Smart Cities
India
SKILL MATTERS,
NOT DEGREE
CONSBULL
ENGINEERING REDEFINED
IMPARTING SKILLS TO OUR BUDDING CIVIL
ENGINEERS SINCE 2013
CREDITS
Editor-in Chief
Er. Mohammad Sakib Parvez Khan
Deputy Editor
Er. Udisha Mishra
Staff Editor
Art Editor
Product Development
Contributors
Er. Manvendra Singh
Er. Vikas Singh
Er. Suryanand Mishra
Er. Rashid Khan, Saurabh Pundir,
Piyush Singh, Harshvardhan Singh,
Ketan Yadav, Akanksha Yadav
Operations Head Er. Amit k Singh
Technical Operations Techcorona, New Delhi
Marketing Mahesh Chandra,
Shubham Pandey, Vikas
Somvanshi, Vijay Gupta
FROM THE EDITOR
Going Green
Sustaining World
To bring our world toward sustainability — or any other goal — we need
to take different kinds of steps, which require different kinds of
knowledge, talent, skill, and work.
Our rational minds tell us that a sustainable world has to be one in
which renewable resources are used no faster than
they regenerate; in which pollution is emitted no
faster than it can be recycled or rendered harmless;
in which population is at least stable, maybe
decreasing; in which prices internalize all real costs;
in which there is no hunger or poverty; in which
there is true, enduring democracy. But what else?
What else do YOU want, for yourself, your children,
and your grandchildren?
“Sustainability” is one of the world’s most talked
about but least understood words. Its meaning is
often clouded by differing interpretations and by a
tendency for the subject to be treated superficially. For most
companies, countries and individuals who do take the subject seriously
the concept of sustainability embraces the preservation of the
environment as well as critical development-related issues such as the
efficient use of resources, continual social progress, stable economic
growth, and the eradication of poverty.
Md. Sakib Parvez Khan
Editor in Chief
“
Mails
_______________
Well written and well compiled magazine. Would be good if
you could add more technical stuff and problem solving
type of content.
Sailesh Kumar, Pune
My views on induction of Bullet train is a bit different.
Though I agree with a majority of points placed by the
writer, I have my own views. We have almost ten
thousand trains running in India with average delay
time of 40 min. Bullet trains could have been inducted
after addressing the speed of RHB frigate of coaches
and track system. Remember all of India’s railway line
haven’t been electrified.
”
Avinash Saluja, Kurukshetra
A majority of homes and structures built till 2005-6 are not going to
survive any moderate earthquake. My home at Noida got cracked due
to Nepal earthquake. A greater initiative must be taken for the
retrofitting of old homes to suffer a jolt of 6.0 Richter else lakhs and
lakhs of lives are in danger in NCR.
Ratnesh Chauhan, NOIDA 22
Sir, this edition touched the
strings of my heart. There
is so much to be done in
our engineering curriculum
and we must realize the
level to achieve before we
pass out our graduation
Employment is a major
concern. It is better to pursue
a higher degree for a long
term career growth. Even
while preparing I have
applied for MBA from distant
to cope up with loss of years.
Tej Yadav, Bhopal
E-MAIL YOUR LETTERS TO:
[email protected]
OR LOG ON TO
www.discovercivil.com
V. Venkat, Mysore
The lower-level bureaucracy will
no longer be able to disregard
awards that call upon the
government to make payments
for construction. The
government should now look at
stalled payments in all sectors
Pawan Yadav, Bhopal
MESSAGE US ON OUR FACEBOOK PAGE
OR
www.facebook.com/discovercivil
Sustainability is here to stay, but have the
industry’s standard form contracts caught up?
Should they be leading the charge? Are they just
hanging on the coat tails of government
regulation?
The good news is that the construction and
engineering industry’s awareness of sustainability
has increased, and continues to increase. The
government, and industry bodies, have reiterated
to the industry that the traditional model of
development needs to change.
The bad news is that not much seems to have
actually changed in practice.
The choke points to global sustainable
development are palpable here. The cities are
already massive and choking, but 70% of the
building stock needed to accommodate the
hundreds of millions of rural poor immigrating to
urban opportunity has yet to be built. Wells and
rivers are running dry and farms are being
abandoned for lack of water, yet more than 200
million people still lack water access. India
contributes only 4% of global greenhouse gases,
but emissions are projected to increase 60
percent by 2030 because 40% of residents lack
adequate energy access. To end malnutrition and
provide middle class diets will require doubling or
tripling of food production, but arable land is
polluted, degraded, and shrinking from industry,
urbanization, and drought. Climate change is not
debated; the impacts are visible in disrupted
agriculture, changed monsoons, and heat stroke.
The ultimate resource thrives here. Hardly a day
goes by that choke points of the Anthropocene
are not discussed in major media: water, energy,
climate, population, poverty, urbanization, green
economy, globalization, health and human rights.
India’s universities produce highly educated and
motivated workers with enormous respect and
expectations for the modern institutions of
business and career advancement. And the
world’s largest most complex democracy is also
the world’s largest reservoir of diversity,
compassion, hope, beauty, and grace. The
culture’s great tolerance for ambiguity and
change will work towards its advantage in the
dynamic and unpredictable Anthropocene.
