Avifauna of Arki Hills, Solan (Himachal Pradesh), India
M. L. Thakur, V. K. Mattu, Hira Lal, Viveka Nand Sharma, Hem Raj & Vanita Thakur
Thakur, M. L., Mattu, V. K., Lal, H., Sharma, V. N., Raj, H., & Thakur, V., 2010. Avifauna of Arki Hills, Solan (Himachal Pradesh), India.
Indian Birds 5 (6): 162–166.
M. L. Thakur1, V. K. Mattu, Hira Lal, Viveka Nand Sharma, Hem Raj & Vanita Thakur: Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh
University, Shimla 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India. 1Email: [email protected] (Corresponding author).
Manuscript received on 4 February 2009.
Abstract
Ornithological explorations carried out in Arki Hills of Himachal Pradesh revealed the presence of 85 species of
birds belonging to 66 genera spread over 30 families and 12 orders. The study revealed that of the total, 45 species
showed seasonal-local movements, 17 were summer visitors, 8 showed summer influx, 7 were winter visitors, 5
were residents and 3 showed winter influx. It was further recorded that of the total 85 species, 47 were common,
26 very common, 10 uncommon and 2 were rare. Moreover, it was analysed that maximum number of species (42)
were insectivorous, followed by frugivorous (13 species), omnivorous (11), graminivorous (9 species), scavengers
and aquatic animal eaters (4 each), and vegetable matter eaters and carnivorous (1 species each). The study
further showed that Arki Hills sustain three such species of birds, which have been facing threat to their existence
throughout their natural distributional range. Of these, Indian White-backed Vulture and Red-headed Vulture have
been placed under Critical category and Egyptian Vulture has been categorized as Endangered.
Introduction
The Himalayan ecosystem is unique, and an extremely rich
repository of natural resources and biological wealth. Though
breath-takingly beautiful, the Himalayan environment is largely
inaccessible, and hence far less degraded ecologically than the
mainland; but it is extremely fragile, and rather vulnerable
to even small biophysical changes. The mountain ranges are
approximately 2,200 kms long with a total width that varies
between 40–400 kms (Mani 1981).
Ornithological studies on diversity, and status, of birds were
conducted in various habitat types of Arki Hills (30º05’–31º15’N
76º42’–77º20’E; 1,100–1,600 m a.s.l.), in Solan district of Himachal
Pradesh. These studies were conducted during the different
seasons of 2006–2007 in various habitat types spread over different
parts of Arki Hills, like Arki proper (1,219 m), Shalaghat (1327
m), Manjhu (1,130 m), Kunihar (1,102 m), Dumehar (1,148 m),
Bhumati (1,150 m), Piplughat (1,169 m), Bhararighat (1,140 m),
and Darlaghat (1,450 m). Most of the study area has mountainous
terrain except the Kunihar belt. The climate of area is sub-tropical,
and the flora is dominated by Quercus spp., Eucalyptus spp., Pinus
roxburghii, Acacia spp., Toona spp., Lantana camara, Cassia spp.,
Citrus spp., Carissa opaca, Berberis spp., etc.
Avifaunal studies have been conducted in different parts of
Himachal Pradesh by several people (Ali 1949; Ganguli 1967; Ali
& Ripley 1983a; Mahabal & Mukherjee 1991; Mahabal & Sharma
1992, 1993; Gaston et al. 1993; Gaston 1997; Mishra 1997; Singh
1998; Khan et al. 1999; Javed et al. 2001; Ramesh et al. 2002; Besten
et al. 2004; Pandey et al. 2004; Mahabal 1992, 1996, 2000a,b, 2005;
Mattu & Thakur 2004, 2006; Thakur et al. 2002, 2003, 2006; Thakur
2008), and a few studies have been conducted in different parts
of Solan district (Tilak & Tyagi 1977; Mukherjee & Chandra 1984;
Narang & Singh 1995; Sharma & Mahabal 1997; Harrison 1998;
Thirumurthi & Banumathi 1998; Kalsi 1999; Narang & Rana 1999;
Bashir 2000), whereas, the present study area of Arki Hills has not
received the attention of the field workers. Therefore, studies were
conducted on different aspects of birdlife like diversity, residential
162
status, relative abundance, and feeding habits in this hilly area.
