International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013)
Different Types of Fault Analysis and Techniques of Fault
Location Using PSCAD
Heena Sharma1, M.T. Deshpande2, Rahul Pandey3
1
M.E Student, Power System, SSTC, Junwani, Bhilai, CSVTU, Chhattisgarh, India
2
Department of Electrical, SSTC, Junwani, Bhilai, CSVTU, Chhattisgarh, India
3
Department of Electrical & Electronics, SSTC, Junwani, Bhilai, CSVTU, Chhattisgarh, India
Terminal methods (e.g. the voltage drop ratio,
capacitance method and the bridge technique) are applied
to the cable from one or two terminals and are usually used
for fault location. This paper is organized as follows. In
section I, there was an introduction. In section II, an
overview and description of Types of cable faults is
presented. The simulation model and result of cable using
PSCAD for grounded and ungrounded system is discussed
in section III. A simulation model and Results of test
methods on cable is presented and discussed in section IV.
In section V, Result and conclusions are summarized.
Abstract— This Paper is Concentrated mainly to the
causes, Types and to locate the faults in cable. The paper
presents different conditions of disturbances and faults in
specified time period. In this paper there is a focus to solve the
problem of location f fault which s used to prevent the
unwanted outage, damage and failure of the cables. This
paper also does the analysis about the voltage-time and
current-time relationship during normal& different faulty
condition. The proposed condition is evaluated by simulation
using PSCAD software. It has been tested and found that the
error of fault location is within ±5%.
Keywords—Cable, Fault, Fault location, PSCAD Software.
II. TYPES OF CABLE FAULTS
I. INTRODUCTION
For low voltage &medium voltage power cables the
basic failure modes are:-
In this paper an experimental study carried out an cable
is presented. The aim is that to identify, locate and
characterize the defect in the cables. The fault location
methods are presented in this paper, along with utility
statistics from a survey on cable fault location. Various
case studies have been carried out including the different
types of fault. The result obtained from the analysis will be
useful in the development of a detect fault scheme for cable
system in the future. Fault location in cable systems has
existed since people first started installing power transfer
equipment in the ground. On underground residential
distribution cable systems, the cables will experience an
increasing rate of failure as they near the end of their useful
life. Many of the cable systems installed in the 1960s and
early 1970s are now experiencing failures, and many are
being replaced. These failures are causing problems for
utilities, which must locate the faults. There are many fault
location techniques at the disposal of utilities. There is a
need for improving the speed of locating a fault, reducing
the need for skilled operators, eliminating damage to the
cable by the fault location equipment itself, and lowering
equipment cost.
 Conductor short circuit to ground.
 Conductor to Conductor short circuit.
 Degraded insulation resistance.
 Open circuit.
Cable fault can be categorized into three main types :Open conductor faults, shorted faults and high impedance
faults.
a)
Open-Conductor Faults: -In open-conductor fault,
the conductor of a cable is completely broken or
interrupted at the location of the cable fault. It is
possible to have a high resistance shunted fault
(to ground) on one or both sides of the faulted
conductor‟s location.
b)
Shorted Faults: - A shorted fault is characterized
by a low resistance continuity path to ground
(shunted fault).
c)
High-Impedance Faults: - A high-impedance
fault contains a resistive path to ground (shunted
fault) that is large in comparison to the cable‟s
surge impedance.
229
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013)
III. SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULT OF CABLE USING
PSCAD FOR GROUNDED AND UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS
This is the waveform of Fault current,here fault current
is zero because there is no fault in the circuit.
Main : Graphs
Grounded System
Ifa
2.00
1) Under normal condition:Here Three Phase 220 kV,50 Hz supply is given to the
Three phase Two winding Transformer through Bus Bar
and Three Phase Grounded system supplying the load
through cable.
Ifb
Ifc
1.50
Fault Current (kA)
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
Time S
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Fig.4. - Fault current during normal condition.
2) Under Faulty Condition:Here Three Phase supply is given to the Three Phase two
winding Transformer through 220 kV Bus Bar and Three
Phase Grounded System Supplying the Load Through cable
during Faulty Condition.
Fig. 1. Simulation Test Model of Three phase grounded system
supplying the load through cable during Normal Condition.
