Presented by
The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum
at Florida International University
The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum at
Florida International University is proud to offer
Art Smart, a visual arts program tailored to
5th grade students!
This workbook will prepare students for
their upcoming field trip to The Sculpture Park at FIU.
This workbook was prepared by Frost Art Museum staff in
cooperation with Miami-Dade County Public Schools and
following Florida Sunshine State Standards for fifth grade
curriculum. Educators are encouraged to integrate this workbook
into their curriculum. Students may read the workbooks and
complete most sections independently. The sections labeled
“Activity” may require formal instruction and may be more
successful as an in-classroom project.
Copyright © 2007 by The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum
at Florida International University
The Sculpture Park at FIU
The Sculpture Park at Florida International University allows visitors to study contemporary sculpture in an educational
environment accessible to the public. Placed throughout 26 acres of FIU’s subtropical landscape, this extraordinary
assortment of outdoor artwork attracts school children, university students, tour groups and individuals from South Florida
and beyond.
The Sculpture Park at FIU invites everyone to explore a variety of artistic styles and movements including abstract-expressionism,
constructivism, minimalism, conceptualism, earthworks and kinetic art. Comprised of loans and gifts from private donors and
purchases through the Florida Art in State Purchasing Program, the sculpture park features works by such celebrated artists as
Steve Tobin, Jacques Lipchitz, Charles Ginnever, Anthony Caro, John Henry, Beverly Pepper, and many others.
The Sculpture Park at FIU is open year-round, free of charge.
What is Three-dimensional?
If artwork has width, height and depth, it is three-dimensional.
Charles
Ginnever creates
art that
Three-dimensional
is also called
3Dfools
for short.
the
eye. Fourth
Bridge
is anthey
optical
illusion.
Sculptures
are 3D
because,
have
height,
Optical
illusions
areDrawings
created when
something
width and
depth.
are 2D,
or
looks
different thanbecause
what it really
Hehave
has
two-dimensional,
they is.
only
made
Bridge
such aThey
way are
thatflat.
when
lengthFourth
and width,
notindepth.
you
walk around
the can
sculpture
However,
a drawing
appearseems
to be to
3D.
go
from
fat to
thin. below.
Look
at the
example
Charles Ginnever is a sculptor who uses 3D
to fool the eye. His sculpture, Forth Bridge,
is an optical illusion. Optical illusions are
created when something looks different
from what it really is. He has created Forth
Bridge in such a
way that when you
walk around the
sculpture, viewing
it from different
perspectives, the
sculpture seems
to change from
fat to thin.
Charles Ginnever, Forth Bridge, 1979
corten steel, 212 x 107 x 32 inches
Now, you try!
1
Draw a square in the box.
3
Draw lines from the corners of
the first square to the matching
corners of the second square.
2
Draw a second square higher
and to the side of the first square,
but overlapping the first.
4
Now you have a cube (or at least
the drawing of a cube). It looks
like a box, but try to grab it!
What is a Sculpture?
Sculpture is an art form that is three-dimensional.
Sculpture can be viewed from all sides and angles,
or it can be viewed from only one direction.
When sculpture can be viewed from all sides, it is
known as a sculpture in the round.
Look at the different examples of sculpture on this page.
Sculpture in
the Round
Auguste Rodin, The Thinker, 1902, bronze
Sculpture seen from one direction only is called
a relief. There are 2 different kinds of reliefs:
1. Low relief is when a sculpture projects
very little from the background.
2. High relief is when a sculpture projects from
the background by at least half its own depth.
FUN
FACT
High Relief
Sculpture is the oldest
known art form with objects
that have survived the test of
time. The earliest sculptures
were made from bone, ivory,
stone, or antlers.
Low
Relief
Gutzon Borglum
Mount Rushmore National Memorial
1927-1941
granite, Black Hills of South Dakota
Temple of Edfu, Egypt
c. 237-57 BCE
Media
Media are the materials of which a sculpture is made.
Sculptures can be made of many different
kinds of media, or materials. Sculptures can
also have various textures and sizes.
The following media are commonly used to
build sculptures:
beads
bronze
ceramic
clay
edible material
fiber
found objects
glue
ice
jewels
marble
metals
paperboard
papier-mâché
plaster
plastics
sand
stone
textile
wax
wire
wood
GAME
Can you connect the media to their definitions
and solve this crossword puzzle? Use the
glossary in the back of your workbook for help.
1
A mixture of copper, tin and other metals, this medium
is very strong and hard. It is the traditional metal used
for cast sculptures.
