

Carl Linnaeus started the practice of using binomial nomenclature.
Species is a group of individuals having common characteristics and which can interbreed to produce fertile
offspring.
Eg:- Common Crow (CORVUS SPLENDENS)
Jungle Crow
(CORVUS
Two parts of a scientific Name:-GENUS
MACROHYNCHOS)
GENUS
(Group)
SPECIES
(Particular )
Categories higher than Genus and Species:1) FAMILY:- Lion (Panthera Leo) ; Tiger (Panthera Tigris)
Domestic Cat (Felis Domesticus) make the felidae family
2) ORDER:- Cats (felidae) and Dogs, Foxes (Canidae) under the order CARNIVORA
3) CLASS:- TIGERS, CATS, BATS, HUMANS – MAMMALIA.
Related orders make a group.
4) PHYLUM:- MAMMALS, BIRDS REPTILES, FISH
(CHORDATA)
In Plants, the corresponding category is DIVISION
5) KINGDOM:-
PLANT
KINGDOM
ANIMAL
KINGDOM
5 kingdoms instead of two.
MONERA, PROTISTA, FUNGI, PLATAE, ANIMALIA
Criteria in classification
i) Whether organisms are single-celled or multi-celled
ii) Whether the genetic material (chromosome) is enclosed within a nuclear membrane or is freely in cytoplasm
iii) Mode of nutrition:- (a) autotrophic(by photosynthesis)
(b) Heterotrophic(eating them up)
(c) Saprophytic (sucking/absorbing them)
1) MONERA:- (Single-celled, chromosome not within nuclear membrane) + (Prokaryotic-nuclear material in
primitive form)
Eg. Bacteria, Blue-green algae (has Heterocyst) {help nitrogen-fixation}
2) PROTISTA:- (single celled, well-defined membrane-bound nucleus)
Eg. Amoeba, Paramecium
3) FUNGI:- multi-cellular, thread-like structure
Eg. Bread mould, mushroom.
4) PLANTAE: multi-cellular, cells have a cell-wall made of cellulose.
Four Types: 1. Algae
2. Bryophyte (mosses, liverworts)
3. Pteridophyta (fern)
29 Subhash Road, Behind Lord Venkateshwar Wedding Point, Dehradun, Ph.:0135-2712477, 9358102781, 8979992781
www.optionsindia.org / www.optionsdehradun.com
1
4. Spermatophyte:–
(i) Gymnosperm (pine, cone) [naked seed] [no true flower]
(ii) Angiosperm (cased seed) (all other fruits) [true flower]
5) ANIMALIA:- (multi-cellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic)
i) PORIFERA (Sponges)
ii) CNIDARIA (Jellyfish, coral)
iii) PLATYHELMINTHES (Flatworm)
iv) ASCHELMINTHES (Roundworm)
v) ANNELIDA (Earthworm)
vi) ARTHROPODA (Insects, spiders, crabs)
vii) MOLLUSCA (Snails, Oysters)
viii) ECHINODERMATA (Starfish, sea urchins)
ix) CHORDATA (Vertebrates etc)
Vertebrata:– 1. FISHES
2. AMPHIBIANS (frog)
3. REPTILIA (Lizards)
5. Mammals (milk glands)
4. Birds
CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS

Functions in living beings:–
1. Growth

Functions in plants:

Functions in human-beings:
2. Reproduction
1.absorption of water + mineral from soil
2. Produce colourful flowers
3. Production of food
1. Movement
2. Tasting food while eating
3. Digestion of food + absorption
4. Transport of oxygen in the body
STRUCTURE OF CELL:Three main parts:
1. Plasma membrane (outermost membrane)
2. Cytoplasm (contains most organelles; everything minus nucleus)
3. Nucleus-bounded by nuclear membrane (contains genes)
Organelles:- structures in a cell inside which certain functions and processes are localized. Nucleus is the largest
organelle.

Inside Cytoplasm:1. MITOCHONDRIA: (powerhouse of cell)-Respiration takes place, formation of ATP.
2. RIBOSOME: Synthesis of proteins
3. PLASTIDS (chloroplast contains chlorophyll)
CELL DIVISION:- 1.Growth
2. Repair
3. Replacement
4. Reproduction
2 Types:- (i) Mitosis (ii) Meiosis

MITOSIS:- leads to growth and repair; takes place in all body cells(minus sex cells).All 46 chromosomes
duplicate themselves in the new cell.
29 Subhash Road, Behind Lord Venkateshwar Wedding Point, Dehradun, Ph.:0135-2712477, 9358102781, 8979992781
www.optionsindia.org / www.optionsdehradun.com
2

