Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________
The Industrial Age
Section 1
MAIN IDEAS
1. Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom in railroad construction.
2. Advances in the use of oil and electricity improved communications and
transportation.
3. A rush of inventions changed Americans’ lives.
Key Terms and People
Second Industrial Revolution a period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the
late 1800s
Bessemer process Henry Bessemer’s invention that made steel production faster
and cheaper
Thomas Edison inventor who created the electric lightbulb
patent an exclusive right to make or sell an invention
Alexander Graham Bell inventor of the telephone
Henry Ford inventor of the first affordable car and the moving assembly line
Wilbur and Orville Wright brothers who made the first piloted flight in a gas-
powered airplane
Academic Vocabulary
Implement to put in place
Section Summary
BREAKTHROUGHS IN STEEL PROCESSING
America’s Second Industrial Revolution started in
the late 1800s. The new Bessemer process reduced
the amount of time it took to make steel. The price
of steel dropped because of this innovation. This
made the steel industry an important part of the
revolution.
Cheaper, more available steel led to more railroad
building. Other changes made train travel safer and
smoother for passengers. Trains helped strengthen
the economy by moving people and goods to their
destinations quickly and inexpensively.
What effect did
inexpensive, readily
available steel have on the
railroad industry?
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
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211
Guided Reading Workbook
Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________
Section 1, continued
USE OF OIL AND ELECTRICITY
In the 1850s scientists figured out how to turn crude
oil into kerosene. Kerosene was used for both heat
and light. As a result, the demand for oil exploded.
In 1859 Edwin L. Drake’s Titusville, Pennsylvania,
oil well started producing 20 barrels of oil a day.
Oil quickly became big business in Pennsylvania.
Oil was also important in Ohio and West Virginia.
In addition to oil, electricity became a source of
light and power. Thomas Edison was an inventor
interested in uses of electricity. In 1879 Edison and
his assistant created the electric lightbulb. To create
a market for his product, Edison built a power plant
to supply industries with electricity. George
Westinghouse developed a power plant that could
send electricity over long distances. Thanks to
Edison and Westinghouse the use of electricity in
homes and business boomed.
What made the demand for
oil rise in the 1850s?
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
How did Edison and
Westinghouse help spread
the use of electricity?
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
RUSH OF INVENTIONS
Technology also changed the way people
communicated. First, telegraphs made long-distance
communication possible. Then in 1876 Alexander
Graham Bell was given a patent for the telephone.
By 1900 almost 1.5 million telephones were in
operation.
Changes in transportation also occurred. The
invention of the gasoline-powered engine made
automobiles possible. Henry Ford began producing
the first affordable automobile in 1908. He also
implemented the moving assembly line in
manufacturing. The gas-powered engine allowed
Wilbur and Orville Wright to invent the airplane.
CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Critical Thinking: Write to Make Judgments
Review all of the inventions about which you just
read. In your opinion, which was the most lifechanging? Why?
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212
Guided Reading Workbook
Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________
Section 1, continued
Bessemer process
telephone
patent
Alexander Graham Bell
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Henry Ford
Second Industrial Revolution
DIRECTIONS Write two descriptive phrases that describe the person
or term.
1. Alexander Graham Bell _____________________________________________
2. Bessemer process __________________________________________________
3. Orville and Wilbur Wright ___________________________________________
4. patent ___________________________________________________________
5. Second Industrial Revolution _________________________________________
6. Thomas Alva Edison _______________________________________________
7. Henry Ford _______________________________________________________
DIRECTIONS Answer each question by writing a sentence that
contains at least one word from the word bank.
8. The development of what new technique dramatically reduced the amount of
time needed to reduce iron ore into steel?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
9. Name the Scottish-born speech teacher and his invention which enabled
instantaneous communication over vast distances.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
10. Name the period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing at the end of the 1800s.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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213
Guided Reading Workbook
Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________
The Industrial Age
Section 2
MAIN IDEAS
1. The rise of corporations and powerful business leaders led to the dominance
of big businesses in the United States.
2. People and the government began to question the methods of big business.
Key Terms and People
corporations businesses owned by stockholders
Andrew Carnegie business leader who concentrated his efforts on steel production
vertical integration owning the businesses involved in each step of manufacturing
John D. Rockefeller business leader who concentrated on oil refining
horizontal integration owning all of the businesses in a certain field
trust a legal arrangement grouping together a number of companies under a single
board of directors
Leland Stanford business leader of mining equipment and railroads
social Darwinism belief that Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection and
“survival of the fittest” holds true for humans
monopoly total ownership of a product or service
Sherman Antitrust Act law that made it illegal to monopolize a business
Academic Vocabulary
acquired to get
Section Summary
DOMINANCE OF BIG BUSINESS
In the late 1800s entrepreneurs began to form
corporations. A corporation is owned by people
who buy shares of stock in that corporation.