Methodology
Keeping in view the comparatively large size of the study area,
stratified random sampling technique (Snedecore & Cochran
1993) was followed for studying the birds of each area, which
involved the division of sites into different strata, based on
vegetation type, and habitat. Various habitats types like forests,
grasslands, agriculture fields, streams, human settlements, etc.,
spread over different parts of Arki Hills were selected for the
present studies.
Birds were observed through 10x50 prismatic field binoculars.
For field identifications we used various field guides (Ali & Ripley
1983b; Grimmett et al. 1999; Kazmierczak 2000). The nomenclature
follows Manakadan & Pittie (2001).
The data recorded in each survey, from different habitat types,
was kept separate, and analysed for relative abundance on the basis
of frequency of sightings, as per MacKinnon & Phillipps (1993),
as: very common (VC) - sighted more than ten times, common
(C)- sighted seven to nine times, uncommon (UC)- sighted three
to six times and rare (Ra)-sighted once or twice.
Residential status of the birds has been worked out and
different status categories like resident, winter visitor and summer
visitor have been assigned strictly with reference to the study area
on the basis of presence or absence method. The birds that showed
irregular trend of sighting and population fluctuations (nonseasonal) have been placed under resident with local movements
(R/LM) category (Thakur 2008). Moreover, the feeding habits
of the birds like insectivorous, graminivorous, frugivorous, etc.,
as shown in Ali & Ripley (1983a) have been assigned to each
species.
Results & discussion
The present study revealed the presence of 85 spp., of birds
belonging to 66 genera spread over 30 families and 12 orders.
Indian Birds Vol. 5 No. 6 (Publ. 6th May 2010)
Thakur et al.: Avifauna of Arki Hills
Passerine birds dominated the diversity with 55 species as
compared to non-passerines (30 spp.) (Table 1).
Muscicapidae is the largest family of birds in India with
370 spp. (Manakadan & Pittie 2001). Present investigations also
revealed that family Muscicapidae (27 spp.) dominated the
avifauna, followed by Corvidae (six each), Accipitridae (five
spp.), Phasianidae, Columbidae and Psittacidae (four each),
whereas, Ardeidae, Charadriidae, Laniidae, Strigidae, Apodidae,
Meropidae, Upupidae, Sittidae, Certhiidae, Zosteropidae,
Emberizidae, Fringillidae and Dicruridae (one sp., each) were
poorly represented in the area. Moreover, four Orders, namely,
Ciconiiformes, Strigiformes, Charadriiformes, and Apodiformes,
were poorly represented in the study area with a single species each
(Table 1). Recently Mahabal (2005) also recorded Muscicapidae as
the largest family of birds, comprising 105 spp., from Himachal
Pradesh. Similarly, many other investigators like Narang (1989),
Pandey (1989), Mahabal & Mukherjee (1991), Suyal (1992),
Narang & Singh (1995), Mahabal (1992, 1996, 2000a, b), Mattu &
Thakur (2004, 2006), and Thakur et al. (2002, 2003, 2006) have also
found Muscicapidae to be the largest family in different parts of
Himachal Pradesh.
Analysis of data on residential status revealed that out of 85
spp., 5 were resident, while the remaining 80 showed seasonallocal or long-range migrations. Analysis based on presence/
absence method and population fluctuations revealed that of the 80
seasonal-local and long-range migrants, 45 spp., showed seasonallocal movements, 17 were summer visitors, seven winter visitors,
three showed winter influx, and eight showed summer influx.
Further analysis of residential status, and relative abundance
indicated that of five resident spp., two were very common, and
three were common. Of the local migrants, 21 were common,
18 very common, five were uncommon, and one was rare.
Categorization of long-range migrants revealed that out of seven
winter visitors, four were common, two were uncommon, and one
was very common. Of the 17 summer visitors, 12 were common,
two each came in the categories of very common and uncommon,
and one was rare. Moreover, of the three spp., which showed
winter influx, two were common, and one was uncommon. Of the
eight species with summer influx, five were common, and three
were very common. Therefore, the study revealed the presence of
47 common, 26 very common, 10 uncommon and 2 rare species
of birds (Table 1; Fig. 1).
