A24
Appendix 2
2D The Elements
Symbol
actinium
(Greek aktis, ray)
aluminum
(from alum, salts of the
form KAl(SO4)212H2O)
americium
(the Americas)
antimony
(probably a corruption of an
old Arabic word; Latin stibium)
argon
(Greek argos, inactive)
Ac
89
(227)
s, m
10.07
1230
Al
13
26.98
s, m
2.70
660
Am
95
(243)
s, m
13.67
990
Sb
51
121.76
s, md
6.69
631
Ar
18
39.95
g, nm
1.66‡
189
arsenic
(Greek arsenikos, male)
astatine
(Greek astatos, unstable)
barium
(Greek barys, heavy)
berkelium
(Berkeley, California)
beryllium
(from the mineral beryl,
Be3Al2SiO18)
As
33
74.92
s, md
5.78
613§
At
85
(210)
s, nm
Ba
56
137.33
s, m
3.59
710
Bk
97
(247)
s, m
14.79
986
Be
4
9.01
s, m
1.85
1285
Bi
83
208.98
s, m
8.90
271
Bh
107
(262)
—
B
5
10.81
s, md
2.47
2300
Br
35
79.90
1, nm
3.12
7
Cd
48
112.41
s, m
8.65
321
Ca
20
40.08
s, m
1.53
840
Cf
98
(251)
s, m
C
6
12.01
s, nm
2.27
3700§
Ce
58
140.12
s, m
6.71
800
Element
bismuth
(German weisse Masse,
white mass)
bohrium
(Niels Bohr)
boron
(Arabic buraq, borax,
Na2B4O710H2O;
bor(ax) (carb)on
bromine
(Greek bromos, stench)
cadmium
(Greek Cadmus, founder of Thebes)
calcium
(Latin calx, lime)
californium
(California)
carbon
(Latin carbo, coal or charcoal)
cerium
(the asteroid Ceres, discovered
2 days earlier)
Molar mass,*
gmol1
Normal
state†
Density,
gcm3
Melting
point,
°C
Atomic
number
—
—
—
300
—
—
Experimental Data
Boiling
point,
°C
Ionization
energies,
kJmol1
Electron
affinity,
kJmol1
3200
499, 1170, 1900
—u
1.1
2467
577, 1817, 2744
43
2600
578
1750
834, 1794, 2443
186
1520
A25
Atomic
radius,
pm
Ionic
radius,
pm
3
188
118(3)
1.6
3
143
57(3)
—u
1.3
3
173
107(3)
103
2.1
3, 3, 5
182
89(3)
0
u—
0
174
—Uu uu
125
222(3)
Principal
oxidation states
Electronegativity
—
947, 1798
78
2.2
3, 3, 5
350
1037, 1600
270
2.0
1
—
227(1)
14
0.89
2
217
143(2)
601
—u
1.3
3
—
87(4)
2470
900, 1757
0
1.6
2
113
34(2)
1650
703, 1610, 2466
91
2.0
3, 5
155
96(3)
—u
—
5
128#
83(5)#
27
2.0
3
83
23(3)
325
3.0
1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7
114
196(1)
1640
—
—
3931
502, 965
660
799, 2427, 3660
59
1140, 2104
765
868, 1631
0
1.7
2
149
103(2)
590, 1145, 4910
2
1.3
2
197
106(2)
—
608
—u
1.3
3
169
117(2)
—
1090, 2352, 4620
122
2.6
4, 1, 2, 4
77
260(4)
3000
527, 1047, 1949
50
1.1
3, 4
1490
183
107(3)
(continued)
A26
Appendix 2
Element
cesium
(Latin caesius, sky blue)
chlorine
(Greek chloros, yellowish green)
chromium
(Greek chroma, color)
cobalt
(German Kobold, evil spirit;
Greek kobalos, goblin)
copper
(Latin cuprum, from Cyprus)
curium
(Marie Curie)
dubnium
(Dubna)
dysprosium
(Greek dysprositos, hard to get at)
einsteinium
(Albert Einstein)
erbium
(Ytterby, a town in Sweden)
europium
(Europe)
