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L
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
JohnC.
Frye, Chief
Urbana, Illinois
November, 1964
NDUSTRIAL MINERALS NOTES
BINDING MATERIALS USED
MAKING
PELLETS
G. R.
•
No. 19
IN
AND BRIQUETS
YOHE
ABSTRACT
This compilation of information about materials that have been used
as binders in making pellets, briquets, or other products shaped from powdered
or granular substances was prepared for use in the Illinois State Geological
Survey laboratories. Although it is not an exhaustive report, other workers
also may find it useful.
Information from about 200 abstracts selected from Chemical Abstracts
for 1937 through 1963 is Included. Both organic and inorganic binding materials
are discussed.
The original reference and the Chemical Abstracts citation are given
The report is indexed.
in the list of references.
In connection with work in progress at the Illinois
State Geological
Survey, a need arose for a compilation of information about
materials that had
found application as binders in the making of pellets, briquets,
or other
articles formed from powdered or granular material.
Although this report is by no means exhaustive, it may be of
interest
and value to workers in other laboratories. The decision was
therefore made
to distribute it as an Industrial Minerals Note.
According to Webster's New International Dictionary (2nd edition),
a binder is "anything that causes cohesion in loosely assembled
substances!
as tar, asphalt, or crushed stone in a road."
This definition is somewhat too broad for the present discussion,
for it would include such things as water (which serves as a temporary binder
for sand as children build their castles at the beach) or mucilage with which
we fasten a postage stamp to an envelope.
In the broad sense, anything that
serves as an adhesive might be called a binder.
This discussion is restricted to substances that can be mixed with
powdered or granular solids for the purpose of forming pellets or briquets
having reasonably good resistance to weathering and a fair degree of stability
in handling.
Even with this limitation, it is scarcely possible to assemble
complete information, as there are many kinds of materials to be bound, many
potential binders, and many purposes for using binders.
Indexes to Chemical Abstract s for 1957 through 1963 were used, but
only selected references were examined. For example, under "Binders" only
those entries deemed pertinent were looked up, and under headings' that refer
to materials being bonded, "binders for" references were selected. Numerous
topics, including adhesives, cements, fibers, inks, lacquers, lime, mortar,
paints, plaster, resins, and rubbers were excluded.
In this review, binders are divided into two categories, inorganic
and organic. Under each of these headings, the various binding materials are
listed in alphabetical order. This is not completely satisfactory, as many
mixtures have been described, some comprising inorganic, some organic, and
some both inorganic and organic materials. However, this arrangement is considered preferable to one in which the key words are derived from the materials
being bonded, as many binders have been described without reference to the
kinds of materials with which they may suitably be used. The index lists
binders, materials bonded, and other items such as additives and solvents.
The forces that enable materials to serve as binders are not all
of the same nature. Most organic binders function essentially as "glues" or
sticky types of adhesive that' wet the surfaces of the particles being bonded
and thus cement them together.
Some such binders are applied as hot liquids
and become solid when cool, and others may remain in a more or less viscous
liquid state. Some inorganic binders (fusible metals, for example) also
function in this manner.
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2 -
Other binders are solids of very small particle size. Because
surface energy these particles adhere firmly to other surtheir
high
of
faces, and thus may serve as bonding agents between neighboring particles
of the material being bonded. Most binders that function in this manner
are inorganic materials; clays, colloidal alumina, and colloidal silica
are examples.
Some binding action may involve both of these principles. An
ore pellet might possess sufficient "green" or "dry" strength because of
surface energy forces, and then be permanently bonded by being heated to
a partial fusion stage wherein forces of the first described type come
into play.
A cknowledgment . The assistance of Mr. Touradj Adl in searching Chemical Abstracts is gratefully acknowledged.
- 3 -
INORGANIC BINDERS
ALUMINA
A U. S. patent issued in 1961 to John Bugosh and assigned to the
du Pont Company* describes the preparation and use of fibrous boehmite, a
hydrated alumina (A100H). This material, which can carry a positive charge,
is used to coat surfaces (e.g., glass, paper) that have been given a negative
charge.
The coating can then serve to anchor a top coat of other desired
material by virtue of its OH groups, its electrical charge, or its fibrous
physical nature.
Another publication issued by the du Pont Company2 describes the
binding action of this same material (but calls it "Baymal Colloidal Alumina")
and indicates that the boehmite fibrils are approximately 50 angstrom units in
diameter and several hundred angstroms long. If an aqueous suspension of these
fibrils is applied to a material such as asbestos that is made up of larger
fibers or to one composed of spherical or granular particles, the evaporation
of water leaves a gel first and then a mat or "felt" of the boehmite fibrils.
At points of contact of the fibers or particles, this mat bonds the material
together.
ALUMINATES
A Hungarian patent 3 describes the use of alkali aluminates, or
aluminates of Zn, Sn, Sb, and Cr which do not contain much free alkali, mixed
in a ratio of 1.7:6.0 with neutral or almost neutral solutions of alkali silicates or alkali fluosilicates. After the product is pressed or centrifuged and
dried below 100° C, it is subjected to a hydrolytic treatment with water prior
to use.
ALUMINUM
Aluminum nitride (A1N), which is useful as a refractory material for
contact with liquid or gaseous aluminum, has such a high sintering temperature
that common binders are not suitable for bonding it.
A French patent 4 describes the use of powdered metallic aluminum,
which is added to the A1N powder with gum arable, sodium silicate, or ceresin
prior to shaping and compressing the pieces. A mixture containing 20, 15, 1,
and 58 percent of 25 to 50, 50 to 100, 100 to 200, and -200 mesh aluminum,
respectively, is recommended.
- k -
ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE AND PHOSPHORIC ACID
Making castable refractories by bonding alumina, zirconia, mullite,
beryllium oxide, or silicon carbide with phosphoric acid or aluminum phosphate
has been described. 5 A complex amine was used as an inhibitor, and the addition of ammonium fluoride accelerated the setting of the refractory.
ANHYDRITE (See Calcium Sulfate.)
ATTAPULGITE
Zoelitic molecular sieves, described in a German patent, 6 were made
by mixing zeolites with 1 to 40 percent of attapulgite (a hydrous magnesium
aluminum silicate characterized by a distinctive rodlike particle shape) and
waher, drying the mixture for two hours at 90° C, and firing the shaped articles at 650° C.
BORATE GLASSES
In the manufacture of abrasive discs, 7 borate glass has been used
as a bonding material.
The mechanical properties of the abrasives depend
upon the percentage of a colorless, needlelike mineral at the contact of the
8
corundum grains with the bond.
The amount of this mineral varied with the
amount of B2O3 in the bond, and its composition was 3Al203«B20 3 .
A French patent 9 describes the use of alkali metal borosilicates
that soften below 1100° C, together with a plastic clay to improve molding
qualities, for forming articles from oxides of Al, Zr, and Ti, from diamond,
and from carbides of Si, B, U, and Ta. After being molded, the objects are
heated to about 1100° C.
CALCIUM CHR0MITES
Calcium chromites, prepared by heating mixtures of CaO and Cr20 3
in the presence of air, have been shown to possess hydraulic binding proper10
ties.
CALCIUM FLUORIDE
Fluorspar (CaFg) has been used as a binder in making abrasive articles and high-temperature bricks. 195
CALCIUM GERMANATE
,0
Heating a mixture of 2CaO and Ge02 for three hours at 1250 C forms
Ca2 Ge0 4 (calcium orthogermanate ) , which has "a significant degree of mechanical strength, and may be used as a binder. nl1
-
5
-
CALCIUM OXIDE
Abrasives containing Si02 and A1 2 3 with the addition of trass (a
light-colored volcanic tuff occurring especially along the lover Rhine) have
been formed with calcium oxide as the binding agent. 12
CALCIUM AND SODIUM ALUMINATES
A
U. S. patent 13 describes the use of mixtures of calcium aluminate
and sodium aluminate for bonding firebrick and refractory aggregates of fused
silica, alumina, and kaolin.
Such mixtures also bond insulating materials containing asbestos, diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, insulating firebrick, and
graphite. The amounts of the mixture of calcium aluminate and sodium aluminate
used vary from 10 to 60 percent, and the unfired strength of the objects is
better than when calcium aluminate alone is used.
CALCIUM SULFATE
A study of the reactions of anhydrite (calcium sulfate) when used as
a binder for building materials has been published. 14
CEMENT P* JS CLAY
A French patent 15 describes the admixture of clay with such binders
as cement in making shaped articles for which mechanical resistance is relatively unimportant. The clay, which should have a grain size below that of the
binder and should contain at least 15 percent AI2O3 and 40 percent Si0 2 , may
compose up to 50 percent of the weight of the mixture.
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
S. patent 16 refers to the use of chromium ore or chromium compounds as binders for dead-burned magnesite, but is concerned primarily with
A
U.
the use of alkali metal tartrates for improving the quality and strength of
such materials.
(See Tartrates under Organic Binders.)
CLAY
The effect of clay binders on the oxidation of sintered silicon carbide objects has been compared with the effect of silica gel. The clay binder
17
failed to prevent oxidation below 12^0° C.
Clay minerals or gels of Al(0H) 3 have been used to make abrasion18
resistant microspherical molecular sieve catalysts from synthetic zeolites.
A German patent 19 describes the pelletizing of fine ores with a binding mixture consisting of clay and chalk with aqueous ferrous sulfate, starch,
and aqueous sodium hydroxide.
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6
-
FULLER'S EARTH
Fuller's earth ("florigel") kneaded with water to form a sticky,
plastic mass has been used as a binder for catalysts and absorbents used in
the petroleum industry.
GLASS PLUS METAL
The binding of diamond abrasives by a mixture composed of a special
glass (softening point 2000° to 2350° F) and a metallic portion containing
tungsten carbide, iron carbonyl, copper, and small amounts of manganese and
graphite is described in a U. S. patent. 21
IRON HUMATE
According to a Japanese patent, 22 a binder for fuel briquets is
prepared by extracting humic acids from peat or coalite with aqueous sodium
carbonate and treating the extract with ferrous acetate to get a mixture containing iron humate.
IRON OXIDE PLUS CALCIUM OXIDE
The use of 4:1 to 2:1 mixtures of FeO and CaO in the manufacture of
high-silica refractories ("Dinas") 23 from crystalline quartzites produces
bricks of better and more uniform quality and higher compressive strength than
these made with lower proportions of iron oxide in the binder.
LIME
The production of fine-grained lime from coarse limestone by a process of ^si
simultaneous heating and tumbling has been described in a German
24
patent.'
The use of a mixture of calcium oxide and gypsum as a binder has
been demonstrated. 25
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
In the use of dolomite for hearth lining in a 5-ton basic electric
furnace, magnesium chloride was found to be a better binder than either sodium
silicate or tar. 26
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
The preparation of magnesium oxide by precipitating with lime water
and subsequent calcining at 300° to 400° C is described in a Russian patent. 27
Magnesium oxide prepared by firing magnesite has about twice the
strength of that from firing dolomite, and the strength is greater when the
-
7
-
magnesite is fired at lower temperatures (65O
when fired short rather than long times. 28
to 700° c) than at higher and
patent 29 describes the manufacture of a refractory bondforming material for nonacid refractory aggregates by firing a mixture of
finely divided MgO and Si0 2 (20 to 60 percent of the latter) for half an
hour at 1100° C.
A
U.
S.
MAGNESIUM SULFATE
The change in form that occurs when a dehydrated inorganic salt is
converted to the hydrated crystal form is the basis for the recommendation that
a partially dehydrated magnesium sulfate be used industrially as a binding
material. Setting begins in 3 minutes and is complete in 6 minutes. 30
METALS
patent 31 describes the forming of objects from powdered
graphite that had been mixed with a diffusionable binder, such as Zr, Nb,
Mo, Ti, Cr, Si, or compounds of these which decompose to form the metals.
For example, graphite containing k percent ZrH 4 was pressed in a die at 1)000
lb/sq in. while being heated to l600° C in a reducing atmosphere and gave a
strong, compact object of low porosity.
A
U.
S.
Titanium carbide articles have been formed with fusible metals as
binders. 32 Chromium and silicon adhered to TiC after cooling below the melting
point, but nickel and cobalt surrounded the TiC particles more thoroughly.
Other metals tried were Al, Be, Nb, Au, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Pt, Ti, and W.
The use of low-melting metals or alloys to bond powdered magnetic
metals, such as alnico, has been patented in the United States. 33 The mixture
of powder, fusible metal (melting point belox^ i+50° c), and ZnCl 2 as a flux is
heated to coat the alnico grains, then pressed into a mold at a temperature
above the melting point of the binder, and cooled.
METAL CARBIDES
34 describes the carbide-bonding of graphite articles.
U. S. patent
A thermosetting synthetic resin is first used to bind the graphite particles
After the resin is cured, the object is heated in a
into the desired shape.
A
neutral or reducing atmosphere in the presence of carbide-forming elements
(Hf, Zr, Ti, V, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Th, U, B, or Si, or a mixture thereof) to enable
the elements to penetrate the object and react to form carbides in situ.
METAL CARBONYLS
35 involves bonding
This process, the subject of a Russian patent,
metal carbide or nitride powders by treating them with solutions of the carbonyls of the same metals, so that decomposition, presumably at an elevated temperature, results in deposition of the metal that serves as the actual binder.
- 8 -
METAL PLUS GLASS
A French patent 36 describes the agglomeration of diamond powder with
a mixture of 80 percent fine metal powder (85 percent Cu, 10 percent Sn, 5
percent Ag) and 20 percent fine glass (72 percent Si02 , 11 percent Na 2 0, 5
percent AI2O3, and 12 percent B2O3). The mixture is fritted in a reducing
atmosphere at 700° to 76O C under pressure of 1 to 4 tons/sq cm.
PE0SPH0R0NITRILE DICHLORIDE POLYMERS
According to a German patent, 37 polymeric phosphoronitrile dichloride (PNCl 2 ) n is used as a hinder for abrasives forming abrasive wheels. It
is prepared by refluxing 5.3 g NH 4 C1 and 20.8 g PC1 5 in 100 cc C 2 H 2 C1 4 , filtering when evolution of HC1 has ceased, recrystallizing the product from C 2 H 4 C1 2 ,
and heating it to 36°G. A water-soluble resin was made by heating 11 g hydroquinone, 11 g resorcinol, and 18.6 g H3BO3 to 280° C. Thirty-eight grams of
this powdered resin, 2 g of hexamethylenetetramine, and 8 g of (PNCl 2 ) n were
mixed with carborundum and formed into a wheel at 175° C.
PHOSPHORUS ACIDS PLUS METAL OXIDES
Equal parts of H3PO4 and H 2 P2 7 were mixed with a dry metallic oxide
(MgO and Fe 3 4 are not suitable, but most others are) in a ratio of 1:3 to 3:1
and heated 5 to 60 minutes at 250° to 400° F; then 2 to 5 percent of a dusting
powder such as MgO or MgC0 3 was added and the mixture ground to the desired
size.
