Ma noj Kum ar Gupta
POWER PLANT
ENGINEERING
Power Plant Engineering
Power Plant Engineering
Manoj Kumar Gupta
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Ujjain Engineering College
Ujjain
New Delhi-110001
2012
Power Plant Engineering
Manoj Kumar Gupta
© 2012 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part
of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means,
without permission in writing from the publisher.
ISBN-978-81-203-4612-3
The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.
Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Raj Press, New Delhi-110012.
In memory of my parents
Shri Mangi Lal Modi
Smt. Janaki Devi
Contents
Preface xiii
1.Energy Fundamentals
1–12
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Conventional Energy Resources 1.2.1 Fossil Fuels 3
1.2.2 Nuclear Fuels 4
1.2.3 Hydropower Resources 3
5
1.3 Power Plant 5
1.4 Environmental Aspects of Power Generation 1.5 Methods of Air Pollution Control 8
1.6 Energy Conservation 10
Review Questions 11
6
2.Thermal Power Plant
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Review of Power Cycles 2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
13–81
13
Rankine Cycle 13
Brayton or Joule Cycle 18
Thermodynamics of Coupled Cycles in Series Binary Vapour Power Cycle 22
Combined Cycle Power Plant 22
2.3 Working of Steam Power Plant/Generation of Electricity
from Coal in a Modern Steam Power Plant 26
2.3.1 Steam Generation from Coal (Fuel) 26
2.3.2 Conversion of Enthalpy of Steam into
Mechanical Energy 27
2.3.3 Conversion of Mechanical Energy into Electrical
Energy 29
21
2.4 Power Station Design 29
2.5 Site Selection of Coal Fired Power Plant vii
30
viii Contents
32
2.6 Boiler 2.7 Steam Turbine 2.8 Water Treatment 2.9 Condensing Plant and Circulating Water System 2.6.1 Economiser 34
2.6.2 Superheater, Reheater, Desuperheater 36
35
2.7.1 Classification of Turbines 38
39
2.8.1 External Treatment 39
2.8.2 Internal Treatment 42
2.9.1 Steam Condenser 44
2.9.2 Circulating Water System 51
2.10 Fuel Handling 2.11 Fuel Firing 2.12 Ash Handling 73
2.13 Dust Collection 75
43
47
2.10.1 Coal Handling 51
2.10.2 Fuel Oil Handling 54
2.10.3 Fuel Gas Handling 54
55
2.11.1 Methods of Coal Firing 55
2.13.1 Mechanical Dust Collectors 75
2.13.2 Fabric Filters and Bag Houses 77
2.13.3 Electrostatic Precipitators 78
Review Questions 79
3.Nuclear Power Plant
82–115
3.1 Introduction 82
3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Power Plant 3.3 Site Selection of Nuclear Power Plant 3.4 Nuclear Physics 84
3.5 Classification of Nuclear Reactors 92
3.2.1 Advantages 83
3.2.2 Disadvantages 83
84
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
Energy Mass Relationship 85
Radioactive Decay 86
Mass Defect and Binding Energy 87
Nuclear Reaction, Nuclear Fission and Nuclear
Fission Chain Reaction 89
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.5.5
3.5.6
3.5.7
3.5.8
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
the
the
the
the
the
the
the
the
Basis
Basis
Basis
Basis
Basis
Basis
Basis
Basis
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
Neutron Energy 92
Fertile Material 93
Core Composition 94
Type of Fuel 95
Coolant 95
Moderator 95
Method of Cooling 95
State of Fuel 95
83
Contents 3.6 Main Parts of a Heterogeneous Nuclear Reactor 3.7 Basic Reactor Systems 3.8 Fuel Cycle 3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.6.5
3.6.6
3.6.7
Core 96
Moderator 97
Control Rods 98
Reflector 99
Coolant 99
Radiation Shielding 101
Reactor Vessel 101
ix
95
101
3.7.1 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) 102
3.7.2 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) 103
3.7.3 Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) or
CANDU Reactor 104
3.7.4 Gas Cooled Reactor 105
3.7.5 Sodium Cooled Reactor 106
3.7.6 Light Water Graphite Moderated Reactor 107
3.7.7 Homogeneous Reactor 107
107
3.8.1 Fuel Preparation 108
3.8.2 Fuel Fabrication, Reprocessing, Spent Fuel Storage
and Transportation and Nuclear Waste 109
3.9 Importance of Nuclear Power Development in
Indian Context 110
3.9.1 Thermal Power 110
3.9.2 Hydropower 111
3.9.3 Importance of Nuclear Power 111
3.10 Review of the Nuclear Power Programme Review Questions 114
112
4.Hydroelectric Power Plant
4.1 Introduction 116
4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric
Power Plant 118
4.2.1 Advantages 118
4.2.2 Disadvantages 119
119
4.3 Site Selection of Hydroelectric Power Plant 4.4 Hydrology 121
4.5 Essential Features of a Hydroelectric Power Plant 4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
Runoff and Measurement of Runoff 121
Hydrograph and Flow Duration Curve 123
Storage Capacity and Mass Curve 126
Storage and Pondage 129
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.5.5
4.5.6
Catchment Area 130
Reservoir 131
Dam and Intake House 131
Inlet Waterway 138
Powerhouse 143
Tail Race or Outlet Waterway 143
116–179
130
Power Plant Engineering
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