9
1
Past perfect
Affirmative
Circle the correct answer.
1 I was / had been there for ten minutes
Full form
Contracted form
I had passed.
You had passed.
He had passed.
She had passed.
It had passed.
I’d passed.
You’d passed.
He’d passed.
She’d passed.
It’d passed.
2 They shut the road because there ’d been /
We had passed.
You had passed.
They had passed.
We’d passed.
You’d passed.
They’d passed.
4 I didn’t go to the cinema last Saturday because
when the police arrived.
was an accident.
3 There were / had been three pet shops in
our town, but one of them is closed now.
I ’d already seen / already saw the film.
5 We didn’t have / hadn’t had much money
when I was a kid, but we always had a
Negative
Full form
Contracted form
I had not passed.
You had not passed.
He had not passed.
She had not passed.
It had not passed.
I hadn’t passed.
You hadn’t passed.
He hadn’t passed.
She hadn’t passed.
It hadn’t passed.
We had not passed.
You had not passed.
They had not passed.
We hadn’t passed.
You hadn’t passed.
They hadn’t passed.
• We use the past perfect to talk about
something that happened before
something else in the past.
Marie had left the café when we arrived.
(= Marie left the café, then we arrived.)
When Colin had finished his dinner, he
watched TV. (= Colin finished his dinner,
then he watched TV.)
• We can also use the past perfect to explain
a situation or give a reason.
I was nervous because I hadn’t flown in a
plane before.
good time.
6 Tina wasn’t / hadn’t been very well last night.
➟ Answers page 116
Past perfect: questions
Questions
Had I passed?
Had you passed?
Had he passed?
Had she passed?
Had it passed?
Had we passed?
Had you passed?
Had they passed?
Short answers
Affirmative
Negative
Yes, I had.
Yes, you had.
Yes, he had.
Yes, she had.
Yes, it had.
No, I hadn’t.
No, you hadn’t.
No, he hadn’t.
No, she hadn’t.
No, it hadn’t.
Yes, we had.
Yes, you had.
Yes, they had.
No, we hadn’t.
No, you hadn’t.
No, they hadn’t.
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9
• Past perfect questions are used in the
same situations as the affirmative and
negative forms.
Had you ever been to Benidorm before
this summer?
No, I hadn’t.
2
Direct speech
Present simple
She said, ‘I work in
London.’
Reported speech
Past simple
She said (that) she
worked in London.
Present continuous
Past continuous
He said, ‘I’m
He said (that) he was
completing a project.’ completing a project.
Complete the dialogue with the correct
past perfect form of the verb in brackets.
Present perfect
She said, ‘I’ve
broken my arm.’
Past perfect
She said (that) she
had broken her arm.
A I got to know a great girl at the party on
Past simple
He said, ‘I talked
to them.’
Past perfect
He said (that) he
had talked to them.
will + infinitive
He said, ‘I will
arrive home early.’
would + infinitive
He said (that) he
would arrive home
early.
Saturday.
Had you met (you / meet)
B Really? (1) _______________
her before?
A No, but (2) _______________ (I / see) her.
B How did you get talking?
A Well, (3) _______________ (the party /
• We also change modal verbs:
start) when I arrived. (4) _______________
(she / be) there for an hour but she
(5) _______________ (she / not speak) to
anybody. I started chatting to her. The next
thing I knew, the party was over and
(6) _______________ (everybody / leave).
We were the last people there.
➟ Answers page 116
Direct speech
can
She said, ‘I can
speak German.’
Reported speech
could
She said (that) she
could speak German.
must/have (got) to
She said, ‘You must
leave.’
had to
She said (that) I had
to leave.
may
He said, ‘It may
snow later.’
might
He said (that) it
might snow later.
say and tell
Reported speech
• Say and tell are the most common
• Reported speech is used to repeat what
another person said.
reporting verbs.
• If we use told, we must follow it with a
Direct speech
He told me,
‘I’m worried.’
Reported speech
He told me (that)
he was worried.
He said,
‘I’m worried.’
He said (that)
he was worried.
person or an object pronoun.
She told me (that) she was going away.
NOT She told (that) she was going away.
• However, this is not the case with said.
NOT She said me that …
• When the verb introducing the reported
speech (the ‘reporting verb’) is in the past,
the following changes occur:
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9
• There are other reporting verbs that we
can use apart from say and tell. These
include: admit, claim, confirm, deny, insist,
reveal. These verbs are like say, they can’t
be followed by an object pronoun.
They admitted (that) they’d committed
the crime.