This material, described in a U. S. patent, 38 can be used as a binder
or as a molding composition.
PICKLING LIQUORS
Neutralization of sulfuric acid waste pickling liquors and subsequent production of FeS0 4 leaves a residue containing CaS0 4 . A possible use
for this residue is as a binder. 39
PORTLAND CEMENT
A Russian patent 40 describes the use of portland cement or alumina
cement, with or without the addition of sodium silicate, as a binder for abrasive wheels of quartz, corundum, carborundum, and like materials.
POTASSIUM SILICATE PLUS Zn OR Ca COMPOUNDS
A
41
indicates that a stable,
U. S. patent on the bonding of abrasives
heat-resistant binder that is self-setting at room temperature and resistant
to discoloration in moist climates consists of a mixture of about 350 parts of
a high-ratio potassium silicate (Si0p>/K2 less than 2), about 100 parts of ZnO,
ZnC0 3 , or CaC0 3 , and 1.5 to 2 parts of a wetting agent such as sulfonated
castor oil.
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9 -
SALT HYDRATES
According to a German patent, 42 ores may be pelleted by mixing them
with a binder that consists of a supersaturated solution or melt of a hydrated
salt, of which the liquidus temperature is above room temperature.
SILICA
The preparation of colloidal silica sols in vhich the silica is of
very small particle size has been described in a U. S. patent. 43 The use of
such sols, with gelation promoted by an acid or a "latent acid" (such as formamide, which yields formic acid and ammonia on hydrolysis), has been recommended for the binding of ore pellets, 44 and may be of particular interest in
pelletizing calcium fluoride for use in the steel industry.
SILICATES
(See also Sodium Silicate.)
Granular lead oxides are prepared, according to a German patent, 45
5 to 15 percent of a wetting, binding, and hardening agent and heating the mixture to 300° C with a vibratory motion. Sodium
or potassium silicates are among the suitable agents listed.
by mixing FbO or FD3O4 with
SILICIDES
Carbon articles such as electrodes can be bonded together by application of a collodion-acetone suspension of Si and/or one or more of such suicides as those of Mo, W, Ti, Zr, Ta, and Cr and heating to 1900° to 2100° C in
an argon atmosphere. 46
SILICON CARBIDE
Carbon articles were made by mixing amorphous carbon with SiC or an
inorganic carbide, molding, and heating to above the temperature of decomposition of the carbide. 47
SODIUM SILICATE
(See also Silicates.)
A German patent 48 describes a process of preparing granular superphosphates from powder by adding 1 percent of water-free sodium silicate and
percent 7-hexachlorocvclohexane in the presence of 2 to 3 percent water end
mixing well in a granulating apparatus. The drying and setting process is
fairly rapid. The use of sodium metasilicate or other alkali silicates is also
described in a Spanish patent. 49
5
Sodium silicate has also been used with a variety of other materials
50 calls for the use of a mixture
as additives.
For example, a Japanese patent
of 30 kg of commercial Na 2 Si0 3 , 1 kg of carnauba wax, 10 kg of water, 15 kg of
kieselguhr, 22 kg of CaCl 2 , 17 kg of K2 S0 4 , and 20 kg of talc powder. The mixture is ground to -100 mesh. Use of 30 kg of this mixture with 200 kg of sand
and a suitable amount of water gives a molded product that does not freeze in
winter and is waterproof and fireproof.
-
A
10
51 referring to the
U. S. patent
-
agglomeration of iron
the
use
of
sodium
silicate
alone or mixed
blast furnace describes
or glucose as a cementing agent to decrease the formation of flue
blast furnace, and states that as little as 0.1 percent of 40° Be
makes a measurable difference in flue dust formation.
ores in the
with molasses
dust in the
water glass
For making fuel briquets, a German patent 52 describes the use of
sodium silicate containing citric acid.
A U. S. patent describes the binding of organic and inorganic materials, including refractories. 53 This is done by dissolving tartaric, citric,
or lactic acid in water to give a pH of about 2.5 and adding 1000 cc of this
solution to 20 to 30 cc of a solution of a polyhydric alcohol and 30 cc of a
glucose sirup. This mixture is then added to 33*5° to 67.5° Be sodium silicate until a pH of 10 to 12 is obtained. Other binder compositions of a
similar nature also are described. The aggregate and binder are mixed, compressed, solidified at about 150° C, and fired at 1000° to I85O C. The
articles possess good storage characteristics and are insensitive to frost.
W0LIAST0NITE
This native calcium metasilicate (CaSi0 3 ) was used in making abrasive wheels. 54 The materials were heated to various temperatures, quenched,
pulverized as needed, shaped under pressure, and sintered at 800° C. Decreasing the particle size and increasing the shaping pressure gave stronger
articles, but the compressive strength was decreased if the temperatures used
prior to quenching were increased from 1200° to l800° C.
ZINC SULFATE HYDRATE
Rapid setting and intense hardness were observed for binders consisting of anhydrous ZnS0 4 and water, but strength was lost completely under
conditions that permitted the subsequent loss of water and reversion to the
anhydrous salt. 55
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11 -
ORGANIC BINDERS
ALGINIC ACID
A German patent 56 on the manufacture of fuel briquets indicates that
the molding properties of bituminous coals or petroleum or pitch semicoke can
be improved by the addition of alginic acid or its salts or gels. It can be
applied in the form of an emulsion with organic agglutinants such as tar, pitch,
or anthracene oil, and the addition of milled soft pitch is recommended with
lover volatile fuels.
ALKALI CELLULOSE
A German patent 57 describes the preparation of weat her- resistant
briquets by treating coal, coke, or wood charcoal with a 2 percent solution of
sulfided alkali cellulose, heating at 50° C, adding some water if necessary,
and then pressing.
AMINES
According to a U. S. patent, 58 solid particles such as coal, fly ash,
or ceramic materials that contain "digestible matter" may be bonded by mixing
them with amines such as RNH2, where R is aliphatic and contains not more than
12 carbon atoms, or EsN(CE2) n Wi2t where n is not more than 6.
ANTHRACENE- SULFUR
When anthracene oil was heated for 5 to 7 minutes at 280° to 290° C
with 3 percent of sulfur, a binder suitable for use in making coal briquets was
obtained. 5
When 0.1 to 3 percent of this binder was added to the coal charge,
briquets having improved strength and water resistance were obtained.
'-'
ARALDITE
The physical and chemical properties of Araldites (epoxy resins) as
binders have been discussed in two reports. 60 * 61
ASPHALT
Because of a scarcity of tar in France, experiments on the use of
62
asphalt as a binder for briquetting fine coal dust have been carried out.
A French patent 63 describes in detail the preparation from a Kuwait
crude oil of an asphaltic bitumen that is suitable for use as a binder for coal
fines.
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12 -
The modification of petroleum asphalts by air oxidation at 2J5° to
280° C to increase their viscosity and adhesiveness has been described in two
Russian articles; 64 * 65 such products are used in making coal briquets.
Asphalts with various additives have been used as binders. For
example, a British patent 66 calls for powdered casein and magnesium silicate
to be stirred into melted asphalt ic material. Salt and sugar may also be
added. The resultant binder is suitable for use with rock aggregates for
pavements.
A liquid binder, capable of coating damp or unheated aggregates,
was made by blending 10 to 50 percent of a viscous, nonvolatile hydrocarbon
oil with 20 to 60 percent of a volatile petroleum distillate and mixing the
blend with 15 to kO percent of a powdered, hard asphalt; this is the subject
of U. S. patents. 67
Another U. S. patent 68 deals with the admixture of phenolic compounds and a metal oxide such as PbO with asphalt in the manufacture of binders
useful in road construction.
Oleylamiee in amounts of approximately 2.5 percent added to asphalt
improves binding action, especially for acidic or moist aggregates. 69
The use of 0.1 to 5 percent of a substituted tetrahydropyrimidine
(i.e., 2-heptadecyl-4,6,6-trimethyl-3,^,5>6-tetrahydropyrimidine) to improve
the binding characteristics of asphalt also has been patented in the United
States, 70
Still another U. S. patent 71 involves the addition of a solvent to
asphalt. The solvent is of the paraffinic hydrocarbon type, b.p. 50° to 200°
C, and the solvent action is increased by admixture of small amounts of oxygenated solvents of the ether, ester, or ketone type.
BITUMENS
Numerous articles have been published on the use of various bituminous materials as binders. Some of these deal with general features of binding action, while others cite specific mixtures and applications.
In one of
the former type, 72 water resistance is discussed in terms of adhesion between
the mineral aggregate and the binder. Adhesion is defined as the resultant
of the interfacial tensions of water and the binder relative to the aggregate.
Negative values indicate that water tends to displace the binder, as it does
when the aggregate is hydrophilic. With positive values, the aggregate is
hydrophobic and the binder is not displaced readily by water. Chemical interaction between binder and aggregate is an important factor; the hydrophobic
character accompanying good adhesion is enhanced by reaction between basic
oxides of the aggregate and acidic groups of the binder to give water- insoluble
compounds.
In using bitumens instead of pitches as binders for fuel briquets,
it is important to develop procedures that work best for the particular bitumen used. 73 A Nagylenglyl crude oil bitumen, 74 although inferior to coal tar
pitch for binding coal briquets, could be used satisfactorily, especially when
applied in the molten state by spraying.
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13 -
According to a German patent, 75 ores, coal, lime, or mixtures thereof
are briquetted with a distilled bitumen having a penetration (depth
of penetration of a needle of specified shape under controlled conditions of load, temperature, and time.
See ASTM. Designation D5-52) of 20 to 30 at 25° C. The
powdered material is wet, mixed with the hot liquid bitumen, and homogenized
before pressing.
Several shale bitumens were studied as possible binders for coal
briquets;
those of lower density (about 1.1) and softening temperature (46°
to $0 C) vere not satisfactory, but one with a density of 1.17 and softening
temperature of 87 C produced briquets of high heat- and water-resistance that
were superior in mechanical strength to those made with coal tar pitch. Another
study of shale bitumens 77 showed that those of high softening temperatures
could be used directly, while those of lower softening temperatures could
advantageously be applied as pastes with lime.
Bitumen emulsions also have been much used as binders. Coal fines,
for example, have been briquetted satisfactorily after being sprayed with an
emulsion of petroleum bitumen, water, and an emulsifier; 78 pressing was at
250 kg/sq cm while the material was hot, and the effects of varying the particle size, moisture content, amount of binder, and other factors were studied.
A U. S. patent 79 deals with the use of a quick-breaking oil-in-water
type of emulsion of bitumen for binding mineral aggregates. The bitumen is
emulsified in combination with NaOH and an alkali metal phosphate. A similar
type of emulsion used for bonding hydrophilic aggregates and incorporating 0.05
to 0.5 percent of sodium dichromate is said to form a particularly strong bond
with the aggregate. 80
Another U. S. patent 81 involves adding Na 3 P0 4 to a low- viscosity,
quick-breaking, clay- free bituminous emulsion to slow down the breaking to
allow sufficient time for mixing with the aggregate, fibrous filler, and other
materials, while a French patent 82 describes the use of such emulsions with
the addition of an emulsion-breaking agent to give controlled breaking at the
desired time, A general theoretical discussion of the adhesion of bitumens to
rock aggregates and the use of emulsifying agents has been published. 83
Bitumens have been modified by the incorporation of various types of
additives. A German patent 84 claims improved adhesion of bituminous binders
to aggregates by the addition of small amounts (0.01 to 1.0 kg/1000 kg of
aggregate) of an aqueous dispersion containing, preferably, 10 to 15 percent
of a water- insoluble amine or amide. For example, an especially useful dispersion contained 75 percent water, 10 percent long-chain amine, and 15 percent
of a 21 percent alkyl sulfate solution.
A French patent 85 also calls for the admixture of amines to improve
the adherence of bitumen binders, citing RNH2 , RR'NH, and RR'R" N, where R, R
and R" are hydrocarbon radicals of at least 13 carbon atoms.
1
,
Two French patents 86 ' 87 claim to improve the adhesiveness of bituminous binders by the addition of 0.2 to 5 percent of salts of primary or secondary amines that do not decompose on heating, or 0.1 to 5 percent of reaction
products of polyamines with mineral or organic acids. These salts may be added
as such or formed in situ by incorporating the acid and base separately into
the bitumen solution.
-
Ill
-
A German patent 88 specifies as a binder for making coal or coke
briquets a mixture of bituminous hydrocarbons, sulfidic benzene derivatives,
sulfidic benzene homologs, and aliphatic halohydrocarbons. The components
were mixed and heated in an autoclave while being stirred rapidly.
A blend of petroleum bitumen and a fraction from Ladkin asphaltite
was said to be thermally and chemically a more stable binding material than
coal tar pitch. 89
The addition of calcium phenolates to avoid the undesirable effects
of naphthenic acids in bitumens has been cited by a German patent. 90 Thus 51
kg of CaO was dissolved in 8.5 metric tons of boiling commercial creosote oil
with simultaneous removal of 25 kg of water (and a small amount of oil) by
distillation. After cooling, the oil was added to 4l.5 tons of bitumen "B-80"
and stirred at 150° C. Adhesives of the amine type were then added.
A French patent 91 describes the preparation of bituminous binders
having good adhesion toward mineral aggregates and metals. In the process,
0.5 to 2.0 percent of heavy metal soaps of high molecular weight organic acids,
such as Fe or Fb oleates or naphthenates, was added to the bitumen. This
binder was used as a preliminary coating; a further quantity of binder not
containing such soap was then added.
The addition of unslaked lime to bitumen to produce a slow- setting
binder is described in a U. S. patent. 92 Another U. S. patent 93 covers the
use of a heavy bitumen to which an organic nitro compound has been added for
making carbon electrodes.
The improvement of adhesiveness of bituminous binding agents by the
addition of organic silicon compounds, such as (CH3) x (CH 3 0)ySi, where x + y = k,
is claimed in a German patent. 94 The silane may be applied to the rock aggregate prior to addition of the binder, or it may be mixed with the bitumen.
BUTADIENE- CHL0R0PRENE
The bonding of abrasive articles by the use of polymerized chloroprene mixed with a butadiene monomer and an unsaturated ketone has been claimed
in a U. Sr patent. 95
CARBOHYDRATES
(See also Cellulose Derivatives and Starch.)
The preparation of carbohydrate ethers or
has been described in a U. S. patent, 96 and carubin
is about two-thirds mannose and one-third galactose
water-soluble, has found application as a binder in
industries. 97
esters for use as binders
(locust bean gum), which
and almost completely
the ceramic and mining
CASEIN
A mixture of casein with 30 percent by weight of portland cement has
been patented in Russia as a binder for making abrasive wheels. 98
-15CASSAVA FLOUR
(See Manioc Flour; Sulfite Liquor, and reference
177.)
CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES
A German patent" describes the preparation of a polysaccharide binding agent, suitable for use in textiles, papers, and paints, from inorganic
reactants and cellulose derivatives. For example, 25 parts of sodium carboxymethylcellulose, 10 parts of A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 , and 5 parts of Ca(0H) or
2
3 parts of
MgO form a useful dispersion when added to water and stirred.
COAL PLUS AMINES
(See also Amines; reference 58.)
A mixture of coal and amines has been patented in the U. S. 100 as a
binder for ceramic materials. It i6 hardened by heating it to a temperature
below the decomposition temperature of the coal used.
COAL HYDROGENATION PRODUCTS
According to a Russian patent* * the product obtained by hydrogenating
a humus coal at 350° to 380 C and 50 to 100 kg/sq cm may be used as a binder
for briquetting coal.
DRYING OILS PLUS ADDITIVES
A British patent 102ment ions a number of drying oils (for example,
linseed, soybean) which may be mixed with about 15 percent Isano or Boleko oil,
heated to the desired viscosity (5000 cp at 20° C, for example), treated with
0.1 percent Co and 0.3 percent Fb driers, and used in about 2 percent amounts
with quartz sand to make foundry cores.
EPOXY RESINS
(See also Araldite.)
A German patent 103 claims that resins made by curing epoxy alkyl
esters of polybasic aromatic acids with polycyclic aromatic amines can be used
as bonding agents for metals and other materials.
For example, 100 g of diglycidyl terephthalate melted with 25 g of benzidine was heated at 90° to 100°
C and degassed for 5 minutes at 5 to 20 mm, poured into molds, and cured at 1^0°
C for 60 minutes.
Another patent 104 describes a cement for abrasives that is made by
the condensation of vinylcyclohexene dioxide wdtto pyrome 11 it ic anhydride.
A
U. S. patent 105 describes a binding mixture of 5 parts by weight of
an epoxy resin prepared by the reaction of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-allylphenyl)propane and epichlorohydrin, 3 parts of a high molecular weight (3,000 to 10,000)
polyamide prepared by the reaction of dilinoleic acid and ethylenediamine, and
1 part of a liquid polysulfide prepared by the reaction of bis(2-chloroethyl)~
formal and Na2 Sx cured for 10 to 12 seconds at l80° C. This had excellent
strength and good resistance to water and ethylene glycol.
-
16
-
FURAN DERIVATIVES
patent 106 claims that molding sands or abrasive granules maybe bonded with k percent of a mixture such as 75 parts of furfuryl alcohol,
25 parts of maleic anhydride, 5 parts of urea, and 0.5 part of NH4CI. The
resulting mix was cured in an oven at 300° F.
A
U.
S.
GLYCEROL
A German patent already cited 45 describes the preparation of granular
lead oxides by mixing the oxide (FbO or Fb 3 4 or both) with 5 to 15 percent of
a wetting, binding, and hardening agent and heating them to 300° C with a vibratory motion. Glycerol, as well as dispersions of high polymers (e.g., polyvinyl chloride in acrylic acid or polystyrene, sulfite liquor or molasses
wastes), is listed as a suitable additive, Glycerol also may be used as a
binder in refractories and ceramic-bonded abrasive compositions. 107
GLYCOL ESTER DERIVATIVES
A binder for uniform, very hard, dense, abrasive forms is made from
an unsaturated polymer of a glycol and an unsaturated polybasic acid, copolymerized with a vinyl monomer and styrene in the presence of benzoyl peroxide
108
(U. S. patent).
GUMS, NATURAL
(See Shellac.)
HUMIC ACID AND HUMATES
A Russian patent 109 describes a binder for coal briquets that is
obtained by treating brown coal ground to 0.5 mm particle size with a 0.1
percent solution of NaOH or NH 4 0H. This is similar to the preparation described 15 years later as "new' — a sodium humate made by fine grinding of coal
in an alkali; 77 the amount of this used in briquetting xras kept below 1.5 per;
cent to avoid tackiness on the press.
Other experiments on the use of humate s as fuel briquet binders 110
indicate that the crushing strength of the pro:.:ct depends upon the cation
accompanying the humate ion; with Na a mar-rimum of i+0 kg/sq cm is attained,
but with Al, NH 4 , Fe, and Ca it is 20 kg/cq cm or less. Optimum amounts of
the binder are 3 to 6 percent.
EYDR0XYAMINE DERIVATIVES
A British patent 111 describes binding agents for tar and bitumen
that are made by treating (H0C 2 H4NHC2H4) 2 NC2H 4 0H with stearic or oleic acid
at 140° to 160° C.
- 17 -
LIGNOSULFONATES
A study of the variation of properties of lignosulfonates with varying molecular weights showed that with increasing molecular weight their binding strength in iron ore pellets increased. 112
LUPINES
A Hungarian patent 113 specifies that if seeds of lupines or soybeans
are steeped in an acid solution for 8 to 12 hours, separated from the liquid,
disintegrated, partly freed (if desired) of their oil content, and added to powdered coal in amounts of 1.5 to k percent, suitable binding action is achieved.
MANIOC FLOUR PLUS MOLASSES
A French patent 114 describes the binding of charcoal briquets with a
mixture of 560 g of manioc flour, I+33 g of molasses, k g of 30 percent NaOH
solution, and 3 g of 30 percent formaldehyde solution.
MOLASSES
A French patent 115 dealing with coal briquets describes
used a hardened product obtained by
idues followed by polymerization at
a catalyst. The brittle product is
alone or mixed with tars, bitumens,
as the binder
dehydration of molasses or other sugar resan elevated temperature in the presence of
then ground to a powder, which may be used
resins, or with a fermentation inhibitor.
NITROPHENOLS
Although the nitrophenols are apparently not used alone as binders, a
Japanese patent 116 claims that the addition of a "phenylnitrophenol compound"
to a binder for the manufacture of molded products of carbon and graphite improves their hardness and bending strength.
ORGANOSILICONS
117 claims polymers of siliconols, alkoxysilicons, siliconacylates and other organosilicons as binders for abrasives. They may be
used with or without nonsilicon resins.
A
U» S. patent
PETROLEUM OXIDATION PRODUCTS
Binders that have kerosene or white spirit oxidation products as their
base are prepared by the oxidation of hydroxy acids with xylitol or its anhydride in the presence of H2S0 4 , NaHS0 4 , or a sulfonic acid to thicken the product.
Drying of the esterification product is hastened by dissolving it in
118
solvent naphtha containing 1 to 2 percent litharge (Russian patent).
-
18 -
PETROLEUM PITCH
A binder described in a French patent 119 is composed of a mixture of
petroleum pitch and coal tar stabilized with bituminous shale pitch.
A British patent 120 describes a petroleum pitch suitable for making
coal briquets. The pitch is made by air oxidation of a residue from the vacuum
distillation of petroleum (or a bitumen obtained by deasphalting such a residue)
at 3^0° to 400° C and atmospheric pressure.
Steam injection is used to control
the temperature, sweep out volatile substances, and prevent the deposition of
coke.
.
-.;.
121 deals with binders for carbon electrodes; these
binders (softening point 70° to 120° C, specific gravity 1.2 to 1.3, and H/c
ratio less than l) are prepared by mixing a cracked petroleum fraction, containing at least 50 percent by weight aromatic compounds and having a minimum boiling point of 650° F, with a partially hydrogenated cracked fraction
also containing at least 50 percent aromatic compounds and having a minimum
boiling point of 700° F. The mixture is then thermally and noncatalytically
a
cracked at 100 to 2500 lb/sq in. gage and 800 to 1000° F, and the product
stripped at less than 525° F and 20 mm pressure to produce the binder.
A
U. S. patent
Binders useful as substitutes for tar in the manufacture of solid
fuels are described in a French patent; 122 they are made by mixing coal dust
of 0.5 to 1 mm particle size with petroleum pitch and, optionally, oil tar,
Al2(S0 4 ) 3 , and an oxidic mineral containing 8 percent carbon, 6 percent Fe20 3 ,
31 percent A1 2 3 , 48 percent Si02, and 7 percent IfeO.
PHENOL-ALDEHYDE RESINS
In the preparation of phenol- aldehyde resin binders, various phenolic
compounds or crude phenol-containing mixtures and various aldehydes have been
used. An example of the application of a crude mixture is seen in a French
1
patent.
To 1000 kg of a crude wood tar containing 3*5 percent acetic acid,
ammonia was added in sufficient amount that 10 to 15 kg of acetic acid remained
unneutralized. This provided a mixture of acetic acid and its ammonium salt
to serve as a catalyst for the condensation reaction. Then 70 kg of acetaldehyde was added slowly, with stirring, under an atmosphere of nitrogen, the
temperature was raised slowly to 70° C and maintained at that point, with
stirring, for 5 hours. A slow stream of air was then passed through the mass
and the temperatuz-e raised to about 110° C. After 14 to 16 hours, a product
was obtained that softened at about 60° C, melted at 71° C, and was useful as
a binder for coal dust.
•
'
A binder for charcoal briquets described in a Japanese patent 124 was
made by heating a mixture of 100 parts crude phenol, 100 parts formalin, and
2 parts H2SO4 for 1 hour at 60° C, washing with an equal amount of water,
allowing the residue to stand 2 hours with 100 parts of methanol and 5 parts
of 38 percent NH 4 0H and then overnight with 10 percent NaOH in methanol.
A British patent 125 involves the use of formaldehyde with a coal tar
acid fraction containing phenol (phenol: formaldehyde ratio of 1:1.5 to 1:2.2)
and condensation in aqueous NaOH. Lignin, starch, cellulosic material or other
carbohydrates may be used as extenders, and the coal briquets are cured by
heating to 1^0° to 160° C. The briquets are weather- resistant.
- 19 -
A modified phenol- formaldehyde resin, containing about 10 percent
of
o-chlorophenol, is claimed as a binder for abrasives in a U. S. patent. 126
A British patent 127 claims that the bonding of such materials as glass
fibers by means of a phenol- aldehyde resin can be greatly strengthened by
incorporating 0.1 to 0.5 percent of an organosilicon compound of the formula
%SiX 4 . n , where R is an alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl radical containing one or
more OH or Wis groups reactive with the resin, X is alkoxy, aryloxy, OH, or a
halogen, and n is 1, 2, or 3.
A Russian patent 128 relates to the use of a mixture of powdered phenolformaldehyde resin and rubber for bonding grains in making abrasive articles,
and a U. S. patent 1 9 describes the bonding of metal oxides or magnetic compositions by the use of a 2:1 mixture of phenol- formaldehyde and urea- formaldehyde resins along with Ca, Zn, or Bu stearate, carbowax plasticizer, and a
little water.
PHENOL BORATES AND PHOSPHATES
The bonding of abrasive grains in making grinding wheels may be accomplished, according to a U. S. patent, 130 by means of boric and phosphoric acid
esters of various phenols. In one example a resin was made from 12.1 parts of
monophenyl phosphate, 11 parts each of resorcinol and hydroquinone, and li.3
parts of boric acid. The mixture was refluxed to drive off water, and the temperature was gradually increased to 200° C within an hour to yield a brown,
somewhat pliable, sticky resin. The resin was mixed with 2 percent hexamethylenetetramine, and carborundum grains added until the resin was 10 percent
of the mixture. This was formed into a wheel, cured 1 hour at 175° C and then
at 200° C.
PITCH
(See also Petroleum Pitch.)
Various pitches and pitch combinations have found extensive use as
binders, probably because of the ready availability and low cost of the pitch
as well as its desirable physical and chemical properties. Although a majority
of these applications seems to be in the realm of making fuel briquets, the use
of pitch as a binder is by no means restricted to these materials.
According to a British patent, 131 a binder is produced by oiling back
a pitch, removing water and part of the oils by distillation, extracting with a
solvent to remove certain undesirable constituents, and distilling off the solvent .
High-boiling fractions from pitches and tars, together with the second anthracene fraction obtained in pitch rectification (softening temperatures
69° to 83 C, 19 to 33 percent insoluble in toluene, and 71 to 77 percent volatile) show promise as bonding agents for coal briquets. 132 Average softening
temperatures of such pitches rose from 79° +-0 101° C during 12 months, while
the volatile contents dropped slightly, frcn 73.3 to 71.4 percent. Briquets
bonded with 12 percent of pitch at 150° C and pressed at 95° C and ^00 kg/sq cm
possessed high mechanical and water resistance and were not tacky.
-
20
-
A German patent 133 specifies a mixture of hot pitch, dispersible
clay, water separated during the purification of gas, and 0.5 to k- percent
naphthalene, anthracene, or phenanthrene , as a suitable binder to be triturated
with coal in making briquets.
Another patent 134 describes the briquetting of wet coal sludge bymixing it with 5 percent of a liquid pitch-coal product obtained by heating
fluxed hard pitch and powdered coal up to 300° C,
The use of wash oil or lignite tar oil and pitch in briquetting solid
fuels is claimed in another German patent. 135 Still another 136 applies to the
use of tar-pitch melts as binders for fuels that are not easily coked, and are
moist and fine grained.
Lignite pitch as a binder for the briquetting of crushed solid fuels
is specified in another German patent. 137
A discussion of the optimum properties of pitches, the addition of
20 to 30 percent pitch distillate to promote better covering of the coal particles, the use of pitch emulsions and of air-blown pitch distillate has been
published. 138 Laboratory experiments have shown it possible to prepare satisfactory briquets by adding 8 percent or more of coal tar residue with a
139
melting point of 95° C to coal fines.
A German patent 140 describes the use of tars and pitches from the
low-temperature carbonization of brown coal as binders for briquetting coal
and other solid carbonaceous fuels.
The influence of the chemical and physical properties of pitch on
its binding characteristics has been studied, 141 with special attention to
the role of the gj, P, and 7 constituents,
(Note:
the a fraction is that
portion insoluble in pyridine; the P fraction is soluble in pyridine but insoluble in chloroform; and the 7 fraction is soluble in both pyridine and
chloroform-G*R»Y.) The content of the £ and 7 components should be about 80
percent and their ratio 1:1. Low-quality pitch contains high amounts of a and
7 components.
In this study, the ductility of the pitch was stressed.
A technique has been developed whereby the pitch binder in a coal
briquet can be made visible and the amount used can be estimated by microscopic examination. 142
A study of medium- soft pitches from coke oven, horizontal retort,
vertical retort, and low- temperature tars has been made, using infrared analyses, solvent extraction, and chemical analyses.
