NEW HORIZON GURUKUL
POINTS TO REMEMBER FOR CLASS: VIII
SUB: MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER: RATIONAL NUMBERS

A number

All integers are also rational numbers as they can be expressed in p/q form with
is a rational number if ‘p’ and ‘q’ are integers and q ≠ 0.
denominator 1.

Negative rational numbers are represented on the left of zero on the number line and
positive rational numbers on the right side.


If
and
(i)
+
is also a rational number (Closure Property).
(ii)
+
=
If ,
are two rational numbers, then :
and
+ ( Commutative Property)
are three rational numbers , then + (
+ )=(
) + (Associative
Property).

If

If there exists a rational number -
is a rational number, then + 0 = 0 +
=
such that
, 0 is called the additive identity .
+(-
) = 0, then the numbers -
and
are the additive inverses of each other.

Rational numbers are closed under subtraction, but subtraction of rational numbers is
neither commutative nor associative.

If
and
are two rational numbers, then

If
and
are two rational numbers, then:
=
(i) x is also a rational number ( Closure Property)
x = x ( commutative property)

If ,
and
are three rational numbers, then
x( x )=(
) x (Associative Property ).

If

There exists a rational number
is a rational number, then
. Here
other.
x1=1x
=
and 1 is called the multiplicative identity.
for every non- zero rational number
such that
are said to be the multiplicative inverses or reciprocals of each
ENGLISH
CHAPTER: ANNE BAKES A CAKE
Summary of the story:
 Marilla invites Mr. and Mrs. Allan (the new minister of Avonlea and his wife) to tea.
 She works hard preparing a generous spread of food for the young couple.
 Marilla allows Anne to bake a layer cake. Anne admires Mrs. Allan, who teaches Anne’s
Sunday school class, because unlike the previous teacher she encourages the students
to ask many questions.
 Even though Anne has baked many cakes before, she is nervous nonetheless.
However, the cake comes out of the oven looking beautiful, and Anne is proud to serve
it to Mrs. Allan.
 But, when Mrs. Allan took a mouthful of the cake, a strange expression came on her
face. Nonetheless, she ate it.
 Marilla saw the expression on Mrs. Allan’s face and understood that something was
wrong. She immediately takes a piece to taste the cake herself.
 She asks Anne what ingredients she used, specially, what flavouring.
 It was then discovered that Anne accidentally used anodyne liniment instead of vanilla,
making the cake taste awful. She could not smell the content of the bottle before using it
as she had a cold.
 Anne is mortified and runs upstairs, throws herself on the bed, and weeps. Mrs. Allan
cheers Anne up, and Anne allows herself to be comforted, and rather enjoyed the rest
of the evening.
 She begins to see some good in the embarrassing situation, saying at least she never
makes the same mistake twice. She is relieved to think that once she has made all
possible mistakes, she will be done making mistakes for good.
Character sketch of Anne Shirley
Anne Shirley of Green Gables is a young orphan girl, adopted by the Cuthberths. She
studies in the local school. She is curious, cheerful and enthusiastic and readily falls in love
with someone who shows her kindness. She is also energetic and works hard to create
things, such as the cake and even decorating the table.
As is true for anybody else, she too has her weaknesses. She easily becomes nervous and
anxious about how her ventures would turn out to be. Marilla actually believes that she has
a “talent for making mistakes”. Moreover, after making mistakes, she worries about what
other people would think about her and breaks down instantly.
But, in spite of everything, she is an honest girl and has many positive and pleasant
qualities. She accepts that she makes mistakes and hopes to become a better person
someday. Though she ruins the cake she wanted to make for the guests, she is able to rise
from the sadness and move on.
Character Analysis of Marilla and Mrs. Allan:
Of the three characters presented in this extract from the novel, Marilla and Mrs. Allan can
be contrasted in the context of their relationship with Anne.
Marilla belongs to the old school of thought where she believes that she needs to be strict
with Anne for her proper upbringing. She does not praise Anne publicly and neither does
she scold her directly. However, Anne can well make out that she does not approve or
appreciate her continuous questions or her ability to make mistakes. Marilla is a good cook
and an efficient and organised host. She is also competitive as she takes extra effort to be
the best hostess in the community for the Allans. She does not encourage Anne in the
baking her own cake, but rather sees it as unnecessary and says that there will be plenty of
other things to eat if the cake does not come out well. The complete fault of using liniment
in the cake was not Anne’s and Marilla was to be partially blamed for keeping the liniment
in the vanilla bottle and not warning Anne about it. Yet, she does not comfort Anne or make
light of her mistake. She makes her feel completely responsible for spoiling the cake.
On the other hand, Mrs. Allan seems to know children better. She relates to Anne with a
warmth that shows that she accepts her the way she is. She appreciates the effort taken by
Anne to make the cake and eats the piece she had taken without any sign of disgust at its
medicinal taste. As a teacher, she encourages students to ask her questions and patiently
answers them. She has a warmth with which she comforts Anne when she is heartbroken
and helps her to come out of her embarrassment by asking her to show her the garden,
thereby, diverting her mind. Unlike Marilla, who blames Anne for the cake to turn out bad,
Mrs. Allan says that it was a mistake that anybody could have made.
SUB: SCIENCE
CHAPTER: SYNTHETIC FIBRE, CELL STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION AND FORCE &PRESSURE
Subject: Chemistry
Chapter: Synthetic fibres and plastics
1. Natural fibres can be Plants fibres (jute, cotton) and animal fibres (silk, wool).
2. Simplest unit of a given chemical molecule is monomer.
3. The product formed by the combination of a large number of monomers is called polymer.
Subject: Biology
Chapter: Cell Structure And Function
1. Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665.
2. Living organisms differ in the number, shape and size of cells.
3. The smallest cell observed is of a bacterium. The largest cell is of an ostrich egg.
4. Cell is the basic structural & functional unit of living organism.
5. Unicellular organisms – In unicellular organisms like amoeba and bacteria all life
functions are performed by the single cell.
6. Multicellular organism’s cells are specialized to perform certain functions.
7. Tissues- Tissue is a group of cells performing a specific function .
8. A cell has three parts – cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
Sub: Physics
Chapter: Force and pressure
1. A force can have so many effects which are as follows:

