Natural Gas Geological Theory
and Testing Technology
Science & Technology Management Department
2013
᭕੨
3
9 21 2 5 27
2 1
3
41
51
29
West Zone 2
ॵ߯
9
Ga
sF
ield
໋૛߭
31
East Zone 2
ܵྂਖ਼ഌ
31
West Zone 1
หఢ
࿪อഌ
East
Zone 1
ᇂଠ
Su
lige
Yin chuan
Ordos
ࡴেഌ
࿪࡛
33
35
29
al
Tid
২Չ
็୍
35
31
51
27
25
23
Qing yang
21 9
ኟౢ
཮!!!!૩
Gas reservoir
ଳ໼
Under water
distributang
channel
ow
all ૂ෷
sh ke
la
ጨዐ
‫ٷ‬ፁ
ӟ
r
te g
wa an
er ut
Ov istrib nel
d han
c
ីዝ
47
43
3937 35 33
ࠦᇱ
37
35
3
31 3
29
ࡲᇸ
Yan’an
ෙ໼
r
ba
th
ou
m
Under water
distributang
channel
ჯҾ
ጱ‫׊‬
ߛൃ
r
ive
R
51
࿲ഐ
࣍၆
௦ዱ
Chengdu
35
37
South Sulige
39
t
fla
47
௝ኬ
ጱዞ
31
ۨՉ
39
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
43
ཟ‫ج‬
ᅓՠ
ᅓ‫ج‬
ࠟ
ଣᜊ
isoline of hydrocarbon
generation magnitude
CHINA NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION
Develop natural gas geological theory
Improve natural gas exploration level !
Contents
1 Introduction
3
2 Theories & Recognition
5
3 Unique Technologies
12
4 Typical Cases 17
5 R&D Equipment 21
6 Qualifications & Standards 22
7 Expert Team 24
China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC)
is a state-authorized investment agency and a
state holding company. On July 1998, with the
implementation of the Institutional reform of the
State Council, CNPC was reorgnized to become
an integrated oil company of cross-regions, crossindustries and cross-countries, it adopts modern
enterprise system to realize the integrations of
upstream and downstream operations, internal and
external trade, production and marketing. CNPC's
business covers six main sectors: oil and gas
operations, petroleum engineering service, petroleum
engineering construction, petroleum equipment
manufacturing, financial services and new energy
development. In 2012 CNPC produced 110 million
tons of crude oil and 79.82 billion cubic meters of
natural gas, while crude processing volume reached
191 million tons. The total revenue of RMB 2,690
billion with a profit of RMB139.1 billion had been
achieved the same year.
CNPC was ranked 4th among the world's largest 50
oil companies and 6th in Fortune Global 500 in 2012.
CNPC strictly follows by the combined strategies
of increasing resource capacity, expanding market
shares and consolidating the international role, and
persists in regarding technical innovation as a key
framework to advance technological progress. To
develop its core businesses, focuses will be placed
on the solutions of key bottleneck technologies
and key proprietary technologies. Thanks to
continuously improving of the technical innovation
system, optimizing the configuration of technological
resources and strengthening the construction of
strong talent teams, CNPC’s technological creativity
has been considerably upgraded. Consequently, a
large number of technologies have been developed
independently, with its own intellectual property.
Natural Gas Geological Theory and Testing
Technology is one of representatives for major
innovations of CNPC.
CLEAN ENERGY SUPPLY FOR BETTER ENVIRONMENT
2
1
Introduction
As the energy consumption worldwide became
more and more low carbon-oriented, the proportion
of natural gas in the primary energy consumption has
been expanding. The geological theory and testing
technology serve as the important base and means
for natural gas exploration, and are the guarantee for
the succession of natural gas resource and fast and
steady growth of natural gas reserves and output.
CNPC has been long devoted to the research and
practice of natural gas geological theory and testing
technology and has developed basic natural gas
theory, natural gas geological exploration theory,
natural gas geological experimental technology and
natural gas geological comprehensive evaluation
technology. With its dominant technology advantages
and broad service fields, it is able to meet the
international advanced level as a whole.
The natural gas geological theory and testing
technology have been successfully applied into
explorations in Sichuan, Erdos, Tarim, Qaidam,
Dzungaria, Songliao, Tuha, Bohai Bay and other gas
fields, providing a solution for succession of natural
gas reserves and ensuring the fast growth of natural
gas reserves and output, as well as providing theory
and technology guarantee for projects in peek period
of CNPC’s oil reserves.
Kvohhbs
Cbtjo
Tpohmjbp!
Cbtjo ࡘܻ՟
࿪୛ఢഋ
‫ؾ׊‬
Uvib!Cbtjo
Ubsjn!Cbtjo
ฬᄞ
ࢬࢅࡾ༬
Rbjebn
Cbtjo
ᆀ‫ج‬
ဇౢ
Psept
Cbtjo
็ॆግ
໿ᇱ
ԛ৙
ཀৄ
Cpibj!Cbz
Cbtjo
षళ
નዝ
ဇҾ
ኣዝ
ళ৙
ઙු
‫ۼׯ‬
Tjdivbo
Cbtjo
ࢇ‫ݨ‬
ዘ൪
ฉ࡛
ࡴዝ
࿴ࡲ
ళ‫ׅ‬
‫׊‬෭
‫ޟ‬ዝ
ࡍᄞ
ళౢ
໼ԛ
࠽ዝ
ၑߗ ໼ྗ‫ڜ‬
Ӑோ
۫෭ඖ‫ڜ‬
࡛੨
ઑ௽
Ӑோ
࡛੨
ၑߗ
ॡೲቑ
ళౢ
ሁ
ဇ෭ඖ‫ڜ‬
઻
࿞
‫ ݤ‬ୱ! ՠ!
