Date
fEffin?s ANE NAfWEF
G reat increase
in machine production that began in
'!Bth cent[rY
England in the
Ectdustnia! Revo!utiocl'
The ffiegflrnmflmgs off
emeEosetre Large
farming
ExadustrfleE'f,zatfoxe
MEtrOmffi
YdPTg
arop rotation Planting a differ6n1
crop in a different field each Year
RffiffiP
imdustrializatior Process of
developing machine Production of
goods
about romantlctsm ano
. ln the last section, you read
realism !n the arts.
beEinning of
ln this sectiop, you will read about the
factors of Production Conditions
needed to produce goods and
services
factory Building where goods are
the Industiial Revolution'
ffiS YOE$ REAE
' Use this chart to take notes on important developments
' and conditions that led to industrialization'
c)
The lndustrial Revolutiom
o
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BeginS
(pages 253-254)
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Revolution begln?
great increase
The Indttstrial Revolutiora was the
the
*-pr"a."Oon that began in England during
tsefore the Industrial Revolution'
igJh
"""a"ry.
By the middle of
people ,nade most goods by hand'
by
more and mti" gtods were made
the 1700s,
machines'
with an agriThe trndustrial Revotrution began
1700s' Iarge
cultural raoolution. trn the early
inuch of the iand that
landowners in tsritain bought
landownbeen owned by po""i fut*ers' The
closed-in field for
made
entrepreneur Person who organizes,
manages, and takes on the financial
risk of a business enterPrise
closed-in
ers collected the-se lands into.large fields
hedges' These fields were called
Manf of the poor farmers who lost
"*olo.*"*r.
up
their lands became tenant famnnrs' Others gave
farming and moved to the cities'
New farm methods made farmeYs more proa seed
ductive For example, ]ethro Tull invented
Farmers
dri1l that rnade planting rhore efficient'
rotitioir' Crop rotation is the
atrso practic"d
"nop a different crop in a different
of planUng
6y:
f"rr"", or
fr*",i""
field each Year.
food
The increase in farm output made rnore
popYhThe
dietis'
avariable' Feople enjoyed bettel
were needed to
faimers
tion of Britain grew'"Fewer
to make goods
grow food. M-bre' people began
had
Cneprs,n
9 'Tirg [Nousrnrer' Rnvol'urrou
OE
other than focd. The growth in the numler of people in cities to work iri factories helped create the
'
industrial Revolution.
For several reasons, Britain was the first country to industrialize. Industrializatiorl is tlie
process of developing machine production of
,
goods,
Great Britain had all the resources needed for
industrialization. These resources included coal,
water, iron ore, rivers, harbors, and banks. Britain
also had all the factors of production that the,
Industrial Revolution required. These factors of
production included land; labor (workers), and
capital (wealth).
t
-
Why was Britain thte first country to industrihlize?
lnvent'ons Spur Tedrnological
AdVaneeS {pages ?55-2571
\
What inventiorn helPed
change bus.zr:ess?
These new inventio[s were large and expensive
rnachines. $usiness owners built large, water-Pow-
ered'factories io house and run these
these machines needed water-power to run them.
The invention of the steam engine in 1705
brought in a new sourc€ of power. The steam
engine used fire'to heat water and produce steam.
The power .of the steram drove the engine.
Eventually steam-driven engines were used to
run
,
l
:
factories.
At the same time, improvements were being
made in transportation. Robert Ftlton, an
'
,American, iqvented'the ffrqt steam-driven boat' \
This invention allowed people to send goods more
quickly over rivers and canals.
Starting in the 18203, steam brought a new
burst of industriai-growth. George Stephenson, a
Britiqh engineer, iet up the world's first railroad
line. It used a stearn-driven locomotive' Sooh, rail,oads w"r" being built all over Britain.
The railroa d boqn helped business owners
move their goods to {narket more quickly. It created tho,rsandl of new j'obs in several &fferentindustries. The railroadhad a deeq effect on British soci- . (.,,/
ety. For iqstance, people could now travel through'
.out &e country more quicklY.
2.
.1
machines. \...1
What eflbcts did the invention of the steam
The Industrial Revolution began in the terti.le
industry. Several ner,v inventions helped businesses
make'cioth and clothing more quickly. Richard
Arlannight invented the water frame in 1769. It
used water power to run spinning machines that
made yarn. InL779, Samuel Compton invented the
spinning mule that made better thread' In 1787,
Edmund Cartwright developed the power loom.
