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Speed (Number of phones)
30
phones per second
phones per 100 million cycles.
20
10
0
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PPC
PIII
Sun
Alpha
Number of misses
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
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Time (billions of instructions)
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”
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a[nck|ˆajeQeGsi[n[Wt]ekmSëhi`kbh…^J[]m4aQajloS`}`k`bgB[4a‚lnsiefaQgE„nhiajaQsS„n[na(|Jhiln`QeQ}eQp‚_Scfg6ln_SeGQuœW`k^SgBcka
[¥„Wüˆh…oB[aj‘oaQckx6üuÞZ"6ü¸^E÷s…l”`bð$|<[nùcf\êœn`kbgBaQa‚aj\ބlcfhi`b[][#_SˆxJa€^zs…\4l`b[]|Â[nb`c8\4a ܁ˆ[neQhi^JajaQm{cf`‚l`bh…m a
`baQcf\4‹[n|~h…mSb`bcf_EeG`khi[]mS‚^JaQc€eQsi[Wekë ” üZ kœz‘gEh…sia(`kgSa ” m™`bajswüˆajm{`kh…_S\ ”k”k” h…$`kgBa#siajlnb`‹a ÜeQhiajm{`Q y ajbë6`b[n^E
lnsickajlnoBu
`kbgBaQaj[]\_Bt]gî`b[,lngSeQl¥eQ„n_BaÜcfln`keGgSuîaÞh…^J[¥b‘~`kh…aQs…s¸c(^S`b[,ck[n^XxEaQsiajcf\Þ|Â[nlcf\`kh…e,b^Jp‚ajlgSënaÞaQcckajh…\4mEoBlnaQhÎmS^JoBajmSaQc(oBaj[nm{|`€`kkgS^Xh…aQajbe8ajg0eG`kcfhi[]ajeGm[nt]_SmSbajhi`kAhi[]`km gBa1 . kh…\% _Ss…( l/`b1,[n=cf%'A#)( ^Sck[(*„6. h…oS1 aÜ+-2/lØ. \#(*[n.6ck#¿a œ
oBaQ`klnh…s…ajo„6hiaQ‘ß[n|w`kgSaÙoBu6mEln\4h…e‹xJajgSlj„Whi[nc‚[n|w`kgBa(l^S^zs…h…eQl`khi[]m?
6ü÷ ð‹ù h… {_Sh…`baܑ~ajs…sªšÝxJajgSl¥„najoîhÎm0`kgBah…mSk`bcf_SeG`khi[]meQlnefgBan0pgBaÜxzlnbajs…h…mBa %#'&
”h…mSvkú`bcf^J_S(aQeG ck`k&|<hi[n[]#cfmí\4 eQ#lne8lngBs…\#a[]^XkaQ"`4cf |Â^J[n$cfaQ)\Þck |ÂajlneGmS`keGs…una#œ¸‘‘” gShih…`ks…g+a#^Sl0ck[W\4eGh…ajkk­kšÝh…c8mBlt `baq)[nb|‹ajm{ajf`bbajajmSm™eG`kajh΁Qlnœ}s…silnuÙû tnajmS aQcfý´lhi`bt]aj_Boîcka x{u0 Wkh…gS\ [¥‘ف#{šÝ`kü¸gSüa)Z‹`kh…r\#6a)ü¸÷ oBaQ^Jð$ajùêmSoS‘ajm™ln• `
^ScfhÎ\#ajoh…m™`b[!k`bajlnoBuîk`kl`ba)x{uîcf_SmEmSh…mBt E„na)_B`b`baQcflnmSeGajÞxJaQ|Â[ncka`kgSh΁#oSl`kl.‘~lnÞeG[]s…siajeG`bajo? lnefg+^J[]h…m{” `[]m+`kgBa