MEIOSIS:- Sexual reproduction. Takes place in sex cells only. No. of chromosomes is halved. 23 from male
+ 23 from female. 23 pairs in new cell.
Group of similar cells with similar functions are called Tissues.
Types of Tissues:(i) Epithelial Tissue
(ii) Connective Tissue
(iii) Muscular Tissue
Types of connective tissues:–
1. Fibrous Tissue (Tendon, Ligament, Adipose (fat))
2. Cartilage Tissue (Nose, Ear, end of long bones)
3. Bone Tissue (Ribs, Thigh bone, Backbone)
4. Fluid Connective Tissue (Blood and Lymph)
Types of Muscular Tissues:–
1. Voluntary-(arms, legs, face)-movement under control of will.
2. Involuntary-(urinary bladder, uterus, iris)-movement not under control of will.
3. Cardiac-(heart)-move without external stimulation, don’t tire
Plant Tissues:1. Meristematic Tissue (actively divide)
2. Permanent Tissue (only initial division)
Cell  Tissue  Organ 
Organ
 Organism
System
FOOD AND NUTRITION
1. Autotrophic Nutrition: preparing own food
2. Heterotrophic Nutrition: depend on others for food
(i) SAPROPHYTIC:- From dead and decayed organism via absorption(Decomposers)
Eg. FUNGUS
(ii) PARASITIC:- living inside other body.
Eg. Leech, tapeworm
Plants:- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6CO2  12 H 2 O
Sunlight
C6 H 12O6  64 2 O  6O2
CHLOROPHYL L
First reaction in presence of light; second dark reaction
Factors affecting Photosynthesis:- (1)- light, Co2, water, temperature
(2)- Internal factors (chlorophyll content, no. of stomata, age, shape of leaf).
Rate of Photosynthesis decreases with age of leaf
Type of Nutrient
Source
Glucose
Grapes
Fructose
All sweet fruits
Sucrose
Sugarcane, Beetroot
Cellulose
Starch
Whole grains, fruits/vegetable peels
Cereals, Vegetables
Proteins
Pulses, Nuts
Oils + Fats
Groundnut, Mustard seed,
Coconut
29 Subhash Road, Behind Lord Venkateshwar Wedding Point, Dehradun, Ph.:0135-2712477, 9358102781, 8979992781
www.optionsindia.org / www.optionsdehradun.com
3
Vitamins:-
(i) Water soluble:- Vitamin B Complex +Vitamin C
( B1 , B2 , B4 , B12 )
(ii) Fat soluble-Vitamin A, D, E, K
Vitamin
Source
1.A(Retinol)
2. B1(Thiamine)
3. B2 (Riboflavin)
4. B4 (Niacin)
5. B12
(CYANDLOBALAMINE)
6. C (Ascorbic acid )
7. D (Calciferol)
8. E (Tocopherol)
9. K (Phylloquinone)
Functions
Deficiency Disease
Milk, green leafy
vegetable , cod liver oil,
egg
Milk , Cereals , green
vegetables, sea food,
meat
Peas, yeast, egg, meat
Whole cereals, potatoes,
tomatoes, meat, fish
Liver, eggs, milk, fish
Normal growth, keeps
eye skin healthy
Night blindness
Growth + development
Beri-beri (nervous disorder)
Healthy skin + growth
Healthy skin, digestive
+ nervous system
RBC formation
Skin disease+ retarded growth
Pellagra (skin, nervous system)
Amla, citrus fruits,
green leafy vegetable
Sunlight , milk, butter
Healthy growth, strong
blood vessels
Strong bones & teeth
Scurvy ( Gums bleeding )
Veg. oils , Milk, butter,
Whole grains
Green leafy vegetable,
soyabean oil.
Protects cell membrane
Helps in blood clotting
Anaemia(deficiency of RBC)
Rickets( soft , deformed boneskids)
Affects fertility
Excessive bleeding from
wounds.
Minerals:- Needed by body in small quantities.
Mineral
Source
1. Iron
Green vegetables, turnip, sprouts, liver,
egg, meat
Milk + milk formation
2. Calcium
3.Phosphorus

4.Potassium
Tapioca, green leafy vegetables, whole
grains, meat, egg
Green + yellow vegetables
5.Sodium
Common Salt
6.Iodine
Sea food, iodised salt
Functions
Formation of haemoglobin
Formation of bones + teeth, muscle
contraction, blood clotting
Formation of bones + teeth
Keeping osmotic balance of cells +
blood
Proper functioning of nervous system +
osmotic balance
Body metabolism, development of
brain
Enzymes are chemicals needed for completion of chemical reactions taking place in all living cells.
NUTRITION PROCESS:- INGESTION; DIGESTION; ABSORPTION; ASSIMILATION; EGESTION.
1) Mouth:2) Stomach:3) Small:-
YLASE
SALIVARYAM