In terms of sustainable development, as India
goes, so goes the world. Solutions found here will
show the way for both developing and developed
nations in the Anthropocene.
TALGO in
INDIA
TALGO TRAINS from Spain successfully completed the first set-up
trail run between Izzatnagar and Bhojipura stations on the
BAREILLY- MORADABAD rail route, where the luxury were pulled by
an INDIAN ENGINE and were tested for sensors and derailment. The
Spanish Talgo Train has become the India’s Fastest Train by
reaching a speed of 180 km/hr and covering a distance of 84 km in
just 38 minutes in a trial run conducted by Indian Railways on
Mathura-Palwal route, surpassing the record made by Gatimaan
Express.
12
India’s trains are notoriously slow and outdated,
but a Spanish train maker says it can change that
with coaches that can squeeze much more speed
out of the country’s crooked railways. Talgo S.A.
has been wooing India for years as the South
Asian nation has one of the largest railway
networks in the world and big plans to upgrade its
rail infrastructure.
Till now Indian Railways have been using two
types of coaches namely LHB and ICF.
Linke Hofmann Busch (LHB) coaches are the
passenger compartments of Indian Railways that
have been developed by Linke-Hofmann-Busch of
Germany (renamed Alstom LHB GmbH in 1998
after the takeover by Alstom) and produced by
Rail Coach Factory in Kapurthala, India.
ICF Coaches or integral coach factory coaches
are designed and manufactured by Indian
Railways and are the more conventional ones,
seen in most express trains.
TALGO is the acronym for Tren Articulado Ligero
Goicoechea Oriol in Spanish, meaning light
articulated train.
What is Talgo train?
Talgo trains are light-weight, fast and known for
some design features that include articulated
bogies. Talgo is one of the leading companies in
the Spanish railway sector. It started out in May
1941, and has now has businesses almost all
around the world. Talgo's headquarters lie in
Madrid, Spain.
The Talgo train coaches are designed in a way
that it can run on curves without decelerating the
speed. Talgo train coaches would save up to Rs
1 crore as compared to the LHB coaches used in
Rajdhani and Shatabdi trains. They are also said
to require less maintenance. In this train, One
bogey is shared by two coaches and independent
rotation of wheels allow smooth negotiation of
curves. Unlike that for Japanese bullet trains, no
major overhauling of tracks is said to be required
for running Talgo trains in India.
Besides reducing travel time, Talgo's lighter
trains consume 30 per cent less energy. The ninecoach Talgo train consists of two Executive Class
cars, four Chair Cars, a Cafeteria, a power car and
a tail-end coach for staff and equipment.
The wheels are mounted in pairs but not joined by an axle and the bogies are shared
between coaches rather than underneath individual coaches.
13
So what makes Talgo Trains special?
1. Talgo trains have a maximum speed of
250kmph in temperatures ranging from 20°C to 50°C.
2. The
train
is
designed
for
its
maneuverability while it can take curves
without affecting passenger comfort. It
can maintain its high speed as the
carriage tilting system tilts the coaches
inward when cornering.
3. The official said barring minor changes,
there will be no need for overhauling the
tracks for the trial run.
4. A 30 per cent more efficient 4,500-HP
diesel engine pulls the coaches. Just like
in Rajdhani and Shatabdi trains, Talgo has
9 light-weight coaches consisting of two
executive cars, four chair cars, a power
coach and a guard's coach that can
accommodate equipment.
5. Bogie System: While LHB and ICF
coaches have conventional Bogie system
in which one particular coach has one pair
of dedicated bogies for it, TALGO coaches
use a type similar to the Jacobs bogie that
TALGO patented in 1941. The wheels are
mounted in pairs but not joined by an axle
and the bogies are shared between
coaches
rather
than
underneath
individual coaches. Advantages: This
allows a railway car to take a turn at
higher speed with less swaying. As the
coaches are not mounted directly onto
wheel bogies, the coaches are more easily
insulated from track noise.
6. Tilting of trains: Technically, the TALGO
trains tilting system consists of raising
the
suspension’s
“instantaneous
rotation centre” above the system’s
“centre of gravity”. This causes an “over-
14
banking” in the coach that decreases
the lateral acceleration felt by the
passenger for a similar travelling speed
around a curve.
TALGO vs Conventional:
Advantages: Allows higher travelling
speed
around
curves
without
decreasing passenger comfort levels.
Reliable system and does not require
maintenance expenses.
7. Light weight Construction, high speed:
TALGO Coaches are made up of
aluminum and alloys (like LHB coaches).
Thus they are lighter and are less prone to
rust and corrosion. The company claims
to increase the speed of the trains in India
in the range of 160–220 kmph without
changing the track infrastructure. This
could cut travel time by 30%.
8. Reduce Energy Bills of Indian Railways:
TALGO trains are expected reduce
Railways' energy bill by 30%, as its
reduced weight and inalterability against
atmospheric
agents
and
less
maintenance is supposed to cause lower
energy consumption.