tncfl^EgØh…‹l܁fln\#^EsiaÙ[n|$ú 6 Þ\Þh…s…s…hi[]mqeGuWeQsiajQ€p‚gBakgSlnoBajo,ckaQt]hi[]mE$oBajmS[n`baA`kgBa`kh…\#aj$[n|}aGŠWajeQ_B`khi[]mØ[n|´`kgBalnmSb‘~aQc
10
Miss Rate (%)
Number of misses
3000000
2000000
5
1000000
0
0
Ål y uWmSln\4h…e y vú(\4h…kbajjWgSlnoBajockaQt]h…[]mS‚oBajmB[n`ba ¿x y vú — h…k›‹l`ba(„W$Zl^ElneQhi`ºun íaلlcku y vúفkh Qaّhi`kg
aGŠWajeQ_B`khi[]mq[n|ˆ`kgBaÙlnmEb‘aQc$xE_Sh…sÎoBaQc|¿_SmSeG`kh…[]m?´p‚gBa
ajmSo
l4eG[]mSk`klnm™`€òWújÿ& • vwÿ6
[n|w`kgSh…|¿_SmSeG`khi[]mqeG[]hÎmSeQh…oBaj‘h…`kgqbajm™`bajmEeGa(xJ[]_SmSoSlc8hiajQ
ý´hit]_Bcka # ¸vraQ„najs¸ú y l`klÜeQlnefgBa(xXajgElj„Whi[ncj
xEb`k_SlhÎcks…`oBaQ[nc¸|w|¿`k_SgBmSa
eGmB`kh…aG[]ŠWm?`´kp‚ajm™gB`ba‹ajmS^SeGcfanh…\4lp‚cfgBu4ajbb^Ea
hilënckaja
lh…mÜ`b`b`kcfgBhixza€_Btn`bcfajlo^E`bgq[eG`k[ngBcfa
ckajh…bmS^Jhi`k[]h…mSlno‡sÎh j`bl[`khi`k[]gBm‡a
WaGü¸ŠWh…÷ `[nð‹|wùß`kgS^Jh…aQck|<_E|<[nmScfeG\4`khi[]m‡xJaQ‘|Â[ngSckh…a
e8goSh…h…„6h…mSlns…tAb[h…mÜ`kgB`b[a
`kgBa(hÎmSmBaQcf\#[]k`s…[{[n^N}pgBaفbajeG[]mSoSlcfu‡b^zhiënaj‚eG[nckckajk^X[]mEo`b[4`kgBa(b`klcf`‚[n|ˆ`kgSh…” |¿_SmSeG`khi[]m?}pgSh… Et]_BckaفfgB[¥‘‚`kgSl`
xE6ü_ShÎ÷ s…oB” aQð$cjùwp‚tngB[{a€ajÙh…mS`kbgB`bckcf[]_E_BeG`kt]hig![]mÞÿ‡eQ^ElngEe8gBlnajbaj‚
lckh…mØa€`k`k_BgBcfa4mSeGaj[]oÞ_B[cf„nka#aQc[nl|¸`^Sajckln[WefeGgqajk^EkhÎgEmBlnt‡ba$lqxJk[]aj_Sm™mE`bajoSmSleGcka un(` kígBa€a|ÂxX[]aj_SlnmE\oÞ`kkgSajllcf`efg!aQ„najlnmmEo.cfaj`koSgB_Sa4eQh…lnmBmStAb‘~`kgBaQac
” vú
eQlnefgSaAeQl^ElneQhi`ºuq`b[ #'& • []mSs…uÜh…mSeGcfajlnbaj`kgBa(\Þh…k­šÝcfl`ba
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6ü÷ ð$ùøaGŠBgShixEh…`k^X[6[ncoSl`klÜsi[WeQlns…hi`†unœzh…mSeQs…_SoEh…mBtAlÜ\4h…kbšÝcfl`baÙ[n| ӑh…`kg)l %#'& s…aQ„najsªšfú
o`kSgBla`klÙaGeQŠWlnaje8eQgB_Ban`k}hi[]ý´"mhit][n$(_B|cf`ka gS# aqÅckl aj‰eQ_BoS” cfh…kk^Eh…„ns…lja‡uWlnˆmS`kkgB‘aaQ`kc#h…\4xEaG_EšÝh…„Ps…oBlckaQuWcAh…mB|<_St
mExJeG`kajhigS[]l¥m„6h…l[n`#c}`k[ngS|za‡`kgSaja‚mExEoln[nbaj|s…hÎajmBlna efg y v~bajúm™^J`bajaQmEck|<eG[naGcfšÝ\4^Sckln[WmSeGeGajankkœ]h…[mB„ntíaQcfhis…• `blnaQh…c8o4l`k‘hi[]hi`km?g œ
