DRIVER TRAINING TRL evaluates proposed changes to the driver training system INVESTIGATING AGGREGATE TRLnews IN THIS ISSUE... CLIMATE CHANGE Maximising the sustainable use of this valuable resource Using indicators to measure our resilience to this growing phenomenon TRL Certification Launched Creating the future of transport TRL has formally launched its Certification business - a new subsidiary company which will provide independent third party Certification and Assurance services to existing TRL customers and new industry sectors - See page 3 OCTOBER 2008 www.trl.co.uk 2 TRLnews Using pavement condition for effective asset management It is crucial that the local road network is adequately maintained to support local priorities such as regeneration, social inclusion, community safety, health and education. The growth in traffic and in the number of services located under the road surface, have highlighted the importance of highway maintenance. Local authorities face many competing priorities for their budgets. Although individual potholes may develop very quickly and road surfaces can deteriorate rapidly towards the end of their life, the condition of most roads changes very slowly from year to year. This results in a pressure on local authorities to save money by delaying preventative maintenance. Therefore, information about the condition of the road pavements is an increasingly important consideration for local authority highway engineers when planning how best to maintain that asset and making the case for adequate funding. The information is also of great value to national governments in strategic planning. The Department for Transport (DfT) has awarded a three year project to TRL and Atkins to support local authorities in developing the use of information technology to manage their road pavement assets. developed its original design. As the developer of TRACS and SCANNER, TRL also brings unsurpassed experience and expertise in measuring road condition at both slow and traffic speeds. While the project has a fundamental objective to ensure the continuing availability and accreditation of UKPMS (the UK local roads pavement management system) and SCANNER (the automated traffic speed collection of local road surface condition), the project also includes: Atkins has detailed knowledge and experience of developing and implementing asset management policies and practices, through their wide-ranging work with local authorities. The team is strengthened by individual specialist consultants who have worked previously on the separate UKPMS and SCANNER support contracts. The contract delivery team, led by Barry Cleave, TRL’s Head of Asset Management, is a good example of how TRL builds effective and expert teams using partners and an extensive supply chain. l P romoting the use of UKPMS and SCANNER in local authorities l S upporting commercial suppliers in the implementation of future UKPMS and SCANNER specifications, and l S upporting the industry in the development of other data sources and their interface with UKPMS TRL has been a leading player in the development and support structure for UKPMS since it was first envisaged, and a key member of the team that The UK Pavement Management System (UKPMS) was introduced in the early 1990’s in recognition of the need for a robust, practical tool to assist local authorities in managing and processing information on their pavement assets. UKPMS is the national standard for management systems for the assessment of local road network condition and for the planning of investment and maintenance on paved areas of roads, kerbs, footways and cycle tracks on local roads within the UK. Currently five commercial developers have accredited their systems to the UKPMS specification. The Surface Condition Assessment for the National NEtwork of Roads (SCANNER) survey is a more recent development than UKPMS and builds on the strong history of traffic speed condition survey methods and machines developed by TRL. It is a specification for an automated road carriageway condition survey, including acceptance testing, accreditation, quality assurance and audit procedures. The method has become a particularly important part of the condition assessment toolkit as the basis for National Indicators in England, Scotland and in Wales. Currently three survey companies have accredited seven vehicles to the SCANNER specification. This new commission, awarded under the DfT research framework contract, will help all stakeholders perceive stability, consistency and commitment in the development of UKPMS and SCANNER. Furthermore, it will support the process by which UKPMS and SCANNER are brought together to meet local authorities’ needs for an effective pavement asset management system. CONTACT: Barry Cleave 01344 770164 [email protected] TRLnews 3 TRL Certification launched TRL is delighted to announce the launch of a new subsidiary company, which will provide independent third party Certification and Assurance services to existing TRL customers and new industry sectors. For many years, we have worked with public and private companies throughout the world, developing Standards, Specifications, Guidelines and Protocols. As a result of increasing demand from our customers, these activities have developed and grown