࠽ዝ
ዐ෭ඖ‫ڜ‬
ళ
Tpvui!Dijob
Tfb!Jtmboet
ళ!෭!ඖ!‫ڜ‬
ሼజӁ෭
ᆇ‫౅܈‬
க
ဇჱ
࿔ટ
ઠ
ჱ
ဇ
ᆇ‫౅܈‬ဇჱ
ళ࡛ዮ‫ڜ‬
3
Introduction
Gas Field Enrichment Law
Natural Gas Geological Theory and Testing Technology
Basic Natural Gas
Geological Theory
Natural Gas Capping
Natural Gas Accumulation
Natural Gas Generation
Giant Volcanic Gas Field Exploration in
Rifted Basin
Natural Gas Geological
Exploration Theory
Giant Carbonatite Gas Field Exploration
Exploration of Gas Fields with Large Area
of Low Permeability Sandstone
Natural Gas Cap rock Evaluation
Natural Gas Geological
Experimental
Technology Series
Physical Simulation on Natural Gas
Reservoir Forming
Natural Gas Source Comparison
Simulation of Natural Gas Generation
Reservoir Prediction and Gas Reservoir
Detection
Natural Gas Geological
Comprehensive
Evaluation Technology
Series
Natural Gas Zone, Target Evaluation And
Prediction
Natural Gas Resource Evaluation
4
2
Theories &
Recognition
Natural gas is characterized by simple molecular structure, small molecular weight, small molecular radium,
small viscosity and easy diffusion. This determines the basic natural gas geological theory is different from
that of oil.
CNPC has a professional institute for the research of natural gas exploration, which is the only one of a
kind in China. With many years of efforts, big progress has been made in exploring natural gas generation,
accumulation, capping, reservoir forming mechanism of large gas fields and enrichment laws, which has
greatly boosted the natural gas exploration and discovery of giant gas fields.
Natural Gas Generation
Coal-derived Gas
The experiments show that due to the particular
structure of coal bed source rocks, the coal and
carbonaceous mudstone are still able to generate
more than 20% natural gas during the post mature
phase, and thus the lower limit of gas generation is
extended from Ro=2.5% to 5.0%. The amount of coalderived gas is raised by approx. 1/4 over the past.
7
12
10
Ro
Generation Rate
6
5
8
4
6
3
4
2
2
0
300
Ro(%)
A great breakthrough has been made in the
research of lower limit for the generation of coalderived gas, crude oil cracking gas and biogas,
based on which, the natural gas generation theory is
developed.
Generation RateDŽm3/t RockDž
2.1
1
400
500
600
700
Simulation TemperatureDŽņDž
0
800
Gas Generation Rate Model of Coal
5
Theories & Recognition
Crude Oil Cracking Gas
Biogas
Kinetics simulation experiments on hydrocarbon
generation show that the geologic temperature for the
termination of crude oil cracking is 230℃ , instead of
200℃ in the past. This provides theoretical basis for
predicting crude oil cracking gas.
It is generally believed that 75 ℃ is the lower limit
for the generation of biogas and exploration, however,
according to the simulation experiments, there is still
a large quantity of bio-methane generated at 85 ℃ .
Therefore, the biogas generation depth and exploration
lower limit will be further extended downward.
Amount of Microorganism (amount/g sediment)
1.0E+03
0
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
Natural Gas
0.8
500
0.7
0.6
Conversion Rate 62.5%
0.5
GasLJOil
DŽGas PhaseDž
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
140
1000
Bacteria
Archaea
1500
OilLJGas
DŽLiquid PhaseDž
0.0
150
Oil
160 170 180 190 200 210 220
Geologic TemperatureDŽņDž
230
240 250
The Relationship between Crude Oil Conversion Rate and
Geologic Temperature
6
1.0E+04
HD Crude Oil
0.9
DepthDŽmDž
Crude Oil Conversion Rate (%)
1.0
2000
2500
Microbial Population Detected at Different Depths
Natural Gas Geological Theory and Testing Technology
2.2 Natural Gas Accumulation
New progress has been made in exploring the
genesis of widespread sand bodies and formation of
deep clastic rocks, etc.
Genesis of Widespread Sand Bodies
Widespread sand bodies were formed under the
background of gentle structure, multiple species
sources and frequent vibration of water bodies.
Sedimentation model
The Third Flood Event
The Second Flood Event
Sediment
Source
The First Flood Event
Sedimentation Model of “Flood Events”
Sediment
Source
Multiple-source Flume Physical Experiment
Fine Mediam-coarse
Sandstane Sandstone
Mud
Stone
Shallow
Lake
Sheet
Sand
Underwater
Distributary
Channel
Mountains
Underlging
stratum
“Flow Pattern” Sedimentation Mode
7
Theories & Recognition
Deep Clastic Rock Reservoir
The corrosion experiment under high temperature and high pressure shows that the corrosion rate of
feldspar and other soluble components increased 2-3 times under high temperature and high pressure, and
this will greatly improve the accumulation capacity of the deep part of the reservoir.