Physical properties were
related to viscosity, and specifications for pitch as a binder for briquets
and carbon electrodes were reviewed. 143
A further study of binders by a viscosity measurement (the torque
required to rotate a platinum disc dipped into the molten sample) at temper144
atures between 40* and 1^0° C has included hard pitches.
Agglomerating
properties were evaluated by determining the compression strengths of pitch coke briquets made with the binders. Values obtained with the pitches were
about as might be expected on the basis of industrial experience.
-
21
-
Various additives have been used with pitches in the preparation of
binders. A U. S. patent 145 relating to the making of carbon or graphite electrodes specifies the use of less than 5 percent of an additive with pitch, or
with a tar which is subsequently distilled until an 80° C softening point
is attained.
Suitable additives listed are MnCl 3 , CrCl 3 , FeCl 3 , nitrobenzene
sulfonyl chloride, p-toluene sulfonyl chloride, or nitronaphthalene sulfonyl
chloride.
A Japanese patent 146 mentions the use of coal-tar pitch and resin in
fish oil or mineral oil, dispersed by means of an alkaline solution of cellulose,
as a briquet binder.
Making refractories of calcined dolomite and a binder of 65 to 70
percent coal-tar pitch and 30 to 35 percent anthracene oil and pressing at more
than 500 kg/sq cm has been described. 147
A German patent 148 describes bonding carbon articles together or to
metals with a mixture made up of one-third pitch, one-third electrode graphite,
and one-third graphitic acid.
A German patent 149 involves mixing tar oils and wood or lignin with
pitch to obtain binders with a wide plasticity range. For example, 1000 kg of
tar pitch was heated until the softening point rose to above 100° C, and then
85O kg of anthracene oil and 300 kg of lignin were added. Heating was continued
3 to h hours to decrease the point of fracture.
Hard spherical coal pellets for subsequent activation with steam at
1750° F were described in a U. S. patent; 150 they were made by mixing the pulverized coal with 20 to 30 parts of core pitch and tumbling the pellets with
k-0 cc per 100 g of powder of a molasses solution of specific gravity 1.10 to
1.15.
A German patent 151 describes the use of an emulsion or suspension of
pitch, prepared with the aid of such an emulsifying agent as concentrated sul152
fite liquor, as a binder for briquetting carbonaceous fuels; a Japanese patent
claims what appears to be a similar mixture made up of 25.5 parts of coal tar,
U8.3 parts of coal tar pitch, 25.4 parts of water, 5 parts of 30° Be waste pulp
liquor, and 0.1 part of NaOH mixed together at 95° C.
POLYACKYLAMIDE
Polyacrylamide is a water-soluble, nonionic powder made by the polymerization of acrylamide. In aqueous solutions it is compatible with most natural and synthetic water-soluble gums, latex systems, and many salts; it is a
153
good thickening agent, protective colloid, and binder.
POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL- POLYETHYLENE OXIDE
The binding of precious- stone abrasives with a polyalkylene glycol154 For example, 20
g of
ethylene oxide polymer is described in a U. S. patent.
and
glycol
diamond or sapphire powder was dispersed with $k g of polyalkylene
agitated while 26 g of ethylene oxide was added; heating and stirring were continued until a uniform consistency was obtained. The polymer had a molecular
weight of 4000 and melted at 50° C.
- 22 -
POLYAMIDES
Magnetic cores, described in a French patent, 155 were made by emulsifying a superpolyamide with 80 percent ethanol in an autoclave at 1 kg/sq cm
pressure and 120° C, mixing with a magnetic powder such as iron, homogenizing
in a heated mixer, coagulating with cold water, and homogenizing again.
POLYESTER RESINS
patent 156 describes a binder that may be used for abrasives
and other materials. A mixture of k.k parts of ethylene glycol, Ml. 7 parts
of commercial pentaerythritol, 21.5 parts of a diallyl ether mixture of
pentaerythritol, 22.3^ parts of maleic anhydride, 2.3 parts of boric acid,
and 18.6 parts of water was heated under COs and stirred at 170° to 190° C
for 3 hours. The product had an acid number of 17 .^; it was diluted with
water to 75 percent solids prior to use.
A
U.
S.
POLYMERS OF HYDROCARBONS
A Dutch patent 157 describes the use of various polymers and/or
copolymers of olefinic hydrocarbons, their mixtures, and their mixtures with
pitch. Monomers listed as suitable starting materials are ethene, propene,
butene, butadiene, and styrene. The binders were used in making fuel briquets.
POLYURETHANES
patent 158 gives the details of preparing elastic grinding
articles.
In an example, 600 g of AI2O3 was moistened with a solution of
10 percent of hfk , V-tri-isocyanatotriphenylmethane in CH2CI2, the solvent
evaporated and the A12 3 added to a molten, castable polyurethane polymer,
stirred vigorously for 30 seconds, and the mixture placed in molds for 2k
hours. The polyurethane was prepared by adding 70 g of 1,4-butanediol to the
reaction product of 1000 g of linear polyesters containing aliphatic OH groups
and 300 g of 1,5 -naphthalene diisocyanate and stirring for 30 seconds.
A U.
S.
1
POLYVINYL ACETAL
A bonding composition for magnetic metal described in a U. S. patent 159 consists of ^2.5 percent of polyvinyl acetal (obtained by the reaction
of 70 percent hydro lyzed polyvinyl acetate with acetaldehyde), ^2.5 percent
of polyvinyl acetate, and 15 percent of a B-stage condensate of cresylic acid
and formaldehyde.
PRICKLY PEAR LATEX
A latex can be obtained by pressing prickly pears; when mixed with
sulfur and heated under pressure this forms a binder.
It is not waterresistant. 160
-
23
-
RESINS
US of 8ynthetlc re ?ins as binders for magnetic
granules has been
?
«v
Si
161 and
described,
a „
German patent"* deals with the use of such resins
in binding fuel briquets.
;,
Another German patent 163 describes water-resistant binders,
useful for
abrasives, which were made from novolak-hexamethylenamine and
coal tar pitch
that had been modified by blowing.
SAWDUST
An Austrian patent 164 claims that briquets can be made from coal which
alone is not amenable to briquetting (e.g., brown coals) by mixing it with 20
to
50 percent of sawdust or similar wood waste and pressing at 1200 to 3000 atmos-
pheres.
SHALE BITUMEN
Heating Baltic shales up to about 380° C converts much of their organic matter to an extractable form, called pyrobitumens . These pyrobitumens
showed good binding properties when used for the briquetting of fine coal. 165
SHELLAC
The use of shellac for binding abrasive articles has been patented in
the United States. 166
SOYBEANS
(See Lupines and reference 113.)
STARCH
Various starch preparations, derivatives, and mixtures have found
numerous applications as binding agents. As a binder for fuel briquets, a U. S.
patent 167 claims a solution of 100 grams of potato starch dextrin in 1 liter of
water which was heated while 100 ml of glacial acetic acid was added. Other
organic acids may also be used. A rather similar procedure is given in a Dutch
patent, 168 which claims that this binder permits the use of much lower pressures
for briquetting than those permitted by pitch binders.
Another U. S. patent 169 gives a process that calls for further additives. Twenty kg of potato starch was mixed gradually with 2.7 kg of 80 percent
acetic acid and the mixture heated to 175° C. A mixture of 2 kg of polyvinyl
acetate and 2.5 kg of 80 percent acetic acid heated to about 60° C was added to
the first mixture, and 0.6 kg of paraffin also was added. This mixture was
carefully and thoroughly mixed with 1000 kg of coal dust containing 11 percent
H2O, the temperature raised to 90° C by steam injection, and the briquets pressed
and air dried. They were resistant to outdoor storage and did not disintegrate
during burning.
-
2k
-
The use of starch in the presence of alkalis also has been applied
to making fuel briquets. A British patent 170 dealing with the making of
briquets from peat that had been treated with alkali does not, however, claim
the starch as a binder, but says that a small quantity of starch is incorporated before, during, or after the alkali treatment in amount insufficient
to act as a binder but sufficient to replace the lost colloidal substances
of the peat.
Another British patent 171 says that a binder for fuel briquets was
prepared by mixing starch, water, and an alkali such as Na2C0 3 or WaOH and
heating the mixture to 220° to 350° F to produce a heavy, viscous, sticky
fluid. A U. S. patent 172 claims the production of a material suitable for
use as an adhesive or a binding agent from potato starch, sodium chloroacetate,
and barium hydroxide.
A Belgian patent 173 specifies as a binder a product obtained by
esterifying starch at 60° to 300° C with 1 to 20 percent of an inorganic acid
in the presence of 5 to 50 percent of urea and treating it with 5 to 50 percent
of an aldehyde at a pH of 6 to 9« Curing may be done at 20° to 200° C.
174 describes the preparation of a binder for various
materials. Five hundred parts by volume of a 40 percent solution of formaldehyde was diluted with an equal volume of water containing 20 parts by volume
of 80 percent acetic acid; 500 parts by weight of potato starch was suspended
therein and the mixture maintained at room temperature several hours prior to
use.
A
U. S. patent
STYRENE POLYMERS
A German patent already cited 45 (see Glycerol) mentions the use of
polystyrene.
A copolymer of styrene and linseed oil is described in another
German patent 175 as a suitable binder for coating formulations. A mixture of
900 g of styrene, l8 g of di-tertiary butyl peroxide, and 1.8 g of sulfurized
dipentene was added over a period of 2 hours to 1100 g of stirred linseed oil
at l80° to 200° C.
The sulfurized dipentene was obtained by heating 100 g of
dipentene and 5 g of sulfur at 150° to 250° C.
SULFITE LIQUOR
The reclamation of dust from the abrasion of lignite briquets is
the subject of an East German patent. 176 The dust was mixed with 2 to 5 percent sulfite waste liquor (31° Be) at 50° C and processed on a conventional
extruder. The resulting briquets had strengths up to 80 kg/sq cm.
Low-temperature carbonization of coal briquets for which h to 6
percent of beech wood sulfite liquor or 1.9 to 3 percent cassava flour was
used as the binder has been described. 177
A Russian patent 178 on the briquetting of coal describes a binder
consisting of sulfite liquor and 3 to 5 percent of oxidized petrolatum, and
a German patent 179 claims the use of sulfite liquors added to the fuel before
- 25 -
or simultaneously with a tar-pitch melt to give briquets that may be rendered
weather- re si st ant by heating at 150° to 200° C.
TAR
Tars of various kinds, like bitumens and pitches, find many applications as binders. Often there is no clear-cut distinction between these materials.
In one study, a horizontal retort tar was brushed on various test
pieces of rock. After an hour these were immersed in Na2 C0 solutions of known
3
concentrations. The concentration of Na2 C0 3 required to strip the tar from the
test piece in 24 hours at room temperature was a measure of the adhesion. The
following qualitative estimates of adhesion to each rock type are given: orthoclase - bad; hornblende - bad; biotite - poor; quartz - poor; labradorite poor; augite - good; Olivine - excellent.
Low- temperature tars from peat and brown coal generators, low in aromatic s content, were blown with oxygen at 200° C for 2 to 7 hours to raise the
softening points; when used in amounts up to 7 percent of the dry fuel they
were satisfactory binders for briquetting bituminous and anthracitic coal
fines. 181
A wide variety of tars and tar mixtures was studied in a search for
binders for anthracite fines. 182 These included petroleum residues, hydrogenation residues, coal tar, generator tar, wood tar, and others; over 100 experiments were carried out.
A German patent 183 describes the modification of tar by heating
it to
150° to 350° C with oxygen-producing substances that leave no undesirable impurities, e.g., (M 4 )2S20 8 (ammonium peroxydi sulfate) or activated carbon, prior
to use as a binder for coal. This treatment is claimed to increase the content
of pyridine- and benzene-soluble components and thus increase the adhesive power
of the tar.
A review of the physical and chemical properties of tars and pitches
and their effects on binder performance has been published. 184
A study of the effects of water in tar binders has shown that binder
consumption may be reduced by determining the optimum water content, by lowering
the surface tension of the water by adding such agents as benzyl alcohol or
soap, and by using water-tar emulsions. 185
A Japanese patent 186 claims good binding properties (for fuel briquets)
for a binder consisting of an emulsion of 50 percent of a mixture of 1 part
minus 60 mesh coal and h parts coal tar heated 2 hours at 300° C, 15 percent
coal tar, 8 percent 30° Be' waste pulp liquor, and 27 percent water, mixed and
applied at 90° C.
Tar mixtures, useful in binding rock aggregate such as that used in
road building, are specified in a French patent 187 as 40 to U5 parts of tar and
60 to 45 parts of a 300° to 36O C anthracene oil fraction.
-
26
-
Lime-treated tars are used in making binders for road surfacing
materials and for briquetting some coals, and a study of the physical changes
that accompany the addition of the lime has been published. 188 Making calcium
carbide briquets with 20 to 23 percent of a binder containing U5 percent coal
tar and 55 percent coal tar pitch is more satisfactory than using pitch alone.189
The use of wood tar from wood chemical plants as a binder for making
charcoal briquets has been described. 130 The charcoal and wood tar were ground
together, heated to 110° to 120° C, pressed at 65 to 300 kg/sq cm, and baked at
^20° to 450° C for 35 to h0 minutes.
TARTRATES
In using chromium compounds in the binding of dead-burned magnesite,
a strong, dense, crack-free mass is obtained by adding 0.25 to 2.5 percent of
an alkali metal tartrate and firing the mixture at 2800° to 2910° F.
(See
also Chromium Compounds under Inorganic Binders, and reference 16.)
UREA- FORMALDEHYDE RESINS
Modified urea- formaldehyde or phenol- formaldehyde resins with improved bonding strength characteristics are produced by making a precondensate
with a predetermined methylol content and treating it with a mixture of furfural and furfuryl alcohol in the monomeric or semipolymerized state. 191 The
viscous resin so obtained is useful in making abrasive articles.
VINYL POLYMERS (See also Glycerol, reference ^5; Glycol Ester Derivatives,
reference 108.)
192 deals with the use of latex materials for binding
abrasives. These latexes were made by the emulsion polymerization of a vinyl
chloride- vinylidene chloride mixture, or a styrene-butadiene mixture. One
latex, for example, contained 75 percent vinyl chloride and 25 percent vinylidene chloride. The latex was added to the grit, such as SiC, mixed, and the
water evaporated to leave free-flowing granules that were then placed in molds,
pressed, and heated at 600° C for J>6 hours to form the abrasive articles.
A
U.
S. patent
A French patent 193 specifies the bonding of abrasives with one or
more polymerized vinyl compounds that contain sufficient OH groups to be
soluble or dispersible in water. This may be a polyvinyl alcohol, a partly
hydrolyzed polyvinyl compound, or a polymerized vinyl ester of a hydroxy acid.