significantly. The time is now right to bring them all together under a single banner and we are setting up a new subsidiary company for this purpose. l Build partnerships with Trade The new company will: l Become UKAS Accredited to certify l Develop TRL’s existing Certification business by operating as a truly independent Certification Body, which will be recognised in the market place by users and specifiers and demonstrate a clear separation from TRL’s established consultancy and research business l Build a Certification business in new areas for the purpose of adding market value to our customers’ products and services Associations and industry bodies to certify on their behalf, for their benefit l Create and publish a comprehensive list of ‘Approved Products and Services’ which customers and specifiers can use to add confidence and recognition in their markets to ISO9001:2000 during 2009 and follow on to offer ISO14001, Environmental Management Systems Certification David Pickavance, TRL’s Development Director for Certification says; “We can work with specifiers, Associations or industry groups to produce specifications and certification schemes quickly, which are relevant to particular specialist sectors. This will help to give a clear and recognisable differentiation for those who choose to show their ability and status as compliers and improvers.” TRL already has a number of Certification schemes underway, which include: TRACS/SCANNER –TRL currently undertakes the Certification of road surface condition monitoring vehicles on behalf of the Highways Agency (TRACS) and the Department for Transport (SCANNER). TRL assesses the performance of the TRACS/ SCANNER survey vehicles against an agreed specification and grants Certification on the basis of this and an ongoing QA Assessment programme. CE Marking – Following TRL’s appointment as a Notified Body for testing vehicle restraint systems (safety barriers, parapets and crash cushions) and an exclusive partnership with BSI Products and Services, we are now offering a CE Marking service for these systems. Now that the EN1317 series of standards has been harmonised, all products sold in the European market will need to apply a CE Mark by January 2011. Extended ISO17025 scope for R44 Assessment - TRL is the first UK test facility officially recognised to conduct Regulation 44 performance testing on child seats. Under the International Accreditation Forum’s Multi Lateral Agreement, UKAS Accreditation is recognised worldwide and accepted by all R44 Certification bodies. As a “technical service provider” TRL can cover the entire R44 assessment process and guide manufacturers through to Certification. Aggregates – TRL has assessed and certified a group of aggregate producers in Jersey, against a bespoke TRL Quality Systems Standard. This Certification has provided them with an entry on their prime customer’s list of approved suppliers, bringing added value to all parties. We are now planning to offer similar schemes in mainland UK and the Middle East. TRL is currently working on a number of other certification schemes for industry sectors, such as; tyre performance, tyre re-cycling, child safety systems, security, and business continuity. Bespoke Certification or recognition schemes on behalf of Trade Associations or industry sectors can also be developed to meet specific requirements. If you think your products could benefit from TRL Certification to give them added value and recognition in their markets, we would be very pleased to discuss it further with you. CONTACT: David Pickavance 01344 770065 [email protected] 4 TRLnews HATO vehicle safety assessment Highways Agency (HA) Traffic Officer (TO) vehicles patrol the motorway network performing a number of specific tasks to ensure the safety of motorists and to keep traffic moving as freely as possible. As part of the HA’s commitment to ensuring and improving the safety and welfare of their TOs, TRL has been asked to undertake a broad ranging assessment of the safety and use of HA vehicles. HATO vehicles are standard road vehicles that are retrospectively fitted with additional equipment, such as communication systems and light bar controls in the vehicle’s passenger compartment, and beacons, cones and road signs in the rear luggage compartment. TRL is assessing the placement of this additional equipment to identify potential elevated injury risks that the equipment may pose to TOs in the event of an accident. Ergonomic assessments will be carried out to identify and resolve potential issues concerning the positioning of the equipment, its ease of access and the vehicle’s overall ease of use in terms of the operational requirements of TOs. The weight of the additional equipment carried by HATO vehicles means that they are often operated close to their maximum permissible weight. Consequently, TRL will be carrying out static and dynamic vehicle tests to evaluate how the stability and handling performance of these vehicles might be affected by the additional weight of the equipment they carry. As part of their work activities, HATO vehicles are often used to clear broken down or accident damaged vehicles from the highway in order to remove congestion hazards and maintain traffic flows. On occasions, clearance activities