Introduction of high speed train in other routes
like Delhi-Kolkata, Delhi-Chandigarh, DelhiVaranasi and Delhi-Chennai is being considered
by the Railway ministry. Feasibility study which
was done on the proposed bullet train for DelhiKolkata route suggests that the travel time for the
1513km route can be as little as five hours.
Highlights of the fact:
The first phase of trial run was conducted the
speeds between 80 KMPH and 115 KMPH (km
per hour) by a joint team of the Railway Design
Standards Organisation (RDSO) and Spanish
train manufacturer Talgo.
In the second and third phase, Indian Railway’s is
going to conduct trail run on Mathura-Palwal
The wheels are mounted in pairs but not joined by an axle and the bogies are shared
between coaches rather than underneath individual coaches.
15
(Rajdhani) route and Mumbai-Delhi route
respectively to test the riding, safety and stability
of Talgo trains.
In the next phase, It speed will be increased to
200 kmph on the Mathura-Palwal section and
more than 200 kmph during trials on the DelhiMumbai route according to the Rail Ministry. The
test runs are planned initially with empty
coaches, and later with sandbags on the
passenger seats.
The nine-coach Talgo train was earlier shipped
from Barcelona and arrived at the Jawaharlal
Nehru Port in Navi Mumbai on April 21. From
there, the train was brought to the Izzatnagar rail
workshop near Bareilly, earlier this month.
The second leg of the test, being conducted by
joint teams of railway engineers and Research
Designs and Standards Organisation staff, will
witness a run on the Mathura-Palwal section of
North-Central Railway, for 40 days at 200 kmph.
Finally, the run will be conducted on the DelhiMumbai route, for two weeks at a stretch.
The trials, if successful, will lead to introduction
of a 'super luxury' Talgo train service between
Delhi and Mumbai in a few months, reducing the
travel time in about 12 hours, from 17 hours at
present. The testing team will be in the coaches
during trials
Here are the 5 key things you need to know about
Talgo train:
1) The Talgo train runs at an average speed of
around 90-100 km/hr and can attain a
maximum speed of 130-150 km/hr.
2) The train consists of nine coaches, two
executive class, four chair cars, a cafeteria, a
power car and a tail-end coach for staff and
equipment.
3) In July 2015, Talgo stated its intention to
ship a Series 9 train to India at its own cost as
a demonstration on the Mumbai-Delhi rail
route.
4) Talgo made an initial public offering on the
Bolsa de Madrid in May 2015. The IPO valued
the company at Euro 1.27 billion.
5) Talgo trains are divided into a number of
generations such as Talgo I, Talgo II, Talgo III,
Talgo Pendular, Talgo VII, Talgo 8, Talgo 9,
Talgo 250, Talgo 250 Hybrid, Talgo 350, Talgo
XXI and Talgo AVRIL.
TALGO claims speeds can be ramped up on
existing Indian tracks without track and signaling
upgrades. One of the biggest factors slowing
down Indian Railways’ 7,000 passenger trains is
the country’s long and winding railroads. There
are 495 speed-killing curves in the tracks
between Delhi and Mumbai alone, said Mr. Kumar
at Indian Railways.
Straightening out existing tracks or building
straight ones from scratch is too expensive, said
Mr. Kumar, so the trains from Talgo and others
which offer more speed on curvy lines could be
the best option.
The trial will be conducted with empty coaches
and after filling those with sand bags. The testing
team will be in the coaches during the trail run.
Besides speed, testing team will also take note of
vibration, safety and stability of lightweight
coaches during th trial and these technical
parameters were vital for high speed run.
About the earlier trail results, the official said the
report was under preparation with analysis of
various technical data. If the preliminary report is
okay there will also be a final trial between
Mumbai-Delhi routes before finalizing the report.
Solar Energy
And Role of Civil Engineers
The solar industry has changed significantly, but how much
has the technology changed? The amazing growth in solar
energy history from its infancy in 1883 to the industry it is
today has come quite a ways, and with time will become
an increasingly dominant and important energy source.
18
In 1839 Alexandre Edmond Becquerel discovered
the photovoltaic effect which explains how
electricity can be generated from sunlight. He
claimed that “shining light on an electrode
submerged in a conductive solution would create
an electric current.”
Solar power is advantageous in so many ways. It
is pollutant free. It is also noiseless and has been
used in numerous devices that consume low
amounts of energy. Solar power is endless as long
as the sun continues to shine. Here are a list of the
advantages of solar energy.
66 years later, in 1905, we gained an
understanding of Edmonds' work when the
famous physicist Albert Einstein clearly described
the photoelectric effect, the principle on which
photovoltaic are based. In 1921 Einstein received
the Nobel Prize for his theories on the
photoelectric effect.
1. Solar energy is free, it comes straight from
the sun. It does not cause pollution.
2. Solar power is used in remote areas where
electricity is next to impossible to get.
3. Watches, calculators and other such low
energy devices are run by solar power.
4. Solar power will outlast the world’s oil
reserves as it will last forever.
5. It is a renewable energy source, as long as
the sun shines, energy is being
manufactured.
6. Harvesting energy from the sun is
noiseless and is therefore excellent for
residential areas.
7. Solar cells and panels require very little
maintenance and they last a very long time.