ZAHLIT
Zahlit-D is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
gravity about 1 and Engler viscosity of 1300° at
It is used, according to a Belgian patent, 194 as
for mica and asbestos to form insulators, or for
for radiation protection.
fraction with a specific
50° C and 12.5° at 125° C.
a binder for mineral fibers,
lead salts to form bricks
27
REFERENCES
(Abbreviations of publications in these references are those
used in Chemical Abstracts .)
1.
Bugosh, John.
Articles coated with fibrous boehmite.
Dec.
3,013,901,
19, 1961; C. A. 56, 10419h.
2.
Anon.
Theory of binder action and film formation. Baymal colloidal
alumina. E. I. du Pont d.e Nemours and Co., Industrial and Biochemical
Dept., Wilmington, Del. [Not dated but presumably issued about 1961.—
G. R. Y.]
3.
Levai, Marcel.
A crystal- like binding material of relatively great
hardness. Hungarian patent 135,524, Apr. 25, 1949; C. A. 45, 4854h.
4.
Pechiney-Compagnie de produits chimiques et electrometallurgiques.
Binder for aluminum nitride. French patent 1,223,202, June 15, 1960;
C. A. 55, 19180c.
5.
Sheets, H. D., Bulloff, J. J., and Duckworth, W. H.
Phosphate bonding of
refractory compositions. Brick and Clay Record, v. 133, no. 1, p. 55-57
(1958); Refractories J., v. 34, p. 402-406 (1958); C. A. 52, 15865f.
6.
Zeolitic molecular sieves. German
Mitchell, W. J., and Moore, W. F.
patent 1,055,515, Apr. 23, 1959 (to Union Carbide Corp.); C. A. 55, 10749f.
7.
Lyubomudrov, V. N.
Use of borate glass as bonding material for abrasive
disks. Abrazivy, 1953, no. 6, p. 3-9; C. A. 49, 6561i.
8.
Boron aluminate as a bond in abrasives.
Lyubomudrov, V. N.
Nauk S.S.S.R., v. 66, p. 89-90 (1949); C. A. 43, 6801i.
9.
Agglomerated granular material.
Compagnie des meules Norton (Soc. Anon.).
4
French patent 817,978, Sept. 15, 1937; C. A. 32, 2308 .
10.
U. S. patent
Dokl. Akad.
Chromium-calcium compounds and their binding properties.
Vasenin, F. I.
3
Tsement, v. 5, no. 10, p. 36-33 (193^; C. A. 33, 1906
.
11.
Calcium orthogermar ate and its binding properties.
Zhuravlev, V. F.
Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., v. 59, p. _i45-1148 (1948); C. A. 42, 7186f.
12.
Abrasives with calcium oxide
Abramovici, R., Kohn, D., and Iakabfi, A.
(Bucharest), v. 9, p. 250-253 (1958)
Rev. chim.
as the binding agent.
(English summary); C. A. 54, 6073d.
13.
Refractory compositions and binding agents therefor.
Emhiser, D. E.
U. S. patent 2,793,128, May 21, 1957 (to Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.);
C. A. 51, 12461c.
-
28
-
14.
Solution and hydration of anhydrite. Anhydrite as a
Ottemann, Joachim,
binding medium. Abhandl. Geol. Landesanstalt (Berlin), no. 219, p. 1-16
(1950); C. A. 45, 2171a.
15.
Socie'te de sondages, injection, forages (Ancienne entreprise P. Bachy).
Silico-aluminous binders. French patent 817,397, Sept. 1, 1937; C. A. 32,
23 16-*.
16.
Chantler, L. W. , and Hund, W. 0.
U. S. patent 3,030,216, Apr. 17,
Organic binders for dead-burned magnesite.
1962 (to Martin-Marietta Corp.); C. A. 58,
331e.
17.
Suzuki. Hiroshige.
Effect of clay binders on the oxidation of sintered
silicon carbide bodies. Yogyo Kyokai Shi, v. 67, p. 221-226 (1959);
C. A, 54, 14615d.
18.
Manufacturing molecular sieve synthetic
Mirskii, Ya. V., and Mitrofanov, M.
zeolites in the form of microspherical powders. Dolcl. Akad, Nauk S.S.S.R.,
v. 141, p. 1155-1157 (1961); C. A. 56, 13794g.
19.
Dohmen, Heinrich.
Pelletization of fine ores.
Mar. 1, 1962; C. A. 57, 479g.
20.
Capell, R. G., Amero, R. C, and Wood, W. H.
Fuller's earth as a binder
for catalysts and absorbents *
Petroleum Refiner, v. 25, no. 2, p. 69-71
5
(1946); C. A. 40, 2595 .
21.
Kuzmick, P. L.
Binder for diamond abrasives.
Dec. 30, 1958; C. A. 53, 6570c.
22.
Anada, Naoaki.
Liquid briquet binder.
March 31; C. A. 46, 7744d.
23.
Dinas with ferruginous binder.
Kainarskii, I. S., and Dudavskii, I. E.
Ogneupory, v. 10, no. 6, p. 3-10 (1945); C. A. 42, 5637i.
24.
Fine-grained binders from coarse-grained limestone or
Willmann, Karl.
other carbonates. German patent 1,092,367, Nov. 3, 1960 (to Rhelnische
Kalksteinwerke G. m. b. H.); C. A. 55, 26386b.
25.
Volzhenskii, A. V.
Semi-plant investigations on the production of a
binding material from burnt lime and gyps'-im. Prom. Stroitel. Material.,
v. 2, no. 8, p. 37-40 (1940); C. A. 35, 3410 e .
26.
Tagaya, Masao, Nakamura, Nobuo, and Nobutr.ka, Shingo.
Dolomite hearth
lining.
Tetsu-to-Hagane, v. 36, p. 2-4 (1950); C. A. 45, 69781.
27.
Drozdov, K. S.
Magnesium bonding material.
Aug. 25, 1957; C. A. 52, 3297a.
28.
Kuznetsov, A. M., and Mikhailov, N. N.
Comparative evaluation of the
binding properties of caustic magnesite and caustic dolomite. Zhurnal
Priklad. Khim. (J. Applied Chem. U.S.S.R.), v. 20, p. 257-264 (1947);
C. A. 42, 2735e.
German patent 1,124,705,
U. S.
patent 2,866,698,
Japanese patent 1140(1950),
U.S.S.R. patent 107,129,
-
29
-
29.
Austin, L. W., and Hicks, J. C.
Refractory bonding material. U. S.
patent 2,628,915, Feb. 17, 1953 (to Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp.);
C. A. 47, 6108h.
30.
Zhuravlfiv, V. F., and Zhitomirskaya, V. I.
Binding properties of crystal
hydrates of the sulfate type. J. Applied Chem. U.S.S.R. , v. 23,
p. 115-119 (1950) (English translation); C. A. 45, 3141c.
31.
Goeddel, W. V., and Simnad, K. T.
Metal bonded carbon bodies.
U. S. patent 3,001,238, appl. Dec. 31, 1958 (to U. S. Atomic Energy
Comm.); C. A. 56, 7035i.
32.
Engel, W. J.
Bonding investigation of titanium carbide with various
elements. Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut., Tech. Note 2187, 15 p. (1950);
C. A. 45, 1931c.
33.
Mendelsohn, L. I.
Molded magnet and magnetic material. U. S. patent
2,724,174, Nov. 22, 1955 (to General Electric Co.); C. A. 50, 3678f.
34.
Cline, C. F.
Carbide-bonded graphite bodies. U. S. patent 3,007,805,
appl. Aug. 22, 1957 (to Carborundum Co.); C. A. 56, 6930b.
35.
Romanov, V. D.
Hard alloys prepared by the metal-ceramic method.
U.S.S.R. patent 82,155, Nov. 22, 1958; C. A. 53, 16910b.
36.
Societe d'etude et de relisation d'outillage diamante. Agglomeration
of diamond powder. French patent 1,243,527, Jan. 16, 1961; C. A. 55,
203 70i.
37.
Binders for abrasives.
Redfarn, C. A.
Oct. 30, 1958; C. A. 55, 4056g.
38.
Bonding materials. U. S. patent 2,702,425,
Thompson, J. S.
Feb. 22, 1955 (to Parker Rust Proof Co.); C. A. 49, 10598c.
39.
Rational methods for the neutralization of
Bruk-Le Vinson, T. L.
sulfate-containing waste pickling liquors. Materialy Soveshchaniya po
Voprosam Ochistki Prom, i Stochnykh Vod, Moscow, 1955, p. 170-175
(pub. 1957); C. A. 53, 22642h.
40.
Binder for abrasive goods.
Bendryshev, A. P., and Shapiro, A. D.
s
U.S.S.R. patent 47,897, July 31, 1936; C. A. 33, 3554 .
41.
Bonding adhesives for abrasives. U. S. patent 2,376,163,
Metzger, L. H.
3
May 15, 1945 (to Industrial Abrasive Inc.); C. A. 39, 34 12 .
42.
Dietrich, Alfred. Pellets from finely ground materials, especially ores.
German patent 969,626, July 3, 1958 (to Duis burger Kupferhutte);
German patent 1,042,451,
C. A. 54, 6492d.
43.
Chemical processes and composition.
Bechtold, M. F., and Snyder, 0. E.
U. S. patent 2,574,902, Nov. 13, 1951 (to E. I. du Pont de Nemours
and Co.); C. A, 46, 1669h.
44.
"Ludox" (colloidal silica) as a binder.
Bugosh, John.
communication, June 25, 1964.
Private
-
30
-
45.
Evers, Dietrich. Granular lead oxides. German patent 1,013,273,
Aug. 8, 1957 (to Accumulatoren-Fabrik Akt.-Ges.); C. A. 54, 8006h.
46.
Bonding of carbon bodies.
White, E. S., Singer, Norbert, and Hays, J. W.
German patent 1,077,132, Mar. 3, 1960 (to Morgan Crucible Co., Ltd.);
C. A. 55, 23955i,
47.
Sugita, Toranosuke. Molded articles of artificial graphite. Japanese
patent 173,957, Oct. 24, 1946 (to Hidachi Mfg. Co.); C. A. 46, 2207b.
48.
Granular superphosphates . German patent 863,947,
Reppert, R. L. v.
Jan. 22, 1953 (to Chemische Werke Albert); C. A. 52, 15813d.
49.
Serra, E. B,
Conglutinative agents.
1957; C. A. 51, 15900i.
50.
Iwata, Yoshimichi.
Coagulating agent for earth and sand.
patent 2285(1958), April 5; C. A. 53, 3652e.
51.
Cohen, Harry, Agglomeration of iron ores in the blast furnace.
U. S. patent 2,771,355, Nov. 20, 1956; C. A. 51, 2514i.
52.
Polle, Wilhelm.
Fuel briquets.
Spanish patent 231,624, Feb, 20,
Japanese
German patent 1,057,067, May 14, 1959;
C. A. 55, 8822h.
53.
Kerla, Hans.
Binding materials.
C. A. 53, 1666a.
54.
Klause, K.
Wollastonite bodies of high compressive strength for abrasive
wheel binders and similar purposes. Keram. Z., v. 8, p. 455-457 (1956);
C. A. 52, 8491i.
55.
Zhuravlev, V. F., and Zhitomirskaya, V. I.
Binding properties of crystal
hydrates of the sulfate type. J. Applied Chem. U.S.S.R., v. 23,
p. 237-239 (1950) (English translation); C. A. 45, 6948d.
56.
Kaufmann, Waldemar, and Buchmann, Annie,
Alginic acid binder for fuel
briquets. German patent 938,899, Feb. 9, 1956 (to Farbwerke Hoechst
A.-G. vorm. Meister Lucius und Bruning); C, A. 52, 150311.
57.
Miischenborn, Walter.
Briquetting of fine-grained substances.
patent 810,153, Aug. 6, 1951; C. A. 47, 8350b.
58.
McKee, J. H.
Solid materials consisting of aggregated solid particles.
U. S. patent 2,652,318, Sept. 15, 1953 (to C.U.R.A. Patents, Ltd.);
C. A. 48, 4196e.
59.
Nilus, S. G., and Shapiro, M. D.
Production and utilization of ASK
(anthracene -sulfur binder) (for briquets). Trudy Dnepropetr.
Khim-Tekhnol.
Inst., 1959, no. 12, pt. 1, p. 163-170; C. A. 57, 3713h.
60.
Meyerhans Konrad,
Adhesive and molding resins on the basis of Araldite.
Kunststoffe, v. 41, p. 365-373 (1951); C. A. 46, 2841h.
61.
Meyerhans, Konrad.
Araldite as a binder and as a casting resin.
Kunststoffe, v. 41, p. 457-462 (1951); C. A. 46, 3793b,
U. S. patent 2,855,318, Oct.
7,
1958;
German
,
-
31
-
62.
Bonnier, J. C, Lusinchi, J., Laly, m. , and Waes, M.
Use of petroleum
asphalt in the agglomeration of coal fines. Rev. ind. mine'rale, v. 40,
p. 581-602 (1958); C. A. 53, 4697h.
63.
Vaquin, J. C.
Agglomerating tar. French patent 1,177,202, Apr. 22,
1959 (to Compagnie de raffinage Shell-Berre) C. A. 54, 25783h.
;
64.
Gutsalyuk, V. G., Rafikov, S. R., and Bayarstanova, Zh. Zh.
Plastic
asphalt by oxidation of extracts. Izvest. Akad. Nauk Kazakh. S.S.R.,
Ser. Khim., 1959, no. 2, p. 72-78; C. A. 53, 17489d.
65.
Zvenigorodskii, G. Z., Brekhunenko, F. F., and Krokhin, V. N.
The
replacement of coal pitch in coal briquet production by the oxidized
heavy residues of processed petroleum. Voprosy Obogashch. i Briketir.
Uglei, Vsesoyuz. Nauch. Issledovatel. Ugol. Inst., Sbornik 9,
p. 111-134 (1953); C. A. 50, 6772i.
66.
Hassard, William.
Bituminous compositions.
Dec. 2, 1937; C. A. 32, 3932 6 .
British patent 476,173,
67.
Mollring, G. B. Liquid bituminous binder.
2,783,163, Feb. 26, 1957; C. A. 51, 6976c.
68.
Hemmer, Lucien.
Improving the adhesivity of bituminous compositions
such as those used for binders in road construction. U. S. patent
2,342,681, Feb. 29, 1944 (to Standard Catalytic Co.); C. A. 38, 4770 5 .
69.
Holmes, August.
Asphalt binders for moist aggregates. U. S. patent
2,375,653, May 8, 1945 (to Standard Catalytic Co.); C. A. 39, 3646 7 .
70.
Mitchell, L. J., and Sommer, H. J.
Asphalt bituminous bonding
composition. 0. S. patent 2,534,828, Dec. 19, 1950 (to Shell Development
Co.); C. A. 45, 2647a.
71.