fermium
(Enrico Fermi, an Italian physicist)
fluorine
(Latin fluere, to flow)
francium
(France)
gadolinium
(Johann Gadolin, a Finnish chemist)
gallium
(Latin Gallia, France; also a pun
on the discoverer’s forename,
Le Coq)
germanium
(Latin Germania, Germany)
gold
(Anglo-Saxon gold;
Latin aurum, gold)
hafnium
(Latin Hafnia, Copenhagen)
hassium
(Hesse, the German state)
helium
(Greek helios, the sun)
Symbol
Atomic
number
Molar mass,*
gmol1
Cs
55
132.91
Cl
17
Cr
Normal
state†
Density,
gcm3
Melting
point,
°C
s, m
1.87
35.45
g, nm
1.66‡
101
24
52.00
s, m
7.19
1860
Co
27
58.93
s, m
8.80
1494
Cu
29
63.55
s, m
8.93
1083
Cm
96
(247)
s, m
13.30
1340
Db
105
(262)
s, m
29
Dy
66
162.50
s, m
Es
99
(252)
s, m
Er
68
167.26
s, m
9.04
1520
Eu
63
151.96
s, m
5.25
820
Fm
100
(257)
s, m
F
9
19.00
g, nm
Fr
87
(223)
s, m
Gd
64
157.25
s, m
7.87
1310
Ga
31
69.72
s, m
5.91
30
Ge
32
72.61
s, md
5.32
937
Au
79
196.97
s, m
19.28
1064
Hf
72
178.49
s, m
13.28
2230
Hs
108
(265)
—
—
He
2
4.00
g, nm
8.53
—
—
1.51‡
—
0.12‡
28
—
1410
—
—
220
27
—
—
Experimental Data
Boiling
point,
°C
Electron
affinity,
kJmol1
Electronegativity
376, 2420
46
0.79
1
34
1255, 2297
349
3.2
2600
653, 1592, 2987
64
1.7
1, 1, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7
2, 3
2900
760, 1646, 3232
64
1.9
2567
785, 1958, 3554
118
678
Ionization
energies,
kJmol1
A27
Atomic
radius,
pm
Ionic
radius,
pm
265
165(1)
99
181(1)
125
84(2)
3, 6
125
64(3)
1.9
1, 2
128
72(2)
1.3
3
174
99(3)
5
139#
68(5)#
Principal
oxidation states
—
581
—uu
—
640
—uu
572, 1126, 2200
—uu
1.2
3
177
91(3)
619
50
1.3
3
203
98(3)
2600
589, 1151, 2194
50
1.2
3
176
89(3)
1450
547, 1085, 2404
50
3
204
98(3)
627
—uu
1.3
3
—
91(3)
328
4.0
1
71
133(1)
400
44
0.7
1
270
180(1)
3000
592, 1167, 1990
50
1.2
2, 3
180
97(3)
2403
577, 1979, 2963
29
1.6
1, 3
122
62(3)
2830
784, 1557, 3302
116
2.0
2, 4
123
90(2)
2807
890, 1980
223
2.5
1, 3
144
91(3)
5300
642, 1440, 2250
0
1.3
4
156
84(3)
126#
80(4)#
2600
—
—
188
677
—
269
1680, 3374
750
2370, 5250
—
—
—uu
—
3
0
—
0
128
—Uu uu
(continued)
A28
Appendix 2
Element
holmium
(Latin Holmia, Stockholm)
hydrogen
(Greek hydro genes,
water-forming)
indium
(from the bright indigo line
in its spectrum)
iodine
(Greek ioeide–s, violet)
iridium
(Greek and Latin iris, rainbow)
iron
(Anglo-Saxon iron; Latin ferrum)
krypton
(Greek kryptos, hidden)
lanthanum
(Greek lanthanein, to lie hidden)
lawrencium
(Ernest Lawrence, an American
physicist)
lead
(Anglo-Saxon lead; Latin plumbum)
lithium
(Greek lithos, stone)
lutetium
(Lutetia, ancient name of Paris)
magnesium
(Magnesia, a district in
Thessaly, Greece)
manganese
(Greek and Latin magnes, magnet)
meitnenium
(Lise Meitner)