8. Once the solar panels or cells are installed,
the cost of electricity will decrease. Only on
cloudy or overcast days will electricity from
the power companies be required.
Solar cells of practical use have been available
since the mid 1950’s when AT&T Labs first
developed 6% efficient silicon solar cells. In 1954,
D.M. Chapin, C.S. Fuller and G.L. Pearson, of Bell
Laboratory, patented a way of making electricity
directly from sunlight using silicon-based solar
cells. By 1960 Hoffman Electronics increased
commercial solar cell efficiencies to as much as
14% and today researchers have developed cells
with more than 20% efficiencies. 20% efficient
means that out of the total energy that hits the
surface of a solar cell, about 20% is converted into
usable electricity.
Australian engineers have taken us closer than
ever before to the theoretical limits of sunlight-toelectricity conversion, by building photovoltaic
cells that can harvest an unheard-of 34.5 percent
of the Sun's energy without concentrators - setting
a new world record.
The previous record of 24 percent was held by a
large, 800-square centimeter solar cell produced
by a US company, but these new photovoltaic cells
aren't only more efficient, they also cover far less
surface area, which means they're going to make
solar power even cheaper.
Although there are numerous advantages to solar
energy and some would claim that they outweigh
the disadvantages, there are still disadvantages to
this type of energy source. Solar energy is
dependent upon the sun and can only be produced
when the sun is shining. Here are a list of the
disadvantages of solar energy.
1. The only times solar energy can be
captured and converted is during the
daylight and when the sun is shining.
2. The panels and cells that are used to
collect the sunlight are expensive to
purchase.
Cumulative solar installations in
India crossed the 7.5 GW mark in
May 2016. About 2.2 GW new
capacity has been installed so far
this year and it is more than total
solar capacity installed in 2015.
India's solar project pipeline has
now surpassed 22 GW with 13 GW
under construction and 9 GW in the
request for proposal process.
3. Solar power stations cannot put out
enough energy to sustain large areas. They
cannot
compete
with
the
large
conventional power stations.
4. Places that stay mostly overcast with little
constant sunlight are not good places for
solar power. Solar power is unreliable
within those areas.
5. Solar power stations require large amounts
of land for the panels and cells to collect
enough sunlight to provide enough energy.
With an average of 300 clear, sunny days per year,
India's solar power potential is about 5,000 trillion
kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year, so the only thing
holding them back right now is the infrastructure.
And that figure only takes into account the
available land space - if they decide to pursue
floating solar power plants like the ones used by
Japan, they’ll have even greater potential for
energy generation.
The world’s largest solar power station will be built
in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh over
the next 18 months, government officials
announced over the weekend. The 750-megawatt
(MW) facility will be built on barren governmentowned land in the country’s Rewa district, and
when complete will positively dwarf the current
world’s largest solar power project - the 392-MW
Ivanpah Solar Power Facility in the Mojave Desert
of California.
20
At the two-day Odisha Investors' meet held in
Bangalore, the NLC India announced that it will
invest around Rs 15,000 crore on solar power
plant.
“Indian energy policy has undergone a radical
transformation over the past few years, a shift that
has gained momentum since the Modi
government took power in 2014,” the authors of
the report published by the Institute for Energy
Economics & Financial Analysis (IEEFA) opened,
pointing primarily to the impressive policy aims of
increasing renewable energy capacity to 175 GW
by 2022 — of which 100 GW is to be from solar.
India is also aiming to minimize and eventually
eliminate imports of thermal coal by increasing
domestic coal production
to 1,500 Mtpa by 2022.
use of modern technologies for this project, civil
engineers found solutions to important problems,
such as the mitigation of water pollution,
protection of wetlands, management of land
grading and soil redistribution. Also, civil engineers
ensured the safety of associated facilities, such as
nearby train tracks and connection to the utility
company’s power grid. Any of these types of
challenges can occur at both commercial and
residential sites, especially because most groundmounted installations are constructed at remote
locations with little development in the
surrounding area.
The installation team manage the conservation
easements for local wetlands from day one of
construction. With more
than half of the site
India's total installed solar capacity has
bordering a conservation
Against the backdrop of
grown by over 80% in the last 12 months to
area, having the least
research that shows the
reach 8.1 GW.
environmental impact was
imprudence of expanding
of the utmost importance.
coal-fired
electricity
This is accomplished by
generation, India’s impressive solar expansion has
working with wetland officials to follow all rules
been accompanied by impressive price declines.
and regulations. Preservation efforts involved
The required tariff for solar power has dropped
minimizing the environmental impact and
recently to Rs 4.4/kWh (~US$ cents 6.5) from Rs
destruction of natural land surrounding the
12.5/kWh (~US$ cents 19.0) –a 65% decline. The
wetlands, as well as keeping all waste and
cost of solar power has plunged in other parts of
construction materials out of, and away from,
the world as well, with records being set in
protected areas.
countries that include Dubai, Mexico and Peru.
