CHAPTER 3:
STATES OF MATTER
3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases
3.2 The Gas Laws
3.3 Phase Changes
SECTION 3.1
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, & GASES
n 
VOCABULARY:
n  gas
n  solid
n  liquid n  kinetic energy
n 
OBJECTIVES:
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n 
Describe the 5 states of matter.
n 
Classify materials as solids, liquids, or gases.
n 
Explain the behavior of gases, liquids, and
solids, using kinetic theory.
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SECTION 13.1
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, & GASES
© 2007-2008 StoneCrop. Artist: Caleb Charland
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DESCRIBING THE
STATES OF MATTER
n On
Earth, almost all matter exists in 3 states:
gas, liquid, & solid.
n Materials
classified as solids, liquids, or gases
based on whether their shapes & volumes are
definite or variable.
n Shape
& volume are clues to how particles
within a material are arranged.
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WHAT IS A SOLID?
n solid
- state of matter in which materials have
a definite shape & a definite volume
n particles packed close
together in orderly
arrangement
n rigid
structure - not
easily compressible &
doesn’t flow easily
definite: shape & volume won t change if
moved; changing container doesn’t change
shape or volume. However, definite doesn’t
mean shape or volume can never change.
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CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Co.
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WHAT IS A LIQUID?
n liquid
- state of matter in which a material has
a definite volume but NOT definite shape
n particles
packed close
together but have a
random arrangement
n not
easily compressible
but flows easily
n always
has same shape
as its container
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CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER
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WHAT IS A GAS?
n gas
- state of matter in which a material has
neither a definite volume nor a definite shape
n particles
are well
separated & arranged
randomly
n compressible
easily
& flows
n takes
shape & volume
of its container
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CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER
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STATES OF MATTER:
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES
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STATES OF MATTER:
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES
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VENN DIAGRAM: COMPARE &
CONTRAST STATES OF MATTER
Solid
Arrangement
of Particles:
Gas
______________ ______________ _______________
A.______
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Liquid
B.______
C.______
CHAPTER 3: STATES OF MATTER
D.______
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VENN DIAGRAM: COMPARE &
CONTRAST STATES OF MATTER
Solid
Arrangement
of Particles:
packed close together in
an orderly arrangement
packed close together but
in a random arrangement
Gas
not arranged in a regular
pattern (random arrangement)
______________ ______________ _______________
A.  Definite
Shape
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Liquid
B. Definite
Volume
C. Variable
Shape
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D. Variable
Volume
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OTHER STATES OF MATTER:
PLASMA & B.E.C.
n plasma
v 
not common to Earth but 99% of all matter
observed in universe exists in this state
v 
exists at extremely high temperatures
v 
v 
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e.g. on sun, in lightning, flames, & auroras
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OTHER STATES OF MATTER:
PLASMA & B.E.C.
n Bose-Einstein
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Condensate (BEC)
v 
Einstein (after reading Bose s paper)
predicted 5th state could exist at extremely
low temperatures
v 
groups of atoms behave as if single
particle
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IS JELLO CONSIDERED A
SOLID OR A LIQUID?
n at
normal room
temperature & under
normal pressure does
Jell-o have a
v 
v 
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definite volume?
definite shape?
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IS JELLO CONSIDERED A
SOLID OR A LIQUID?
n at
normal room temperature and under normal
pressure does Jell-o have a
v  definite volume? Yes
v  definite shape? Yes
Therefore, it could be considered a solid…
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IS JELLO CONSIDERED A
SOLID OR A LIQUID?
Gelatin in Jell-o is made of long solid chains of
protein molecules
v  when gelatin mixes w/ hot water, protein
molecules break apart & become suspended in
water; however, individual molecules remain
solid (therefore, not a solution)
v  as mixture cools, protein molecules come back
together to form long chains again; however,
these chains go in random directions & form a
lattice that traps water molecule w/in its structure.
à mixture of solid & liquid
v 
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IS JELLO CONSIDERED A
SOLID OR A LIQUID?
n actually
it is neither (or technically both)
v  when it’s hot - solid suspended in a liquid
v  when it's cold - liquid suspended in a solid
n thus
it is classified as a colloidal suspension
(or more simply a colloid) rather than as being
either solid or liquid
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WHAT IS THE KINETIC
THEORY OF MATTER?
n  kinetic
v 
faster object moves, greater its KE is
n kinetic
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energy - energy object has due to its motion
theory of matter
v 
states that all particles of matter are in
constant motion
v 
explains behavior of each state of matter,
including what occurs within substance as it
changes from 1 state to another
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EXPLAINING THE
BEHAVIOR OF GASES
n kinetic
theory of gases:
constant motion of particles in a gas allows a
gas to fill any container (of any shape or size)
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EXPLAINING THE
BEHAVIOR OF GASES
n 3
main points: in a gas…
1. particles are in constant, random motion
2. attraction forces among particles can be
ignored under ordinary conditions
n  particles apart & moving fast à attraction
too weak to have an effect
3. particles, unless collide, won t affect each
other s motion
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EXPLAINING THE
BEHAVIOR OF LIQUIDS
n 2
main points: in a liquid…
1. particles can flow to new locations à
takes container s shape
2. attraction forces keep particles close
together & limit motion à volume is
constant
this is why particles in a liquid can t spread
out & fill entire container
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EXPLAINING THE
BEHAVIOR OF SOLIDS
n 2
main points: in a solid…
1. particles vibrate around fixed locations à
have definite volume & shape
(vibration - repetitive back & forth motion)
2. strong attraction among atoms restrict
their motion
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RECAP: BEHAVIOR OF GASES,
LIQUIDS, & SOLIDS
n  all
made up of atoms, molecules, &/or ions, but
behaviors of particles differ in the 3 phases
n  forces
of attraction hold solids & liquids together
but not gases
Microscopic view of…
gas
liquid
solid
animations from http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/character.html
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