lnln
mSbtn‘~ajaQmBcaQc8xzl_S`bh…ajs…o!oBaQx6c~uí|<[nWchÎ\ajlnÙefgØ{šÝbüajm{ü`bZ‹ajmSJeGp‚angSh…p‚‹gBtnaÙcfl^S^zc8gíh…\4kgBlck[¥uޑ$k
^E`khigSënajl`ÙhÎ`kmgBa4`kgBs…aÙ[6eQtnlncfs´l^E\4g*lPŠBeGh…[n\4ckcklajb[n^J| []ymSoqvú#`b[Þ\4ajhÎm™k`bbckaju)
hÎeGm™[n`bck[#ckaj`kkgS^XhÎ[]mE|<o._EmS`beG[)`khi`k[]gBm?a œ
ln
l‡ckajk_Ss…`[n|¸`kgSaAxElnefë{`bc8lnekëWh…mBtqcka 6_Shickajo,`kgBck[]_St]g,`kgSaAajm{`khickatnajmBaQcfl`bajoímSaQ`†‘~[nckë,`b[tnajmBaQc8l`ba#`kgB>a zmSlns‰^El`kg?
p‚\4gSh…fl­`šÝcfh…l¸`bmBaj‚[n`¸l`bck[AaAkll¥`u#l4`kgSk_Blxz`¸b`k`kgBlna m™`ky hÎlnv~s?úgSh…ln¸si|‰‘\ÞajsÎh…sªs…šÝs…xJhi[]ajmÜgSlj^J„naQajcÙoÞú `k6gB a‚#ck\4ajbhÎ`¸s…s…hi[n[]|?m‡`kgBh…mSa‚b`k`bh…c8\#_SeGan`k hi[]” m4mSQxJ aQ`†‘~aQajmÜ`kgBalnmSb‘~aQcbšÝxE_Eh…s…oBaQcfjœ]\#ajlnm
eQlnefý´gShiaAt]_BeQckla ^Eln# eQhi¿`ºxu)(lk`$gBòW[új‘ÿ4& `k• gSœza)ln`bmEajoq\#^E^Jsi[n[ncf`ln`ks‚gBsiaA[WeQ\4lnh…s…khi`º­uîšÝc8lhÎm `ba
6[nü¸|w÷ `kgS” ð‹a ùy vœ¸lnú
Þ‘\#gEh…ajsilna‹f„P_BlckckajuWo+h…mBx6t4u h…`kW‚h…\#kh Q^Eans…a W” eQmSlneGs…cklajcjln fh…mBít a y EvŠîúÙ`kfgBh Qa*a
vw`b[ÿ
ÿnò & eQln_Sbaj\4h…f­šÝcfl`ba‹`b[oBcf[n^Ü[]mSs…u4\4lckt]h…mSlnsÎsiuA`b[4ò6Öò ‡ m‡lAbaQ^zlcfl`ba€aGŠ6^JaQcfh…\4ajm™`Qœ6„Plcfu6h…mStÙ`kgBa€kh Qa‹[n|N`kgBa
y‹v„naQú$c€|• `kcfgB[]\ak#'ln& \#• acf`bln[‡mBú tnan—Øœ • üZckajoS„_SlcfeGh…ajln~mE\4eGaAh…kh…¸‹cfmBlaQ`bt]ajs…~hit]^Sh…ckxE[nsi^JanœS[ncktn`k[]hih…[]mSmEtÜl`b|<ajck[]si” un\ œ™‘ûWh…Ö`kògBû []Þ_B`b`¸[oBûWc8lnÖòW\4ú l`kÙh…ep‚hÎg6\#_S^S‹ckW[ü¸„naj÷ \#ajð‹m™ù×`kaGlŠW`gElnhixEm™hiuÞ`k^X^X[]hÎ[6m™[n`Qc 
`baj\#^J[ncflnsXsi[WeQlns…hi`†unœWh…mÞa X” ajeG`gSl¥„6h…mStAls…lcktna€kh…mBt]sia$siaQ„najsE‘~[nckëWh…mBtbaQ``kgEl`~h…~mBaQ „naQc 6_Shi`ba$eQl^E`k” _Bckajo‡h…m4`kgBa€eQlnefgSan
6ü÷ ð$ùÑoB[6aj
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hi`
h…
mB[n`
lxEsia`b[*h…\4^Sck[¥„na^JaQck|<[ncf\4lnmSeGanpwlxEsiaqú#kgB[‘
`këngBaQaQa
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kh Qa
[n|ˆ`kgBa y v~ú