could involve a long distance tow in order to get the disabled vehicle to a place of safety. An additional part of the project will involve TRL carrying out a programme of towing trials to investigate how the force needed to tow a vehicle can vary depending on such factors as the tow angle, the mass of the towed vehicle and the possible post accident orientation of a towed vehicle (i.e. whether the towed vehicle is on its wheels, roof or side). The results from this study will be used to validate and update current HA guidelines for TOs. CONTACT: Will Donaldson 01344 770502 [email protected] Blind spot mirrors In built up urban areas, Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) can share the same road space as vulnerable road users such as pedal cyclists or pedestrians. Although collisions between these types of road user are rare, when they do occur they often result in a severe or fatal injury. It is not only vulnerable road users who are at risk, as there are also accidents where the HGV “sideswipes” another vehicle passing along its passenger side. Some of these accidents may be caused by the HGV driver being unaware of traffic close to the passenger side, particularly in the ‘blind spot’ caused by the passenger door on high vehicles. Results from a previous study by VOSA suggest that fitting a Fresnel lens to the passenger side window will improve the driver’s field of vision, minimise the blind spot and thus reduce the number of sideswipe accidents that occur on UK roads. A Fresnel lens is a thin plastic lens that is attached to the inside of the passenger door window. It replaces the curved surface of a conventional lens with a series of concentric grooves which act as individual refracting surfaces. The Department for Transport (DfT) asked TRL to assess the driver’s field of vision on the passenger side of HGVs, including that offered by the Fresnel lens. Preliminary results confirm that the Fresnel lens afforded drivers a view of a passing road user, in many cases when they were unable to see the vehicle through either their direct field of view or through their indirect field of view through the rear view mirrors. To date, this study has only compared the field of view from two vehicles. However, the DfT are considering expanding this research to include more vehicles in order to gather additional information, particularly in relation to the angle of the driver’s eye to the lower edge of the passenger side window, a parameter which may have a significant influence on the size and position of any potential blind spot. CONTACT: Martin Dodd 01344 770699 [email protected] TRLnews 5 Review of driver training and assessment protocol in Great Britain The Driving Standards Agency (DSA) is reviewing the driver training and assessment system in Great Britain. The DSA consultation (Learning to drive, 2008) proposes changes that are designed to make learning to drive more relevant to what learners see as the ‘real’ driving they do after they pass their test. TRL was commissioned by the DSA to evaluate some of the proposed changes. Specifically, TRL evaluated three ‘independent driving’ tasks and two ‘situational judgement’ tasks. ’Independent driving’ refers to having learners make independent decisions when they drive, rather than relying on instructions from their instructor or examiner. The tasks evaluated were: l F ollowing verbal directions: Learners had to memorise and follow a set of directions, as if they had asked a passer-by l T urn vehicle in road: Learners were asked to turn the car in the road ahead using a method of their choice l Follow road signs: Learners were asked to follow road signs to a specific location ‘Situational judgement’ refers to asking learners to describe the hazards and risks present in real on-road situations. The tasks evaluated were: lQ uestions before a situation: Learners were asked to list the hazards and risks present in a bend in the road ahead, before they drove through the situation lQ uestions after a situation: Learners were asked to list the hazards and risks at a roundabout, after negotiating it The new tasks are all aimed at ensuring that newly qualified drivers are better prepared to drive unaccompanied after they pass their driving test. Data were collected from 100 ‘testready’ learner drivers who took part in a ‘driving event’ under mock test conditions on a route near the DSA training centre in Cardington. The performance of the learner drivers on the tasks was assessed by DSA examiners using the same faultreporting forms as are used in the current driving test. Learner drivers and their driving instructors also completed a questionnaire and short interview after the drive, to assess their attitudes towards the new tasks. The findings will be used to inform the ongoing consultation regarding learning to drive in Great Britain. CONTACT: Shaun Helman 01344 770650 [email protected] The dangers of texting whilst driving In February 2008, the RAC Foundation reported the results of a survey of more than 2,000 users of the social networking site, Facebook, It examined tendencies to use a mobile phone for text messaging whilst driving. The report revealed that 45% of UK drivers use short message services (SMS) whilst driving, particularly young drivers and those with a