Stockholders share the corporation’s profits. But if
the corporation fails, stockholders lose the money
that they invested. Entrepreneurs could spread the
risk of loss across all the stockholders.
One successful entrepreneur of the late 1800s
was Andrew Carnegie. He made money in several
Why did entrepreneurs
form corporations in the
late 1800s?
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
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214
Guided Reading Workbook
Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________
Section 2, continued
industries, but he focused on steel. Carnegie
acquired all of the businesses involved in making
steel. This process is called vertical integration.
John D. Rockefeller made his fortune in oil.
Like Carnegie, he used vertical integration. He also
used horizontal integration, buying out most of his
competitors. He grouped his companies into a trust
in an effort to control oil production and prices.
Leland Stanford was another successful
business leader of the time. He made money selling
mining equipment to miners. He also helped found
the California Central Pacific railroad.
QUESTIONING THE METHODS OF BIG BUSINESS
In the late 1800s many business leaders believed in
social Darwinism. Charles Darwin proposed that in
nature, the law was “survival of the fittest.” Social
Darwinists believed the same was true of humans—
those who got rich were the fittest.
Other wealthy business leaders claimed that the
rich had a duty to help the poor. As a result, some
leaders gave millions of dollars to charities.
Big business caused problems for smaller ones. A
big business would lower its prices until small
businesses, unable to offer the same low prices,
went bankrupt. Consumers then had to pay higher
prices because there was no longer any competition.
Americans demanded that Congress pass laws to
control monopolies and trusts. Congress finally
passed the Sherman Antitrust Act. However the
act did little to reduce the power of corporations.
What is social Darwinism?
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Why did some people think
trusts were bad for
society?
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Critical Thinking: Evaluate You are an adviser to
the president. Voters are complaining about big
discount stores putting small, family-owned stores
out of business by lowering prices. Make a list of
advantages and disadvantages of large stores. Write
a summary of your list and advise the president.
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215
Guided Reading Workbook
Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________
Section 2, continued
DIRECTIONS On the line provided before each statement, write T if a
statement is true and F if a statement is false. If the statement is false,
write the correct term on the line after each sentence that makes the
sentence a true statement.
_____ 1. A trust is a legal arrangement grouping together a number of companies
under a single board of directors.
___________________________________________________________
_____ 2. Passed by Congress in 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was largely
ineffective because it did not clearly define in legal terms the type of
organization it was seeking to regulate.
___________________________________________________________
_____ 3. Corporations are businesses that sell portions of ownership called stock
shares.
___________________________________________________________
_____ 4. Owning the businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process is
called horizontal integration.
___________________________________________________________
_____ 5. John D. Rockefeller became successful through combining, or
consolidating, businesses.
___________________________________________________________
_____ 6. Rockefeller’s ownership of 90 percent of the oil refining business in the
United States by 1880 is an example of vertical integration.
___________________________________________________________
_____ 7. In 1873 Andrew Carnegie focused his efforts on steelmaking and expanded
his business by buying out his competitors when steel prices were low.
___________________________________________________________
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216
Guided Reading Workbook
Name
Class
Date
Political Cartoons
Cartoon 23
The Power of Trusts
Library of Congress
The people’s entrance
is closed and locked.
This sign mocks the
American ideal of “a
government of the people,
for the people, and by the
people.”
Senators are shown
at work.
Note, how the larger men
resemble money bags.
ANALYZING POLITICAL CARTOONS
Study the political cartoon, and then answer the questions that follow.
1. What does the entrance for the trusts, or monopolists symbolize?
2. How has the cartoonist drawn the “trust” men? What message is expressed?
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
23
U.S. History Political Cartoons Activities
Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________
The Industrial Age
Section 3
MAIN IDEAS
1. The desire to maximize profits and become more efficient led to poor
working conditions.
2. Workers began to organize and demand improvements in working conditions
and pay.
3. Labor strikes often turned violent and failed to accomplish their goals.
Key Terms and People
Frederick W. Taylor author of The Principles of Scientific Management
Knights of Labor large labor union that included both skilled and unskilled workers
Terence V. Powderly Knights of Labor leader who made it the first national labor
union in the United States
Samuel Gompers leader of the American Federation of Labor
American Federation of Labor group that organized individual national unions of
skilled workers
collective bargaining workers acting together for better wages or working
conditions
Mary Harris Jones union supporter who organized strikes and educated workers
Haymarket Riot a union protest in Chicago where strikers fought with police
Homestead strike violent 1892 strike of Carnegie steelworkers ended by state
militia
Pullman strike strike of Pullman railroad workers that ended in 1894 when federal
troops were sent to stop it
Section Summary
MAXIMIZING PROFITS AND EFFICIENCY
During the Second Industrial Revolution, machines
did more and more work. The unskilled workers
who ran the machines could not complain about
conditions, for they knew they could be replaced.