 Maltose
PEPSIN
  Peptones
Proteins
TRYPSIN
 Amino Acids (Completely digested proteins)
Peptones  
AMYLASE
 Glucose
Maltose +  
LIPASE

Fats
Fatty Acids + Glycerol
Starch
29 Subhash Road, Behind Lord Venkateshwar Wedding Point, Dehradun, Ph.:0135-2712477, 9358102781, 8979992781
www.optionsindia.org / www.optionsdehradun.com
4
Deficiency diseases:
1) Protein energy deficiency –
(i) Marasmus (loss of muscles, prominent ribs, stunted development)
(ii) Kwashiorkor (enlarged liver, water retention)
2) Mineral deficiency—
(i) Goiter (Iodine)-enlargement of thyroid gland
(ii) Anemia (Iron)-loss of weight, paleness, apatite loss, hemoglobin level falls.
3) Vitamin deficiency—
(i) Exophthalmia (vitamin A)-dry chornea, night blindness)
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous system
Sensory nerves
Motor nerves
(Organs to brain/spinal cord) (Reverse)
AUTONOMIC NERVOUR
(Involuntary Control)
SYMPATHETIC
SOMATIC (Nervous System)
PARASYMPATHETIC
HUMAN BRAIN:- Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Medulla Oblongata
 Cerebrum:- largest section of brain, divided into left and right
Functions:- (i) Governs mental abilities like thinking, seasoning, learning, memorizing, intelligence.
(ii) Controls will, motions, speech
(iii) Controls all involuntary functions

Cerebellum:- Small area below the cerebrum
i) Maintains equilibrium of body
ii) Controls posture of body
iii) Control feeling of love, admiration, hatred
iv) Controls all involuntary functions

Medulla Oblongata:- cover most portion, at the base of skull
1). Controls internal organs like movement of lungs, heart etc by regulating the breathing & heart rate
2). Controls vital reflexes such as cardiac centre, respiratory centre, centres for sneezing, coughing etc
Hormones are chemicals secreted by endocrine gland and covered by blood or lymph to a target organ elsewhere in
the body to stimulate a specific activity.
Endocrine glands:- (i) Pituitary (Growth Hormone)
(ii) Thyroid (Stimulates cell metabolism)
29 Subhash Road, Behind Lord Venkateshwar Wedding Point, Dehradun, Ph.:0135-2712477, 9358102781, 8979992781
www.optionsindia.org / www.optionsdehradun.com
5
GENETICS

Gregor Mendel was first to observe the manner in which characteristic feature pass down from parents to off
springs. He noticed them first in pea plant.
 Human chromosomes:- Each cell contains 46(23 pairs) chromosomes. Each pair has one from father, he
other from mother. One pair out of the 23 is of sex chromosomes, X and Y. The other 22 pairs are auto sums.
X+X=Female ; X+Y=Male
Eggs have 22 auto sums and 1 X chromosome
Sperms have 23 auto sums and the one is either X or Y.
Blood groups-A, B, AB, O
AB-Universal acceptor; O-Universal Donor
HEALTH,HYGEINE,DISEASES
Types of Pathogens
Virus
Bacteria
Fungus
Protozoa
*Helminthes worm
Disease Caused
Influenza (contact), Hepatitis (water),Chickenpox (measles)
Cholera (food, water, faeces), Tetanus, Tuberculosis (contact
Ringworm (contact)
Malaria (mosquito bite), Amoebic dysentery (food, water, fly)
Filariasis (female Culex mosquito)
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
Category
Millets
Pulses
Beans
Oilseeds
Root Crops
Tuber Crops
Sugar crops
Plantation crops
Examples
Sorghum (Jowar), Ragi (finger millet), Bajra (pearl millet)
Arhar(tur), Black gram (urad), Green grams (moong), Bengal gram
(chana)
Peas, Soyabeans, Cowpea, Lentil
Mustard, Groundnut, Soyabean, Sunflower, Linseed, Castor,
Cotton seed
Carrot, Turnip, Sweet potato
Potato, Tapioca, Ginger, Turmeric
Sugarcane, Beetroots
Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Coconut
29 Subhash Road, Behind Lord Venkateshwar Wedding Point, Dehradun, Ph.:0135-2712477, 9358102781, 8979992781
www.optionsindia.org / www.optionsdehradun.com
6