The power loom was a machine that sped up the
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d
cloth-mahng process.
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CHArren
g
SscT roN
I
TERMIS
AND NAIWES
us'hanization Citv building and the
movernent of PeoPle to cities
Fatterres off e&eamgea
mriddle class A social class of skilled
workelrs, Professionals, business
pqople, and wealthY farmers
HndustrfraEfzatioxe
BET{}ME YOIF ffiEffiP
Revolution began'
of its effects'
ln thissection, you will read about some
f,S YOItr REEE
Use
the chart below to record the effects
;;;.lr;triatizatlon'
Posttive effects
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lndustrial ization Changes
WaYs Of Life (Pases258-260)
Idow did ndustrializatton change
people's waYS of life?
to the
trndustrialization brought lrlaoy -changes
heat
to
coal
More plopl3 cluld use
'better
' en,rrh people.
irf*"s, eat. better food' and wear
,fr"i,
clothing.
Aniher
change was
urbanization-city build-
cities' For cenins and the movement of people to
in the
,"i;;, ;"tt people in dorop" had.lived
iived
;;;;,ry. ey th" 1'800s more ^"d *"u people
in
* cities.
-L;"g
cities'
confitions were bad in crowded
coutrd not find good housing' schools'
Many people
^protection.
Filth, garbage, and sickness
o, p"li"u
w"'i" prrt:of life in the slums' A person in a city
to live 17 years' In the countryside' a
nerson ctrlld erpe"t to live 38 years'
were also bad' The average
Work.rg
lJal*p""t
'
"orr^ditioru
job' 6 days a
rvor&erupJrra 1a hours a day on thg
ni*rry'workers were killed or seriously
*";f.,
injured in.accidents.
' So*" people's livesrwere improved in the new
lrrdl,tttial Revolution created new
""orro*y''Th"
;;"Lh'fo, thu middtre class, which included
rfofd *"*ers, plofessionals, business people' and
class
*erfrfry f"rm"i,' People in-.the middle
homes' This
;;;;"e **fortable hvls in pleasant people
'grew
qJ# U"g-" to grow in size Some
Creap'rsn
I
9?
Tim lspusrnr'u- Revolu-uox
I
rvealthier than the nobtres who had been in control
tor many
centuries.
,
The Indusirial R6volution had: many -good
effects. It created wealth. It created jobs for wprkers agd over timq helped many of them live better
lives. It produced better &ets, beiter housing, and
better clothing at lower prices;
t
'
- What were three positive and three negative
:
effects of iridustrializatien?
tory owners risked their rnoaey an{ workedJong
hours to make their businesses grow, II1 return,
Itheyr, enjoyed huge priifits, and built huge houses,
The workers also worked long hog,rs, but had'few
benefits. M*y qf thgse woikers were'children,
some,only six years old..The British government
did not limit the use of childrin as .workers
tt',,#
.
The large amount of industry in Manchester
caused environrnenial problems. Coal smo]<e and
cloth dyes from the fr"t"ri"t polluted the air
2.
if,Jhy
is Manchester a good example of how
iidustrialization ehartged eities?
The Mills o-f Manch€Stetr
lpuses261-v6zl
fhe nngiish city of Manchester is a good example
of how industrialization changed society. Rapid
glolvth made the city crowded and filthy. The fac-
,ii {
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I
Skillbuilder
Use the cha*.to aqswerthese questions.
1.
How many years rioes this data cover?
o
a
o
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a
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,s,
d
2,
What was the rate of grow,th in Manchester
between 1801 and 187t?
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98 Crmprrn I
SncrroN 2
rgNMS AND NAMES
faire Economic theorythat
argues that governme.nts should not
'intenfere
with business affairs
Eaissez
Adanr Srmkh PhilosoPher who
defended laissez faire economics.
EETOMH Y{E[T MEfiP
capitalisrm Economic sYstern in
lnthelastseqtion,yousawhowindustrializationspreadto
different nations.