These preparations include building a silt fence
Civil engineers are instrumental in the planning,
prior to construction, which is inspected daily for
analysis and design of ground-mount solar
potential repairs. Additionally, soil could not be
installations. They must ensure that each project
added to or removed from the site - all of the dirt
is executed in a cost-effective and quality manner
on-site had to be graded. Moreover, when grading
that is safe for the environment, surrounding areas
the site, the control of water runoff is anticipated.
and all workers. From finding the site to
Any water encountered is put into two large
preparation, installation and beautification, those
retention ponds and kept from flooding local
involved in the civil engineering efforts put time
wetlands. The civil construction team protecting
and careful thought into planning for the
the wetland sites works closely with area officials
challenges that accompanied this project. Making
to ensure compliance
Life after Graduation
IGBC AP
Indian Green Building Council Accredited
Professional Examination
The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), part of the
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) was formed in the
year 2001. The vision of the council is, "To enable a
sustainable built environment for all and facilitate India to
be one of the global leaders in the sustainable built
environment by 2025.
22
The Indian Green Building Council™ Accredited
Professional (IGBC AP) Examination is a
professional examination designed to test the
knowledge of green building design and
construction. The IGBC AP credential is wellregarded in the Indian green building
community and is often earned in addition to
the LEED professional credentials.
knowledge on green buildings, sustainability,
impact of buildings on the environment and
other general subjects related to the
environment. I do not recommend taking any
paid classes to prepare for the exam but we
suggest you take some sample tests before
you take the actual exam to learn where you
stand.
IGBC cover 5 important aspects that are
So is it worth it?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sustainable sites.
Water efficiency
Energy Efficiency
Material & Resources
Indoor Air Quality.
IGBC APs may work on projects registered
under IGBC rating programs including IGBC
Green Homes, IGBC Existing Buildings and
IGBC Factory Buildings.
Projects that have an
IGBC AP on staff will
earn one credit under
the Innovation in Design
credit category.
If you find that Green
building rating systems
are of interest to you,
you can go ahead and
apply for the IGBC AP
certification
exam.
Getting an IGBC AP
accreditation is fairly straight forward and the
exam itself is not the most complicated you will
ever see. The first step is to register for the
IGBC AP exam online. You will be asked your
preferred date and examination centre. The
exam itself is conducted by a company called
Meritrac and they will send in the examination
pack which will contain all the information you
need once IGBC receives your examination fee.
Over 60% of the questions will come from the
LEED India NC reference guide. For the
remaining you will have to polish your general
There is lot of scope for Indian Green Building
Council: Accredited Professional in India.
Qualified individuals can be involved in projects
registered under the 'IGBC rating programmes'
like IGBC Green Homes, IGBC Factory buildings,
IGBC Existing Buildings etc., Projects would
achieve one credit point under 'Innovation and
Design' category if an IGBC AP is part of the
project team.
For Fresher- It acts as a
tool to secure a job very
easily
in
areas
of
Sustainability,
Energy
Efficiency and Green
Buildings.
For Experience- It gives an
extra
edge
while
shortlisting of resumes
and CV’s. It gives a respect
on
any
international
platform for awareness on
Green Building Design and Fundamentals.
However it does not give any extra mileage in
terms of salary and hikes for experienced
personnel.
Green Buildings are going to be major plans for
balanced
economic
development
with
environmental concern in India. India, already
established green building movement with 687
registered projects and 110 certified projects
as of 15.08.2010 and the future trend look to be
23
green building concept becoming a part of
every building design & construction.
Standards & Codes, IGBC Processes and Green
Design Strategies & Impacts.
The examination has four sections:
As there are only 224 IGBC – Accredited
Professionals as of August 2010 and the
number of projects registering for green
building certification increasing rapidly;
definitely there will be a
big demand in future
Examination Schedule:
The IGBC AP exam is
administered
through
MeriTrac
Services
Private
Limited,
a
professional
testing
company. MeriTrac has
testing
facilities
throughout India for
administering IGBC AP
examinations.
The
following locations offer
the exam twice per month: Bangalore, Chennai,
Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai. The
exam is offered once per month in the following
cities: Pune, Ahmedabad, Cochin, Coimbatore
and Lucknow.
Registration:
Register for the IGBC AP exam at the IGBC
website.
Cost of IGBC AP Exam:
The IGBC AP exam fee is Rs 3000/- for
students and Rs 5000/- for all others.
Exam Format and Content:
The IGBC AP exam is multiple choice and
consists of 110 questions. You must score a
77% (85 questions correct) in order to pass the
exam.
The exam covers four subject matter areas:
Green Building Design & Construction, Building
Section I: Green Building Design & Construction
Section II: Building Standards & Codes
Section III: IGBC Resources and Processes
Section IV: Green Design
Strategies & Impacts
Our Recommendation
The best way to pass this
exam is to buy a detailed
reference guide priced at
Rs. 1000. Go to the IGBC
– AP site for the address
of CII and contact them
through snail mail or by
calling them on the
telephone
numbers
mentioned to get the
details about this book.
If you are from construction side, go through
the Best Management Practices section in
National Building Code India book.
Attend green building training programme
conducted by IGBC. Check IGBC website to get
details of training programmes.
Search internet for USGBC LEED reference
guides which are available in some torrent sites
(though it is illegal).