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8
9
10
11
12
13
14
4
15
Time (billions of instructions)
8
16
32
64
128
256
DL1 Size (KB)
y vú • si[Wekë)Wh Qa y vú — h…f›$l`ba
ú
Wû …újònÿnò
û
W
…

Q
ú
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û
n
ÿ
õ
ÿ
%#
Wû Žû ÿnõ
p‰lxzsia4ú y vú • si[Wekë*Wh Qa
„6 — h…k‚›$l`ban
Miss Rate (%)
40
30
20
10
0
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
´ý hit]_Bcfa(ò }vwÿ — h…k‚›$l`baلW$Zl^ElneQh…`†u
" $( p‚gBa€`kgBaj\4a
[n|‰^J[6[nc‚\#aj\#[ncku‡bu6k`baj\ê^JaQck|Â[nc8\4lnmSeGa
eQlckcfhiaj‚[¥„naQc`b[#`kgSa
vwÿln‘~ajs…sō´p‚gBa€xElnkajs…h…mBa
vwÿ!eQlnefgBa.eQl^ElneQhi`ºu+[n|
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kWgBh…\4[‘^E‚sia_SWmEeQlnhi|Âs…[nlc8c¥\ œSlnxJaj‘~gSa(l¥„6„h…l[nckcu)`kgBhi`kck$[]_BeQlt]^EgBln[]eQ_Shi`~`†u*aGŠWxXajaQeQ`º_B‘`kaQhi[]ajmNm.}ÿný´ò hit]& _Bcka(lnòmSko,gS[¥õ ‘`k gSaÙ`\4`klh…kënaj€cflln`bm,aÙvwhÎmÿ4`k[ngB|¸a
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h…oS_Ba‡`b[.^Elt]h…mBtB!6ü¸÷ ” ð$ù lns…[]mBa‡h΁(ckajk^X[]mEkhixEsiaÞ|Â[nc`kgBab`bcflnh…m[]mî`kgBaq\#aj\#[nckubu6k`baj\q "hi`kgîl.\#aj\#[ncku
L2 Size (KB)
Instructions in kernel mode
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
ý´p‚higBt]a
_Bckaja mEoq&[n
|‰aQ`kgEcfmSh…ajsª|<š†_E\#mS[WeG`koBhia~[]mqhÎmSeGb[]`bcfh…mS_SeQeG`khÎoBh…[]ajmeG‘[]hi_E`kgqm™`kkQajm™B`bajgSmSlneGoBa(ajoxX[]ckaQ_Et]mShioS[]lmScf¸hiajoBjaj mB[n`baaGŠWajeQ_B`khi[]m#[n|X`kgBa‚lnmSb‘~aQc}xE_Eh…s…oBaQcw|<_EmSeG`khi[]m?
Time (billions of instructions)
6 ü÷ ” ð$ù t]eQe t jhi^ „{^Ec \#ajkl lck` a {_Slëna ln\Þ\#^ x jhi^Xÿ
ŠWajeQ_B`khi[]m)ltntnckaQt]l`baj
Z~u6eQs…aj búQû
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” üZ
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” mSk`bcf_SeG`khi[]mq\4hiŠ6aj
vr[]lnoS
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6`b[nckaj
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ZlnefgBa\4h…kc8l`baj
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