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63VA
This book is printed on paper containing
a minimum of 10% post-consumer waste.
Developed in Consultation
with Virginia Educators
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Table of Contents
Standards of
Learning
Letter to the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Letter to the Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Virginia Standards of Learning Correlation Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Investigation 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Chapter 1
Investigation Skills and the Nature of Science . . . . . . .
Designing an Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Tools and Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 3
Organizing and Interpreting Data . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 4
Reaching Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 5
Using Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
20
26
31
37
41
LS.1a, b, e, f, g, j
LS.1c
LS.1a, h
LS.1i
LS.1d
Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Chapter 2
Cells and Cellular Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cell Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 6
Lesson 7
Cell Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 8
Mitosis and Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 9
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms . . . .
Lesson 10 Basic Life Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 11 Diffusion, Osmosis, and Active Transport . .
Lesson 12 Levels of Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
52
56
60
65
70
74
78
LS.2c
LS.2a, b
LS.2d
LS.3a, b
LS.3b
LS.3b
LS.3a
Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Chapter 3
Heredity and Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Lesson 13 DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Lesson 14 Inheritance of Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Lesson 15 Genetic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Lesson 16 Breakthroughs in Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
LS.13a, b
LS.1d, i; LS.13c, d, e
LS.13f
LS.13g
Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Chapter 4
Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 17 Methods of Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 18 Identifying Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 19 Animal Phyla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 20 Plant Phyla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
115
116
121
126
133
LS.1j; LS.5a, c
LS.5a
LS.5b
LS.5b
Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
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Virginia SOL Coach, Gold Edition, Science, Grade 7
Chapter 5
Investigating Plants and Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 21 The Needs of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 22 Responses of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 23 Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 24 The Needs of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 25 Responses of Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
143
144
148
152
155
159
LS.1b; LS.4a, c
LS.4a, c; LS.11a
LS.6a, b, c
LS.4b, c
LS.4b, c; LS.11a
Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Chapter 6
Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 26 Structure of Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 27 Energy Flow in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 28 The Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 29 The Carbon, Oxygen, and
Nitrogen Cycles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 30 Interactions in Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
169
170
175
179
183
187
LS.7c, LS.9e
LS.1j; LS.7b, d; LS.9a
LS.7a
LS7.a
LS.1h; LS.7c; LS.8a, b;
LS.11b
Lesson 31
Lesson 32
Interactions of Populations in
Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Ecosystems and Biomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
LS.9b, c, d, e; LS.11b
LS.10a, b
Chapter 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Chapter 7
Adaptation and Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 33 Ecosystems and Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 34 Genetic Variation and Natural Selection . . .
Lesson 35 Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 36 Evidence of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
205
206
210
214
218
LS.10b, c
LS.10c; LS.14a, c
LS.14b
LS.1h, i; LS.14b
Chapter 7 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Chapter 8
Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 37 Impacts of Food Production
on Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 38 Large-Scale Changes in Ecosystems . . . . .
Lesson 39 Catastrophic Disturbances and
Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 40 Human Influences on Ecosystems . . . . . . .
Lesson 41 Endangered Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
227
228
232
LS.12a
238
242
248
LS.11c
LS.1h; LS.11c
LS.12b, e
LS.12b, c, d
Chapter 8 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Investigation 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
4
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18
Identifying Kingdoms
LS.5a
Getting the Idea
Key Words
kingdom
autotroph
heterotroph
Eubacteria
prokaryote
Archaebacteria
Protista
eukaryote
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Earth is home to millions of different kinds of
organisms. While all organisms share some
similarities, they are also very different from one another. To
help understand this great diversity of life, scientists classify
organisms in groups based on their similarities. One of the largest
groupings is called a kingdom. Scientists classify organisms in six
kingdoms, which will be described in this lesson.
When dividing organisms into kingdoms, scientists consider the
organism’s cell type, cell structure, body form, and whether it is
an autotroph or heterotroph. An autotroph is an organism that
uses energy from sunlight to produce its own food. A heterotroph
cannot produce its own food. It must obtain its energy from other
organisms. When looking at cell type, the first question scientists
ask is whether the cells have a nucleus. Another important
question is whether the organism has cell walls.