In the early 1880s Frederick W. Taylor wrote a
book that took a scientific look at how businesses
could increase profits. One way was to ignore
workers and their needs. As a result, conditions for
workers got worse.
What impact did Frederick
Taylor’s book have on
America’s workers?
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
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217
Guided Reading Workbook
Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________
Section 3, continued
WORKERS ORGANIZE
Workers began to form labor unions. The Knights
of Labor started out as a secret organization.
However by the end of the 1870s, under the
leadership of Terence V. Powderly, the Knights
became a national labor union. The Knights
included both skilled and unskilled members.
The American Federation of Labor, under the
leadership of Samuel Gompers, was different from
the Knights of Labor. It organized national unions,
and its members were all skilled workers.
Workers hoped that if they acted together—that
is, if they used collective bargaining—they might
actually be able to improve pay and working
conditions.
Many women participated in unions. Mary
Harris Jones, for example, helped organize strikes
and educate workers.
LABOR STRIKES
In 1886 thousands of Chicago union members went
on strike. After police killed two strikers, workers
met at Haymarket Square to protest the killings.
Someone threw a bomb, and officers fired into the
crowd. The Haymarket Riot ended with more than
100 people killed or wounded.
On June 29, 1892, at a Carnegie steel plant in
Homestead, Pennsylvania, the Homestead strike
began. Workers protested the introduction of new
machinery and the loss of jobs. It ended in violence
and death, and the union was defeated. Two years
later, the Pullman strike over layoffs and pay cuts
also ended in bloodshed. President Grover
Cleveland sent federal troops to break the strike.
Which union would have
more power—a union of
unskilled workers or a
union of skilled workers?
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
How did workers benefit
from collective bargaining?
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Why do you think labor
strikes often ended in
violence?
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
CHALLENGE ACTIVITY
Critical Thinking: Write to Explain Explain why
workers sometimes use strikes as a strategy.
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218
Guided Reading Workbook
Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________
Section 3, continued
DIRECTIONS Read each sentence and fill in the blank with the word
in the word pair that best completes the sentence.
1. In 1879 _______________________ became the leader of the Knights of Labor
and removed the secrecy surrounding it, making it the first truly national labor
union in the United States. (Mary Harris Jones/Terence V. Powderly)
2. The ______________________, which occurred in 1892 at a Carnegie steel plant
in Pennsylvania, resulted in the loss of sixteen lives and the defeat of the union.
(Homestead strike/collective bargaining)
3. Union leaders tried to secure better wages and working conditions for all workers
in a factory or industry through _______________________.
(collective bargaining/Homestead strike)
4. _______________________ worked for better conditions for miners.
(Mary Harris Jones/Samuel Gompers)
5. In 1886, two Chicago union members were killed while striking. When union
members met to protest these killings, a clash known as the
_______________________ was the result. (Pullman strike/Haymarket Riot)
6. As an efficiency engineer, _______________________ sought ways to raise
production and lower costs. (Frederick W. Taylor/Terence V. Powderly)
7. Unlike other labor groups that allowed both skilled and unskilled laborers to join,
the _______________________ led by ____________________, limited its
membership to skilled workers.
(American Federation of Labor/Knights of Labor)
(Mary Harris Jones/Samuel Gompers)
8. During the _______________________, workers refused to work on trains
carrying Pullman cars, stopping traffic on many midwestern rail lines.
(Homestead strike/Pullman strike)
9. The _______________________ was founded in the 1870s as a secret society.
(Knights of Labor/American Federation of Labor)
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219
Guided Reading Workbook
Name
Class
Date
Primary Source
The Industrial Age
Samuel Gompers, Testimony
before Congress, 1900
ABOUT THE READING Samuel Gompers
was president of the American Federation
of Labor from 1886 to 1924. He lobbied
for shorter working hours, safer working
conditions, and collective bargaining rights.
Gompers believed that unions would not only
protect workers’ interests, but would also
lead to opportunities for workers to educate
themselves and to improve their lives. In this
passage, Gompers discusses the barriers that
workers faced in the struggle for better working conditions.
VOCABULARY
arbitration settlement of a
dispute by a third party
enjoined prohibited by
court order
jug jail
injunction a written order
granted by a court
As you read think about how Gompers describes
the relationship between employers and workers.