Fault Analysis:In This Source side graph, fault is not present so there is
no distortion in waveform.
Fig.5. Simulation test model of Three Phase Grounded System
supplying the Load through cable during faulty condition.
Main : Graphs
30
Vsource_a
Vsource_b
Vsource_c
20
a) Single line to ground fault at distance 0.5km of 3km
three phase cable, applied at 0.2 second for duration
0.05 second (fault resistance is very low 0.01 ohm)
Here, phase „a‟ to ground fault is shown in fig. voltage
sag in phase „a‟ is present.
Voltage (kV)
10
0
-10
-20
-30
Time S
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Main : Graphs
30
Vsource_a
Vsource_b
Vsource_c
Fig.2 Source side three phase voltage graphs during normal condition.
20
In Load side graph is same as source side voltage graph
because there is no fault.
Voltage (kV)
10
Main : Graphs
30
Vload_a
Vload_b
Vload_c
0
-10
-20
20
-30
Voltage (kV)
10
Time S
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
-10
Fig.6. Source side voltage graph during single line to ground fault
-20
Here, Voltage of Phase „a‟ is zero due to single line to
ground fault.
-30
Time S
0.00
0
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Fig.3. Load side three phase voltage graph during normal condition.
230
...
...
...
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013)
Main : Graphs
Vload_a
Main : Graphs
Vload_b
Vload_c
30
20
20
10
10
Voltage (kV)
Voltage (kV)
30
0
-10
Vload_b
Vload_c
0
-10
-20
-20
-30
Time S
Vload_a
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
-30
...
...
...
Time S
Fig.7. Load side voltage graph during single line to ground fault
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
Fig.10. Load side voltage graph during double line to ground fault.
Here distortion in waveform is present due to single line
to ground fault and fault current in phase „a‟ increases due
to low value of resistance.
Here, Fault Current in Phase „a‟ and Phase „b‟ shown in
fig.11
Main : Graphs
Main : Graphs
7.0
Ifa
Ifb
8.0
Ifc
Ifb
Ifc
6.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
Fault Current (kA)
4.0
Fault Current (kA)
Ifa
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-2.0
-4.0
-3.0
-6.0
-4.0
Time S
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
Time S
...
...
...
0.00
0.30
0.40
...
...
...
0.50
c) Three phase to ground fault at distance 0.5km of 3km
three phase cable, applied at 0.2 second for duration
0.05 second (fault resistance is very low 0.01 ohm)
Here, Phase „a‟, Phase „b‟ and Phase „c‟ to ground
fault is present.
b) Double line to ground fault at distance 0.5km of 3km
three phase cable, applied at 0.2 second for duration
0.05 second (fault resistance is very low 0.01 ohm)
Here Phase „a‟ and Phase „b‟ to ground fault is
present.
Main : Graphs
Main : Graphs
30
0.20
Fig.11. fault current during double line to ground fault
Fig.8. fault current during single line to ground fault.
Vsource_a
0.10
Vsource_b
30
Vsource_c
Vsource_a
Vsource_b
Vsource_c
20
20
Voltage (kV)
10
Voltage (kV)
10
0
-10
-30
Time S
-30
0.00
-10
-20
-20
Time S
0
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Fig. 12. Source side voltage graph during three phase to ground fault
Fig.9. Source side voltage graph during double line to ground fault
Here Voltage of Phase „a‟, Phase „b‟ and Phase ‟c‟ is
zero due to three phase to ground fault.
Here, Voltage of Phase „a‟ and Phase „b‟ is zero due to
double line to ground fault.
231
...
...
...
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013)
Main : Graphs
Main : Graphs
Vload_a
Vload_b
Vload_c
20
20
10
10
0
-10
Vload_b
-10
-20
-30
-30
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
...
...
...
0.50
Time S
Fig .13. Load side voltage graph during three phase to ground fault.
0.00
0.10
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Ifb
Ifc
Ifa
2.00
6.0
1.50
4.0
1.00
Fault Current (kA)
Fault Current (kA)
0.30
Here, Fault current is zero because single line to open
fault.