Move a stationary body

Stop a moving body

Slow down a moving body

Make a moving body move faster.

Change the direction of a moving body.

Change the shape of objects.
2. The force of push always acts through a rigid connector.
3. The force of pull can act through rigid as well as non-rigid connector.
4. The force or pull by which an object is attracted towards the earth is called weight.
5. The force produced by muscles in action or by moving muscles is called Biological or
muscular force.
6. Force of friction always acts in the direction opposite to the direction of applied force.
SUB: SOCIAL SCIENCE (HISTORY)
CHAPTER: WHERE,WHEN AND HOW
-INDIA AND THE MODERN WORLD
1. Overview of three historical period-ancient, medieval and modern.
2. The modern period of Indian history starts with the British conquest of India.
3. Features of the modern age:- industrialization, urbanization, nationalism, democracy,
socialism, scientific and technological progress, exploration, humanism
4. Forces of change:-the renaissance, the industrial revolution, the American and French
revolution and nationalism.
5. The French Revolution gave birth to the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
6. The modern period is marked by advances in science, technology & industry & the ideas
of nationalism, socialism and democracy.
7. India in the modern world- impact of British rule on India and its freedom struggle.
8. Sources of information of Modern Indian History -Primary sources&
Secondary sources
9. Primary sources of information are government reports, letters, photographs, maps
,diaries, newspapers, magazines etc.
10. Secondary sources of information in modern Indian history are writing & accounts by
various people.
11. Historical monuments erected by the British also serve as an important source of history
of that period.
SUB: HINDI (II LANG)
CHAPTER: 'एक ही वरदान दो'
'एक ही वरदान दो' कववता में कवव ककसी अन्य का द्वार खटखटाने की बजाय खुद पर भरोसा
रखकर आगे बढ़ना चाहता है | कवव को साांत्वना में दब
ब ता का अहसास होता है | वह अटल
ु ल
रहकर कष्टों का सामना करना चाहता है | कवव ककसी की दया का पात्र नहीां बनना चाहता
उसकी तो बस यही प्रार्बना है की वह घोर सांकट रूपी समुद्र को हँसते-हँसते पार कर ले और