Stable asphalt solutions suitable
Kaufler, Felix, and Schmitz, H. P.
for use in coating, binding, or impregnating various materials.
U. S. patent 2,102,957, Dec. 21, 1937; C. A. 32, 1445 5 .
72.
Practical and theoretical basis of the problem of
Dimitriu, Mikail.
adhesion of bituminous binders to mineral aggregates, Inst. geol.
Romaniei, Studii tech. econ., ser. B, no. 25, 149 p. (1946) (French
summary); C. A. 42, 8438a.
73.
Briquets with petroleum residues
Zakar, Pal, and Toth, Joseph.
(bitumens) as binders. Brennstoff-Chem. , v. 39, p. 373-379 (1959);
C. A. 53, 5633i.
74.
Petroleum bitumen for briquet ting.
Zakar, Pal, and Mozes, Gyula.
Bitumen, Teere, Asphalte, Peche, v. 9, p. 275-280 (1958); C. A. 53,
1693h.
75.
Bitumen for
Siegl, Adolf, Eisenhut, Franz, and Gobiet, Viktor.
briquetting of ores. German patent 1,032,547, June 19, 1958 (to
Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks A.-G.); C. A. 54, 17222g.
U. S. patents 2,783,162 and
-
32
-
76.
A study of shale bitumens as bonding agents in the
Popov, V. L.
briquetting of coals. Trudy Inst. Goryuch. Iskopaem., Akad. Nauk
S.S.S.R., v. 12, p. 115-123 (1961); C. A. 55, 20387d.
77.
Khotuntsev, L. L. Popov, V. L. and Volkov, G. M.
New kind of binders
v. 35, no. 4, p. 51-55 (i960);
for briquetting of coal fines.
Ugol
C. A. 55, 3036a.
,
,
1
,
78.
Levin, I. S., Gurevich, B. S., and Zvenigorodskii, G. Z.
Use of
bitumen-water emulsions in the briquetting of coal fines. Trudy Gos.
Proektno-Konstrukt. Nauchn.-Issled. Inst, po Obogashch. i Briketir.
Uglei, 1961, no. 16, p. 62-69; C. A. 57, 11463h.
79.
Quick-breaking bituminous emulsions having increased
Mertens, E, W.
adhesion to mineral aggregates. U. S. patent 2,862,831, Dec. 2, 1958
(to California Research Corp.); C. A. 53, 5634b.
80.
Mertens, E. W. , and McCoy, P. E.
Quick-breaking bituminous emulsions.
U. S. patent 2,862,830, Dec. 2, 1958 (to California Research Corp.);
C. A. 53, 5633d.
81.
Boneysteele, P. L. , and McKercher, M. L.
Bituminous emulsions suitable
for use as coatings, binders, etc.
U. S, patent 2,135,866, Nov. 8,
1938; C. A. 33, 1468 2 .
82.
Covering mineral aggregates with bituminous
Woodall-Duckham (1920) Ltd.
binders. French patent 850,907, Dec. 29, 1939; C. A. 36, 2111 9
.
83.
Ariano, Raffaele.
Adhesion of bitumen to rock materials. Ricerche
e studi ist. sper. stradale C.T.I, e R.A.C.I., v. 5, p. 111-121 (1941);
C. A. 42, 734b.
84.
Improving the adhesion of bituminous and other hydroLhorty, M. L.
carbon binders, German patent 1,103,223, appl. Feb. 15, 1955 (to
Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij N. V.); C. A. 56, 6265e.
85.
Improving the adherence of bitumen.
Holmes, August, and Hemmer, Lucien.
French patent 847,829, Oct. 17, 1939 (to Standard franchise des pe'troles);
C. A. 35, 6029 3 .
86.
Binders of improved adhesiveness.
Hemmer, Lucien, and Jouandet, C.
French patent 1,007,202, May 5, 1952 (to Standard franchise des pe'troles);
C. A. 51, 10893g.
87.
Hemmer, Lucien, Flavigny, R., and Leveuf, M.
Binders of improved
adhesiveness. French patent 1,007,203, May 5, 1952 (to Standard
franqaise des pe'troles); C. A. 51, 10893h.
88.
Friedrich, Paul.
Binder for briquetting coal and coke.
732,413, Feb. 4, 1943; C. A. 38, 852 7 .
89.
Klimkova, A. F.
High-melting bituminous compositions,
Borba s Nei, 1940, no. 3, p. 44-50; C. A. 37, 423 1 .
German patent
Korroziya
i
-sago.
Havestadt, Ludwig.
Bitumens and bituminous binders for building
materials. German patent 1,071,569, appl. Nov. 12, 1956 (to Th.
Goldsmidt A.-G.); C. A. 56, 6267c.
91.
Hemmer, Lucien.
Adhesive bitumens. French patent 826,788,
Apr. 8, 1938 (to Standard francaise des pe'troles); C. A. 32, 8131 1 .
92.
Binding material suitable for uniform slow setting.
Halbach, Karl.
U. S. patent 2,210,367, Aug. 6, 1940; C. A. 35, 296 4 .
93.
Shea, F. L. , Jr., and Juel, L, H.
Use of organic nitro compounds in
binders for making carbon bodies. U. S. patent 2,527,596 (to Great
Lakes Carbon Corp.); C. A. 45, 336d.
94.
Havestadt, Ludwig, and Arens, Hugo.
Improvement of adhesiveness of
bituminous binding agents and coating compounds. German patent 800,685,
Nov. 27, 1950 (to Th. Goldschmidfc A.-G., Chemische Fabrieken); C. A. 45,
3142e.
95.
Abrasive
Woodell, C. C. Van Nimwegen, Garrett, and Hager, E. T.
article. U. S. patent 2,577,060, Dec. 4, 1961 (to Carborundum Co.);
C. A. 46, 2260a.
96.
Insoluble layers from carbohydrates.
Lolkema, Jan, and Kool, C. M. H.
U. S. patent 2,541,773, Feb. 13, 1951 (to N. V. W. A. Scholten's
Chemische Fabrieken); C. A. 45, 4954c.
97.
Carubin and Guaran as binders and thickeners.
Lukaszczyk, A.
Tex til -Rundschau, v. 15, p. 130-134 (1960); C. A. 54, 13701a.
98.
Cement for abrasives.
Petrovich, G. G.
Oct. 31, 1947; C. A. 43, 9408h.
99.
Binding agents, German
Mayer, Erwin, and Bolin, E. A. F.
patent 928,725, June 10, 1955 (to Uddeholms Aktiebolag); C. A. 52, 5888b.
,
U.S.S.R. patent 69,412,
100.
Binder for solid particles. U. S.
Dryden, I. G. C, and McKee, J. H.
patent 2,652,354, Sept. 15, 1953 (to C.U.R.A. Patents, Ltd.); C. A. 48,
4196g.
101.
Binder,
Taits, E. M. , Bronovets T. M. , and Andreeva, I. A.
Oct. 11, 1962;
patent
150,483,
especially for briquetting coal. U.S.S.R.
C. A. 58, 8825b.
102.
Air-setting binders for foundry sand.
Reichhold Chemie A.-G.
patent 911,173, Nov. 21, 1962; C. A. 58, 3190d.
103
.
,
British
Curing epoxyesters with polycyclic aromatic amines.
Pietsch, Helmut.
m. b. H.);
German patent 1,070,372, Dec. 3, 1959 (to Henkel and Cie., G.
C. A. 55, 10967g.
104.
Adhesives for abrasives. German patent 1,135,168,
Doenhoff, Carl v.
Aug. 23, 1962 (to The Carborundum Co.); C. A. 58, 638e.
105.
Dec. 29, 1959
Bonding composition. U. S. patent 2,919,255,
Hart, D. P.
12615h.
(to Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.); C. A. 54,
-
34
-
106,
Treat, L. H., and Shaffer, R. C«
Aqueous she 11 -molding compositions for
acid,
metals from maleic
furfuryl alcohol, and urea, U, S, patent
2,999,829, appl. June 25, 1954; C. A. 56, 596g.
107.
Lesser, M. A,
Glycerol in ceramics and enamels,
300-302
C. A. 42, 8434e.
(1947);
p.
108,
Robie, N. P., and Mahlman, 0. L,
Abrasive articles. U. S. patent
2,369,689, Feb. 20, 1945 (to The Carborundum Co.); C. A. 40, 694 3 .
109.
Zhikharev, S. A.
Binders for coal briquet3.
Apr. 30, 1945; C. A. 40, 5228 2 .
1X0.
Volkov, G. M.
The role of humic acids in the briquetting of solid
fuels.
laves t. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Otdel Tekh. Nauk, Met. i Toplivo,
1959, no. 4, p. 251-253; C. A. 55, 16957e.
111,
Badische Anilin and Soda Fabrik.
(Trihydroxyalkyl)dialkylenetriamines,
their hydrohalide salts, and condensation products. British patent
680,688, Oct. 8, 1952; C. A. 49, 2486h.
112.
Benko, Joseph,
Measurement of the relative molecular weight of
lignosulfonates by diffusion.
III,
The effect of molecular size on
surface -active and other properties of lignosulfonates, Tappi, v. 44,
p. 849-854 (1961); C, A. 56, 13133b.
113.
Kovats Lajos.
Binder for coal briquets.
Sept. 1, 1939; C. A. 34, 1466".
114,
Carbofor.
115*
Coal
Carabasse, Joseph, Choquereau, Hector, and Chaix, Raymond.
briquets. French patent 1,177,359, Apr. 23, 1959 (to Houilleres du
Bassin-du-Nord et du Pas-de-Calais); C. A, 55, 949c.
116.
Yamada, Keihiko.
Molded products from high-density carbon and graphite.
Japanese patent 3959(1961) (to Tokai Electrode Mfg. Co., Ltd.);
C. A. 56, 3746i.
117.
Abrasive bodies. U. S, patent
Hessel, F. A., and Rust, J. B.
2,559,122, July 3, 1951 (to Montclair Research Corp.); C. A. 45, 8733a.
118.
Binding material.
Gel'ts, Vo E., and Adamskaya, R, I.
A.
patent 110,491, June 25, 1958; C.
52, 14225c.
119.
Hydrocarbon binder.
Vichnevetzky, Leon, and Manson, Izak.
patent 843,063, June 26, 1939; C. A. 34, 6390 9 .
120.
Petroleum pitch
Champagnat, Alfred, Mo let, Louis, and Stern, Robert.
for coal-briquet manufacture^
British patent 876,191, appl. Feb. 29,
1960 (to British Petroleum Co., Ltd.); C. A. 56, 5028b.
121.
Dunkel, W. L, McAteer, J, H., and Stewart, Joseph,
Binders for carbon
electrodes from petroleum, U, S. patent 2,772,219, Nov. 27, 1956 (to
Esso Research and Eng, Co.); C» A. 51, 4690h.
,
Cement for wood charcoal.
1941; C. A. 42, 6092b.
,
Ceram, Age, v, 49,
U.3.S.R. patent 64,461,
Hungarian patent 121,424,
French patent 861,930, Feb. 21,
U.S.S.R,
French
-
122.
35
Laboure, Maurice, and Malzac, Albert.
Carbonaceous binders for
solid fuels. French patent 1,000,699, Feb. 14, 1952; C.
A. 51
3117e.
'
/
•
123.
Societe industrielle de produits chimiques. Bituminous binders.
patent 1,002,247, Mar. 4, 1952; C. A. 51, 4606i.
124.
Onozawa, Tstsugoro.
Molding agent for solid fuel.
3680, May 19, 1956; C. A. 51, 10875f.
125.
Evans, J. I.
Coal briquets. British patent 881,878, appl. Mar. 18,
1959 (to Monsanto Chemicals, Ltd.); C. A. 56, 7620i.
126.
Webber, C. S.
Adhesives for coated abrasives.
Mar. 3, 1959 (to Norton Co.); C. A. 53, 10852g.
127.
Aktiebolaget Hoganasmetoder.
Modified resin binders for siliceous
materials. British patent 876,033, appl. Oct. 1, 1958; C. A. 56, 4974i.
128.
Kazakova, K. S., Brodskii, G. Sh., and Rabits, S. M. Abrasives.
U.S.S.R. patent 123,056, Oct. 10, 1959; C. A. 54, 8024c.
129.
Crowley, H. L.
Binder for agglomeration of finely divided materials.
U. S. patent 2,775,566, Dec. 25, 1956 (to Aerovox); C. A. 51, 4606h.
130.
Redfarn, C. A.
Abrasive articles,
July 28, 1959; C. A. 53, 20742d.
131.
Parkes, D. W. Tar binders.
British patent 538,308, July 29, 1941
(to Midland Tar Distillers, Ltd.); C. A. 36, 1470 5 .
132.
Stepanenko, M. A., Matusyak, N. I., and Gogoleva, T. Ya. Pitch
distillate as a bonding material for briquetting coal. Koks i Khim.,
1957, no. 1, p. 32-35; C. A. 51, 8408e.
133.
Eisenhut, Franz, Gobiet, Viktor, and Siegl, Adolf.
Binders for
briquetting coal. German patent 957,753, Feb. 7, 1957 (to
Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks Akt.-Ges.); C. A. 53, 1071Qf.
134.
Eisenhut, Franz, Gobiet, Viktor, and Siegl, Adolf. Binders for
briquetting coal. German patent 958,554, Feb. 21, 1957 (to
Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks Akt.-Ges.); C. A. 53, 107l0g.
135.
Binder for
Eisenhut, Franz, Gobiet, Viktor, and Siegl, Adolf.
briquetting solid fuels. German patent 1,011,851, July 11, 1957 (to
Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks Akt.-Ges.); C. A. 54, 8036g.
136.
Eisenberg, Albrecht, Eisenhut, Franz, Gobiet, Viktor, and Siegl,
Adolf.
Tar-pitch melts as binders. German patent 1,025,829,
Mar. 13, 1958 (to Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks Akt.-Ges.); C. A. 54,
11445h.
137.
Binder dispersion
Eisenhut, Franz, Gobiet, Viktor, and Siegl, Adolf.
for the briquetting of fuels. German patent 1,007,736, May 9, 1957
(to Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks Akt.-Ges.); C. A. 54, 9257e.
U.
S.
French
Japanese patent
U. S. patent 2,876,087,
patent 2,897,074,
-
36
-
138.
Tcarev, M. N. , Shpakhler, A. G., Korchagin, L. V., Pluzhnik, V. I.,
Zel'din, B. B. , and Bul'shtein, B. M.
Pitch and pitch distillates as
binding agents for briquetting coal fines. Koks i Khim., 1959, no. 9,
p. 45-49; C. A. 54, 7107i.
139.
Golovanov, N. G.
Coal-tar residues as binders in the briquetting of
coal fines. Trudy Nauch.-Issledovatel.