NOT They admitted me (that) …
3
weather
forecast
/ˈweðə ˈfɔːkɑːst/ _____________
world news
/wɜːld njuːz/
_____________
Reporting verbs
admit
/ədˈmɪt/
_____________
claim
/kleɪm/
_____________
Write the following sentences in reported
speech. Use the reporting verbs in
brackets.
confirm
/kənˈfɜːm/
_____________
deny
/dɪˈnaɪ/
_____________
insist
/ɪnˈsɪst/
_____________
1 ‘I don’t like coffee.’ (he / admit)
reveal
/rɪˈviːl/
_____________
He admitted that he didn’t like coffee.
____________________________________
2 ‘We’ll visit soon.’ (they / confirm)
____________________________________
3 ‘Paul wasn’t there.’ (she / deny)
____________________________________
English you need
• Gossip
Hey, you’ll never guess what I heard.
____________________________________
4 ‘Heather’s getting married.’ (he / claim)
____________________________________
5 ‘You (singular) can do it.’ (he / insist)
____________________________________
6 ‘There’s been an accident.’ (Eddie / tell / us)
____________________________________
I heard that they’ve just got engaged.
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
You won’t believe this, but Marty’s got a job.
➟ Answers page 116
____________________________________
____________________________________
A little bird told me.
____________________________________
Have you heard about Kate and Darren?
Newspapers
caption
/ˈkæpʃn/
_____________
____________________________________
cartoon
/kɑːˈtuːn/
_____________
____________________________________
front page
/frʌnt peɪdʒ/
_____________
headline
/ˈhedlaɪn/
_____________
horoscope
/ˈhɒrəskəʊp/
_____________
local news
/ˈləʊkl njuːz/
_____________
sports section /spɔːts ˈsekʃn/
Apparently, they had a big argument.
____________________________________
____________________________________
_____________
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9
Don’t tell anyone, though!
____________________________________
I won’t say a word.
____________________________________
Learning tip
Making cards with a new word or phrase on
the front and a definition in English on the
back is a good way to revise vocabulary.
2
Write definitions for these words.
1 volunteer (n)
___________________________________
1
Find words from Unit 9 to match the
definitions.
___________________________________
2 vandalize
single parent
1 ___________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
a parent who looks after a child without
3 rainforest
the help of the other parent
___________________________________
2 ___________________
___________________________________
travel by asking cars to stop and take you
4 clue
to your destination
___________________________________
3 ___________________
___________________________________
electricity that you see during storms
4 ___________________
talk about other people’s lives when you
aren’t with them
3
Make revision cards for words on your
word list. Then test your memory. Read a
definition. Can you remember the word?
5 ___________________
a section in a newspaper where you can
read a prediction for the day’s weather
6 ___________________
let something fall out of your hand by
accident
➟ Answers page 116
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Newspapers
1
Look at the definitions for different parts of a newspaper and complete the puzzle.
10
1
F R O N T P A G E
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 To see the main news story, look here. (5, 4)
2 If you want to see something funny, look at this. (7)
3 Look at this to quickly find out what’s in the news. (8)
4 You can find out what’s happening in other countries in this section. (5, 4)
5 You sometimes see one of these under photos. (7)
6 If you want to find out what’s happening in your area, read this. (5, 4)
7 To read a prediction for your future, read this. (9)
8 If you want to know yesterday’s football results, turn to this. (5, 7)
9 If it will rain tomorrow, it tells you. (7, 8)
10 You can read about the news here. (2, 3, 5)
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Past perfect
1
2 he / be / asleep for an hour when a loud
Complete the sentences with the past
perfect and the words below.
spend not read
a snack the paper
sleep not book eat
a table enough
not rehearse
badly all her money
noise / wake / him up
____________________________________
____________________________________
3 he / get up / to see what / make / the noise
____________________________________
’d eaten
1 Jack wasn’t hungry because he __________
____________________________________
a snack.
_____________________________________
4 on the floor there / be / a man who / fall
2 Gigi didn’t buy any shoes because she
over / in the dark
_____________________________________
____________________________________
3 The play went badly because the actors
____________________________________
_____________________________________
5 he / break / his leg and / ask / Jim to call
4 Dan was very tired because he ___________
an ambulance
_____________________________________
____________________________________
5 We didn’t go to a restaurant because we
____________________________________
_____________________________________
6 Wendy didn’t know the news because she
_____________________________________
2
Circle the correct options.
Honest teenager returns £15,000
14-year-old Chris Hemmings surprised police
on Saturday when he (1) gave / ’d given them
two bags that he (2) found / ’d found. The
bags contained more than £15,000. When
Chris first saw the bags at the bus stop on
Friday evening, he (3) thought / ’d thought that
someone (4) left / had left their rubbish there.
But when he saw that they (5) didn’t go / hadn’t
gone the next morning, he (6) decided / ’d
decided to open them.
Past perfect: questions
4
Complete the questions. Then match them
with the answers.