8
180ņ
53MPa
7
Feldspathic Quartz Standstone
Corrosion RateDŽǁDž
6
Feldspar Lithic Sandstone
5
Lithic Feldspar sandstone
4
150ņ
43MPa
3
2
1
0
60ņ,13MPa
90ņ,23MPa
120ņ,33MPa
150ņ,43MPa
180ņ,53MPa
Corrosion Rate of Sandstone under Different Temperature and Pressure
8
Natural Gas Geological Theory and Testing Technology
2.3 Natural Gas Capping
The sealing mechanism of cap rocks mainly
includes the capillary sealing, overpressure sealing,
hydrocarbon concentration sealing and succession
sealing, etc. The sealing capacity of cap rocks of
natural gas reservoir was evaluated by qualitative
evaluation of cap rock macro parameters or
quantitative evaluation of micro parameters in the
past. At present, it is evaluated by comprehensive
quantitative evaluation combining macro parameters
and micro parameters.
Quantitative Evaluation Method for the Sealing
Capability of Cap Rocks
A comprehensive quantitative evaluation method
is developed based on the consideration of cap
rock thickness, displacement pressure, gas reservoir
pressure coefficient and faults; different quantitative
evaluation parameter systems are established for
different cap rocks of gas fields, and gas sealing
capacity of cap rocks in different giant gas fields are
evaluated.
9
Theories & Recognition
2.4 Enrichment Law in Giant Gas Fields
New progress was made in exploring gas reservoir forming mechanism in giant gas fields with lowpermeability sandstone, carbonate reef flats and karst, volcanic rocks in rifted basins and super-pressure and
biogas fields as well as main controlling factors and enrichment law. This will greatly enrich and complete the
reservoir forming theory for giant gas fields.
Gas
Reservoir
Type
Reservoir Forming
Mechanism
Typical Examples
Low
permeability
sandstone
gas
reservoir
Overpressure of
hydrocarbon generated from source
rocks; migration
of non-Darcy flow;
dynamic trap formed
near the source
Carbonate
gas
reservoir
Gas reservoir in
reef flat of platform
Mixture of multiple
margin; karst
sources; multi-phase weathered crust
charging; crude oil gas reservoir; gas
cracking; gas cut
reservoir in interrestructuring
platform reef flats;
gas reservoir in
bedded dolomites
Volcanic gas
reservoir
10
Reservoir Forming Pattern
Concentrated
near the source;
enrichment around
the trough
Source-reservoir
alternating (Xujiahe
Fm.); Source-reserve
overlapping (He
8-Shan 1 in Sulige)
Gas reservoir with
gas transported
through faults (deep
layer of Songliao);
gas reservoir with
gas transported
through faults and
unconformities
(Kalameili)
Main Controlling
Factors
Large delta
sedimentary
system;
large area of
overlapping
of source and
reservoir
Distribution
Mainly
distributed in
advantageous
source-reservoir
overlapping area
of large delta
sedimentary
system
Mainly
distributed in of
platform margin
Platform
reef flat in marine
margin belt and
basin and
weathered crust;
palaeohigh and
transporting
development
system
area of karst
reservoir on
slopes
Lithofacies,
lithology;
transporting
system
Mainly
distributed
in superior
reservoirs of
explosive and
overflow facies,
which are
communicated
through faults
Natural Gas Geological Theory and Testing Technology
Gas
Reservoir
Type
Reservoir Forming Pattern
Superpressure gas
reservoir
Surface water permeation
Biogas
reservoir
Surface water permeation
Biogas
lower
boundary
Reservoir Forming
Mechanism
Main Controlling
Factors
Distribution
Rapid and powerful
Structural gas
charging; ultra-late
reservoir (KL 2, DB1,
reservoir forming;
etc.)
ultra-strong capping
Fast and strong
charging of
source rocks;
ultra-strong
capping of
gypsum rocks
Mainly
distributed under
superior cap
rocks such as
gypsum rocks
and mud rocks
and structures
or compound
structures with
faults.
Self-generated,
self-reserved;
migration vertically
near the source;
growth fault trapcontrolled reservoir;
successive sealing
Continual gasgenerating of
large amounts of
soluble organic
materials;
successive sealing of mudstone
Mainly
distributed in
shallow sourceabundant areas
with good
preserving
conditions
Typical Examples
Primary biogas
reservoir (SB1, etc );
Secondary biogenic
gas reservoir
(shallower layer in
Songliao)
2.5 Natural Gas Geological Exploration Theory
The theory for exploring giant gas fields with large area low permeability sandstone, carbonate karst and
platform margin reef flats and volcanic rocks in rifted basins, etc., has been formed and developed, which
provides guidance upon the exploration of different giant gas fields.
· Exploration of Giant Gas Fields with Large Area Low Permeability Sandstone;
· Exploration of Giant Gas Fields with Ancient Carbonate Karst;
· Exploration of Giant Gas Fields in Reef Flats of Carbonate Platform Margin;
· Exploration of Giant Gas Fields in Rifted Basins with Volcanic Rocks.
11
3
Unique
Technologies
3.1 Nature Gas Geological Experimental Technology
With the internationally-advanced key lab for natural gas reservoir forming and development, the CNPC
is in possession of a series of domestically-advanced technologies in natural gas geology and development
experiments, of which, the special technologies for natural gas geology experiments include natural gas
generation simulation technology, natural gas genesis identification and gas source comparison technology,
natural gas reservoir forming physical simulation technology and natural gas cap rock evaluation technology.
Simulation on Natural Gas Generation
With the availability of the whole series of natural gas generation simulation technologies, which are applied
in open, closed, semi-open or semi-closed system, the staff are able to simulate the generation of biogas,
kerogen cracking gas and crude oil cracking gas under different geological conditions. These technologies
are mainly applied to study the generation mechanism of natural gas and establishment of gas generation
models.