keen interest in technology. To develop this research further, the RAC Foundation commissioned TRL to study the level of impairment caused by texting whilst driving. studies conducted at TRL where the simulator has been used to investigate the impairment caused by mobile phone conversations, alcohol and cannabis. TRL’s driving simulator, CarSim, was used to ensure that the study was carried out in safe, controlled conditions and to enable detailed analysis of performance. Seventeen young drivers were recruited to take part in the study, all aged between 17 and 24 years old. A similar meth-odology was used to previous Drivers completed one drive as normal (undistracted) and one drive in which they were required to complete a number of text messaging tasks (reading and writing). It was found that participants were significantly impaired in their performance when both reading and writing text messages, with the latter producing the greatest impairment. Reaction times to trigger stimuli were around 35% slower when writing a text message. In the earlier studies, alcohol consumption to the legal limit caused a 12% reaction time increase whilst cannabis caused reaction times to slow by 21%. It was also noticed that when texting, drivers slowed significantly, indicating that they recognised the impairment caused by their texting activities and were attempting to mitigate risk by reducing speed. However, drivers also showed significantly greater lateral variability in their lane position when texting and the driven vehicle drifted into adjacent lanes far more frequently when texting. This risk is not mitigated by speed reduction and would lead the driven vehicle into potential conflict with other traffic. In part of the trial, drivers were required to navigate a series of sweeping bends whilst trying to read and write text messages. Interestingly, results in this section revealed that female drivers showed much greater variability in lateral lane position than male drivers. Indeed, more than 90% of the observed lane departures were by female participants. However, the female participants also tended to show greater speed reductions when texting as compared to the male participants, indicating that they may have had greater awareness that their driving was impaired. Overall, the study highlighted that when texting whilst driving, a driver may present a greater accident risk than when at the legal limit for alcohol consumption and reinforced that young drivers should refrain from this dangerous activity. CONTACT: Nick Reed 01344 770046 [email protected] 6 TRLnews Understanding the performance of aggregate High performance aggregate for road surfacing is becoming scarce, so consequently, there is considerable interest in new laboratory test equipment that has the potential to maximise the sustainable use of this valuable resource. The Wehner/Schulze polishing machine, named after two professors from the University of Berlin who invented it in the 1960s, is one such piece of equipment. It is designed to simulate the polishing action of vehicles on road surfaces, and incorporates a friction testing station which enables accurate measurement of friction on samples of aggregate or asphalt before and after polishing. Keen to assess its suitability in the UK, the Highways Agency (HA) purchased a Wehner/ Schulze polishing machine and installed it at TRL. simultaneously. The cores are retrieved from the road and are being tested at 6 month intervals. l l S upport for a programme (sponsored by the HA, Quarry Products Association and Refined Bitumen Association) investigating the influence of aggregate particle size on friction, which indicates an improvement can be gained by using smaller particles. Investigation of the influence on friction of mixing aggregate from different sources. The initial results of this work suggest that it may be possible to make formulaic predictions of the friction of asphalt made from combinations of aggregate. It is anticipated that the Wehner/Schulze machine will enable a better understanding of the in-service performance of aggregate and asphalt in a range of conditions. This in turn will lead to better specification of road surfacings, improving safety and the sustainable use of finite resources. CONTACT: Alan Dunford 01344 770671 [email protected] Work to date has started to demonstrate the machine’s potential, and has included: l P articipation in international correlation trials designed to assess all existing Wehner/Schulze machines (most of which are in Germany). These trials aim to measure the repeatability and reproducibility of the technique, which is thought to be better than current, established methods. l omparisons of accelerated polishing in the C machine with polishing by traffic on the road. This work has used an innovative technique to inlay asphalt cores, prepared in the laboratory, in the wheel paths of several in-service roads, allowing a wide range of aggregate to be investigated Testing by pendulum Originally developed by TRL researchers for simulating HGV impacts on bridge columns, TRL was keen to discover if its pendulum could also be used to undertake cost effective and repeatable low energy impact tests simulating a vehicle hitting a security barrier. The occasion presented itself when