Inst. Mestn, i Toplivn. Prom.,
1958, no. 12, p. 108-116; C. A. 55, 5913g.
140.
Brandes, C E. Briquets.
C. A. 46, 8832e.
141.
Wiszmiowski, Kazimierz.
Pitch for briquetting. Koks, Sraola, Gaz,
v. 2, p. 77-81 (1957) (English summary); C. A. 51, 18552i.
142.
Frishmelt, Erich.
Microscopic observation of pitch in hard-coal
briquets.
Brennstoff-Chem. , v. 38, p. 97-102 (1957); C. A. 51, 10029h.
143.
McNeil, D. , and Wood, L. J.
Coal-tar pitch as an electrode binder.
Ind. Carbon and Graphite Papers Conf., London, 1957, p. 162-172
(pub, 1958); C. A. 53, 10709b „
144.
Effective components as binding material for carbon
Tadenuma, Hachiro.
powder in coal-tar pitch, J. Chem. Soc. Japan, Ind. Chem. Sec, v. 56,
p. 516-519 (1953); C. A. 48, 11759c.
145.
Electrode pitch.
Croy, Friedrich.
1958; C. A. 53, 7563a.
146.
Marukawa, Hideo,
German patent 807,275, Sept. 10, 1951;
Briquet binder.
U. S. patent 2,864,760, Dec.
15,
Japanese patent 177,015, Nov, 26,
1948; C. A. 45, 5392f.
147.
Dolkart, F. Z.
The properties of refractories of calcined dolomite
with a pitch binder. Ogneupory, v. 26, p. 329-335 (1961); C. A. 55,
27825g.
148.
Gemmi, Angiolo.
Bonding carbon- or graphite -molded bodies together or
with metal parts, German patent 1,107,578, appl. Nov. 21, 1958 (to
Elettrocarbonium S. p. A. Mailand); C. A. 56, 7620h.
149.
Binders from coal tar pitch.
Bauerfeld, Franz, and Richter, Friedrich.
German patent 968,357, Feb. 6, 1958 (to Gesell, fur Teerverwertung
m. b. H.); C. A. 54, 9259f.
150.
Rodman, Hugh, Jr.
Activated carbon. U. S. patent 2,648,637, Aug. 11,
1953 (to Rodman Chemical Co.); C. A. 47, 10828c.
151.
Grosskinsky, Otto, Meyer, Hermann, and Umbach, Helmut. Briquets.
German patent 807,513, June 28, 1951 (to Bergwerksverband zur
Verwertung von Schutzrechten der Kohlentechnik G. m. b. H.);
C. A. 46, 8832e.
152.
Matsunami, Hidetoshi.
Binder for solid fuel.
6138(1954), Sept. 25; C. A. 50, 555a.
Japanese patent
-
37
-
—
153.
Swift, A. M.
Polyacrylamide
a new synthetic water-soluble gum.
Tappi, v. 40, no. 9, p. 224A-227A (1957); C. A. 52, 6837f.
154.
Morton, J. S.
Abrasive compositions. U. S. patent 2,980,524, Apr. 18,
1961 (Engis Equipment Co.); C. A. 55, 27836h.
155.
Hatte, P. L. M.
Magnetic cores.
1952; C. A. 51, 6912f.
156.
Silver, R. P.
Polyester resins in aqueous solutions. U. S. patent
2,884,394, Apr. 28, 1959 (to Hercules Powder Co.); C. A. 53, 136621.
157.
Stamicarbon N. V.
Fuel briquets.
Feb. 20, 1959; C. A. 56, 1692h.
158.
Reuter, F. G.
Elastic binders for abrasive articles. German patent
1,010,732, June 19, 1957 (to Lemfb'rder Metallwaren G. m. b. H.);
C. A. 53, 22816a,
159.
Ford, J. G.
Bonding composition for magnetic metal. U. S. patent
2,372,074, Mar. 20, 1945 (to Westinghouse Electric Corp.); C. A. 39,
5562 3 .
160.
Ariano, Raffaele.
Binder from prickly pears. Ricerche e studl ist.
sper. stradale C.T.I, e R.A.C.I. v. 6, p. 18-19 (1942); C. A. 42,
French patent 1,003,831, Mar. 24,
Netherlands patent 99,175, appl.
,
734c.
161.
Dehler, H.
Strength and economy of compacted magnets having a
synthetic binder. Elektrotech. Z. v. 65, p. 93-95 (1944); C. A. 41,
6179h.
,
162.
Binder for cementing fuel
Kurth, Herbert, and Oelenheinz, Theodor.
briquets. German patent 718,469, Feb. 19, 1942; C. A. 38, 24782 .
163.
Water-resistant
Wille, Hans, Jellinek, Karl, and Stanke, Helmut.
binders for abrasives. German patent 1,116,392, appl. Dec. 7, 1957
(to Gesellschaft fur Teerverwertung m. b. H.); C. A. 56, 4392b.
164.
Fuel briquets.
Gadolla, Eugen, and Pruscha, Hans.
179,771, Oct. 11, 1954; C. A. 48, 14164h.
165.
Utilization of shales in
Zvenigorodskii, G. Z., and Antonova, T. N.
coal briquetting.
Sbornik Inform, po Gbogashch. i Briketir. Uglei, 1957,
no. 3, p. 23-28; C. A. 55, 4921g.
166.
Shellac -bonded abrasive
Goepfert, G. J., and Spilsbury, W. A.
articles. U. S. patent 2,709,647, May 31, 1955 (to Carborundum Co.);
C. A. 49, 14290e.
167.
Air hardening material from starch and cellulose
Dohmen, Heinrich.
ethers.
U. S. patent 2,835,610, May 20, 1958 (to N. V. Eldeka);
C. A. 52, 19199c.
168.
Briko
Binder for fuel briquets.
N. V.
1961; C. A. 55, 20393h.
Austrian patent
Dutch patent 97,828, May 15,
-
38
-
Briquet binder. U. S. patent 2,890,945, June 16,
Heinrich.
1959 (to N. V. Briko); C. A. 53, 22342b.
169.
Dohraen,
170.
Binders for aggregates such as fuel briquets.
Squire, L. R. L.
British patent 502,619, Mar. 22, 1939; C. A. 33, 7994 6 .
171.
Erickson, J. A.
Solid fuel briquets.
1944; C. A. 40, 5549
1
British patent 566,001, Dec. 8,
.
172.
Mo'ller, F. A., and Lolkema, Jan 4
173.
Moes, G., and Zijderveld, A. H„
Application of a water-insoluble layer
on a support.
Belgian patent 613,242, Feb. 15, 1962 (to N. V. W. A.
Scholten's Chemische Fabrieken); C, A. 53, 1625b.
174.
Starch solutions. U. S. patent
Lolkema, Jan, and van der Meer, W, A.
2,575,423, Nov. 20, 1961 (to N. V. W. A. Scholten's Chemische
Fabrieken); C. A. 46, 2324d.
175.
Weithbner, Richard, and Brockhausen, Karl,
Preparing copolymers of a
vinyl monomer of the styrene group and drying or semi-drying oil.
German patent 929,448, June 27, 1955 (to Glasurit-Werke, M. Winkelmann
A.-G.); G« A. 52, 6849d.
176.
Bartke, W.tlhelm. Briquetting the dust of lignite briquets by means of
sulfite waste liquor as a binder. East German patent 18,372, Apr. 1,
1960; C. A. 55, 10852f.
177*
Low -temperature carbonization of coal
Ledent, P., and Marcourt, M.
Inst,
briquets containing sulfite liquor or cassava flour as binder.
natl. ind. charbonniere, Bull. tech. Houille et derives, no. 20,
p. 579-588 (1960); C. A. 55, 2059d.
178.
Reznik, L. Ya.
Binder for briquetting small coal.
93,879, July 20, 1962; C. A. 58, 2300g.
179.
Eisenhut, Franz, Gobiet, Viktor, and Siegl, Adolf. Binders for briquets.
German patent 1,017,592, Oct. 17, 1957 (to Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks
Akt.-Ges.); C. A. 54, 11445tu
180.
Douglas, J. F.
Adhesion between binders and individual rock-forming
minerals. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., v. 65, p. 377-379 (1946); C. A. 41,
2S71a.
181.
Levin, I. S., and Kharlampovich, G. D.
New types of bonding agents
for briquetting fuels.
Ugol 1 , v. 37, no. 9, p. 48-52 (1962); C. A. 58,
384c.
182.
Nyvlt, N.
Substitute binders for briquets from anthracite powder.
Paliva, v. 37, p. 375-380 (1957); C. A. 52, 8505e.
J83.
Lahr, Georg.
Oxidizing additions to binder agents for coal briquets.
German patent 967,066, Sept. 26, 1957 (to Vereinigte Aluminum -We rke
Akt.-Ges.); C. A. 54, 6093i.
Starch compositions capable of
forming water-soluble derivatives. U. S. patent 2,451,686, Oct. 19,
1948 (N. V. W. A. 'Scholten's Chemiache Fabrieken); C. A. 43, 1590d.
U.S.S.R. patent
-
39
-
184.
Gandusio, G. and Strocchi, P. M. Tar and pitch as binders.
combustibili, v. 12, p. 562-580 (1958); C. A. 53, 4712g.
185.
Nadziakiewicz, J., and Rulikowski, G.
Ways of reducing the
consumption of binding materials in the briquetting of semi coke
Smola, Gaz, v. 3, no. 5, p. 180-184 (1958); C. A. 55, 20601.
,
Riv.
.
Koks
186.
Wataru, Shinjiro, and Yuiki, Nakaharu.
Binders for fuel briquets.
Japanese patent 2479(1958), Apr. 10 (to Bureau of Industrial Technics);
C. A. 53, 3665h.
187.
Adhesive binder.
Lacau, R. J.
C. A. 51, 9132e.
188.
Physicochemical study of the action of lime on coal tar.
Sarkar, A. K.
Kolloid Z., v. 132, p. 24-30 (1953)(in English); C. A. 48, 346f.
189.
Obtaining compressed calcium carbide from carbide dust.
Shvarts, I. D.
J. Chem. Ind. (U.S.S.R.), v. 18, no. 7, p. 17-23 (1941); C. A. 38,
5
2473 .
190.
Wood tar as adhesive
Uvarov, I. P., Gordon, L. V., and Gusakov, V. N.
for charcoal briquets, Gidroliz. i Lesokhim. Prom., v. 10, no. 4,
p. 10-11 (1957); C. A. 51, 15123a.
191.
Bonding agents for abrasive articles.
Nagarajan, V., and Thampy, R. T.
Research Ind. (New Delhi), v. 6, p. 311-313 (1961); C. A. 56, 2570i.
192.
Binders for abrasives. U. S. patent 2,965,464,
Rupprecht, W. E. F.
Dec. 20, 1960 (to Dow Chemical Co.); C. A. 55, 11795b.
193*
The Carborundum Co.
C. A. 32, 1890*.
194,
Binder for powdered, granular, or fibrous substances.
Sauvage, E. J. A.
Belgian patent 558,266, June 29, 1957; C. A. 53, 22620a.
195.
Finger, G. C, , Risser, H. E., and Bradbury, J. C.
Illinois Geol. Surv. Circ. 296, p. 26 (1960).
Abrasives.
French patent 1,006,740, Apr. 28, 1952;
French patent 815,704, July 21, 1937;
Illinois fluorspar.
-
1+0
-
INDEX
Abrasives
4,5,6,7,8,10,11)- ,15,
16,1TA9,21,22,23,26
6
Absorbents
20
Absorption oils
Acetaldehyde
18,22
Acetic acid
l8,2J,2U
Acetone
9
Acids, aromatic
15
Acids, hydroxy
17,26
Ik
Acids, naphthenic
16
Acids, polybasic unsaturated
21
Acrylamide, polyl6
Acrylic acid
Activated carbon (See carbon,
activated)
Adhesion
12,25
Aggregates, mineral or rock
12,
13,1^25
10
Alcohols, polyhydric
2k
Aldehydes
11
Alginic acid
Alkali cellulose (See cellulose,
alkali)
Alkoxy silicons
1^,17
Alkyl sulfates
13
Alloys
7
Alnico
7
20
Alpha component
Alumina (See also aluminum
oxide, boehmite, corundum) 3,
if, 5,8,22
8
Alumina cement
Aluminates
3
Aluminum
3,7
k
Aluminum borate
16
Aluminum humate
Aluminum hydroxide
5
16
Aluminum ion
Aluminum nitride
3
Aluminum oxide (See also
alumina, boehmite)
4,8, 18
Aluminum phosphate
k
Aluminum sulfate
18
15,
Amides
13
Amides, poly15,22
Amines
k, 11,13,14,15
.
.