Main : Graphs
Ifa
0.20
Fig. 16. Load side voltage graph during single line to open fault.
Here, Fault current in Phase „a‟, Phase „b‟ and Phase „c‟
is shown in fig14.
8.0
Vload_c
0
-20
Time S
Vload_a
30
Voltage (kV)
Voltage (kV)
30
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
Ifb
Ifc
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-6.0
Time S
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
-2.00
...
...
...
0.50
Time S
Fig.14. Fault current during three phase to ground fault.
Vsource_b
0.30
0.40
0.50
1) Under normal condition:Here, Three Phase 220 kV, 50 Hz supply is given to the
Three phase Two winding Transformer through Bus Bar
and Three Phase Ungrounded system supplying the load
through cable.
Vsource_c
20
10
Voltage (kV)
0.20
Ungrounded System
Main : Graphs
Vsource_a
0.10
Fig.17.Fault current during single line to open fault
d) Single line open fault at distance 0.5km of 3km three
phase cable, applied at 0.2 second. Here, Phase „a‟ to
open fault is shown in fig.15
30
0.00
0
-10
-20
-30
Time S
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Fig.15. Source side voltage graph during single line to open fault.
Fig.18 Simulation Test model for ungrounded cable system during
normal condition.
Fault Analysis
In this Source side voltage graph fault is not present so
there are no distortion in waveform.
Here, Voltage of Phase „a‟ is zero due to single line to
open fault.
232
...
...
...
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Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013)
Main : Graphs
30
Vsource_a
Vsource_b
Vsource_c
20
Voltage (kV)
10
0
Fig.22. Simulation Test model for ungrounded system during
faulty condition
-10
-20
a) Ungrounded system, Single line to ground fault at
distance 0.5km of 3km three phase cable, applied at
0.2 second for duration 0.05 second (fault resistance
is very low 0.01 ohm)
Here, Phase „a‟ to ground fault for ungrounded system
is shown in fig.23
-30
Time S
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Fig.19. Source side voltage graph during normal condition.
Here, Load side voltage graph is same as Source side
voltage graph because there is no fault in circuit.
Main : Graphs
Main : Graphs
30
Vload_a
Vsource_a
50
Vload_b
Vload_c
Vsource_b
Vsource_c
40
30
20
Voltage (kV)
20
Voltage (kV)
10
0
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-10
-40
-50
-20
Time S
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
-30
Time S
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Fig.23. source side voltage graph during single line to ground fault.
Here, Voltage of Phase „a‟ is zero due to single line to
ground fault.
Fig.20. Load side voltge graph during normal condition.
Here, Fault current is zero because there is fault is not
present.
Main : Graphs
50
Main : Graphs
2.00
Ifa
Vload_a
Vload_b
Vload_c
40
Ifb
Ifc
30
20
Voltage (kV)
1.50
1.00
Fault Current (kA)
...
...
...
0.50
0.00
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-0.50
-40
-1.00
-50
Time S
-1.50
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
-2.00
Time S
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Fig.24. Load side voltage graph during single line to ground fault.
Here, Phase „a‟ to ground fault current is shown in
fig.25.
Fig.21. fault current during normal condition.
2) Under Faulty Condition:Here Three Phase supply is given to the Three Phase two
winding Transformer through 220 kV Bus Bar and Three
Phase Ungrounded System Supplying the Load Through
cable during Faulty Condition.
233
...
...
...
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013)
Main : Graphs
Ifa
2.00
Main : Graphs
Ifb
Ifc
6.0
1.50
Ifb
Ifc
4.0
Fault Current (kA)
1.00
Fault Current (kA)
Ifa
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-1.50
-6.0
-2.00
Time S
Time S
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
...
...
...
0.50
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Fig.28. Fault current during double line to ground fault.
Fig.25. Fault current during single line to ground fault
c) Ungrounded system, three phase to ground fault at
distance 0.5km of 3km three phase cable, applied at
0.2 second for duration 0.05 second (fault resistance
is very low 0.01 ohm)
Here, Phase‟a‟, Phase‟b‟ and Phase „c‟ to ground fault
are shown in fig.29 and Phases of Phase „a‟, Phase „b‟
and Phase „c‟ are opposite due to Ungrounded system.
b) Ungrounded system, Double line to ground fault at
distance 0.5km of 3km three phase cable, applied at
0.2 second for duration 0.05 second (fault resistance
is very low 0.01 ohm)
Here, Phase „a‟ ,Phase „b‟ to ground fault is shown in
fig. and phase of phase „a‟ and phase „b‟ are opposite
due to Ungrounded system.