mendelevium
(D. Mendeleev)
mercury
(the planet Mercury; Latin
hydrargyrum, liquid silver)
molybdenum
(Greek molybdos, lead)
neodymium
(Greek neos didymos, new twin)
neon
(Greek neos, new)
Density,
gcm3
Melting
point,
°C
s, m
8.80
1470
1.0079
g, nm
0.089‡
259
49
114.82
s, m
7.29
156
I
53
126.90
s, nm
4.95
114
Ir
77
192.22
s, m
22.56
2447
Fe
26
55.85
s, m
7.87
1540
Kr
36
83.80
g, nm
3.00‡
157
La
57
138.91
s, m
6.17
Lr
103
(262)
s, m
—
Pb
82
207.2
s, m
11.34
328
Li
3
6.94
s, m
0.53
181
Lu
71
174.97
s, m
9.84
1700
Mg
12
24.31
s, m
1.74
650
Mn
25
54.94
s, m
7.47
1250
Mt
109
(266)
—
—
—
Md
101
(258)
—
—
—
Hg
80
200.59
l, m
13.55
39
Mo
42
95.94
s, m
10.22
2620
Nd
60
144.24
s, m
7.00
1024
Ne
10
20.18
g, nm
1.44‡
249
Symbol
Atomic
number
Molar mass,*
gmol1
Ho
67
164.93
H
1
In
Normal
state†
920
—
Experimental Data
Boiling
point,
°C
Electron
affinity,
kJmol1
Electronegativity
581, 1139
50
1.2
3
1310
73
2.2
2080
556, 1821
29
184
1008, 1846
4550
880
2760
759, 1561, 2957
2300
253
153
Ionization
energies,
kJmol1
1350, 2350
Principal
oxidation states
Atomic
radius,
pm
A29
Ionic
radius,
pm
177
89(3)
1, 1
78
154(1)
1.8
1, 3
163
92(3)
295
2.7
1, 1, 3, 5, 7
133
196(1)
151
2.2
3, 4
136
75(3)
16
1.8
2, 3
124
82(2)
2
189
169(1)
0
—
538, 1067, 1850
50
1.1
3
188
122(3)
—
—uu
1.3
3
—
88(3)
1760
716, 1450
35
2.3
2, 4
175
132(2)
1347
519, 7298
60
1.0
1
152
78(1)
3400
524, 1340, 2022
50
1.3
3
173
85(3)
1100
736, 1451
0
1.3
2
160
79(2)
2120
717, 1509
0
1.6
2, 3, 4, 7
137
91(2)
2
—
83(2)
—
90(3)
3450
—
—
840
—uu
—
635
—uu
1.3
3
357
1007, 1810
18
2.0
1, 2
160
112(2)
4830
685, 1558, 2621
72
2.2
4, 5, 6
136
92(2)
3100
530, 1035
0
1.1
3
182
104(3)
—
—Uu uu
246
2080, 3952
0
—
—
0
(continued)
A30
Appendix 2
Element
neptunium
(the planet Neptune)
nickel
(German Nickel, Old Nick, Satan)
niobium
(Niobe, daughter of Tantalus;
see tantalum)
nitrogen
(Greek nitron genes,
soda-forming)
nobelium
(Alfred Nobel, the founder
of the Nobel prizes)
osmium
(Greek osme, a smell)
oxygen
(Greek oxys genes, acid-forming)
palladium
(the asteroid Pallas, discovered
at about the same time)
phosphorus
(Greek phosphoros, light-bearing)
platinum
(Spanish plata, silver)
plutonium
(the planet Pluto)
polonium
(Poland)
potassium
(from potash; Latin kalium and
Arabic qali, alkali)
praseodymium
(Greek prasios didymos,
green twin)
promethium
(Prometheus, the Greek god)
protactinium
(Greek protos aktis, first ray)
radium
(Latin radius, ray)
radon
(from radium)
rhenium
(Latin Rhenus, Rhine)
rhodium
(Greek rhodon, rose; its aqueous
solutions are often rose-colored)
Molar mass,*
gmol1
Normal
state†
Symbol
Np
93
(237)
s, m
20.45
640
Ni
28
58.69
s, m
8.91
1455
Nb
41
92.91