Technology Name
Technical Features
Experiment System
On-line simulation testing, successive and no loss, small
Technology for whole rock succesamount of samples, max. pressure 900℃ (corresponding Ro
sive and no loss natural gas generaOpen
is above 5%), able to reflect the hydrocarbon generation and
tion simulation
expulsion process.
Technology for hydrocarbon gene- Temperature programming, max. temperature 600 ℃ , max.
ration simulation under high tempera- pressure 60MPa, appropriate for simulation of large amount
ture and high pressure
of samples.
Able to realize multiple temperature programming, kinetics
Technology for MSSV hydrocarbon
simulation on hydrocarbon generation, support 27 sets of Closed
generation simulation
experiments simultaneously, max. temperature 600℃ .
Temperature programming, pressure up to 80MPa, kinetics
Technology for kinetics simulation
simulation on isotopes, support 16 sets of experiments
on hydrocarbon generation
simultaneously, max. temperature 800℃ .
Simulation temperature up to 700℃ , max. static pressure of
Technology for hydrocarbon generaoverburden rocks 200MPa, max. fluid pressure 120MPa, Semi-closed—semi-open,
tion simulation under formation
able to simulate the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion closed
conditions
process under formation conditions to greatest extent.
Technology for biogas generation Multi-stain, multi-temperature, support 20 sets of experiments
simulation
simultaneously.
12
Natural Gas Geological Theory and Testing Technology
Natural Gas Genesis Identification and Gas Source Comparison
10 special technologies are developed for identification of genesis of natural gas and gas source
comparison.
Technology Name
Technical Features
Natural gas composition analysis
technology
Analyze C1-C5, H2, N2, O2, CO2, H2S and Hg in natural gas, source rock simulation gas,
and gas component of bulk fluid inclusions on line
Technology for analyzing carbon
isotopic composition of natural gas
In addition to natural gas, analyze carbon isotope composition of source rock simulation
gas and gas component of bulk fluid inclusions on line
Technology for analyzing hydrogen
isotopic composition of natural gas
In addition to natural gas, analyze hydrogen isotope composition of source rock
simulation gas and gas component of bulk fluid inclusions on line
Technology for analyzing light
hydrocarbon
Analyze natural gas, on-line source rock simulation gas and crude oil C 5-C 8 light
hydrocarbon composition
Technology for analyzing carbon
isotopic of light hydrocarbons in
natural gas
Analyze natural gas, on-line source rock simulation gas and C5-C8 light hydrocarbon
carbon isotope composition
Technology for analyzing hydrogen
isotopic of light hydrocarbons in
natural gas
Analyze natural gas, on-line source rock simulation gas and C5-C8 light hydrocarbon
hydrogen isotope composition
Biomarkers of natural gas
Enrich natural gas and analyze composition of biomarkers of sterane and terpane
Technology for comparing natural gas Analyze carbon and hydrogen isotope composition of natural gas and source rock
isotope kinetics
simulation gas, establish dynamics models for carbon and hydrogen
Technology for comparing composition Separate and quantify noble gases such as He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe in natural gas, source
of rare gases and isotopes
rocks, inclusions, crude oil and formation water
Technology for analyzing composition
Analyze composition of non-hydrogen gases and isotopes on line (CO2 carbon-oxygen,
of non-hydrocarbon gases and
H2S Sulfur, N2 nitrogen), easily operable
isotopes
13
Unique Technologies
Physical Simulation on Natural Gas
Reservoir forming
The most complete 1D, 2D and 3D physical
simulation systems were developed domestically
for reservoir forming of natural gas. These systems
are able to test the whole diameter, length, high
temperature, high pressure and saturation on line,
and to create 3D image slices.
3D dynamic physical simulation on natural gas
reservoir forming
It is used to simulate the accumulation process of
gases in different types of traps and to predict the
favorable distribution areas of gas reservoirs.
Simulation on natural gas migration and charging
It is used to simulate the fractionation
characteristics of natural gas during migration
and study the charging power of low permeability
sandstone and reservoir forming mechanism.
2D visual physical simulation on natural gas reservoir
forming
It is used to simulate the physical process
of migration and accumulation of natural gas in
horizontal and vertical directions.
One or several cross sections with different temperature and
pressure may be chosen at random
Natural Gas Cap Rock Evaluation
Natural gas cap rock evaluation technologies
include technologies for analyzing breakthrough
pressure, pore permeability, cellular structure,
specific surface area and diffusion coefficient, etc.
Technology for measuring the breakthrough pressure
of cap rocks under formation conditions
2D reservoir forming simulation experiment
14
By using the direct replacement method, it is
possible to measure the breakthrough pressure
of different types of cap rocks under simulated
formation conditions, applicable to rock samples in
entire length and with different sizes.
Natural Gas Geological Theory and Testing Technology
Technology for measuring the diffusion coefficient
under high temperature and pressure
By breaking the tradition of conducting measurement
under normal temperature and pressure, this technology
allows for measurement of diffusion coefficient of rocks
under high temperature and pressure (maximum
temperature 150℃ , maximum pressure 70MPa).
Technology for analyzing specific surface of rocks
The static quantitative method adopting isothermal
temperature physical adsorption allows for analysis
of single point, multiple point specific surface areas
and pore sizes, etc., more approximate to geological
conditions than the past dynamic adsorption method.