Kingdom: Eubacteria
Members of the kingdom Eubacteria are unicellular bacteria.
They are prokaryotes, that is, cells without a nucleus, and have
thick cell walls. Some eubacteria are autotrophic, and others are
heterotrophic. This group is also known as the “true bacteria.”
Eubacteria are further classified by their shape, which is usually
one of the three main types shown below.
Coccus
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Bacillus
Spirillum
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Virginia SOL Coach, Gold Edition, Science, Grade 7
Kingdom: Archaebacteria
Members of the kingdom Archaebacteria are also unicellular
prokaryotes. They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. These
organisms resemble bacteria in many ways. In fact, they were
once classified together with bacteria. Scientists later learned
that the DNA and cell walls of these organisms are different from
those of bacteria. These organisms often live in unusually harsh
environments, such as hot springs and extremely salty water.
Kingdom: Protista
The organisms in the kingdom Protista are very diverse. They
are classified more by what they are not than by what they are.
Protists are eukaryotes, meaning their cells have a nucleus.
Most are unicellular, but some are multicellular. Some protists
are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic. Some protists,
such as slime molds, have features in common with fungi. Other
protists, such as algae, resemble plants. Still others, such as
protozoa, share traits with animals. Some commonly studied
protists are shown below.
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Amoeba
Volvox colony
Euglena
Paramecium
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Lesson 18: Identifying Kingdoms
Kingdom: Fungi
Members of the kingdom Fungi are heterotrophs. Most fungi
(singular, fungus) get their food by breaking down dead organic
matter. Fungi have cell walls that contain a substance called
chitin. Mushrooms are examples of multicellular fungi. Yeasts
are examples of unicellular fungi.
Kingdom: Plantae
The kingdom Plantae is made up of plants. All plants are
multicellular and autotrophic. They use organelles called
chloroplasts to make their food using energy from sunlight. In the
process, they make the oxygen that we need to breathe. Plants
have cell walls, like bacteria and fungi, but the cell walls of plants
are made from cellulose. Plants will be discussed in more detail
in Lessons 20–23.
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Virginia SOL Coach, Gold Edition, Science, Grade 7
Kingdom: Animalia
Members of the kingdom Animalia are multicellular and
heterotrophic. Animals get the energy they need by eating plants
or other animals that have eaten plants. Like plants, animals
have a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Unlike plants, they do
not have cell walls or chloroplasts. Animals will be discussed in
more detail in Lessons 19 and 24–27.
Hawk
Shrimp
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Snake
Blue whale
Grasshopper
Fish
Frog
Worm
Deer
Sponge
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Lesson 18: Identifying Kingdoms
Test Tips . . .
If you have
success with
true-false
questions,
then apply the
same approach
to answering
multiple-choice
questions.
Consider each
choice carefully
and decide
whether it is true
or false. Among
four choices, you
should find that
three are false
and one is true.
DISCUSSION QUESTION
A scientist discovers a unicellular organism living in a harsh environment.
The cell of the organism does not have a nucleus, but it does have a cell
wall. Into which kingdom could it be classified? Explain your answer.
LESSON REVIEW
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is one way that Archaebacteria are different from true bacteria?
A.
Archaebacteria do not have cell walls.
B.
Archaebacteria are multicellular.
C.
Archaebacteria cells do not have a nucleus.
D.
Archaebacteria have different DNA.
An organism is multicellular and made up of eukaryotic cells. The
organism can move from one place to another. Its cells do not have
cell walls or chloroplasts. In which kingdom does it belong?
A.
Protista
C.
Plantae
B.
Animalia
D.
Fungi
In which kingdom do mushrooms belong?
A.
Eubacteria
C.
Fungi
B.
Protista
D.
Plantae
You discover a unicellular autotroph that inhabits a pond. Which of
the following have you most likely found?
A.
a plant
C.
a fungus
B.
a protist
D.
an animal
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