a manufacturer of geosynthetics expanded its range to include products geared towards military and counter terrorism activities. Two full scale impact tests had been undertaken at TRL’s Impact Test Facility using a 7.5 tonne lorry impacting a number of modified TERRAM cells termed DefenCell. These were PAS68 tests to determine the effectiveness of the barriers against hostile vehicle attack. Whilst both tests demonstrated the effectiveness of the DefenCell system, Terram was interested in understanding whether placing anti-slip matting under the cells would substantially increase their resistance to sliding. This would not be cost effective to undertake at full scale so it was decided to investigate this aspect at a reduced scale using TRL’s pendulum facility. The testing was part funded from the Welsh European Funding Office via the Geoenvironmental Research Park Phase 2. The tests were performed on a rigid laminated hardboard surface, and a profiled surface provided by rubber matting, both representing extremes of texture. Accelerometers were used to record the motion of the pendulum to permit the future analysis of the impact. The results suggest that the profiled surface generated a very slightly greater resistance to sliding. Whilst these tests cannot replace a full scale test for validation of a barrier system, the data demonstrates reasonable correlation with the full scale tests, and show that such testing can represent a cost effective mechanism for testing variations in barrier design or prototypes prior to full scale testing. CONTACT: Guy Watts 01344 770367 [email protected] TRLnews 7 Quality protocol for the production of aggregates from inert waste WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme) has commissioned TRL and Tarmac to undertake a project to promote good practice in the application of the Quality Protocol for the production of aggregates from inert waste. Through a series of half-day workshops across England and Wales during January to March 2009, delegates will learn through the use of case studies, what is good and bad practice. The workshops will also include presentations by the Environment Agency on the importance of the Quality Protocol in demonstrating that waste has been fully recovered. Quality Protocol checklists and guidance notes for producers and purchasers/specifiers of recycled aggregates, published in July on the application with regard to the acceptance and use of recycled aggregates on construction sites by site staff and contractors; and WRAP AggRegain website (www.aggregain.org.uk), will also be disseminated through the project. The main objectives of the project are to: l l l R aise the operational standards of recycled aggregate producers, and the quality of the aggregates produced, through the dissemination of good practice Increase the requirement for the Quality Protocol within clients’ and contractors’ tender documentation for aggregates in bound (e.g. concrete and asphalt) and unbound (e.g. subbase, pipe bedding) applications Promote its appropriate l Increase waste regulators’ awareness of the aggregates market and the appropriate use of the aggregates Quality Protocol, in the context of recovery from waste The workshops are aimed at producers, specifiers, consultants, contractors and local authorities and anyone wishing to register an early interest in the workshops should email [email protected] The WRAP checklists and guidance notes help producers and specifiers of recycled aggregates to implement the Quality Protocol for the production of aggregates from inert waste. The producers’ checklist takes them through the areas covered in the Protocol such as criteria for the acceptance of waste, tests required and records that need to be kept. The checklist helps producers to ensure they are following the Protocol and also produces an audit trail to demonstrate compliance. Specifiers have a similar checklist to help them assess if their suppliers are complying with the Protocol, and hence the product provided has ceased to be waste and meets industry specifications. CONTACT: Sarah Reeves 01344 770562 [email protected] Measuring the immeasurable - how resilient are we to climate change? The resilience of a region to the impacts of climate change is difficult to measure, but this was the challenge recently put to the Climate Change Group at TRL by the South East England Regional Assembly. In order to improve resilience effectively, you need to be able to measure it. However, no indicators for measuring climate change resilience could be found during a review of current indicators and published literature. Resilience to climate change is a difficult concept to capture in an indicator, as it is such a multi-faceted feature covering many aspects of society. However, increasing resilience is an important part of adapting to the impacts of climate change. Where resistance to climate impacts can be thought of as preventing negative effects, for example building flood defences, resilience is the ability to recover quickly from the effects. As it is not possible to resist all the impacts of climate change, resilience is essential. The innovative idea put forward by TRL was to employ a radar diagram to depict compound indicators for the three aspects of