3.2 Technology for Comprehensive
Evaluation of Natural Gas Geology
Zone and Target Evaluation
Zone Evaluation
Based on the analysis of geological conditions
for reservoir forming, major controlling factors are
comprehensively considered to divide the exploration
areas into different exploration zones to evaluate their
potential.
Stratigraphic Division and
Comparison
Regional
Geology
Analysis of Sedimentary facies and
Reservoir Characteristics
Core,
Outcrop
Production
Practice
Comprehensive
Logging
Well Logging
Interpretation
Sedimentary
System
Reservoir
Analysis
Seismic
Formation
Optimization of Favorable Reservoir
Development Areas
Optimization of Favorable
Exploration Zones
Seismic Reservoir
Prediction
Hydrocarbon
Detection
Evaluation of Exploration Targets
15
Unique Technologies
Target Evaluation
Within the key exploration zones, seismic data
shall be used to interpret and evaluate the traps and
optimize exploration targets. The well location may
be decided based on reservoir prediction and gasbearing formation detection results.
Gaoshil
Inter-reef
Sea
Organic
Reef
To identify the development and distribution of organic reef
reservoir based on seismic facies
Gas-Bearing Formation Detection
Reservoir Prediction and Gas-bearing
Formation Detection
Specific methods are established for analyzing
AVO, seismic inversion (wave impedance and
seismic attribute inversion) and multiple-attributes.
Su 76-13
Air-bearing Pormation
10.8m/3 layers
Reservoir Prediction
The seismic reservoir prediction method is
established for low permeability sandstone,
carbonate karst, reef flats and volcanic rocks to
predict favorable reservoir distribution and guide the
selection of well locations.
To analyze gas-bearing content based on seismic
attribute analysis
16
4
Typical
Cases
4.1 Application of Exploration Theory of Giant Gas Fields with Low Permeability
Sandstone
The core of the exploration theory of giant gas fields with low permeability sandstone is that the
accumulation is near the source and the accumulation efficiency of low abundance reservoir is high. Areas
with gas generating strength up to 1 billion m3/km2 may form into giant gas fields, challenging the opinion of
2 billion m3/km2 in the past, expanding the exploration areas for giant gas fields, and effectively guiding the
westward and northward expansion of Sugeli gas field in Ordos Basin, and the expansion of Xujiahe Fm in
Sichuan Basin.
᭕੨
3
9 21 2 5 27
2 1
3
41
3
9 21 2 5 27
2 1
3
41
ield
29
31
31
sF
Ga
Qing yang
21 9
Qing
Gas reservoir
yang
isoline of hydrocarbon
generation magnitude
ኟౢ
ཟ‫ج‬
ଳ໼
ኟౢ
51
཮!!!!૩
Gas reservoir
3
31 3
29
27
25
23
m
er
Riv
ou
m
ෙ໼
r
ba
th
ow
all ૂ෷
sh ke
la
Under water
distributang
channel
ࡲᇸ
‫ٷ‬ፁ
ch
ӟ
r
te g
wa an
er ibut l
tr ne
Ov isីዝ
d han
c
ch
૧‫ج‬
ܷแ
૧‫ج‬
ܷแ
็ዹ
ࢇ‫ج‬
็ዹ
r
te g
wa an
er ut
Ov istrib nel
d han
c
Chongqing
Basin
Strata Pinch- Delta Plain Tidal Flat
Boundary Out Line
ីዝ
Underwater Over-water
Distributary Distributary
Channel
Channel
ࠟᖐ
ଣᜊ
ࠟᖐ
ଣᜊ
࿧෷
Detta Plain
଄ೝ
࠽Ҿ
ᅓՠ
ᅓ‫ج‬
࿧෷
Detta Plain
ళ؊
Under water
distributang
channel
er
at ng Chongqing
w
a
ጨዐ
er ibut l
v
r
O ist ne
‫ٷ‬ፁ
d an
ጨዐ
te
ow r wa tang
all ૂ෷
e u
sh kOev istribnnel
la d a
ਸ၆
࿧ဘ
ਸ၆
ళ؊
ࢇ‫ج‬
r
ӟ
࿧ဘ
Under water
distributang
channel
଄ೝ
Under water
distributang
channel
ᅓՠ
ᅓ‫ج‬
ཟ‫ج‬
Gas ଳ໼
Generating Strength of Upper
Palaeozoic Hydrocarbon
Source Rocks and Gas Fields Distribution in Ordos Basin
isoline of hydrocarbon
generation magnitude
Chengdu
ou
er
Riv
ᅏୌ
ෙ໼
r
ba
th
ჯҾ
ࡲᇸ
Yan’an
a
Tid
Under water
Under water
distributang
channel distributang