Main : Graphs
Main : Graphs
Vsource_a
50
Vsource_b
40
Vsource_c
Vsource_b
Vsource_c
30
40
30
20
Voltage (kV)
20
Voltage (kV)
Vsource_a
10
0
-10
10
0
-10
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
Time S
-50
Time S
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Fig.26. source side voltage graph during double line to ground fault.
Vload_c
0.40
...
...
...
0.50
Vload_a
Vload_b
Vload_c
30
40
20
Voltage (kV)
30
20
Voltage (kV)
0.30
Main : Graphs
40
Vload_b
0.20
Fig.29. source side voltage graph during three phases to ground fault.
Main : Graphs
Vload_a
0.10
Here, Phase ‟a‟, Phase ‟b‟ and Phase „c‟ voltage are zero
due to three phase to ground fault.
Here, Voltage of Phase „a‟ and Phase „b‟ are zero due to
double line to ground fault.
50
0.00
10
0
-10
10
0
-10
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
-40
Time S
-50
Time S
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Fig.27. Load side voltage graph during double line to ground fault.
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
...
...
...
Fig.30. Load side voltage graph during three phase to ground fault
Here, Fault current of Three Phase to ground fault is
shown in fig.31
Here, Fault Current in Phase ‟a‟ and Phase „b‟ are shown
in fig.28
234
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013)
Main : Graphs
Ifa
6.0
Ifb
2) Charging current Method :- For Open Conductor
Fault charging current Method is used in which a.c.
voltage is applied between conductor and sheath of
the faulty cable and determine the charging current I1
and rationed to the charging current of Un faulted
cable I2 to determine the distance to fault in cable by
formula.
Ifc
4.0
Fault Current (kA)
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
Ica
B1
-8.0
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
...
...
...
0.50
C
XLPE
C1 XLPE
XLPE C1
S1
S1
Timed
Breaker
Logic
Closed@t0
C
XLPE2
R=0
B1
C1 XLPE2
Ica
XLPE2 C1
S1
S1
0.01 [ohm]
Fig.31.Fault current during three phase to ground fault
Main : Graphs
cable Length charging current
(km)
(amp)
3.0km
0.0112597
1.0km
0.0044933
1.5km
0.00618416
2.0km
0.00787658
2.5km
0.00956119
IV. SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULT OF TEST METHODS
ON CABLE
Charging Current
0.0150
calculated cable
(km)
3.0
1.197
1.64
2.09
2.54
0.0100
Charging Current
Time S
0.0050
0.0000
-0.0050
-0.0100
Terminal Fault Location Methods:-
-0.0150
Time S
1) Murray Loop: Murray loop test method is based on
the principal of Wheatstone bridge technique, which
is used a resistive bridge to determine the fault
Location of cable. In the bridge, two variable resistors
that are adjusted until the galvanometer G indicate
null. Under this condition the bridge is balanced and
the by the use of formula of distance to fault is used
for fault Location in cable. This Method is valid for
shorted, High impedance (shunt) fault and phase to
phase fault on cable.
Ea
Eb
Vab
Ea
Eb
Ea1
Main ...
Cable1 C1
0.00991753
V 0.50177899991 [ohm]
Main ...
C1
C
Cable2
Cable2
Ia
b Eb
Ia
C1 Cable1
Ea1
C1
Ea2
C
Cable1
S1
Eab
20.0
Ea2
Main : Controls
Main ...
Eab
Ea1
Ea2
Ia
5.62716
5.58643
0.040723
0.05
11.9513
Main : Graphs
Cable2
S1
C
Cable2
Ea2
15.0
0.05 [ohm]
R=0
Ea1
Ea1
11.9612
C1
Applied Volt...