1 Greece held the Olympic Games in 2004.
Had it held
______________________
them before?
2 When J.K. Rowling wrote the first
Harry Potter book, how many books
______________________ before?
3 When Pierce Brosnan stopped
playing James Bond, how many times
______________________ the character?
4 Kanye West won a Grammy in 2008.
______________________ one before?
5 When the Americans elected Barak Obama
3
Write complete sentences with the past
perfect and past simple.
1 Jim Green / go / to bed early because he /
have / a tiring day
Jim Green went to bed early because he’d
____________________________________
as President, ______________________ a
black President before?
_ None _ No, they hadn’t. _ Yes, he had.
_ Four 1
_ Yes, it had.
had a tiring day.
____________________________________
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Reporting verbs
1
Write the verbs.
Reported speech
1 say something is a fact
laim
c________
2 say that something isn’t true
d________
1
Write what the people say in reported
speech.
3 repeat something for emphasis i________
1 We’re
celebrating
the end of
school.
4 say that a rumour or belief is correct
c________
5 confess that something is true a________
6 say something that has been a secret
r________
2
I’ve won
again. I’m
the best!
1
2
4 I told you
before, I’m doing
my homework.
I haven’t told
you before, but
I’ve got a pet.
5
I didn’t
eat the
pie.
3
6
5
We didn’t
have
lunch.
2
I don’t
understand
3 I’ve
ordered
sushi.
Circle the correct option.
4
We’re
hungry!
6 I’ll
pour the
drinks
We’re sorry. It was
us. We broke the
window.
OK, you’re right.
We’re more than
good friends.
1 She claimed / revealed that she was the best.
2 She revealed / insisted that she had a pet.
3 They denied / admitted that they had
broken the window.
4 He admitted / insisted that she was doing
her homework.
5 He confirmed / denied that he’d eaten the pie.
6 They claimed / confirmed that they were
more than good friends.
they were
1 He told the waiter that ________________
celebrating the end of the school.
____________________________________
2 He said _____________________________
____________________________________
3 She told him _________________________
____________________________________
4 They said that _______________________
____________________________________
5 They told her ________________________
____________________________________
6 She said that ________________________
____________________________________
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2
1 Sandra said that she loved Spain. She
Write said or told in the sentences.
was
thought it _____________
beautiful.
told us that they
1 Our neighbours ________
2 She said she _________________________
were going on holiday.
to Spain two years before.
2 My friend ________ she hadn’t watched
3 But she said that she __________________
TV last night.
to Madrid before.
3 I ________ the teacher that I would study
4 She said that she _____________________
hard for the test.
with some friends.
4 My mum ________ that she was very
5 She said she ______________ any Spanish
tired.
because she _______________ it at school.
5 My uncle ________ he’d been to France
6 Marc said that he _____________________
three times.
her if she liked.
6 I ________ my parents I was going to a
friend’s house.
3
Read the dialogue between Marc and
Sandra. Then write it in reported
speech.
p
p
4
Read the star’s words. Complete the
newspaper article with reporting verbs from
vocabulary exercise 1 and reported speech.
‘Yes, the rumours are true. I’ll be the star of
Olivier’s next film. No, it isn’t true. I’m not
doing it for the money. I’m only interested in
art – that’s a fact! I don’t know when
filming will start. I said I don’t know when
filming will start. Yes, it’s true that I’ve been
out with Sharon a few times. No, we aren’t
getting married. It’s been a secret before but I
can tell you now, we argued all the time.’
In an exclusive interview, Ryan Philips
confirmed that he would be the star of
(1) _____________
Olivier’s next film but he (2) _____________
that he was doing it for the money.
A What do you think of Spain, Sandra?
B I love it. I think it’s beautiful.
A Have you been here before?
B Yes, I came here two years ago, but I
haven’t been to Madrid before.
A Ah! And where are you staying?
B With some friends.
A Do you speak any Spanish?
He (3) _____________ that he (4) __________
only interested in art. He (5) _____________
that he didn’t know when filming
(6) _____________. He (7) _____________
that he had been out with Sharon a few times
but he said that they (8) _____________
married. In fact, he (9) _____________ that
they (10) _____________ all the time.
B No, I don’t. I didn’t study it at school.
A I’ll teach you if you like.
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1
Read the extracts from a newspaper. Match them with the sections below.
A
TV Guide __
Health and relationships __
A
D
In tonight’s re-run of the fourth series
of Desperate Housewives, Carlos tells
Edie that he’s going away on a golfing
weekend, but is really seeing his exwife, Gabrielle. Meanwhile, Gabrielle
realises that her husband has hired a
private detective to watch her, so she
leaves home in disguise.