s, m
8.57
2425
N
7
14.01
g, nm
1.04‡
210
No
102
(259)
s, m
—
Os
76
190.23
s, m
22.58
3030
O
8
16.00
1.14
218
Pd
46
106.42
s, m
12.00
1554
P
15
30.97
s, nm
1.82
44
Pt
78
195.08
s, m
21.45
1772
Pu
94
(244)
s, m
19.81
640
Po
84
(209)
s, md
9.40
254
K
19
39.10
s, m
0.86
64
Pr
59
140.91
s, m
6.78
935
Pm
61
(145)
s, m
7.22
1168
Pa
91
231.04
s, m
15.37
1200
Ra
88
(226)
s, m
5.00
700
Rn
86
(222)
g, nm
4.40‡
71
Re
75
186.21
s, m
21.02
3180
Rh
45
102.91
s, m
12.42
1963
g, nm
Density,
gcm3
Melting
point,
°C
Atomic
number
—
Experimental Data
Boiling
point,
°C
Ionization
energies,
kJmol1
Electron
affinity,
kJmol1
Electronegativity
Principal
oxidation states
Atomic
radius,
pm
A31
Ionic
radius,
pm
597
—uuu
1.4
5
150
88(5)
2150
737, 1753
156
1.9
2, 3
125
78(2)
5000
664, 1382
86
1.6
5
143
69(5)
1400, 2856
7
3.0
3, 3, 5
71
171(3)
—
113(2)
135
81(3)
66
132(2)
—
196
—
642
—uuu
1.3
2
5000
840
106
2.2
3, 4
141, 844
3.4
2
805, 1875
54
2.2
2, 4
138
86(2)
1011, 1903, 2912
72
2.2
3, 3, 5
115
212(3)
183
3000
280
1310, 3388
3720
870, 1791
205
2.3
2, 4
138
85(2)
3200
585
—uuu
1.3
3, 4
151
108(3)
960
812
174
2.0
2, 4
167
65(4)
774
418, 3051
48
0.82
1
227
133(1)
3000
523, 1018
50
1.1
3
183
106(3)
3300
536, 1052
50
3
181
106(3)
4000
568
—uuu
1.5
5
161
89(5)
1500
509, 979
—uuu
0.9
2
223
152(2)
62
1036, 1930
0
2
—
—uuu
5600
760, 1260
14
1.9
4, 7
137
72(4)
3700
720, 1744
110
2.3
3
134
75(3)
—
—
(continued)
A32
Appendix 2
Molar mass,*
gmol1
Normal
state†
Density,
gcm3
Melting
point,
°C
Element
Symbol
Atomic
number
rubidium
(Latin rubidus, deep red, “flushed”)
ruthenium
(Latin Ruthenia, Russia)
rutherfordium
(Ernest Rutherford)
samarium
(from samarskite, a mineral)
scandium
(Latin Scandia, Scandinavia)
Rb
37
85.47
s, m
1.53
39
Ru
44
101.07
s, m
12.36
2310
Rf
104
(261)
—
—
Sm
62
150.36
s, m
7.54
1060
Sc
21
44.96
s, m
2.99
1540
seaborgium
(Glenn Seaborg)
selenium
(Greek sele–ne–, the moon)
silicon
(Latin silex, flint)
silver
(Anglo-Saxon seolfor;
Latin argentum)
sodium
(English soda; Latin natrium)
Sg
106
(263)
—
Se
34
78.96
s, nm
4.79
220
Si
14
28.09
s, md
2.33
1410
Ag
47
107.87
s, m
10.50
962
Na
11
22.99
s, m
0.97
98
strontium
(Strontian, Scotland)
sulfur
(Sanskrit sulvere)
tantalum
(Tantalos, Greek mythological
figure)
technetium
(Greek techne–tos, artificial)
tellurium
(Latin tellus, earth)
Sr
38
87.62
s, m
2.58
770
S
16
32.07
s, nm
2.09
115
Ta
73
180.95
s, m
16.65
3000
Tc
43
(98)
s, m
11.50
2200
Te
52
127.60
s, md
6.25
450
terbium
(Ytterby, a town in Sweden)
thallium
(Greek thallos, a green shoot)
thorium
(Thor, Norse god of thunder,
weather, and crops)
thulium
(Thule, early name for Scandinavia)
tin
(Anglo-Saxon tin; Latin stannum)
Tb