10.0
5.0
0.0
calculated fault distance
-5.0
1.0km = d = 0.99126km
0.5km = d = 1.899km
1.5km = d = 1.499997km
2.0km = d= 2.0087km
2.99 km d = 2.968km
Cable1 C1
S1
Cable2
S1
C1
distance to fault = (Ea2/Eab)*length of cable
d = (3.11935/ 9.44054)* 3km
d = 0.99126km
y
24
0.50
Ea2
Ea2
14.7935
0.40
Eab
C
Cable1
0.23888879999 [ohm]
Ea Vab
14.8034
0.30
Main : Controls
Ea1
C1 Cable1
Cable2
0.20
3) Voltage Drop Ratio Method:- For shorted and High
impedance(shunt) Fault and phase to phase to ground
fault, voltage drop ratio method is used in which a
constant d.c. current is applied to the faulted phase
and to the Unfaulted phase with a jumper at the end of
the cable.voltmeter is connected at faulted phase to
ground or faulted phase to faulted phase, then two
voltages can be determined and fault is locate by
using formula.
Galvanometer
a
0.10
Fig.33. Simulation Model of charging current method for distance
Location of Faulty cable.
Ea2
Ea1
V
Main : Controls
0.00
-10.0
-15.0
-20.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
...
...
...
Fig.34. Simulation Model of voltage drop ratio for distance Location
of Faulty cable.
Fig.32. Simulation model of Murray loop test method for distance
Location of faulty cable.
235
...
...
...
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Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013)
3) Result of Voltage drop ratio method
V. RESULT AND CONCLUSION
Table3
Comparison between Actual and Calculated distance to fault in
Voltage drop ratio Method
1) Result of Murray Loop Test Method.
Table 1.
Comparison between Actual and Calculated distance to fault in
Murray Loop Test Method.
S.NO.
Actual
distance to
fault in (km)
P (ohm)
Q(ohm)
S.NO.
Actual
distance to
fault in
(km)
1.
1.0
9.4153
9.44054
0.99126
2.
1.3
9.3398
9.44054
1.3346
3.
1.5
8.49019
9.44054
1.499957
4.
1.7
7.93949
9.44054
1.698
5.
2.0
7.2308
9.44054
2.0087
6.
2.3
6.321119
9.44054
2.2978
7.
2.5
5.343345
9.44054
2.523
8.
2.7
2.76324
9.44054
2.698
9.
2.9
4.199
9.44054
2.968
10.
3.0
3.11935
9.44054
2.992
Calculated
distance to fault
in (km)
1.
1.0
0.41034
0.22517
1.0629
2.
1.3
0.38380
0.2735
1.2482
3.
1.5
0.3086
0.3586
1.6124
4.
1.7
0.2365
0.3293
1.746
5.
2.0
0.19335
0.3567
1.94545
6.
2.3
0.122413
0.43165
2.3379
7.
2.5
0.09972
0.46186
2.467288
8.
2.7
0.045811
0.4353
2.7143
9.
2.9
0.017299
0.50048
2.899
10.
3.0
0.0016781
0.50475
2.99
2) Result of Charging Current Method
Ea2
Eab
Calculated
distance to
fault in
(km)
VI. CONCLUSION
The simulation results show that the proposed method
responds very well insensitive to fault type, fault Distance
and system configuration. For the problem under
consideration PSCAD simulation has been successfully
applied. Therefore different types of fault analysis and fault
location easily possible. Applied simulation methods are
practically possible in field. Development for a wide range
of cable length will be made in the further work in terms of
safety and compact size for field measurements. Here
different methods are used for different types of fault
Location.
Table2
Comparison between Actual and Calculated distance to fault in
Charging Current Method
S.NO.
Actual distance to
fault in (km)
Charging
Current
Calculated distance to
fault in (km)
1.
1.0
0.0044933
1.197
2.
1.3
0.0055
1.4
3.
1.5
0.00618416
1.64
4.
1.7
0.00686127
1.80
5.
2.0
0.00787658
2.09
6.
2.3
0.00889202
2.369
7.
2.5
0.00956119
2.54
8.
2.7
0.102406
2.728
9.
2.9
0.0109194
2.909
10.
3.0
0.0112597
3.0
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