2
A powdery kind of earth substance, this medium becomes
pliable to mold when mixed with water or oil. It is used to
make pottery.
3
This media is created when clay is fired in a kiln.
4
This medium comes from trees and can be easily carved.
5
This medium is the oldest in sculpture history! Sculptors
use hammers and chisels as the basic tools for carving
sculpture out of this.
6
This kind of art includes weaving, spinning, dyeing, quilting,
knitting, crochet, felting, paper making, needlepoint, sewing,
and other textile handicrafts.
7
This material is a more contemporary medium. Its texture and
surface can be altered to look rough, smooth, or rusty. Common
forms include iron, aluminum, and steel.
2
Answers:
1. bronze
2. clay
3. ceramic
4. wood
5. stone
6. fiber
7. metals
7
5
1
4
3
6
Methods of Sculpting
Artists use many different methods, or processes,
to create their sculptures.
Additive: When a sculptor starts with nothing and builds a form with
different materials, such as wax, clay, or papier-mâché.
Michelangelo, David, 1504, carrara marble
17 feet high, Florence, Galleria dell’ Accademia
FUN FACT
Subtractive: When a sculptor cuts or carves away from material such as
wood or stone to create a form. The sculptor subtracts what is not necessary
in the sculpture.
It took Italian sculptor,
Michelangelo, 3 years to complete
his famous sculpture, David. He
carved it from a giant block of
marble using the subtractive
method of sculpting.
POP QUIZ
Constructive: When a sculptor uses materials such as metal, wood, or
plastic and puts them together using bolts, nails, glue, or welding.
Emile-Antoine Bourdelle, Herakles, The Archer,
c. 1910-30, bronze, 32 x 40 x 23 inches
Can you guess what method was
used to create this sculpture?
Casting: A method of reproducing a sculpture by pouring a liquid, such
Answer:
Casting
as bronze, into a mold made by the artist. This allows the artist to make many
copies of the piece.
Sculptures Can Tell Stories
Sometimes, when an artist creates a sculpture,
he is trying to tell the viewer a story.
Jacques Lipchitz is a Jewish sculptor who
portrays figures from biblical stories in an
attempt to share his religious beliefs with the
public. Look at the sculpture on the right side of
the page. Read the sculptor’s quote below.
“The roots of the tree are Noah, a beginning
of a new generation of Jews after the Flood.
On him stands the sacrifice of Isaac, with
an angel restraining Abraham. The angel
serves as a support for the three patriarchs
who are supporting the burning bush. In
front of the burning bush is Moses. Rising
from the burning bush is a phoenix, which is
constantly nourished by and which supports
the Ten Commandments.” - Jacques Lipchitz
GAME
Can you find the following objects in
Jacques Lipchitz’s Our Tree of Life?
Circle the ones you can find.
roots
phoenix
Moses
Ten Commandments
Jacques Lipchitz
Our Tree of Life, 1973
bronze
114 x 73 x 56 inches
Now, you try!
Do you have a great story to tell? Draw a sculpture that
tells a story. Write the story next to the drawing.
Describing What You See
One of the best ways to learn about art is to talk about art.
Art is very visual, and it is important to describe
what we see in order to better understand what
the artist is trying to convey.
Describe this low relief.
What do you see?
How many people can you find in the scene?
How do you think they feel?
Where could they be?
Reading labels also helps you learn about
the artwork. Read the label and answer the
following questions.
What is the title?
What is the medium?
Ramon Lago, Silent Cry, 1988
fiberglass, aluminum rods, painted
84 x 72 x 4 inches
On loan from the Fellows Collection of the Cintas Foundation
Kinetic Sculpture
Kinetic art is sculpture that contains moving parts.
The moving parts can be powered by wind,
a motor, or the observer’s hand.
POP QUIZ
If the sculpture’s kinetic part spins 40 times per minute,
how many times will it spin in 6 minutes?
Answer: 240
ACTIVITY
Design your own kinetic sculpture.
Composition in Diamond
by Jean Claude Rigaud
is an example of kinetic
sculpture that is powered
by wind like a pinwheel.
Jean Claude Rigaud
Composition in Diamond, 2004
stainless steel, 22 x 8 x 8 feet
On loan from the artist
Materials:
1 straw
4 paper clips
scotch tape
cardboard scraps
scissors
Steps:
1. Cut slits into one end of straw, lengthwise & tape down ends
onto heavy cardboard.
2. Partially open 4 paper clips, tape straight ends together
and slip into end of straw.
