Sao Tome and Principe
OPHI Country Briefing 2010
Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI)
http://ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk
www.ophi.org.uk
Oxford Dept of International Development,
Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford
Country Briefing: Sao Tome and Principe
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) At a Glance
July 2010
This Country Briefing presents the results of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and explains key findings
graphically. Further information as well as international comparisons are available at
www.ophi.org.uk/policy/multidimensional-poverty-index/.
The MPI was constructed by OPHI for the UNDP’s 2010 Human Development Report (http://hdr.undp.org/en/).
Citation: Alkire, Sabina & Maria Emma Santos. 2010. Sao Tome and Principe Country Briefing. Oxford Poverty &
Human Development Initiative (OPHI) Multidimensional Poverty Index Country Briefing Series. Available at:
www.ophi.org.uk/policy/multidimensional-poverty-index/mpi-country-briefings/.
For more information on the MPI please see Alkire, Sabina & Maria Emma Santos. “Acute Multidimensional Poverty: a new index for
developing countries” OPHI Working Paper 38 and UNDP Research Paper Series.
Country Profile
Sao Tome and Principe-MICS-2000
andTome
Principeand Principe
Country: 3Sao TomeSao
78 Year: 2000
Survey: MICS
Region: Sub-Saharan Africa
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
The MPI reflects both the incidence (H) of poverty – the proportion of the population that is multidimensionally poor – and the average intensity
(A) of their deprivation – the average proportion of indicators in which they are deprived. The MPI is calculated by multiplying the incidence of
poverty by the average intensity across the poor. A person is identified as poor if he or she is deprived in at least 30 percent of the weighted
indicators. The following table shows the multidimensional poverty rate (MPI) and its two components: incidence of poverty (H) and average
intensity of deprivation faced by the poor (A). The first and second columns of the table report the survey and year which was used to generate the
MPI results.
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Survey
Year
Multidimensional Poverty
Index (MPI = H×A)
Incidence of
Poverty (H)
Average Intensity
Across the Poor (A)
MICS
2000
0.236
51.6%
45.8%
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Sao Tome and Principe
OPHI Country Briefing 2010
Comparing the MPI with Other Poverty Measures
Column chart A. compares the poverty rate using the MPI with three other commonly used poverty measures. The height of the first column
denotes the percentage of people who are MPI poor (also called the incidence or headcount). The second and third columns denote the
percentages of people who are poor according to the $1.25 a day poverty line and $2.00 a day poverty line, respectively. The final column denotes
the percentage of people who are poor according to the national poverty line. The table on the right hand side reports various descriptive statistics
of the country.
Summary
A. Comparative poverty measures
Proportion
60.0%
52%
50.0%
Multidimensional Poverty Index
0.236
Percentage of MPI Poor (H)
0.516
MPI (H)
U$1.25 a day
U$2 a day National Poverty
hpi109value
Line
Average Intensity of Deprivation (A)
52%
0%
0.458
Number of MPI Poor People (in millions)
0.1
40.0%
Percentage of Income Poor ($1.25 a day)
0%
30.0%
Percentage of Income Poor ($2.00 a day)
0%
Percentage of Poor (National Poverty Line)
0%
Population* (in millions)
0.2
0%
0%
13%
20.0%
10.0%
Human Development Index
0%
0%
0%
U$1.25 a day
U$2 a day
National Poverty Line
0.0%
MPI (H)
Poverty
Measure
HDI rank (104 countries)
HDI category
0.651
39
Medium
* Human Development Report 2009, Statistical Annex L
Comparing the MPI with Other Poverty Measures
Columnchart B. shows the percentage of people who are MPI poor (also called the incidence or headcount) in the 104 developing countries
analysed.The column denoting this country is dark, with other countries shown in light grey.The line across the column chart denotes the
percentage of people who are income poor according to the $1.25 a day poverty line in each country.
B. Headcounts of MPI poor and $1.25/day Poor
Percentage of Poor People
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Niger
Ethiopia
Mali
Central African Republic
Burundi
Liberia
Burkina Faso
Guinea
Sierra Leone
Rwanda
Mozambique
Angola
Comoros
DR Congo
Malawi
Benin
Madagascar
Senegal
Tanzania
Nepal
Zambia
Nigeria
Chad
Mauritania
Gambia
Kenya
Bangladesh
Haiti
Republic of Congo
India
Cameroon
Togo
Cambodia
Yemen
Cote d'Ivoire
Pakistan
Lesotho
Lao
Swaziland
Nicaragua
Namibia
Bolivia
Gabon
Honduras
Ghana
Djibouti
Morocco
Guatemala
Indonesia
Peru
Tajikistan
Mongolia
Viet Nam
Guyana
Paraguay
Philippines
China
Dominican Republic
Colombia
Brazil
Turkey
Suriname
Estonia
Egypt
Trinidad and Tobago
Azerbaijan
Sri Lanka
Kyrgyzstan
Mexico
South Africa
Argentina
Tunisia
Jordan
Uzbekistan
Armenia
Ecuador
Moldova
Ukraine
Macedonia
Uruguay
Thailand
Croatia
Russian Federation
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Georgia
Hungary
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Belarus
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Slovenia
0%
Percentage of MPI Poor
#N/A
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Percentage of Income Poor (living on less than $1.25 a day)
93
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Sao Tome and Principe
OPHI Country Briefing 2010
Incidence of Deprivation in Each of the MPI Indicators
The MPI uses 10 indicators to measure poverty in three dimensions: education, health and living standard. The bar chart to the left reports the
proportion of the population that is poor and deprived in each indicator. We do not include the deprivation of non-poor people. The spider
diagram to the right compares the proportions of the population that are poor and deprived across different indicators. At the same time it
compares the performance of rural areas and urban areas with that of the national aggregate. Patterns of deprivation may differ in rural and urban
areas.
