WORLD HISTORY
Chapter 18
The Muslim world
expands
Section 1, Chapter 18
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The Muslim World Expands,
1300–1700
Three great Muslim
powers—the Ottoman,
Safavid, and Mughal
empires—emerge
between 1300 and
1600. By 1700 all three
were in decline.
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The Muslim World Expands,
1300–1700
SECTION 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
SECTION 2 CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending
SECTION 3 The Mughal Empire in India
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Section 1, Chapter 18
The Ottomans Build a
Vast Empire
The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire
that combine many cultures and lasted for
more than 600 years.
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Turks Move into Byzantium
Turkish Warriors
• Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of
Byzantine Empire
• Many see themselves as ghazis—
warriors who fight for Islam
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Section 1, Chapter 18
Turks Move into Byzantium
Osman Establishes a State
• From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds
state in Anatolia
• Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans
• Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and
cannons
• Successors expand state through alliances and land
buying
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Turks Move into Byzantium
Osman Establishes a State
• Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares
himself sultan—overlord
• In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople
• Ottomans rule fairly over conquered
peoples
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Turks Move into Byzantium
Timur the Lame Halts Expansion
• Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—
rises to power in Central Asia
• Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402,
burning Baghdad
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Section 1, Chapter 18
Powerful Sultans Spur
Dramatic Expansion
Murad II
• Murad II begins expansion
Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
• Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers
Constantinople in 1453
• Opens city to Jews, Christians, and
Muslims and rebuilds
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Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities
• In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s
grandson, comes to power
• He defeats Persian Safavids and
pushes into North Africa
• Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo:
important Muslim cities
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Suleyman the Lawgiver
A Great Ruler
• Suleyman the Lawgiver,
Selim’s son, rules from 1520
to 1566
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Suleyman the Lawgiver
The Empire Reaches Its Limits
• Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and
Rhodes (1522)
• Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean
• Turks take North African coastline, control
inland trade routes
• Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna
• By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in
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the world
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Suleyman the Lawgiver
Highly Structured Social Organization
• Suleyman creates law code, reduces
bureaucracy, simplifies taxation
• Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from
conquered lands
• Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—
loyal only to the sultan
• Jews and Christians allowed to practice own
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religion
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Suleyman the Lawgiver
Cultural Flowering
• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to
flourishing of arts, learning
• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs
magnificent Mosque of Suleyman
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The Empire Declines Slowly
•
•
•
•
Gradual Fall
Suleyman kills one son and exiles
another
Third son inherits throne but rules
weakly
Later sultans kill their brothers and
leave their sons uneducated
Long line of weak sultans leads to
empire’s eventual fall
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Section 2, Chapter 18
Cultural Blending
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Section 2, Chapter 18
Cultural Blending
CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire produce a
rich and complex blended
culture in Persia.
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Section 2, Chapter 18
Cultural Blending
The Safavid Empire
Cultural Blending in Persia
• Between16th and 18th centuries a
Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia
• Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim
dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries
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Cultural Blending
CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire
Causes of Cultural Blending
• Changes occur through
migration, conquest, trade, or
religion
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Section 2, Chapter 18
Cultural Blending
CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire
Results of Cultural Blending
• Changes in language, religion,
government, use of technology
• Racial and ethnic blending,
intermarriage
• Cultural styles adapted into arts and
architecture
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Section 2, Chapter 18
The Safavids Build an Empire
Safavid Origins
• Begins as religious order named
for founder
• Safavids concentrate on building
powerful military
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•
•
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The Safavids Build an Empire
Isma’il Conquers Persia
Fourteen-year-old Isma’il
conquers Iran by 1451
Takes title of shah—king
Makes Shi’a Islam official religion;
kills Sunnis
Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands
empire
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A Safavid Golden Age
Abbas the Great
• Shah Abbas—Abbas the
Great—takes throne in 1587
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A Safavid Golden Age
Abbas the Great
• Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—
takes throne in 1587
Reforms
• Helps create a thriving Safavid
culture
• Reforms military and government;
brings in Christian trade
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Section 2, Chapter 18
A Safavid Golden Age
A New Capital
• Esfahan—new capital—is one of
world’s most beautiful cities
Art Works
• Chinese artisans blend Chinese and
Persian styles
Carpets
• Carpet weaving becomes national
industry
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Section 2, Chapter 18
The Dynasty Declines Quickly
•
•
•
•
The Safavid Empire Weakens
Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons
Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson,
leads to empire’s decline
By 1722, the empire is losing land to
the Ottomans and Afghans
Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire,
but it falls apart in 1747
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Section 3, Chapter 18
The Mughal Empire in
India
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Section 3, Chapter 18
The Mughal Empire in India
The Mughal Empire brings
Turks, Persians, and
Indians together in a vast
empire.
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Section 3, Chapter 18
The Mughal Empire in India
Early History of the Mughals
Mongol Invaders
• Mughals, or Mongols, invade
northwestern India
Conflict
• Muslims and Hindus fight for almost
300 years
• In 1000, loose empire of Turkish
warlords—Delhi Sultanate—forms
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Section 3, Chapter 18
The Mughal Empire in India
Early History of the Mughals
Delhi Sultanate
• Sultans rule from Delhi
between 13th and 16th centuries
• Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in
1398
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Early History of the Mughals
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Babur Founds an Empire
Babur becomes king of small land in
Central Asia at age 11
Is dethroned and driven south into India
Army conquers much of northern India,
forming Mughal Empire
Son Humayun loses most of the territory
Babur conquered
Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan
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Akbar’s Golden Age
Babur’s Grandson
•Akbar—“Greatest One”— rules
India from 1556 to 1605
A Military Conqueror
•Akbar uses cannons; names
native Indians as officers
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Akbar’s Golden Age
A Liberal Ruler
• Akbar allows religious freedom and
abolishes tax on non-Muslims
• Akbar allows all people a chance to
serve in high government office
• Hindu finance minister develops better
tax plan; income grows
• Akbar gives land to his officials, then
reclaims it when they die
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Akbar’s Golden Age
A Flowering of Culture
• Many cultures blend, mixing art,
education, politics, and language
• New languages like Hindi and
Urdu emerge
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Akbar’s Golden Age
The Arts and Literature
• Book illustrations, called miniatures,
flourish
• Hindu literature reemerges during
Akbar’s rule
Architecture
• New architectural style named for
Akbar develops
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Akbar’s Successors
Jahangir and Nur Jahan
• Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur
Jahan to control government
• Nur Jahan appoints her father prime
minister
• Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other
sons
• Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs,
nonviolent religious group
• Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred
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Akbar’s Successors
Shah Jahan
• Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and
successor, marries Persian
princess
• Assassinates all competitors for
throne
• His wife dies while giving birth to
her 14th child in 1631
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Akbar’s Successors
Shah Jahan
• Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb
Shah Jahan builds for his wife
• Taj Mahal is one of the most
beautiful buildings in the world
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Akbar’s Successors
The People Suffer
• People suffer paying for wars
and monuments
• Shah Jahan’s third son—
Aurangzeb—imprisons
father and takes over
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Akbar’s Successors
Aurangzeb’s Reign
• Rules between 1658 and 1707;
expands empire to its largest
• Strictly enforces Islamic law and
attempts to get rid of Hindus
• Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant
• Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus,
causing more rebellion
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The Empire’s Decline and Decay
The Mughal Empire Crumbles
• Over 2 million people die of famine
while Aurangzeb wages war
• Emperor becomes a figurehead;
empire breaks into separate states
• Meanwhile, traders arrive from
England, Holland, France, Portugal
• European traders gain key ports
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