ჯҾ
channel
็୍
็୍
ߛൃ
௦ዱ
௦ዱ
࠽Ҿ
51
51
Yan’an
ߛൃ
t
fla
Chengdu
ጱ‫׊‬
ጱ‫׊‬
47
21 9
཮!!!!૩
২Չ
࿲ഐ
࿲ഐ
35
al
Tid
t
l fla
‫׭‬੨
‫׭‬੨
ᅏୌ
35
47
43
51
3937 35 33
27
25
23
২Չ
43
3937 35 33
29
ࠦᇱ
3
31 3
௝ኬ௝ኬ
ጱዞ
ጱዞ
31
37
37
21
23
25
9 7
212
2329
2531
7
233
29
35
31
33
37
393537
39
43
43
Su
Su
29
39
29
39
5
࣍၆
37
35
ᇂଠ
Over water
distributang
channel
ཚॿ
ॵ߯
47
47
3
South
Sulige
37
35
35
ࠦᇱ
33
35
South Sulige
39
หఢ
หఢ
lige
lige
31
໋૛߭
ۨՉ
ۨՉ
9
࿪อഌ
31
33
35
࣍၆
East Zone 2
East
࿪อഌ
East
West Zone 1Zone 1 Zone 1 ᇂଠ
West Zone 1
Ga
31
ܵྂਖ਼ഌ
Over water
distributang
channel
ཚॿ
ॵ߯
ield
29
51
West Zone 2
໋૛߭
39
Ordos
ࡴেഌ
sF
51
ܵྂਖ਼ഌ
31
Yin chuan
East Zone 2
࿪࡛
West
Zone 2
31
Yin chuan
Ordos
ࡴেഌ
᭕੨
࿪࡛
Mouth Bar
Shallow
Lake
Basin
Strata Pinch- Delta Plain Tidal Flat
Boundary Out Line
Underwater Over-water
Distributary Distributary
Channel
Channel
Mouth Bar
Shallow
Lake
Sedimentary Facies of Xujiahe FM and Distribution of
Gas Fields in Sichuan Basin
17
Typical Cases
4.2 Application of Exploration Theory of Giant
Gas Fields with Ancient Carbonate Karst
The core of the exploration theory of giant ancient carbonate karst
gas field is to seek for high positions in large ancient hydrocarbon
source rocks, large ancient reef-bank karst reservoirs, crude
oil cracking areas in large ancient oil reservoirs and inherited
paleo-uplifts. This theory provided effective guidance upon the
arrangement of Gaoshi 1 well, and led to the discovery and
evaluation of Gaoshiti-Moxi Sinian-Lower Palaeozoic giant gas field
as well as powerfully supported the construction of an industrial base
for 30 billion m3 natural gas in Sichuan Basin.
ഽ2
ሼ2
࠽ᇮ
Ԙӟ
ሼ3
ᄘӟ
ၭᄝӟ
ళॿ
ጭࣜ
ᆈࣀ
ࣷ2
‫׭‬੨
ཚॿ
੃ॆ೚
ᅏୌ
ൣೝ
௦ᄞ
‫ٳ‬၆
࿧෷
‫ॿۼ‬ᄉ
ྤ၆
ళ؊
Difohev
૧2
౰ए৞
ጨᄞ
ჯҾ
ӣ৞ࠏ
ጨ2
ࡲศ2
ዜࠅ2
‫ܫ‬ூ෷
ূ੨ࢋ
ߛ็2
૚3
Dipohrjoh
‫ޞ‬଴
ྰ3
ಯ຤໿ᇱ
ଘॆ֣
ಎ2
ጲศ2
ጲࠋ
઻ୄ2
ய
࿡ศ2
ࠆศ2 ᅓՠ
ីዝ
ໝॿ
ីࠛ
ۡ෷2
ౢ3
ଠ2
ౢ2
ࠟᖐ
‫ܔ‬೚
Proven
Reserves
High Rate
Gas Well
Low Rate
Gas Well
Water Well
Probable
Reserves
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Middle and
Upper
Ordovician
Paleogeologic Map of Sichuan Basin before Permian Sedimentation
18
֖ܵ2
็ዹ
ૂ෷
‫یݔ‬ၕ
߆஍
ጨ5
ጨ3
૧‫ج‬
Ҿೝ2
Lower
Ordovician
Middle and
Upper cambrian
Lower cambrian
Sinian
Natural Gas Geological Theory and Testing Technology
Hydrocarbon Generation
Fault Trough
Ⴘ
9
21 11
11
511
711
1
41
311
61
Remained
Depth 2
211
611
Tpoh{ibo
ॆ
311
211
Remained
Depth 1
1
Xushen 1
71
1
61
511
Xushen 601
711
21
23 11
11
911
711
Xushen 13
Xushen 1
411
61
311
611
811
81
1
1
61
1
Quan 2ed MemberDenglouke Fm.
(K1q2-K1d)
ྷ
Hydrocarbon
Generation
Fault Trough
3:1
411
Xushen 6
Hydrocarbon
Generation
Fault Trough
61 51
1 1
811
61
The bottom of Songliao Basin is a fault basin group
consists of 36 independent faults, with each fault
consisting of one or more secondary fault troughs,
which control the development of hydrocarbon
source rocks and form a gas bearing system alone.
The exploration theory of volcanic gas fields in
Faulted basins is changed from “seeking for large
lake basins and large faults” to “seeking for major
hydrocarbon generating fault troughs”. This theory
leads to the exploration for middle and small-sized
faults.
22 faults in the deep layer of Songliao Basin were
evaluated and 11 favorable faults were preferentially
chosen. The actual exploration in Xujiaweizi,
Changling, Gudian, Wangfu and other places proved
that the success rate of exploration wells in small and
middle-sized faults is up to 100%.
311
4.3 Application of Exploration Theory
of Volcanic Gas Fields in Faulted
Basins
61
1
41
1
51
‫ૂݿ‬
61
Xushen 15
411
Shahezi Fm.
(K1sh)
Yingcheng
Fm.