Gossip column __
Horoscope __
I was in a r estaurant on
Thursday night, and im
agine my
surprise when politicians
John Redford and Samu
el Hill came
in. They’re political oppo
nents, and Redford had
attacked Hill
earlier in the day about
the gover nment’s healt
h plans. But
here they were, enjoying
a meal together, like two
actors after
a play.
B
you had solved last week’s
If you Scorpios thought that
re difficult days.There are
problems, prepare for a few mo
more stormy weather is
dark clouds on the horizon, and
mind that there’s generally
probably on its way. Keep in
that things will improve!
sunshine after a storm, and
C
2
For this week’s Satur day interview I spoke
to psychologist and writer Faith Nor
ton
about her new book, Definitely Different. In it,
she looks at the dif ferent way that men and
women relate to their friends, and explains
why female friendships actually help women
to live longer.
Answer the questions.
Who …
Faith Norton
1 has just published a book? _____________
2 are enemies in public but friends in
3
Circle the words and expressions in the
extracts. Then match them with the
definitions.
b
1 __
2 __
3 __
4 __
5 __
6 __
private? ____________________________
____________________________________
3 meet in secret? ______________________
____________________________________
4 are going to have problems this week?
____________________________________
5 are healthier because of their friends?
1 re-run
a criticized
2 in disguise
b a repeat of an old
programme
3 stormy weather c problems
4 keep in mind
d really, in fact
5 actually
e dressed so that people
can’t recognize you
6 attacked
f
____________________________________
6 has contracted a private detective?
remember
____________________________________
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1
Complete the dialogues between Boris
and his friends with a word or phrase
from each box.
2
17
Circle the options that you think are
correct. Then listen and check.
1 Boys have more / fewer friends than girls.
little bird won’t
about say
never guess tell
anyone believe
won’t heard
told what
2 Boys and girls talk about the same /
different things.
3 Girls gossip more / less than boys.
3
17
Listen again. Are the sentences about
girls (G) or boys (B)?
G
1 __
2 __
3 __
4 __
5 __
6 __
1 They talk about personal problems.
never guess what
A You’ll (1) __________________________
2 They do competitive activities when they
I heard, Boris.
meet.
B What?
3 Their behaviour produces oxytocin.
A Gloria’s going to leave her band.
4 Their relationships help reduce stress.
Apparently, she doesn’t think the others
5 They prefer to solve problems alone.
play well enough.
6 They should have more respect for
B They won’t be very happy.
gossiping.
A No! Don’t (2) _________________________,
though.
B I (3) __________________________ a word.
4
18
Listen. Write six sentences from a
dialogue.
You’ll
1 ____________________________________
____________________________________
2 ____________________________________
____________________________________
B Have you (4) _________________________
Gloria?
C What about her?
B You (5) __________________________ this,
but she’s leaving her group.
C Well, I heard that her band’s going to throw
her out because she sings so badly.
B Really? How do you know that?
3 ____________________________________
____________________________________
4 ____________________________________
____________________________________
5 ____________________________________
____________________________________
6 ____________________________________
____________________________________
C A (6) __________________________ me.
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A news article
1
Read the news article. Then choose the
headline.
Nobody believes this
excuse any mor e,
but for Paul Wheeler
it was true.
Paul had gone out
with friends after
finishing a school
project. When he
got back home, his dog had destr oyed
his USB memor y stick with the only
copy of his project on it.
Paul saw Buster eating something as
he was walking thr ough the door. But
by the time he r ealized that it was his
memory stick, it was too late.
Paul tried to tell his teacher what
had happened. As soon as he said that
the dog had eaten his homework, she
started to laugh.
Paul failed his pr oject. At first he was
annoyed with Buster , but now he’s
forgiven him.
Cat travelled 300 miles in car
A
3 They ran after the lorry _____________ it
was driving away. __
4 _____________ they arrived, they’d driven
300 miles. __
5 _____________ they were taking out the
suitcases, they found her. __
6 They gave him some lettuce to eat
_____________ they got home. __
3
Write the story for headline A or B.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
4
Translate the sentences.
1 I always read the local news.
B
Tortoise thrown out with
C
rubbish
k
My dog ate my homewor
____________________________________
2 Yesterday I read an article about a robbery.
____________________________________
____________________________________
3 A robber had stolen a million Euros.
Time connectors
2
Circle as, as soon as and by the time in the
article. Then write them in the sentences.
Are they from story A or B?
____________________________________
4 When the police found him, he’d spent it.
____________________________________
____________________________________
By the time they realized where Fred
1 _____________
B
was, the men had taken the rubbish. __
5 He denied that he’d stolen it.
2 _____________ they were ready, they set
6 You won’t believe this, but I know him!
off on their journey. __
____________________________________
____________________________________
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