,lnthissection,youwill|ear,naboutnewideasbndreforms.
ffiS. Y{E[T
NEffiM
FillinthewebbeloWwiththerrrajorldeasandchanges
you read about.
which people invbst money to rnake a
profit
utilitarianismr Belief that an idea is
only as good as it is useful
socialisnn Belief that businesses
should be owned bY societY as a
whole
Economic thinker who
*unt
a radicalform of
about
wrote
**o
communism Forrn of.socialism in
which all production is owned bythe
people
union 0rganized grouPs of workers
that bargiin with business owners to
get better pay and wqrking conditions
-
collective bargaining Talks and
a greements between organized
workers dnd business owners
srrike Organized refusal to work
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The PhilosoPhers of
lndustrial izatioh ges
What is caPrtaltsm?
{
pa
267 -26?i\
about
Industrializatioq Ied to new ways of thinking
governsociety. Some economists thought that the
Their
alone'
mentlshould leave business owners
view is called laissez fair.e'
should
Adarm Smith argue-d that govern*TT
this freenot put limits on business' He believed
grow H1
dom would help a nationt e-conomy
calied
and other writers supported a system
capltalisrn. In a capitalist economy, people invest
the'ir money in businesses to make a profit' Smith
over
and others teliered that society would benefit
faire
time from'this system. Supporters of laissez
opposed laws to Protect workers'
Other writers challenged these ideas' One
utilgroup was called the utilitarians' According to
iar*itir*, an idea or practice is good only if it is
useful.
The utilitariaps thought it was unfair that work-
live
ers should work so hard for such iittle pay and
governin such poor conditions. They thought the
CHAPTER
I
?'mfr lNousrnrar-
Rsvoillrrol'{
t$t
,I
,
ment should work to end great differences in
'.: ..
l
wealth among
X,. lfow
people. '
.
'
workers weut on ste'i.ke, or refused to work, Brjtish
and American workers strr:ggled for a long time to
win the rigllt to'form unions, By the late 1800s,
workers- in both countries had made sofne
does bapitalism work?
'{a
: .:./
,.
progress.
The tsritish Farliainent and reformers in'ihe
United States also tried to fix other social probl
Iems. Britain passed laws to limit how much wor(
women anfl children could do. Groups in the
Rise Of S0Cialism
United States pushed for similar laws.
{pages268-27o}
3.
What ts socialism?
How did both the government and workers
themselves try to improve workers' lives?
Some thinkers wanted society as a whole to own
businesses- This way a few peogle would not grow
we4lthy at the e4pense.of eyeryone else. trnstead,
all people would gnjoy the benefits of increased
production. This view--called soeialisrn-grew
out of a belief in progress and a concern for justice
and fairness
A German thinker named Karl Marx proposed a
form of socialism that became known x Marxism.
He said that factory owners apd workers would
struggle for pgwer. Overltime, he said, the capitalist system would destroy, itself. The great mass of
workers would rebel against the wealthy few.
Marx wrote The Communtit Manifesfo. It
described communism, a foT*,of socialism in
which production is controlled !y the people. In
the early 1900q, these ideas would bring revolution.
2-
How are eapitalisrn and socialismr different?
Other Reform Movennents
(pages 271-Zl2l
Tfr{hat other refbrms
place at this trne?
were taking
Another major reform movement of the IB00s was
tlre effortto ubolish slavery. The British Parliament
ended the slave trade in 1807. It then abolished
Slavery was ftnally.abolished
in tle
United
Stat-es in:1865, after the Civil War. Spri, ended
slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 and in,Cuba in 1886.
In 1BBB Brazil became the last country to ban
slavery.
Women rryere active in many reform movements. As they fought for the end of slavery many
wornen began to fight for equal rights for women.
The movement for equaiity began in the United
States in 1848. In l8BB, womeil from around the
world fofmed a group dedicated to this cause,
R.eformers took on other projects as well. Some
Unionization and Legislative
RgfOfm
(pageszTo-271)
pushed
IIow did workers take action.
education.'Others hoped to improve conditions in,prisons.
to improve their lives?
While thinkers discussed these different
ideas;
workers fought to irnprove their lives. Many work-,
ers joined unions, A union is. a group of workers
that tries to bargaiq with employers for better pay
and better working con&tions.
When employers resistad these efforts, the
102 Cs*BrunQ Sucrrox4
for-and won-improved
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ltame two nnaior reform movements ol ther1800s.
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