(K1yc)
ጱ
Depressioncontrolling
Foult
Formation
Boundary
1
41
1
31 1
21
1ċ211
211ċ411
411ċ611
Glutenite Conglomerates Sandstone
Volcanic
Channel
Eruption
Facies
Volcanic
Sedimentary
Facies
611ċ811
?811
Water Layer Gas Layer Angular
Normal Migration Direction Overflow
Unconformity Fault
of Natural Gas
Facies
Profile of Xushen 1 Gas Reservoir, Xujiaweizi Faulted sag
Distribution Map of Hydrocarbon Generation Fault
Trough of Xujiaweizi Faulted sag
19
Typical Cases
4.4
Application of Natural Gas Source Comparison Technology in Exploration
The identification of genesis of natural gas and gas source comparison are meticulously carried out for
Sichuan, Erdos, Tarim, Dzungaria Songliao and other major gas zones by applying the special “natural gas
genesis identification and gas source comparison technology”, which have been playing a significant role in
studying the natural gas reservoir forming and making exploration decisions.
Sichuan Basin
Based on technical analysis upon the composition, carbon isotope and rare gas isotope of natural gas and
that of simulated gas from source rocks, it is concluded that Sinian natural gas is the crude oil cracking gas
which is closely associated with Sinian source rocks. This conclusion confirmed the big contribution of Sinian
source rocks to the formation of giant gas fields, and promote the development of the ancient carbonate
reservoir forming theory, as well as provided effective guidance upon the evaluation and exploration of natural
gas in Gaoshiti--Moxi area.
Ordos Basin
Based on technical analysis upon the composition, light hydrocarbon, carbon isotope, isotope dynamics
of natural gas and that of simulated gas from source rocks, it is concluded that the upper Paleozoic natural
gas in Erdos basin is coal-derived gas, which was concentrated and accumulated near the source. This
conclusion promoted the development of compact sand reservoir forming theory, and provided effective
guidance upon the exploration of natural gas in basins.
20
5
R&D Equipment
The key lab for natural gas reservoir forming and development is equipped with 61 sets of middle to large
experiment equipment, including rare gas isotope mass spectrometer, natural gas accumulation simulation
system, large MAT253 isotope mass spectrometer, Delta Plus XL Isotope-mass spectrometer, Delta-S Isotopemass spectrometer, chromatography/mass spectrometry, inclusions analyzer, confocal laser scanning
microscope, gas chromatography analysis instrument, diffusion coefficient analyzer, organic carbon analyzer,
oil & gas evaluation tool, etc. With these R&D equipment, the staff are able to carry out natural gas and rock
pyrolysis light hydrocarbon, natural gas biomarker compound and rock hydrocarbon generation and expulsion
simulation experiments, to analyze carbon and hydrogen isotope of monomer hydrocarbons and isotope
of non-hydrocarbon and noble gases, to conduct physical simulation of natural gas reservoir forming and
analyze inclusions, as well as to evaluate cap rocks.
Natural gas generation
and expulsion simulation device
Gas chromatograph
MAT253 isotope mass spectrometer
Laser scanning confocal
microscope
Rare gas isotope mass spectrometer
Gas reservoir forming
simulation system
21
6
Qualifications
& Standards
6.1 Qualifications
Founded in the year of 2000, the key lab for natural gas reservoir forming and development was awarded
with the accreditation certificate (China Metrology Accreditation) by the Certification and Accreditation
Administration of China and is currently in possession of 53 geological detection technologies and undertaking
the key scientific research projects for the country and companies as well as key projects in six major gas
areas. It has won107 awards, including 5 at national level, 40 at provincial level and 62 at bureau level. It has
published more than 450 papers and 26 books.
22
Natural Gas Geological Theory and Testing Technology
6.2 Standards
The key lab for natural gas reservoir forming and
development of the CNPC has presided over and
participated in the establishment of 6 national and
industrial standards relating to natural gas exploration
and 8 relevant patents.
Patent and Standard
Standard and Patent No.
Mill pot for preparation of rave gas in inclusions of rocks
ZL201220123378.7
A sample preparation system based on extraction and separation of inert gas
ZL 201020269937.6
Testing device in core permeability rate experiment under formation pressure
ZL201120467474.9
Tester for absorption under high temperature and high pressure
ZL201110004691.9
Portable tester for shale gas and coalbed gas
ZL201010621116.9
A sample preparation system based on the extraction and separation of noble gas and its
application
201010236355.2
Mill pot for preparation of noble gas in inclusions of rocks and preparation method
201210186623.6
Method for analyzing biomarker in natural gas
201210100118.2
Method for analyzing carbon and oxygen isotope of organics and carbonates
SY/T 5238-2008
Biomarker Fest in sediments and crade oil by gas chromatography—mass spectrography
GB/T 18606-2001
Method for testing static nitrogen adsorption volume based on specific surface and pore size
distribution of rocks
SY/T 6154-1995
Method for testing porosity and permeability of rocks under overburden pressure
SY/T 6385-1999
Classification of gas reservoir
SY/T 6168-2009
Coalbed gas resource/reserve specification
DZ/T 0916-2009
23
7
Expert Team
Dai Jinxing Academician of Chinese Academy of Science, natural gas geologist and
geochemistrist. Long engaged in teaching and research of natural gas
geochemical characteristics and theory. Representative works include
The Abiogenic Gas and Formation Conditions in Eastern China, and The
Formation and Distribution of Medium-Large-Sized Gas Fields in China. He
won the first prize for progress in science and technology at national level in
1987 and 1997 respectively and won the second prize in progress in natural
science at national level in 2010.
Tel.: 010-83597084
Email: [email protected]
Wei Guoqi Doctor, professional level senior engineer, doctoral supervisor, senior technician.