कभी कमजोर न पड़े | यदद जीवन में धोखा ममले और भाग्य भी बुरा हो तो भी लक्ष्य से कदम
डगमगाएँ नही |
SUB: SANSKRIT
1. mÉëjÉqÉ AkrÉÉrÉå ÎxjÉiÉ xsÉÉåMüÌlÉ xqÉÉUrÉiÉÑ iÉjÉ sÉiÉÉ zÉoS xqÉUrÉiÉÑ|
2. orÉxÉÌlÉlÉ: ÌuɱÉÄTüsÉÇ lÉzrÉÌiÉ|
3. Îx§ÉrÉÉÇ UÉåcÉqÉÉlÉÉrÉ xÉuÉïÇ MÑüsÉÇ UÉåcÉiÉå|
4. sÉÑokÉxrÉ rÉzÉ: lÉxrÉÌiÉ|
5. qÉkÉÑqÉÎZÉMüÉ qÉkÉÑrÉïqÉç LoÉ eÉlÉrÉÌiÉ|
6. xÉliÉeÉlÉÉ: qÉkÉÑUxÉÑ£üUxÉÇ xÉÚeÉÎliÉ|
CHAPTER: xÉÑpÉÉÌwÉiÉÌlÉ
SUB: KANNADA (II LANG)
CHAPTER: ‘ªÀÄUÀÎzÀ ¸ÁºÉç’
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d£À£À – Qæ.±À. 1927
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SUB: KANNADA (III LANG)
-
CHAPTER: ‘zÉêÀgÀÄ PÉÆnÖºÀ£ÀÄ’
zÉêÀgÀÄ Q«AiÀÄ£ÀÄß M¼ÉîAiÀÄ ¸ÀÄ¢ÝAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÉüÀ®Ä PÉÆnÖgÀĪÀ£ÀÄ.
M¼ÉîAiÀÄ zÀȱÀåªÀ£ÀÄß PÀtÂÚ¤0zÀ £ÉÆÃqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.
ªÀÄÆV¤0zÀ £ÁªÀÅ M¼ÉîAiÀÄ UÁ½AiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸À«AiÀÄÄvÉÛêÉ.
PÉÊUÀ½0zÀ £ÁªÀÅ M¼ÉîAiÀÄ PÉ®¸ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀiÁqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ.
£ÁªÀÅ §Ä¢Þ¬Ä0zÀ M¼ÉîAiÀÄ £ÀqÀvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀ°AiÀĨÉÃPÀÄ.
©lÖ ¸ÀܼÀ
1. £Á°UÉ zÉêÀgÀÄ PÉÆnÖºÀ£ÀÄ.
2. £ÀqÉAiÀÄ®Äè M¼ÉîAiÀÄ ºÁ¢AiÀÄ£ÀÄ.
3. F PÀ«vÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß §gÉzÀ PÀ«AiÀÄ ºÉ¸ÀgÀÄ ZÀ0zÀæ±ÉÃRgÀ ².»gÉêÀÄoÀ.
English meaning
- Q«
Ear
- PÀtÄ Ú
-
Eye
- ªÀÄÆUÀÄ - Nose
- £Á®UÉ
- Tongue
- P稀
- Leg
- PÉÊ
- Hand
SUB: HINDI (III LANG)
CHAPTER: .‘ÂMüÉå lÉWûÏÇ oÉÄRåû cÉsÉÉå’
1. MüÌuÉ oÉŠÉåÇ MüÉå ÌoÉlÉÉ QûUå, qÉÑxÉÏoÉiÉÉåÇ MüÉ xÉÉqÉlÉÉ MüUiÉå WÒûL AÉaÉå oÉÄRûlÉå MüÐ mÉëåUhÉÉ Så UWûÉ Wæû |
2. ‘ÂMüÉå lÉWûÏÇ oÉÄRåû cÉsÉÉå’ CxÉ MüÌuÉiÉÉ xÉå MüÌuÉ WûqÉåÇ rÉWû oÉiÉÉlÉÉ cÉÉWûiÉå Wæû ÌMü, WûqÉÉUå qÉÉaÉï qÉåÇ ÂMüÉuÉOåÇû
AÉLÆ iÉÉå WûqÉåÇ uÉWûÉð ÂMülÉÉ lÉWûÏÇ cÉÉÌWûL oÉÎsMü ElWåÇû SÕU MüU AÉaÉå oÉÄRûlÉÉ cÉÉÌWûL |
3. ‘ÂMüÉå lÉWûÏÇ oÉÄRåû cÉsÉÉå’ CxÉ MüÌuÉiÉÉ qÉå MüÌuÉ qÉzÉÉsÉ MüÐ iÉUWû eÉsÉlÉå MüÉå MüWû UWûÉ Wæû |
4. ‘ÂMüÉå lÉWûÏÇ oÉÄRåû cÉsÉÉå’ CxÉ MüÌuÉiÉÉ qÉåÇ MüÌuÉ lÉå lÉD ÍqÉxÉÉsÉ oÉŠÉåÇ Måü ÍsÉL MüWûÉ Wæû |
5. ‘ÂMüÉå lÉWûÏÇ oÉÄRåû cÉsÉÉå’ CxÉ MüÌuÉiÉÉ qÉå MüÌuÉ lÉå WûOûlÉå , ÂMülÉå AÉæU fÉÑMülÉå Måü ÍsÉL qÉlÉÉ ÌMürÉÉ Wæû |