Small Solar Water Pasteurizer Techniques for Water Disinfection in Rural
Area of Developing Countries
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Tayyebatossadat P.S Aghaei*, Frank Husson**, Allen Johnston***
*Research Engineer at Solar Solution LLC; **president of Solar Solution LLC; ***Vice President of Dental Materials at Designer Molecules, Inc.
10080 Willow Creek Road, San Diego,CA,USA,92131
Abstract
Solar Water Pasteurization
Pasteurization
Limited access to safe drinking water has always been a
threat for people living in rural area. Millions of children in
developing countries die every year due to lack of
access to safe water and sanitation. There are variety of
methods and technologies to purify water. Many
organizations involved to solve this issue however
unstable economic, social and political situation are the
main obstacles for impressive progress in rural area of
developing world. Attempt of this paper is to evaluate the
feasibility of application of inexpensive, single-person
use of solar water pasteurizers in tropical developing
countries as a reliable and worth to invest technology for
social entrepreneurs. They can easily meet the demand
for clean water in rural area of developing countries. The
potential users for this technology are mainly those live
in villages or low-density populated area of developing
countries, those who live on with less than $2 a day.
Poor people spend
a lot of their income on
fuel to boil their drinking
water and they mostly
not even know that there
is no need to boil water up
to 100°C, they can purify
water by only heating it up
to 65°C for 6 minutes or to
a higher temperature for a
shorter time [1].
The bubble pack layer automatically maintains a thermal
convection gap. Sunlight enters through the bubble pack,
clear plastic layer, and water and then converts into heat
when it comes in contact with the black plastic layer. The
bubble pack serves as a thermal insulator, which allows water
to be heated to a temperature sufficient for pasteurization.
• By using Solar water pasteurizer technology
people are able to spend this time for education
and schooling also it will help them to improve
their health as they do not need burn wood inside
of their home to boil water.
• Between all appropriate water treatment
technologies pasteurization/boiling has got the
highest rank of removal performance in
classification of household water treatment
supply. On a scale of 0-9, pasteurization technique
scored 9+.[3]
Solar Cooker
BUSINESS MODEL
Now that the AquaPak has been developed, patented,
and tested, Solar Solutions will attempt to identify
entrepreneurs and companies that will establish
independently owned "copy exactly" manufacturing
facilities in the developing world. Extensive hands-on
training for the managers of these facilities would be
provided at the San Diego manufacturing site.
Solar Solutions LLC will continue to seek approval from
interested non-governmental organizations (NGO's) and
any other group that may buy large numbers of units at
humanitarian prices from these newly formed
companies. The new companies would be able to sell to
the NGO's directly or through Solar Solutions, but would
also have the opportunity to sell through normal
distribution channels in their home countries and to other
neighboring countries.
AquaPak
is one-piece unit using sun light to heat up water to the
pasteurization temperature
Basically a batch system which has its own storage to
prevent recontamination of water
It has Water Pasteurization Indicator(WAPI)
AquaPak is a low-cost solar water pasteurizer which cost
less than two dollars per unit to manufacture in third world
countries.
Each unit can produce up to 3 gallons (maximum) of
water per day.
• The need for water free of biological pathogen for
people living in rural part of developing countries
is absolute.
• Improving water supply and sanitation helps to
grow national economy and reduce poverty by
reducing sickness and death.
• Heating water to pasteurization point in compare
with boiling point reduce the energy required by at
least 50% so it reduce the cost and also pollution
caused by burning fossil fuel
Pasteurization is a reliable
method discovered by
Louis Pasteur back in
nineteenth century, since then
it has been using in a wide range of food and dairy
industries.
Solar Box Cookers are the most common type of solar
cookers. This technology is like traditional oven so water
will be placed in insulated box. Box cooker can make
from any kind of material like wood or plastic and then
covered by transparent glass or plastic to permit solar
rays inside the box and in the same time prevent trap the
solar rays that have been converted to heat energy. For
effective and higher temperature reflector panel also
added in order to concentrate the sun rays toward the
cooking pot
Conclusion
• cross-section of the materials used in the AquaPak.
solar puddle
The solar puddle that was developed in 1994 is simply a
puddle in ground isolated with foam rubber or various organic
materials such as grass, leaves, straw or dry brush. It is also
possible to make this puddle above the ground by using
wooden side or other similar material. In order to pasteurize
water a pasteurization indicator, a siphon tube and four
sheets of plastic are needed .One form of solar puddle is
sketched in figure below[2].
References
[1] Burch, Jay D. and Thomas. Karen,E., 1998, “Water
Disinfection in Developing Countries and the Potential for
Solar Thermal Pasteurization,” Solar Energy, 64.( 1-3),
pp.87-97.
[2] Andreatta, Dale., 2007, “A Summary of Water
Pasteurization Techniques,” S.E.A. Ltd,
Columbus.
[3] World Health Organization and Unicef, 2012, “A toolkit
for monitoring and evaluating household water treatment
and safe storage programs, "World Health
Organization/Unicef, Geneva.