Long engaged in integrated research and exploration of natural gas, in charge
of national key projects on natural gas in “the 8th five- year plan” through “the10th
five- year plan” and national key projects in “the 11th five-year plan” and “the
12th five-year plan”, he has made significant contribution to the discovery of
Gaoshiti—Moxi Sinian—Lower Palaeozoic gas field. He won 1 second prize and
1 third prize for progress of in science and technology at national level and 11 at
ministerial level, He has published 122 papers and co-authorized 11 books.
Tel.: 010-69213410
Email: [email protected]
Jiao Guihao Doctor, professor level senior engineer, senior technician. Mainly engaged
in integrated research in oil and natural gas geology and planning &
arrangements, He has accomplished more than 40 scientific research
projects and design for more than 100 exploration wells independently.
and won 7 achievement awards at provincial/ ministerial level and 30 at
bureau level. He has co-authored 3 books and published 17 papers.
Tel.: 010-69213397
Email: [email protected]
24
Natural Gas Geological Theory and Testing Technology
Li Jian Doctor, professor level senior engineer. Long engaged in natural gas
geochemistry and accumulation research, natural gas resource evaluation and
oil sand resource investigation. He has accomplished more than 50 scientific
research projects, participated in national key projects on natural gas in “the 8th
five- year plan period” through “the10th five- year plan period” and key national
projects in “the 11th five-year plan” and “the 12th five-year plan”. He won 1
second prize in natural science at national level, 12 achievement awards at
ministerial level and 18 at bureau level. 102 papers and 10 books published.
Tel.: 010-69213414
Email: [email protected]
Sun Ping Doctor, senior engineer, senior technician. Long engaged in regular research and
exploration of oil & gas, coal bed gas geology, and ever in charge of research and
exploration of oil & gas in Erlian and Jizhong exploratory areas and Qaidam Basin
as well as exploration of coal bed gas in Qinshui Basin. He has proposed location
of more than 80 exploration wells, and organized oil exploration in about 300 wells,
and accomplished nearly 30 scientific projects. He won 5 achievement prizes at
provincial/ ministerial level and 3 at bureau level, with more than 20 papers published.
Tel.: 010-69213595
Email: [email protected]
Yang Wei Doctor, senior engineer. Mainly engaged in oil & gas exploration geological research
on sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, reservoir characteristics and integrated
evaluation of play and trap, he has successively taken charge of or participated
in more than 30 scientific research projects, and made great contribution to the
discovery of Longgang gas reservoir and Moxi intraplatform shoal gas reservoir. He
has won 3 achievement prizes at provincial/ ministerial level and 7 at bureau level,
and co-authored 2 books and published more than 40 papers.
Tel.: 010-69213606
Email: [email protected]
25
Expert Team
Zhang Fudong Doctor, senior engineer. Mainly engaged in natural gas strategic research,
middle and long-term planning and annual arrangement, regional geology
and basin evaluation, play and trap evaluation, natural gas accumulation
geology and oil & gas enrichment. He has contributed to 25 research
projects and won 3 achievement prizes at provincial/ ministerial level and
8 at bureau level. He has co-authored 4 books and published 10 papers.
Tel.: 010-69213165
Email: [email protected]
Yi Shiwei Doctor, professor level senior engineer. Long engaged in oil & gas geology research
and exploration, he has taken charge of or participated in more than 50 scientific
research projects. Based on rich experience in actual exploration, he put forward a
method to explore and evaluate the lithostratigraphic oil & gas reservoir. He won 1
second prize for progress in science and technology at national level, and 10 prizes
at ministerial level, and published 40 papers and co-authored 8 books.
Tel.: 010-69213079
Email: [email protected]
Wang Dongliang Doctor, senior engineer. Mainly engaged in integrated evaluation and
research on oil & gas geochemistry, oil & gas accumulation and oil &
gas geology, etc, He has taken charge of or participated in more than 30
research projects, and won 6 awards at provincial/ministerial level and 9
awards at bureau level, and has contributed to the compilation of 4 books
and published 44 papers in core periodicals.
Tel.: 010-69213190
Email: [email protected]
26
Natural Gas Geological Theory and Testing Technology
Li Zhisheng Master, senior engineer. Long engaged in oil & gas geochemistry
experiment and research. He has taken charge of or participated in more
than 20 projects, and won 6 awards at provincial/ministerial level and more
than 15 awards at bureau level, and has published more than 30 papers,
and co-authored 4 books.
Tel.: 010-69213529
Email: [email protected]
Xie Zengye Doctor, senior engineer. Long engaged in integrated research of oil & gas
geochemistry, resource evaluation and accumulation, etc. He has taken
charge of or participated in more than 50 projects, and won 14 awards at
provincial/ministerial level and more than 20 awards at bureau level, and
has published more than 60 papers, and co-authored 5 books.
Tel.: 010-69213520
Email: [email protected]
Zhao Zehui Doctor, senior engineer. Mainly engaged in integrated research on structural
geology, volcanic rocks, compact glutenite reservoir and natural gas
exploration, he has taken charge of or participated in more than 14 scientific
research projects, and won 1 award at provincial/ministerial level and 6 awards
at bureau level, and co-authored 1 book and published more than 20 papers.
Tel.: 010-69213305
Email: [email protected]
27
联系人 ：刁顺 先生
电
话 ：86-10-5998-6059
Email: [email protected]
Contact: Mr. Diao Shun
Tel: 86-10-5998-6059
Email: [email protected]