Health
Education
C. Deprivations in each Indicator
D. Percentage of the Population MPI poor and Deprived
Schooling
Schooling, 30.0%
Child
Enrolment
Assets
C. Enrolment, 12.7%
Child Mortality, 24%
Nutrition, 7.7%
Cooking
Fuel
Child
Mortality
Floor
Nutrition
Living Standard
Electricity, 36.2%
Sanitation, 48.9%
Drink. Water, 22%
Floor, 0.3%
Cooking Fuel, 50.1%
Assets, 44.5%
Drinking
Water
Electricity
Sanitation
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
Percentage of the Population who are MPI poor and deprived in each
National
Urban
Rural
Composition of the MPI
The MPI can be broken down to see directly how much each indicator contributes to multidimensional poverty. The following figure shows the
composition of MPI using a pie-chart. Each piece of the pie represents the percentage contribution of each indicator to the overall MPI of the
country. The larger the contribution, the bigger is the weighted share of the indicator to the overall poverty.
Schooling
Contribution of indicators to the MPI
Assets
Education
Child Enrolment
Schooling
Child Mortality
Cooking Fuel
Health
Nutrition
Floor
Electricity
Drinking Water
Child Enrolment
Sanitation
Drinking Water
Sanitation
Floor
Living
standard
Cooking Fuel
Electricity
Child Mortality
Assets
Nutrition
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Sao Tome and Principe
OPHI Country Briefing 2010
Decomposition of MPI by Region
The MPI can be decomposed by different population subgroups, then broken down by dimension, to show how the composition of poverty
differs between different regions or groups. In the column chart to the left, the height of each of the three bars shows the level of MPI at the
national level, for urban areas, and for rural areas, respectively. Inside each bar, different colours represent the contribution of different indicators
to the overall MPI. In the column chart to the right the colours inside each bar denote the percentage contribution of each indicator to the overall
MPI, and all bars add up to 100%. This enables an immediate visual comparison of the composition of poverty across regions.
MPI Value
E. Contribution of Indicators to the MPI at the national level, for urban areas, and for rural areas
100%
0.300
90%
18.7%
21.2%
22.6%
0.250
80%
Schooling
9.7%
8.9%
Schooling
8.5%
70%
0.200
Child Enrolment
Schooling
Child Enrolment
17.1%
19.9%
5.4%
5.2%
8.5%
7.3%
9.2%
11.5%
12.1%
11.1%
5.1%
0.1%
4.9%
0.1%
5.3%
0.0%
11.8%
11.8%
11.7%
10.5%
10.2%
10.6%
National
Urban
Rural
60%
15.4%
Child Mortality
0.150
Child Mortality
Child Enrolment
50%
Nutrition
Child Mortality
Nutrition
Electricity
0.100
Nutrition
Electricity
Sanitation
30%
Sanitation
Drinking Water
Floor
20%
Drinking Water
Floor
Cooking Fuel
Sanitation
Drinking Water
Floor
0.050
Cooking Fuel
40%
Electricity
Cooking Fuel
Assets
5.5%
10%
Assets
Assets
0.000
0%
National
Urban
Rural
Intensity of Multidimensional Poverty
Recall that i) a person is considered poor if they are deprived in at least 30% of the weighted indicators and ii) the intensity of poverty denotes the
proportion of indicators in which they are deprived. A person who is deprived in 100% of the indicators has a greater intensity of poverty than
someone deprived in 40%. The following figures show the percentage of people who experience different intensities of poverty. The pie chart to
the left breaks the poor population into seven groups based on the intensity of their poverty. It shows the proportion of poor people whose
intensity (the percentage of indicators in which they are deprived) falls into each group. The column chart to the right, reports the proportion of
the population in a country that is poor in that percentage of indicators or more. For example, the number over the 40% bar represents the
percentage of people who are deprived in 40% or more indicators.
per
60%-70%
Percentage of MPI Poor
80%-90% 90%100%
30%
40%
50%
0.516
0.268
0.169
0.484
0.732
0.831
G. Percentage of people deprived in X% or
more of the MPI weighted indicators
100%
60%
60%
70%
80%
90%
0.077
0.028
51.6%
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.972
0.997
1.000
1.000
50%
0.923
30%-40% 40%-50% 50%-60%
60%-70% 80%-90% 90%-100%
30%-40%
40%
50%-60%
30%-40%
0.248
0.099
0.091
0.050
0.025
0.003
0.000
26.8%
30%
16.9%
20%
40%-50%
7.7%
10%
2.8%
F. Intensity of Deprivation Among MPI Poor
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
80%
90%
100%
0%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Intensity of Poverty
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