Download USGBC’s reference books from their
website and go through them to get knowledge,
which even helps you in green building
designing and practicing. Get the basic
knowledge of ASHRAE standards.
Successful candidates will be awarded the
‘IGBC Accredited Professional’ certificate and
will be listed on the IGBC web site.
26
It has been called a technological masterpiece in
building-construction
history.
Built
in
commemoration of the French Revolution, the
Eiffel Tower is one of the world's premier tourist
attractions.
To make 100 year anniversary of French
Revolution memorable Paris hosted an Exposition
Universelle (World’s Fair) in the year 1889.For this
purpose about 100 artists submitted their projects
for the construction of monument which was
planned to be built on Champ-de Mars.This project
commission was finally granted to Company
Eiffel et Compagnie , owned by the acclaimed
bridge builder, architect. He was also a metals
expert. The name of this bridge builder was
Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel.
Eiffel’s initial plan was for a 1000-foot tower made
of solely wrought iron. When he was chosen as the
winning design for the tower, he began working on
improving the design. Eiffel, along with fifty other
engineers, generated approximately 5,300
blueprints. Every length of trusses had to be
calculated manually and individually, which proved
to be very time consuming.
The construction of the Eiffel Tower began on July
1, 1887. The first step in construction was a
foundation made from concrete that was
embedded with anchor bolds that were
approximately 26 feet long, which would help
support this massive structure. The foundation of
the Eiffel Tower was very important because it
needed to be able to successfully hold a load of
about 10,000 tons. The foundation of the structure
27
also needed to be able to last
without causing any major
problems that would harm or
hurt the structure. Any faulty
foundation could have caused a
toppling of the Eiffel Tower, or
cracks that would cause pieces
of the tower to fall off.
As a result of the weak soil,
Gustave Eiffel created a twosystem foundation for the Eiffel
Tower. Eiffel’s two separate
systems were called the dry
foundation and the compressed
air system. The soil that was
closest to the riverside was
where most of the weak soil
rested. Eiffel decided that
because of this the foundation
near the riverside should be dug
deeper than the foundation
located on the dryer side of the
site. The deeper foundations
were blasted with compressed
air
and
certain
metal
components that have been
used
in
underwater
construction. When the digging
portion was completed, fastdrying cement was poured. This
cement was used for the base
of the foundation piers. After,
large limestone blocks were
placed on top of the cement and
covered by layers of cut stone.
The Eiffel Tower’s base is
composed of four legs. In these
legs are 2 anchor bolts that are
each 26 feet long and 4 inches
in diameter. One part of Eiffel’s
28
plan for the foundation of the
structure was the placement of
a hydraulic jack. The hydraulic
jack was used to enable the
raising or lowing of the platform
to make certain it was level.
THE EIFFEL TOWER WAS
BUILT FOR THE 1889
PARIS EXPOSITION AND
WAS NOT INTENDED TO
BE PERMANENT.
The Eiffel Tower is composed of
wrought iron as opposed to
steel, which is used in the
majority of building today. Eiffel
decided to use exclusively iron
in the construction of the Eiffel
Tower
because
he
was
experienced with this material
and it was less expensive than
steel. Since iron is not capable
of withstanding large amount of
stress, the Eiffel tower looks
over-engineered to today’s
standards. The iron cross bars
appear to be over-used in the
structure. The over-use of iron
gives the Eiffel Tower its
renowned beauty. The exposed
iron beams give the structure a
sort of plant cell look. In the
construction of the Eiffel Tower,
a total of 7,300 metric tons of
iron,
18,000
parts,
and
2,500,000 rivets were used.
Wrought iron is an extremely
durable material that can last
basically forever as long as it is
properly maintained. Since the
time of completion in 1889, the
Eiffel Tower has been re-painted
every seven years.
There were one hundred
workers working eighteen-hour
days to manufacture all the
pieces in order to construct the
tower.
The
parts
were
assembled in the factory first
using bolts, but would be
replaced with rivets during the
actual time of construction. The
rivets were inserted hot, causing
them to contract during cooling.
This ensured that they were
held together tightly and would
not become loose.
with the loss of only one life, that
of a worker who fell from the
first platform while apparently
showing off for his girlfriend
after the bell had sounded
ending the working day."
It was almost torn down in
1909, but was saved because of
its antenna - used for telegraphy
at that time. Beginning in 1910 it
became part of the International
Time Service. French radio
(since 1918), and French
television (since 1957) have
also made use of its stature.
During its lifetime, the Eiffel
Tower has also witnessed a few
strange scenes, including being
scaled by a mountaineer in
DURING WW2, WHEN HITLER VISITED PARIS, THE FRENCH
CUT THE LIFT CABLES ON THE EIFFEL TOWER SO THAT
HITLER WOULD HAVE TO CLIMB THE STEPS IF HE WANTED
TO REACH THE TOP
When the Eiffel tower was finally
completed after being worked
on for two years, the outcome
was absolutely exquisite. The
structure has 3 platforms (the
first at 186 ft., the second at 377
ft., and the third at 890 ft.) and a
total of 1,060 steps.
1954, and parachuted off of in
1984 by two Englishmen. In
1923 a journalist rode a bicycle
down from the first level. Some
accounts say he rode down the
stairs, other accounts suggest
the exterior of one of the tower's
four legs which slope outward.
