m p h l e t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e u n i t e d S t a t e s
and N o r t h e r n E u r o p e on S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a and Los A n g e l e s
County i n p a r t i c u l a r .
" E a g e r h o m e s e e k e r s came t o b u y l a n d
and h o p e f u l i n v a l i d s came i n s e a r c h o f h e a l t h . I! 4 0
When w r i t i n g a b o u t S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a i n 1 8 8 6 ,
T h e o d o r e Van Dyke w r o t e ,
I t i s a l a n d of s o l i d r e a l i t i e s and g l i t t e r i n g
f r a u d s . A s u s u a l , t h e t r a s h f l o a t s on t h e
s u r f a c e , t h e good l i e s b e n e a t h . O n e ' s f i r s t
contact is a p t t o be with t h e frauds.
I t takes
l o n g e r t o f i n d o u t t h e r e a l i t i e s . When you s t a y
l o n g e n o u g h t o see them a n d f i n d o u t t h a t t h e
c o u n t r y i s n o t t o blame f o r your overwrought
i m a g i n a t i o n , t h e unwise e n t h u s i a s m of f r i e n d s ,
o r t h e d e l i b e r a t e l i e s o f o t h e r s , you w i l l
b e g i n t o l i k e i t . Year a f t e r y e a r a n a f f e c t i o n
t h a t you c a n n o t and would n o t r e s i s t w i n d s
i t s e l f more c l o s e l y around your s o u l . L i f e
comes s o e a s i l y and n a t u r a l l y ; t i m e f l i e s s o
s w i f t l y , y e t s o s o f t l y ! You f e e l t h e t h r e a d
o f l i f e f l y f a s t e r from t h e s p i n d l e , y e t you
h e a r no w h i z z .
There a r e s o few b r e a k s o r j a r s
i n t h e t r a i n of c o m f o r t , a s t h e l o n g l i n e of
c l o u d l e s s d a y s r o l l s on; a p p e t i t e and s l e e p
h a n g a r o u n d you s o w o o i n g l y i n t h e c o n s t a n t
o u t - o f - d o o r l i f e t h 2 f you a r e e n t h r a l l e d
b e f o r e you know i t .
C a r e y McWilliams, i n h i s book S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a ,
d e s c r i b e s t h e Los A n g e l e s B a s i n a s t h e " l a n d o f t h e
paisano, o r road-runner,
t h e horned t o a d , t h e t u r k e y
b u z z a r d ; a l a n d o f d r y b r u s h a n d s h a b b y - l o o k i n g c a c t u s . I1 4 2
Not a l l t h e o b s e r v e r s o f l i f e i n S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a
have been u n i v e r s a l l y o p t i m i s t i c a b o u t t h e f u t u r e of t h e
region.
I n S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a McWilliams q u o t e s o n e
writer a b o u t t h e Los A n g e l e s B a s i n : " T h e r e i s s o m e t h i n g
d i s t u r b i n g a b o u t t h i s c o r n e r o f A m e r i c a , " w r o t e J. B .
Priestley,
a s i n i s t e r s u g g e s t i o n of t r a n s i e n c e .
There
i s a q u a l i t y , h o s t i l e t o men i n t h e v e r y
A s i f w e were n o t m e a n t
e a r t h and a i r h e r e .
t o make o u r homes i n t h i s o d d l y e n e r v a t i n g
sunshine.
C a l i f o r n i a w i l l be a s i l e n t
desert again.
I t i s a l l a 2 impermanent and
b r i t t l e a s a reel o f f i l m . 3
...
REFERENCES
1
H e r b e r t Eugene Bol t o n , F r a y J u a n C r e s p i
of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , B e r k e l e y , 1927, p . x i x .
*
Ibid.,
p.
136.
Ibid.,
p.
138.
Ibid.,
p.
139.
, Universi t y
5
Don Meadow, Orange C o u n t y , D a w s o n l s Book Shop,
A n g e l e s , 1 9 6 6 , p . 41.
LOS
B o l t o n , C r e s p i , p . 139.
Ibid.,
p.
142.
Leo J . F r i i s , Orange C o u n t y Through F o u r C e n t u r i e s ,
Pioneer P r e s s , 1965, p .
Wayne D e l l G i b s o n , The O l i v e M i l l : Orange C o u n t y ' s
p i o n e e r I n d u s t r y , Orange C o u n t y ~ i s t o r i c a lS o c i e t y , S a n t a
Ana, 1 9 7 5 , p . 1 0 .
lo
M a r g a r e t W. S l i f e , " S t r e a m s t o A q u e d u c t s . The
Development of t h e Orange C o u n t y Water Supplyl1 (M.A.
t h e s i s , C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e College a t F u l l e r t o n , 1968),
p. 17.