3. Fan out folded ends of paper clips & attach cardboard shapes.
4. Blow on shapes to make sculpture move.
Maquettes
Many outdoor sculptures are large in scale, but they
often begin as small maquettes.
When the artist is satisfied with the form of the
maquette, he or she creates a larger version
using the same proportions seen in the model.
POP QUIZ
z=?
If the bottom of the Beverly
Pepper sculpture, Torre Pieno
Nel Vuoto, measures 23.5
inches high and the entire
height measures 141.5 inches,
what is the height of z?
x = 23.5”
Answer: 118 inches
GAME
ACTIVITY
Recreating the maquette as a sculpture can be
a challenging task. Design and build your own
maquette. What materials will you use? How big
will the final sculpture be? What will the length,
width and height of the sculpture be?
y=
141.5”
Beverly Pepper
Torre Pieno Nel Vuoto, 2004
stainless steel
141.5 x 25.5 x 12.75 inches
Try to solve the analogies below.
Example: Pencil is to draw as clay is to mold.
1. Sketch is to painter as maquette is to _______________________.
2. Weld is to steel as chisel is to ______________________________.
3. Drawing is to 2D as sculpture is to __________________________.
Answers:
1. sculptor 2. stone 3. 3D
A maquette is a small-scale model used in
preparation for making a larger sculpture.
It is used to visualize and test shapes and
ideas without incurring the cost and effort of
producing a full scale product.
Now, you try!
Try to enlarge the sculpture below
using the grid provided.
John Henry
Blue Storm, 1993
aluminum, painted
146 x 72 x 64 inches
Figures
A sculpture that portrays the human figure is called a statue.
The human figure is a popular subject that
appears throughout the history of sculpture.
These sculptures, called statues, can represent
real people or be totally fictional.
Do you see the man?
The Forgetful Man by Jeff Whyman is an
abstract sculpture. Abstract art uses simple
shapes, colors, and lines. Sometimes they
are put together to create an image we can
recognize. Whyman gathers scrap metal shapes
from junk yards for his sculptures.
If you just realized
that you forgot
something, how
would you
pose?
DID
YOU
KNOW?
A gesture is a form of
non-verbal communication
made with a part of the body.
Most people use gestures
when they speak to help
them express their
thoughts and feelings.
Does the title fit
the sculpture?
Jeff Whyman
The Forgetful Man, 1991
welded steel, burnished enamel
118 x 62 x 22 inches
ACTIVITY
Create a kinetic version of
The Forgetful Man!
GAME
Try these other poses…
Match the emotion with the figure:
Happy
Angry
Sad
Now, you try!
Come up with some of your own poses. Draw them in the
boxes below, and act them out.
Materials:
scissors, paper fasteners
Steps:
1. Cut out the shapes of
The Forgetful Man.
2. Bind them together
with paper
fasteners.
Sculpture is International
Sculpture is internationally practiced. Many
artists (and their sculptures) have traveled a
long way from their homes to the Sculpture
Park at FIU in Miami.
Steve Tobin
ACTIVITY
Charles Ginnever
Using the ruler, measure the distance these
artists had to travel from their birthplaces to
reach Miami.
b. 1957, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
b. 1931, San Mateo,
California
Beverly Pepper
b. 1922, New York,
New York
Sculpture Park at FIU
1. Who traveled the farthest?
Miami, Florida
2. Who was the closest?
3. In what country, and on what continent,
was Elisa Arimany born?
4. How old was Jacques Lipchitz when
he died?
Jeff Whyman
b. 1953, St. Louis,
Missouri
Ramon Lago
5. How many of these artists are from the
United States?