Amine s , hydroxy16
Ammonia
9,18
Ammonium acetate
18
Ammonium chloride
8,16
k
Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium humate
16
Ammonium hydroxide
16,18
Ammonium ion
16
Ammonium peroxydi sulfate
25
Anhydrite (See calcium sulfate)
Anthracene
11,19,20
Anthracene oil
11,19,21,25
Anthracite (See coal, anthracite)
Antimony aluminate
3
Araldite
11
Argon
9
Aromatic acids (See acids, aromatic )
Asbestos
3,5,26
Ash, fly
Asphalt
Asphaltite
Attapulgite
Augite
11
11,12
Ik
k
25
2k
Barium hydroxide
Baymal
3
Benzene sulfonyl chloride, nitro-
21
Benzidine
15
Benzoyl peroxide
16
Benzyl alcohol
25
Beryllium
7
k
Beryllium oxide
Beta component
20
Biotite
25
Bis ( 2 - chloroethyl) formal polysulfide (See sulfides, poly-^
2,2-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-allylphenyl)propane (See phenol, 4,4'-isopropylidenebis -2- allyl-)
Bitumens (See also pyrobitumens)
11,12,13,1^,16,17, 18
Bitumen, shale
23
Boehmite
3
41
Boleka oil (See oil, Boleka)
Borate glass (See glass,
borate)
Boric acid
8,19,22
Boron
7
Boron aluminate
4
Boron carbide
4,7
Boron oxide, B 2 3
4 ,8
Borosilicates
4
Bricks, fire
^,5,6
Bricks, lead- containing
26
Briquets, fuel
6,10,11,12,13,
15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,
25,26
Brown coal (See coal, brown)
1,3-Butadiene
14,22,26
1,4-Butanediol
22
22
Butene
24
tert -Butyl peroxide
Butyl stearate
19
Calcium aluminate
5
26
Calcium carbide
Calcium carbonate (See also
8
limestone)
Calcium chloride
9
4
Calcium chromite
Calcium fluoride
4,9
4
Calcium germanate
16
Calcium humate
Calcium hydroxide
6,15
16
Calcium ion
Calcium oxide (See also lime) 4,
5,6,14
14
Calcium phenolates
Calcium phosphate (See superphosphates)
Calcium silicate (See wollastonite)
Calcium stearate
19
Calcium sulfate (See also
gypsum)
5,8
Carbides (See also names of
various metals)
7,9
Carbohydrates (See also cellulose) galactose) molasses;
polysaccharides; starch;
14 , 18
sugar
Carbon
9, 14, 17, 18,21,25
21,25
Carbon, activated
Carbonyls (See metal carbonyls,
and various metals, e.g.., iron)
Carborundum (See silicon carbide)
-
Carbowax
19
Carnauba wax
9
Carob bean (locust bean) gum
14
Carubin
14
Casein
12, 14
Cassava flour
15,17,24
Castor oil, sulfonated
8
Catalysts
5,6,17,18
Cellulose
21
Cellulose, alkali
11
Cellulose, carboxymethyl ether,
sodium salt (See sodium carboxymethyl cellulose)
Cellulose derivatives
15,18,21
Cement (See also portland
cement)
5
Cement, alumina (See alumina
cement
Ceramic materials
11, 14, 15, 16
Ceresin
3
Chalk
5
Charcoal
11,17,18,26
o-Chlorophenol (See phenol,
o-chloro-)
Chloroprene
14
Chromium
7
Chromium aluminate
3
Chromium carbide
7
Chromium chloride, CrCl3
21
Chromium compounds
5,26
Chromium ore
5
4
Chromium oxide, Cr 2 3
Chromium silicide
9
10
Citric acid
Clay
4,5,20
Coal
10,11,12,13,14,15,16.17,
18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26
Coal, anthracite
25
Coal, brown (See also lignite)
16,20,23,25
Coal, hydrogenation products
of
Coalite
Cobalt
Coke
Coke, petroleum
Coke, pitch
Collodion
Colloid, protective
Copper
Corundum
Creosote oil
Cresylic acid (cresols)
15
6
7,15
11,14
11
11,20
9
21
6,8
4,8
14
22
-
Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-
9
Dextrin
23
Diamond
4,6,8,21
Diatomaceous earth (See also
kieselguhr)
5
Dichloroethane (See ethane, dichloro-)
Diglycidyl terephthalate (See
terephthalic acid, diglycidyl
ester)
Dilinoleic acid (See linoleic
acid, dimer)
6
Dinas
24
Dipentene
6,21
Dolomite
Drying oils (See oils, drying)
Electric charge
3
Electric furnace (See furnace,
electric)
Electrodes (carbon) 9,14,18,20,21
Emulsions
13,20,21,22,25,26
Epichlorohydrin
15
Epoxy resins (See also Araldite)
11,15
12,14,19,22,24
Esters
22
Esters, poly8
Ethane, dichloro8
Ethane, tetrachloro22
Ethanol
Ethene (See ethylene)
22
Ether, allyl
12, 14
Ethers
22
Ethylene
Ethylenediamine
15
Ethylene, 1,1-dichloro- (See
vinylidene chloride)
Ethylene glycol
15,22
21
Ethylene oxide
21
Ethylene oxide polymers
.
Ferric ion (See iron)
Ferrous acetate (See iron acetate)
Ferrous sulfate (See iron sulfate)
Fibers (See also asbestos;
glass)
3>26
Fibrils
3
Firebrick (See bricks, fire) 5,6
Fish oil (See oils, fish)
42
Florigel (See fuller's earth)
10
Flue dust, blast furnace
Fluorspar (See calcium fluoride)
Fluosilicates, alkali
3
Fly ash (See ash, fly)
Formal, bis( 2-chloroethyl)15
Formaldehyde
17,18,19,22,24
Formalin (See formaldehyde)
Foraamide
9
Formic acid
9
Foundry cores (See molds)
Fuel briquets (See briquets,
fuel)
6
Fuller's earth
26
2-Furaldehyde
16
Furan derivatives
Furfural (See 2-furaldehyde)
16,26
Furfuryl alcohol
6
Furnace, electric
14
Galactose
20
component
Gamma
Generator tar (See tar, generator)
4
Germanium oxide
Glass
6,8
3,
4
Glass, borate
Glass fibers
19
10
Glucose
16
Glycerol
16
Glycol esters
21
Glycol, polyalkylene
Gold
T
Graphite
5,6,7,17,21
21
Graphitic acid
Gum arabic
3
Gums (See also shellac ; carob
bean gum)
16,21
6
Gypsum
Hafnium
7
Hafnium carbide
7
6
Hearth lining
Hexachlorocyclohexane (See
cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4, 5, 6-hexachloro-)
Hexamethyleneamine (See hexamethylenetetramine
Hexamethylenetetramine
8,19,23
Horizontal retort pitch (See
pitch, horizontal retort)
25
Hornblende
16
Humates
*3
6,l6
Humic acids
Hydrates, crystal
7,9,10
Hydrocarbons, aromatic, derivalk
tives
Hydrocarbons, olefinic
22,26
12
Hydrocarbons, paraffinic
Hydroquinone
8 , 19
Hydroxy acids (See acids,
hydroxyHydroxy amines (See amines,
hydroxy-
Inhibitors
4,17
Insulators
5,26
7,22
Iron
6
Iron acetate, Fe(OAc) 2
6
Iron car bony
21
Iron chloride, FeCl3
^
6,16
Iron humate
16
Iron ion (III)
lk
Iron naphthenate
lk
Iron oleate
10,17
Iron ore
6
Iron oxide, FeO
8
Iron oxide, Fe 3 C>4
18
Iron oxide, Fe 2 3
5,8
Iron sulfate, FeS0 4
Isano oil (See oil, Isano)
Kaolin
Kerosene
Ketones
Kieselguhr
5
17
12,1k
5,9
25
Labradorite
10
Lactic acid
pear
prickly
also
Latex (See
21,22,26
latex)
7,15
Lead
lk
Lead naphthenate
lk
Lead oleate
9,12,16,17
Lead oxides
26
Lead salts
18,21
Lignin
Lignite (See also coal, brown)
2k
Lignite pitch (See pitch, lignite)
Lignite tar (See tar, lignite)
17
Lignosulfonates
4,5,6,13,1^,26
Lime
6
Limestone
Lime water (See calcium hydroxide )
Linoleic acid, dimer
15
Linseed oil
15, 24
Litharge (See lead oxides)
Locust bean gum (See carob bean
gum)
Low-temperature tar
low-temperature
Lupines
(See tar,
17
Magnesite
5,6,7,26
Magnesium
7
Magnesium aluminum silicate (See
attapulgite
8
Magnesium carbonate
Magnesium chloride
6
Magnesium oxide
6,7,8,15
12
Magnesium silicate
Magnesium sulfate
7
Magnets
7,19,22,23
16,22
Maleic anhydride
Manganese
6,7
21
Manganese chloride, MnCl3
Manioc flour (See cassava flour)
Ik
Mannose
Metal carbides
7
Metal carbonyls
7
Metal nitrides
7
Metal oxides
8,19
Metals
6, 7, 8, Ik, 15, 21
22
dichloroMethane,
Methane , triphenyl , k ,k ,k -tri
22
isocyanato18
Methanol
26
Methylol
26
Mica
Mineral aggregates (See aggregates)
Mineral fibers (See fibers)
21
Mineral oil
21
10,
l6,
17,
Molasses
8
composition
Molding
molding)
sand,
(See
sand
Molding
Molecular sieves
4,5
15
Molds
7
Molybdenum
7
Molybdenum carbide
Molybdenum silicide
9
k
Mullite
'
'
•
Naphtha
Naphthalene
Naphthalene, 1,5-diisocyanatoNaphthalene sulfonyl chloride,
nitro-
17
20
22
21
-
Nickel
7
Niobium
7
Nitrides, metal (See also aluminum nitride
7
Nitrobenzene sulfonyl chloride
(See benzenesulfonyl chloride,
nitroIk
Nitro compounds
Nitronaphthalenesulfonyl chloride
(See naphthalenesulfonyl chloride, nitro-)
Nitrophenols (See phenols,
nitro-)
Novolak
23
Oil, Boleko
Oil, Isano
Oils, drying
Oils, fish
15
15
15
21
22,26
Olefins
16
Oleic acid
12
Oleylamine
Olivine
25
Ores
5,9; ,10,13,17
Organosilicons (See silicones,
organosilicons
Orthoclase
25
Paint
15
Paper
3A5
Paraffin wax
23
Paving (pavement)
12,25,26
6,24,25
Peat
22
Pentaerythritol
2k
Petrolatum
Petroleum
6,11,12,13,18,25
Petroleum coke (See coke, petroleum)
Petroleum oxidation products 17,
18
Petroleum pitch (See pitch, petroleum)
20
Phenanthrene
18
Phenol
Phenol, o-chloro19
Phenol, U,4'-isopropylidenebis2-allyl15
Phenol-aldehyde resins (See also
novolak)
18,19,22,26
Phenol borates
19
Phenol- formaldehyde resin (See
phenol-aldehyde resins)
Phenol phosphates
19
kk
-
Phenols (See also phenol-aldehyde resins)
12,19
Phenols, nitro17
Phenyl phosphate, mono19
Phosphoric acid
4,8,19
8
Phosphoronitrile dichloride
8
Phosphorus penta chloride
8
Pickling wastes (liquors)
Pitch (See also next six entries)
11,13,14,19,20,21,22,
23,25,26
Pitch coke (See coke, pitch)
Pitch, horizontal retort
20,25
20
Pitch, lignite
Pitch, petroleum
18,25
18
Pitch, shale
20
Pitch, vertical retort
Platinum
7
Polyacrylamide (See acrylamide,
polyPolyalkylene glycol (See glycol,
polyalkylene
Polyamides (See amides, poly-)
Polyester resins (See esters,
polyPolyethylene oxide (See ethylene oxide polymers)
Polysaccharides
15
Polystyrene (See styrene polymers)
Polyurethanes (See urethanes,
polyPolyvinyl acetal (See vinyl acetal polymer)
Polyvinyl acetate (See vinyl
acetate polymer)
Polyvinyl alcohol (See vinyl alcohol polymer)
Polyvinyl chloride (See vinyl
chloride polymer)
Portland cement
8,14
Potassium silicate
8,9
Potassium sulfate
9
Potato starch (See starch, potato)
Prickly pear
Propene
Pulp liquor
Pyrimidines,
Pyrobitumens
Pyromellitic
Quartz
latex
22
22
(See sulfite liquor)
tetrahydro12
23
anhydride
15
8,15,25
45
Quartz it
6
Radiation, protection against 26
Refractories
3,4 ,5,6,1 ,10,16,21
Resins (See also epoxy resins;
phenol-aldehyde; urea-formaldehyde)
7,8,17,19,21,23,26
Resorcinol
8,19
Roads
12,25,26
Rock
25
Rock aggregate (See aggregates)
Rubber
19
Salt (See sodium chloride)
Salt hydrates (See hydrates,
crystal)
Sand
9,15
Sand, molding
15, 16
21
Sapphire
Sawdust
23
Shale
13,23
Shale pitch (See pitch, shale)
Shellac
23
Silanes (See also alkoxysilicons; siliconacylates; sili14
cones; siliconols)
Silica (silicon dioxide, Si0 2 )
(See also quartz)
5,6,7,8,9
Silica, colloidal
5,9
Silica gel
5
Silicates, alkali (See also
sodium silicate; potassium
silicate) "
3
3,9
Silicides
9
Silicon
7,9
IT
Siliconacylates
>*.,
carbide
Silicon
5,7,8,9,19,26
Silicon dioxide (See also silica)
5,7,8,18
Silicones (organosilicons) 17,19
17
Siliconols
alkoxy(See
Silicons, alkoxy
silicons)
8
Silver
It,
25
Soaps
Sodium aluminate
5
17
Sodium bisulfate
6,24,25
Sodium carbonate
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose 15
12
Sodium chloride
24
chloroacetate
Sodium
13
Sodium dichromate
16
Sodium humate
Sodium hydroxide
5,13,16,17,18,
21,24
Sodium ion
16
Sodium oxide
8
Sodium phosphate
13
Sodium silicate
3,6,8,9,10
Sodium sulfide, poly
15
Soybean oil
15
Soybeans
17,23
Starch
5,l8,23,2U
Starch, potato
23,24
Stearic acid
16
Styrene
16,22,24,26
Styrene polymers
16,24,26
Sugar
12,17
Sulfides, poly-, of bis(2-chloroethyl ) formal
15
Sulfite liquor
15,16,21,2^,25
Sulfonic acids
17
Sulfur
11,22,24
Sulfuric acid
8,17,18
Superphosphates
9
Surface tension
25
Talc
9
Tantalum
7
Tantalum carbide
Tantalum silicide
9
Tar
6,11,12,13,16,17 ,18,19,20,
21,25,26
18
Tar acids
25
Tar, generator
25
Tar, horizontal retort
20
Tar, lignite
20,25
Tar, low-temperature
21
Tar oils
18,25,26
Tar, wood
10
Tartaric acid
5,26
Tartrates
Terephthalic acid, dig lycidyl
15
ester
Tetrachloroethane (Se e ethane,
tetrachloro-)
15
Textiles
21
Thickening agent
M
Thorium
Thorium carbide
Tin
Tin aluminate
Titanium
Titanium carbide
Titanium oxide
Titanium silicide
7
7
8
3
7
7
4
9
U6
21
p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride
Trass
5
Tr i ( hydroxyalkyl )dialkylenetri
16
amines
-Tri-isocyanatotriphenyl,k
k. k
f
methane (See methane, triphenylTuff, volcanic (See trass)
Tungsten
7
Tungsten carbide
^>6,7
Tungsten silicide
9
•
'
'
Uranium
Uranium carbide
Urea
Urea -formaldehyde resins
Urethanes, poly-
7
7
16,24
19,26
22
Vanadium
7
Vanadium carbide
7
Vermiculite
5
Vertical retort pitch (See
pitch, vertical retort)
22
Vinyl acetal polymer
Vinyl acetate polymer
22,23
26
Vinyl alcohol polymer
26
Vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride polymer
16,26
Vinyl cyclohexene dioxide
15
26
Vinyl esters
Vinylidene chloride
Vinyl polymers
Viscosity
26
16,26
20
Wash oil (See absorption oils)
Water glass (See sodium silicate)
Wetting agents
White spirit
Wollastonite
Wood
Wood tar (See tar, wood)
Xylitol
Zahlit-D
Zeolite
Zinc aluminate
Zinc carbonate
Zinc chloride
Zinc oxide
Zinc stearate
Zinc sulfate
Zirconia (zirconium oxide)
Zirconium
Zirconium carbide
Zirconium hydride
Zirconium oxide
Zirconium silicide
8,9
17
10
21,23
17
26
M
3
8
7
8
19
10
k
7
7
7
k
9