Bolton, C r e s p i , p.
142.
l2
William H a l l , I r r i g a t i o n i n C a l i f o r n i a , Sacramento
S t a t e O f f i c e , 1 8 8 8 , p . 646.
13
B e n j a m i n H a y e s , p i o n e e r N o t e s From t h e D i a r i e s of
~ u d g e enj jam in H a y e s , 1849-1875, P r i v a t e l y P r i n t e d , Los
A n g e l e s , 1 9 2 9 , p . 94.
1 4 p h i l l i p B r i g a n d i , e d . , The P l a z a : A L o c a l Drama I n 5
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l6
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l7
Ibid.
L e g a c y , The R e g i s t e r ,
l8 Leo F r i i s , David H e w e s : More Than t h e G o l d e n
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E s h r e f Shevky a n d M a r i l y n W i l l i a m s , The S o c i a l
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2 0 ~ o h nA l b e r t W i l s o n , H i s t o r y o f Los A n g e l e s C o u n t y ,
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' l ~ i t u s F e y C r o n i s e , The N a t u r a l W e a l t h o f C a l i f o r n i a ,
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ompson, M. N .
R e p o r t t o B o a r d o f S u p e r v i s o r s of O r a n g e
C o u n t y F l o o d C o n t r o l D i s t r i c t Upon a P l a n F o r C o n t r o l
a n d C o n s e r v a t i o n of F l o o d and S t o r m W a t e r s o f S t r e a m s
T h a t Have T h e i r S o u r c e W i t h i n a n d W i t h o u t O r a n g e C o u n t y
Flood Control District.
S a n t a Ana: O r a n g e C o u n t y F l o o d
C o n t r o l D i s t r i c t , 1937.
Semi-Tropical C a l i f o r n i a : I t s
Truman, B e n j a m i n Cummings.
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s e m i - ~ r o p i c a lF r u i t s , E t c . , E t c . , E t c .
San F r a n c i s c o :
A . L . B a n c r o f t & Company, 1 8 7 4 .
U t t , C. E .
"TuStin City."
28, May 3 , 1 9 2 9 .
The T u s t i n N e w s , V o l . V I I ,
No.
U t t , C. E.
"The S t o r y o f T u s t i n . "
Orange County H i s t o r y
Series.
11.
S a n t a Ana: O r a n g e C o u n t y H i s t o r i c a l
S o c i e t y , 1932.
Southern California: I t s Valleys,
Van Dyke, T h e o d o r e S .
H i l l s , and S t r e a m s ; I t s Animals, B i r d s , and F i s h e s ; I t s
N e w York: F o r d s , Howard &
G a r d e n s , F a r m s , and C l i m a t e .
H u l b e r t , 1886.
Von ~ e i t h ,J . H .
Von K e i t h ' s Westward--or--1000
Items on t h e
Wonders and C u r i o s i t i e s o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a .
~ o s
A n g e l e s : J . W. G r e e n & Co., 1887.
Warner, J . J . , B e n j a m i n Hayes and J . P. Widney.
An
H i s t o r i c a l S k e t c h o f Los A n g e l e s C o u n t y , C a l i f o r n i a .
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.,
Weber, F r a n c i s J . The Jewel of t h e M i s s i o n s : A Documentary
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[Los A n g e l e s ? ] Weber,
1976.
BOOKS BY STEPHEN GOULD
Published by Shumway Family History Services
Yorba Linda, California
All special editions limited
to 40 numbered and autographed copies
The Effect of the Railroads on the Develo~mentof Santa Ana and Tustin,
1989. Hardbound, $20.00.
Chinese in Tustin, 1989. Hardbound, $20.00
Modjeska. Sienkiewicz. and Salvator: The Polish, and German Speakin
Writers of Los Aneeles and Orange Countles from 1870 to 1910,9989.
Hardbound, $20.00
Oranee County: A Bjblio~ra~hv
of Historjcal. Geogra~hic:Political.
‘Economic. Agricultural. Archaeolog~cal.Ethnlc. Environmental
Blo~raph~c.
and Other County Sources, 1989. Hardbound, $42.60.
Published by The Western Association
for the Advancement of Local History
Tustin, California
All special editions limited
to 25 numbered and autographed copies
An Annotated Bibliopaphy of Oranee County Sources, 1988. Spiral Binding,
$45.OO
Directow of Orange County Historica! A~encies.Historical Societies
Miiseums. and Historical Libraries, 1989. Spiral Binding, $10.63
The Economic Reli~iousHistory of Tustin from 1868 to 1894, 1988. Spiral
Bindlng, $35.00
O r a n p Countv Before it Was a County, 1988 (out of print). Centennial
edition, 1989, $10.00
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