We ask for State legislation, and we are told to go
to the Federal Government; we come to the Federal
Government and it is contended that these things
rightfully belong to the States. It does not make a
particle of difference. If we come here to the Federal
Government and ask for remedial legislation, we are
told that these things will come when they become
a custom, and not by legislation. And then we go
to employers, to their companies, and ask them to
confer with us in order to inaugurate that custom,
and they tell us, “If you do not get out of here we
will put a boot in a place where it will feel uncomfortable.” If we strike or ask that the matter be submitted to arbitration, we are told there is nothing
to arbitrate. If we strike in order to enforce what we
believe to be our rights, we are enjoined; and if we
exercise what we believe to be our rights in spite of
Neither the state nor the federal government wants to help the
unions. Each insists the welfare of
workers is the other’s responsibility.
If the labor union asks for someone to help settle the dispute, then
the union is told there is no
dispute.
Source: Vol. 5: Testimony, U.S. Congress, House Committee on Labor,
Apr. 12, 1900.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
16
The Industrial Age
Name
Class
Date
Samuel Gompers, Testimony before Congress, 1900, continued
Primary Source
the injunction, we are guilty of contempt of court
and are put in the jug during his honor’s pleasure.
There is not anywhere we can go for the purpose of
trying to bring about some remedy, some change,
some improvement but we are met by the same
opposition, prompted by the same cause, prompted
by the same motive, and that is to leave the workingman helpless to the mercy of the employing
class. I think, though, I may say that that time has
gone by. The workingmen of our country have
learned somewhat of their rights, and they propose
to stand by them, and they have the courage to do
so, too.
WHAT DID YOU LEARN?
1. According to the federal government, how would the improvements the workers
wanted be achieved?
2. Why did Gompers think labor legislation was necessary? Do you agree or dis-
agree? Explain your answer.
3. Judging by this testimony, do you believe that the labor unions were trying to fol-
low the law? Explain your answer using details from the excerpt.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
17
The Industrial Age
Name
Class
Date
History and Geography
The Industrial Age
Pullman’s Company Town
to Kansas City
Athletic
Course
Dock
\ \
\ \ \
\ \
to \Detroit/
\ \
Cleveland/
New York
to Pittsburgh/
Philadelphia/
New York
ILLINOIS
Church
Dock
INDIANA
\ \ \
\ \
\ \
School
Pullman
\ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\
\ \
\ \ \
\ \
\ \ \ \
\ \
\ \
\ \ \
\ \
\ \ \ \ \ \
\ \
\ \ \
\ \ \
\\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \
\ \
\ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \
Market House
Stable
\
\ \ \ \
\ \
\
\ \
\ \
\
\
\ \ \ \ \ \
\ \
\ \
Playground
Chicago
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\
Lumberyard
\ \
\ \
to Omaha/
\
San Francisco \ \
Gasworks
Public
Arcade
Square
\\ \ \
\ \ \
\ \ |
\
\
\
\\ \ \ \
\ \
\ \ \ \ \\
\ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
| \ \
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ \
\
\ \
\
MICHIGAN
Milwaukee
|
Dock
Hotel
Theater
Lake Michigan
WISCONSIN
to Minneapolis
Pullman
Cargo
Works
\
\ \
\ \
\ \
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | IL
| L
| IN
| |O|IS| CEN
| | | |TRAL
| | | |R.R.
| | | |
| |
In 1880 George Pullman, the founder of the Pullman Palace Car
Company, built a town named after himself near Chicago, Illinois. The
company’s workers who lived in the town of Pullman paid high rents.
When an economic depression began in 1893, Pullman cut his workers’
wages, but he did not lower their rent. In reponse, the workers began a
bitter labor dispute that became known as the Pullman strike.
Housing
to
St. Louis to
Memphis
Dock
N
MAP ACTIVITY
1. Use a bright color to trace the railroad routes that pointed south from Pullman.
2. Use a different color to shade the shortest route that one would travel from
Pullman to Minneapolis.
3. Shade the area that shows where visitors might stay in Pullman.
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18
The Industrial Age
Name
Class
Date
History and Geography
Pullman’s Company Town, continued
4. Circle the area on the map that shows where Pullman workers might have
shopped.
5. Draw a square around the area where the Pullman Company stored wood.
ANALYZING MAPS
1. Location Describe the location of the town of Pullman.
2. Identifying In what part of Pullman did the company produce its goods?
3. Movement Why do you think a railroad line ran alongside the town of Pullman?
What other features of the town may have been used for transportation?
4. Evaluating During the Pullman strike, many rail lines around Chicago shut down.
Use the map to evaluate how the strike may have affected the nation’s transportation system.
5. Human/Environment Interaction List the advantages and disadvantages of living
in Pullman as an employee of the company.
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19
The Industrial Age