b. 1947,
La Esperanza,
Cuba
John Henry
b. 1943, Lexington,
Kentucky
Jean Claude Rigaud
b. 1945, Port-au-Prince,
Haiti
Answers:
1. Jacques Lipchitz
2. Ramon Lago
3. Spain, Europe
4. 81
5. 5
Anthony Caro
b. 1924, Surrey,
England
Jacques Lipchitz
August 22, 1891May 16, 1973,
Druskininkai, Lithuania
Ilan Averbuch
b. , 1953, Tel Aviv, Israel
Elisa Arimany
b. Sant Vicenc de
Castellat, Barcelona,
Spain
Pictured on map
(opposite page):
Pictured on map
(this page):
Charles Ginnever
Forth Bridge, 1982
corten steel
212 x 107 x 32 inches
Anthony Caro
Caramel, 1975
steel, painted
58 x 60 x 35 inches
Jeff Whyman
The Forgetful Man, 1991
welded steel, burnished
enamel
118 x 62 x 22 inches
Elisa Arimany
The Third Rail, 1990-1991
corten steel, unpainted
79 x 48 x 39 inches
On loan from the artist
John Henry
Blue Storm, 1993
aluminum, painted
146 x 72 x 64 inches
Jacques Lipchitz
Our Tree of Life, 1973
bronze
114 x 73 x 56 inches
Steve Tobin
Roots, 2001
cast bronze
18 x 9 x 6 feet
On loan from the artist
Ilan Averbuch
Journey’s End, 1985
granite, wood
144 x 480 x 78 inches
Ramon Lago
Silent Cry, 1988
fiberglass, aluminum
rods, painted
84 x 72 x 4 inches
On loan from the Fellows
Collection of the Cintas
Foundation
Beverly Pepper (b. 1922, New
York City, NY)
Untitled, 1965
stainless steel
91.5 x 55 x 30 inches
Jean Claude Rigaud
Composition in Diamond, 2004
stainless steel
22 x 8 x 8 feet
On loan from the artist
Glossary
abstract: a style of art which uses line,
shape, design, texture and color in a
way that does not appear realistic, but
emphasizes moods or feelings
ceramics: the art of making and
decorating objects of clay that are
fired in a kiln
additive method: a method of making
sculpture by adding, combining, or building
up materials to create one object
chisel: a tool with a cutting edge at the end
of a handle; Chisels are used by sculptors
for carving stone, wood, and other
materials
bronze: a mixture of copper, tin, and other
metals; Because it is very strong and hard,
bronze is the traditional metal used for cast
sculptures.
clay: a powdery kind of earth substance
which becomes pliable to mold when
mixed with water or oil; clay is used to
make pottery and sculpture
carve: to cut away unwanted parts from
a block of wood, stone, or other material,
using carving tools such as a chisel, knife,
or file
constructivism: refers to the sculpture
made of pieces of metal, glass, cardboard,
wood or plastic that emphasizes space
rather than mass; the technique is utilized
by building up, assembling or welding
various types of materials or mediums
together to form one object
cast: to reproduce a solid object by
pouring a liquid, such as melted metal,
clay, wax or plaster, into a mold and
allowing it to harden; the mold is then
removed and a reproduction or cast is left
in the shape of the mold
dimension: a measurement documenting
the length, width, or depth of an object;
two-dimensional art has only length and
width; three-dimensional art has length,
width and depth
fiber: an art medium produced by methods
such as weaving, spinning, dyeing, quilting,
knitting, crochet, felting, papermaking,
needlepoint, sewing, and other textile
handicrafts
figure: human shape or form; a pictorial or
sculptural representation, especially of the
human figure
form: the shape and structure of an object
found object: an everyday object included
in an artwork that was not originally
intended to be used in that purpose; a
found object may be natural or man-made
gesture: a movement or position of the
hand, arm, body, head, or face that is
expressive of an idea, opinion or emotion
high relief: a sculpture that projects
from its background by at least half its
own depth
kinetic art: sculpture that contains
moving parts
low relief: a sculpture that projects very
little from its background
maquette: a small scale model used in
preparation for making a larger sculpture
metal: industrial materials, such as steel,
iron and aluminum, that can be hammered,
cut and welded to create a sculpture
rhythm: the regular repetition of lines,
shapes, colors, or patterns utilized within
an art form or design composition
scale: the ratio between the actual size of
something and a representation of it
sculptor: one who creates sculpture
sculpture: a three-dimensional work of art
optical illusion: something that is visually
misleading or deceiving; something that
appears to be different from what it really
is, fooling the eye
papier-mâché: a construction material that
consists of pieces of paper stuck together
using a wet paste; the crafted object
becomes solid when the paste dries
perspective: is the way in which objects
appear to the eye
relief: an image which projects in
three-dimensional forms from a flat
two-dimensional background
sculpture in the round: a free standing
sculpture that can be viewed from all sides
statue: a sculpture, commonly
representing a human figure or animal
often commemorating an historic or
mythical figure
subtractive method: a method of making
sculpture by removing material from a large
block or form; marble, wood, and soap
carving are types of subtractive sculpture
texture: the surface feel or appearance of
an object, such as rough, smooth, bumpy
or scaly
three-dimensional: having height, width
and depth; a sculpture is three-dimensional
two-dimensional: having height and width,
but no depth; flat; paintings, drawings, and
stitchery are examples of two-dimensional
art forms
Notes
This project was supported by grants from Citigroup
Foundation and Dade Community Foundation,
Greater Miami’s permanent endowment made
possible by generous donors since 1967.