These studies are in compliance with the earlier works of
Hunter (1989), Gaston et al. (1993), Thakur et al. (2002, 2003, 2006),
and Mattu & Thakur (2004, 2006) who also reported the presence
of different categories of birds like resident, summer visitors,
winter visitors, very common, common, etc., from different
biogeographical regions of Himachal Pradesh. Recently Mahabal
(2005) reported 447 species of breeding, staging, and wintering
birds spread over 232 genera, belonging to 65 families, and 17
orders from Himachal Pradesh. Further, 35.5% residents, 15.7%
winter visitors, 11.6% summer visitors, 10.4% altitudinal migrants
and 26.8% birds of Himalayan ecosystem were reported. Similarly,
Thakur (2008) recorded 123 species of altitudinal migrant birds,
72 seasonal-local migrants, 61 winter visitors, 33 residents, 28
summer visitors, four winter influx and one summer influx from
different biogeographical zones of Himachal Pradesh.
Analysis of feeding habits showed that a maximum number
of species (42) were insectivorous, followed by frugivorous (13
spp.), omnivorous (11), graminivorous (nine), scavengers and
aquatic animal eaters (four each), and vegetable matter eaters and
carnivorous (one each) (Table 1; Fig. 2). Similarly, about 47 % (210
spp.) of birds in Himachal Pradesh were recorded as insectivorous,
and important agents of bio-control of insect pests of agriculture,
Indian Birds Vol. 5 No. 6 (Publ. 6th May 2010)
horticulture and forests (Mahabal 2005).
It has been found that there are three such species of birds
in Arki Hills, which have been placed under different threat
categories. Of these, Indian White-backed Vulture, and Redheaded Vulture, have been placed under Critically Endangered
category and Egyptian Vulture has been categorized as Endangered
(IUCN 2007).
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Chairperson, Department of Biosciences,
Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, for encouragement, and for
providing necessary facilities.
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Abbreviations
AqA=Aquatic Animal, C=Common, CR=Carnivorous, FR=Frugivorous,
GR=Graminivorous, I=Insectivorous, OM=Omnivorous, R/AM=Resident
with altitudinal movements, R/LM=Resident with local movements,
R/SV=Resident with summer influx, R/WV=Resident with winter
influx, R=Resident, Ra=Rare, SC=Scavenger, SV=Summer visitor,
UC=Uncommon, VC=Very common, VgM=Vegetable Matter, WV=Winter
visitor.
25
20
15
10
5
0
R
R / LM
R/ W V
R / SV
VC
WV
C
SV
Ra
UC
Fig. 1. Residential status and relative abundance
of birds of Arki Hills
5%
5%
1% 1%
I
Fr
11%
OM
GR
SC
49%
13%
AqA
VgM
CR
15%
Fig. 2. Feeding habits of the birds of Arki Hills,
Solan (Himachal Pradesh)
Indian Birds Vol. 5 No. 6 (Publ. 6th May 2010)
Thakur et al.: Avifauna of Arki Hills
Table 1. Systematic List of Birds of Arki Hills, Solan (Himachal Pradesh)
List of Birds
Residential Status
Relative Abundance
Feeding Habits
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis
SV
UC
AqA
Black Kite Milvus migrans
SV
VC
OM
Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus * EN
R/LM
C
SC
Indian White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis *CR
R/LM
Ra
SC
Himalayan Griffon G. himalayensis
R/LM
C
SC
Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus * CR
R/LM
UC
SC
Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus
R
VC
VgM & I
R/LM
C
GR
R
C
GR
Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus
R/LM
UC
OM
Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus
R/SV
C
I
Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia
R/LM
VC
GR
Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia orientalis
R/LM
VC
GR
Spotted Dove S. chinensis
R/LM
VC
GR
Wedge-tailed Green-Pigeon Treron sphenura
R/LM
C
FR
Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria
R/LM
C
FR
Rose-ringed Parakeet P. krameri
R/SV
VC
FR
Slaty-headed Parakeet P. himalayana