"Eiffel's execution had been
marked by a deftness unique in
the annals of great engineering
projects.
His
clockwork
precision had enabled him not
only to meet his deadline, but to
build the vertiginous structure
However, if its birth was difficult,
it is now completely accepted
and must be listed as one of the
symbols of Paris itself.
The construction workers in ancient China developed sticky rice
mortar about 1,500 years ago by mixing sticky rice soup with the
standard mortar ingredient. That ingredient is slaked lime, limestone
that has been calcined, or heated to a high temperature, and then
exposed to water. Sticky rice mortar probably was the world's first
composite mortar, made with both organic and inorganic materials.
The mortar was stronger and more resistant to water than pure lime
mortar, and what Zhang termed one of the greatest technological
innovations of the time. The same mortar has been used in…..
32
Barely six months after devastating floods in 2015
killed 250 people and displaced tens of thousands,
have the people of Kashmir faced a new crisis.
Torrential rainfall over the week caused vicious
landslides across the region, killing at least 16
people and forcing hundreds of families to
evacuate, bringing the region again to a standstill.
At least 20 camps have been set up and people
have been asked to shift to higher-ground.
the sediment cover and the underlying bedrock,
some more tightly than others. If something is
introduced to disrupt the friction on an incline, a
landslide slips into action. Landslides occur when
gravity overcomes the force of friction.
Landslides are often categorized as Creep, Slump
and Flows.
Creep is the slow movement of sediment down an
incline -- so slow that it sometimes takes place
over several years. With creep, the adherence of
the sediment to the bedrock is hampered, but not
completely destroyed.
From 14 to 17 June 2013, the Indian state of
Uttarakhand and adjoining areas received heavy
rainfall, which was about 375% more than the
benchmark rainfall during a normal monsoon.
Warnings by the India Meteorological Department
In slump, a large segment of sediment breaks off
predicting heavy rains were not
in one piece rather than in lots of
given wide publicity beforehand,
segments. It occurs when the base
A Civil
causing thousands of people to be
can no longer support the weight of
Engineer/Contractor
caught unaware, resulting in huge
what's on top. The sediment
must always keep
loss of life and property.
involved in slump is usually wet or
the geological factor claylike, and water is often the
Landslide is often consider the
factor that causes it to fall.
most recurring and more common while planning an
type of natural disaster which
Flows are the result of water
infrastructure.
tends to happen at almost every
mixing with sediment to form a
geological area with elevated
soupy mass of rock, water, soil and
terrain. Landslides are unstoppable and engulf
other materials. The resulting mixture easily and
everything which comes in their way. Each year it
swiftly slips downhill. Mudflows and avalanches
results in massive loss of human lives and
are examples of this type of mass movement and
infrastructures. Landslides vary in magnitude and
can be especially destructive.
this is the reason that a landslide of very low
Humans make landslides more likely through
magnitude might be happening somewhere in the
activities like deforestation, overgrazing, mining
world while you are reading the article.
and road-building. These activities rob that glue
We know gravity is the ultimate force behind any
from the land, increasing the probability for a
landslide and that weathering plays a part. But
landslide. For example, landslides are much more
what pulls the trigger to set a slide in motion?
likely to occur in mountainous areas that have
been clear-cut for roads. You've probably seen
Land surfaces are held together by multiple forces.
signs warning of rock falls if you've ever driven
The most important of these is friction. Some soil
through the mountains. The drop-offs with
particles, like clay, cling to each other tightly, while
loosened soil you see on both sides of the road
others, like sand, are only loosely joined. All
landscapes are held together by friction between
33
require much less water to set off a landslide than
natural drop-offs.
Landslide problems can be caused by land
mismanagement, particularly in mountain, canyon
and coastal regions. In areas burned by forest and
brush fires, a lower threshold of precipitation may
initiate landslides. Land-use zoning, professional
inspections, and proper design can minimize many
landslide, mudflow, and debris flow problems.
It is observed during the field investigations that
there are many natural as well as manmade
factors, which are mainly responsible for the
stability. Rocks present in the area, which are soft,
highly jointed, folded, and faulted. These rocks are
highly weathered and easily erodible.
Steep slopes present in the area are again
responsible for the instability.
The road network without proper design and lack
of sufficient drains again is the main cause for the
instability.
Field investigations indicate heavy inflow of
surface and sub-surface water from the uphill side
to the landslide zone. Improvement in the drainage
system with new drains and culverts has been
proposed to divert the flow of water from the
landslide area.
Field density tests and stability analysis of natural
slopes of right and left portions of landslide
indicated the loose condition and possibility of
erosion of slopes. To stabilize the same, gabion
walls have been proposed to provide the toe
support and surface erosion has been controlled
by laying of geogrids on the slopes.
Widening of road project has been proposed to be
widened by a scheme of three stepped reinforced
retaining walls which is provided in the central
34
portion of landside. Stability analysis of the slope
with remedial measure indicated the factor of
safety of 2.50.