65
158.93
s, m
8.27
1360
Tl
81
204.38
s, m
11.87
304
Th
90
232.04
s, m
11.73
1700
Tm
69
168.93
s, m
9.33
1550
Sn
50
118.71
s, m
7.29
232
titanium
(Titans, Greek mythological
figures, sons of the Earth)
Ti
22
47.87
s, m
4.55
1660
—
—
—
Experimental Data
Boiling
point,
°C
Ionization
energies,
kJmol1
Electron
affinity,
kJmol1
Electronegativity
Principal
oxidation states
A33
Atomic
radius,
pm
Ionic
radius,
pm
688
402, 2632
47
0.82
1
250
149(1)
4100
711, 1617
101
2.2
2, 3, 4
134
77(3)
490
—uuu
4
150#
67(4)#
—
—
1600
543, 1068
50
1.2
3
180
100(3)
2800
631, 1235
18
1.4
3
161
83(3)
6
132#
86(5)#
—
730
—uuu
—
685
941, 2044
195
2.6
2, 4, 6
215
191(2)
2620
786, 1577
134
1.9
4
117
26(4)
2212
731, 2073
126
1.9
1
144
113(1)
883
494, 4562
53
0.93
1
154
98(1)
1380
548, 1064
5
0.95
2
215
127(2)
445
1000, 2251
200, 532
2.6
2, 4, 6
104
184(2)
5400
761
14
1.5
5
143
72(3)
4600
702, 1472
96
1.9
4, 7
136
72(4)
990
870, 1775
190
2.1
2, 4
143
211(2)
2500
565, 1112
50
3
178
97(3)
1457
590, 1971
19
2.0
1, 3
170
105(3)
4500
587, 1110
—uuu
1.3
4
180
99(4)
2000
597, 1163
50
1.2
3
175
94(3)
2720
707, 1412
116
2.0
2, 4
141
93(2)
3300
658, 1310
1.5
4
145
69(4)
7.6
—
(continued)
A34
Appendix 2
Element
tungsten
(Swedish tung sten, heavy
stone; from wolframite)
uranium
(the planet Uranus)
vanadium
(Vanadis, Scandinavian
mythological figure)
xenon
(Greek xenos, stranger)
ytterbium
(Ytterby, a town in Sweden)
yttrium
(Ytterby, a town in Sweden)
zinc
(Anglo-Saxon zinc)
zirconium
(Arabic zargun, gold color)
Normal
state†
Density,
gcm3
Melting
point,
°C
Symbol
Atomic
number
Molar mass,*
gmol1
W
74
183.84
s, m
19.30
3387
U
92
238.03
s, m
18.95
1135
V
23
50.94
s, m
6.11
1920
Xe
54
131.29
g, nm
3.56‡
112
Yb
70
173.04
s, m
6.97
824
Y
39
88.91
s, m
4.48
1510
Zn
30
65.39
s, m
7.14
420
Zr
40
91.22
s, m
6.51
1850
Experimental Data
Boiling
point,
°C
Ionization
energies,
kJmol1
Electron
affinity,
kJmol1
Electronegativity
Principal
oxidation states
Atomic
radius,
pm
A35
Ionic
radius,
pm
5420
770
79
2.4
5, 6
137
62(6)
4000
584, 1420
—uu
1.4
6
154
80(6)
3400
650, 1414
51
1.6
4, 5
132
61(4)
1170, 2046
0
2.6
2, 4, 6
218
190(1)
1500
603, 1176
50
3
194
86(3)
3300
616, 1181
30
1.2
3
181
106(3)
907
906, 1733
9
1.6
2
133
83(2)
4400
660, 1267
41
1.3
4
160
87(4)
108
—
*Parentheses around molar mass indicate the most stable isotope of a radioactive element.
†
The normal state is the state of the element at normal temperature and pressure (20°C and
1 atm). s denotes solid; l, liquid; and g, gas; m denotes metal; nm, nonmetal; and
md, metalloid.
‡
The density quoted is for the liquid.
§
The solid sublimes.
Charge in parentheses.
#
Atomic and ionic radii are estimated.