R/SV
VC
FR
Plum-headed Parakeet P. cyanocephala
R/SV
VC
FR
SV
C
I
Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus
Kaleej Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos
Brainfever Bird Hierococcyx varius
Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus
SV
VC
I
Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea
SV
C
FR
Spotted Owlet Athene brama
R
C
I, CR
White-throated Needletail-Swift Hirundapus caudacutus
SV
Ra
I
White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis
R/LM
C
AqA
Common Hoopoe Upupa epops
R/LM
VC
I
Great Barbet Megalaima virens
R/LM
VC
FR, I
Blue-throated Barbet M. asiatica
R/LM
C
FR
R
C
I
R/LM
C
I
Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica
SV
C
I
Asian House-Martin Delichon dasypus
R/LM
C
I
Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea
R/LM
VC
I
Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys
R/LM
VC
FR
Red-vented Bulbul P. cafer
R/LM
C
FR
Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus
R/LM
C
FR
Rufous-backed Shrike Lanius schach
R/SV
C
CR
Chestnut-bellied Rock-Thrush Monticola rufiventris
R/LM
UC
I
Blue Whistling-Thrush Myophonus caeruleus
Brown-fronted Pied Woodpecker Dendrocopos auriceps
Fulvous-breasted Pied Woodpecker D. macei
R/LM
VC
AqA
Grey-winged Blackbird Turdus boulboul
WV
UC
I
Dark-throated Thrush T. ruficollis
WV
C
I
Oriental Magpie-Robin Copsychus saularis
SV
C
I
Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros
WV
VC
I
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Thakur et al.: Avifauna of Arki Hills
Table 1. Systematic List of Birds of Arki Hills, Solan (Himachal Pradesh)
List of Birds
Residential Status
Relative Abundance
Feeding Habits
White-capped Redstart Chaimarrornis leucocephalus
R/LM
C
I
Plumbeous Redstart Rhyacornis fuliginosus
R/LM
C
I
Spotted Forktail Enicurus maculatus
R/LM
UC
AqA
Common Stonechat Saxicola torquata
R/SV
C
I
Pied Bushchat S. caprata
SV
UC
I
Grey Bushchat S. ferrea
R/LM
VC
I
Streaked Laughingthrush Garrulax lineatus
R/LM
C
I
Variegated Laughingthrush G. variegatus
R/WV
UC
I, FR
Black-chinned Babbler Stachyris pyrrhops
R/SV
C
I
SV
C
I
Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus
Bar-throated Minla Minla strigula
R/LM
C
I
Rufous Sibia Heterophasia capistrata
R/LM
C
I
Brown Prinia Prinia crinigera
R/LM
C
I
Brown-flanked Bush-Warbler Cettia fortipes
R/LM
UC
I
Lemon-rumped Warbler Phylloscopus chloronotus
R/LM
C
I
Ultramarine Flycatcher Ficedula superciliaris
SV
C
I
Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassina
SV
C
I
Grey-headed Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis
R/LM
VC
I
Asian Paradise-Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi
SV
C
I
Yellow-bellied Fantail-Flycatcher Rhipidura hypoxantha
WV
C
I
White-throated Fantail-Flycatcher R. albicollis
SV
C
I
R/LM
VC
I
WV
UC
I
Great Tit P. major
R/LM
VC
I
Green-backed Tit P. monticolus
R/LM
C
I
Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria
WV
C
I
R/LM
C
I
Red-headed Tit Aegithalos concinnus
Spot-winged Crested Tit Parus melanolophus
Bar-tailed Tree-Creeper Certhia himalayana
Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus
SV
C
OM
R/LM
VC
GR
WV
C
GR
House Sparrow Passer domesticus
R/LM
VC
GR
Rock Bunting Emberiza cia
Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus
Cinnamon Tree Sparrow P. rutilans
R/SV
C
GR
Common Myna Acridotheres tristis
R
VC
OM
Jungle Myna A. fuscus
SV
C
OM
Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus kundoo
SV
C
FR
Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus
R/LM
VC
I
Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius
R/WV
C
OM
Black-headed Jay G. lanceolatus
R/WV
C
OM
Red-billed Blue Magpie Urocissa erythrorhyncha
R/LM
VC
OM
Grey Treepie Dendrocitta formosae
R/LM
VC
OM
House Crow Corvus splendens
R/LM
C
OM
Jungle Crow C. macrorhynchos
R/LM
VC
OM
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