sustainability; economic, natural/environment and social. Each aspect is scored between 1 and 5 and derived from indicators already collected by government bodies. For example, social resilience would be influenced by access to key services such as health care; a diverse, knowledge based economy is generally more resilient to climate impacts as it is less reliant on large, fixed and potentially vulnerable infrastructure; and increased access to green space contributes to reducing the urban heat island effect (the higher air temperatures found in urban areas compared to the surrounding rural areas, due to greater heat retention by materials such as concrete.) Using this method it is possible to monitor resilience to the impacts of climate change over the three aspects of sustainability, identifying the priority areas where more work is required and charting progress over time. The proposed indicator is attracting much interest as awareness of the inevitability of climate impacts grows. This indicator is a step towards assessing a very complex area, with potential for further development. Visit www. southeast-ra.gov.uk/planning _publications.html to view the final report. In the future, climate change resilience could be measured on a spatial basis in different regions across the country, or within different sectors or businesses to assess their resilience, thus helping them all adapt more effectively to climate change. CONTACT: Phil Sivell 01344 770914 [email protected] 8 TRLnews News in Brief TRL opens more offices overseas TRL is expanding the scope of its work overseas and has recently opened offices in Bahrain, Dubai, Qatar and Ethiopia. Contact details for all the offices are as follows: BAHRAIN TRL Limited Middle East PO Box 474 Building No.146 Sheik Salman Highway Manama 356, Bahrain Contact: Nick Elsworth and Jamie Castle Tel: +973 390 20 808 Email: [email protected] [email protected] DUBAI QATAR PO Box 54845 Dubai Airport Free Zone Dubai, UAE Contact: Simon Labbett Tel: +971 4 6091066 Email: [email protected] EZDAN Hotel & Suites West Bay, Al-Dafna PO Box 23488 Doha, Qatar Contact: Khaled Hassan Tel: +974 (575) 2961 Email: [email protected] ETHIOPIA TRL Africa Office Ethiopian Roads Authority Network Management Division Engineering Research Branch Ras Abebe Aregay Street, PO Box 1770 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Contact: Kenneth Mukura Tel: + 25111 5525377 Email: [email protected] Road Safety Expo London 1 December Britta Lang, Road Risk Consultant with TRL will be presenting on “The risks associated with driving for work” at this year’s Road Safety Expo being held at the QE11 Conference Centre in London. The keynote address is being given by Jim Fitzpatrick MP, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Transport. TRL will also be exhibiting and showcasing their work related road safety activities. Again, for more information visit: www.publicationsuk.co.uk/ roadsafetyexpo Road Expo Scotland Edinburgh, 5-6 November TRL will be speaking at this year’s Road Expo Scotland. On Day 1 Catherine Ferris, Senior Consultant, Centre for Sustainability will be speaking on how local authorities can implement policies to encourage cycling, whilst on Day 2, Michael McHale, Consultant and Senior Researcher, will present a review of recent research to maximise the durability of SMA road pavements. Road Expo takes place at the Royal Highland Centre, Edinburgh. More information on the event can be found by visiting www.road-expo.com ITS World Congress New York, 16-20 November Alan Stevens, TRL’s Chief Scientist and Research Director, Transportation will be speaking at this year’s ITS World Congress in Special Session 25 on Tuesday 18th. Entitled “Safe and efficient use of nomadic devices,” Alan will look at the difficult challenges facing both industry and government caused by the extremely rapid proliferation of nomadic devices used in vehicles. Alan is also co-organising the IBEC workshop on Sunday 16th, which will focus on co-operative systems, with many expert participants discussing the real costs, benefits and deployment challenges of vehicleinfrastructure co-operation. For more information, visit www. itsworldcongress.org IGS Achievement Award The International Geosynthetic Society presented a special achievement award to TRL’s Guy Watts at their recent conference in Edinburgh. The certificate stated that the award was in recognition of the fact that, “as a result of Guy’s leadership, both the science of geosynthetics and the strength of the UK chapter of the IGS were greatly advanced.” Creating the future of transport TRL HEAD OFFICE Crowthorne House Nine Mile Ride Wokingham Berkshire RG40 3GA United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1344 773131 MEDIA ENQUIRIES Tel: +44 (0)1344 770141/770514 Email: [email protected] GENERAL ENQUIRIES Tel: +44 (0)1344 773131 Email: [email protected] TRL SCOTLAND Edinburgh Tel: +44 (0)131 455 5040 TRL LIBRARY Tel: +44 (0)1344 770203 Email: [email protected] TRL WALES Cardiff Tel: +44 (0)29 2066 0117 For further information email: [email protected] or visit www.trl.co.uk TRL MANCHESTER Tel: +44 (0)161 306 8548/8535 TRL BIRMINGHAM Tel: +44 (0)121 222 5497/5498 Compiled quarterly by TRL’s Communications Team
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