It is also recommended that the landslide
awareness program should be arranged for the
local people and they should also be aware of the
dos and don’ts. They should not use the slopes as
dump yard for the garbage. It should be ensured
that the adjoining slopes of landslide should not be
used for any activity such as agriculture.
Once a slope was well
designed, geo-technically
No building
with appropriate factors of
code is enough
safety, it behaved that
to avoid the
slope
protection
be
properly implemented to
devastation of
ensure long-term stability
landslide
especially for those high
rainfall area and faced
with highly-erodible soil materials. One can opt for
the soft or green approach which is much less
expensive, aesthetically pleasing as well as
environment–friendly.
The proper channelization and direction of water
(surface and sub-surface) flow away from the
landslide area was carried out.
Although landslides cannot be avoided entirely,
people can do several things to discourage them.
Drainage pipes installed into slopes can carry
away excess water, and impermeable membranes
like plastic sheeting can prevent water from
building up and dislodging the soil. In addition,
setting up retaining walls at intervals will catch
loose debris and keep it in place, while removing
excess mass from the top of a slope could prevent
the bottom from giving way. Reforestation is a
good deterrent to landslides as well. When an area
is clear-cut for harvesting timber, road-building or
mining operations, restoring it to its natural
condition stabilizes the land.
One thing that must be remembered is that no
building code is enough to avoid the devastation of
landslide with an intense magnitude. When we
design building we consider certain factors i.e. live
load, dead load, wind force, earthquake and soil
stability. Even if we apply factor safety to the
building by a factor of 2, it would never match the
intensity of force exerted by impact of landslide
debris.
Prepare for landslides by following proper land-use
procedures - avoid building near steep slopes,
close to mountain edges, near drainage ways or
along natural erosion valleys. Protect your
property by planting ground cover on slopes and
building retaining walls.
You can recognize landslide warning signs





Changes occur in your landscape such as
patterns of storm-water drainage on
slopes (especially the places where runoff
water converges) land movement, small
slides, flows, or progressively leaning trees.
New cracks appear in plaster, tile, brick, or
foundations.
Underground utility lines break.
Fences, retaining walls, utility poles, or
trees tilt or move.
Collapsed pavement, mud, fallen rocks,
and other indications of possible debris
flow can be seen when driving
(embankments along roadsides are
particularly susceptible to landslides).
Exponent geologists and engineers use many
tools to investigate pertinent aspects of landslides,
slope failures, and erosion.
The Dawn of
Smart City
Cities are a focal point in the mission to create a
sustainable planet for future generations, as urban areas
are at the heart of unprecedented population growth and
subsequent global challenges such as a changing
climate, resource scarcity, transport capacity and
housing shortages.
36
Last year, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced his plans
to revitalize Indian cities through the creation of 100 “Smart Cities”
in India. More recently, Prime Minister Modi has announced that he
will be giving annual federal grants of 15 million for the next five
years to a list of 98 cities to help them become ‘smart.’
Modi, who has faced critique over the vague nature of his ‘smart city’
concept, has himself argued that “there is no universally accepted
definition of a smart city.” Nevertheless, experts argue that the idea
of a smart city generally refers to a city with criteria such as good
roads, power, access to water, and livable homes–which many
Indian cities currently fail to meet.
About 30 per cent of India’s one billion population lives in cities. This
number is nearly equal to the total population of the US. The
projections indicate that the urban population will be close to 600
million by 2031 and many metro cities will emerge by then. Already,
the number of metro cities with population of one million and above
has increased from 35 in 2001 to 50 in 2011. The number is
expected to rise to 87 by 2031.
All this would require increased investment in the urban
infrastructure. These investments will define livability of the cities.
At present, 70 to 75 per cent of modes of commuting in most of the
Indian cities comprise of walking, cycling and public transport
despite the skyrocketing numbers of motorized two wheelers and
cars in the last two decades. This variation in modal shares among
the above mentioned modes has a relationship between size of the
city and its per capita income. Small- and medium-sized cities have
a lower income than the mega cities and thus dependency on
private modes there is comparatively lesser.
Mr. Obama is offering to help Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s
government after it set aside 70.6 billion rupees ($1.2 billion) this
financial year to achieve the goal of modernizing urban India. But
what is a smart city?
It’s a city which uses technology to run itself and manage resources
efficiently. Everything from a smart city’s governance to its public
transport network, water distribution and waste-disposal systems
would use technology to provide better services to residents and
make efficient use of resources.
The infrastructure of a smart city
is fairly easy to describe. It is
created through the deployment
of digital information and
communications technologies
and
built
on
high-speed
broadband.
It
incorporates
intelligent infrastructure in its
many variations: smart grids for
energy and water, virtual
environments for health care and
education,
and
intelligent
systems for transportation and
buildings.
What will it take to bring "smart"
elements ?
The word "smart" in the label
smart city can be explained as
intelligent or user friendly. Smart
cities are required to adapt
themself to cater citizen needs.
Smart
city
should
have
sustainable
economic
development, sound economic
growth and better quality of life.
In this context, a city to be called
as smart, should qualify on
certain benchmarks like,
Transport: Most Indian cities are
deprived
of
basic
urban
infrastructure
like
roads,
footpaths, bicycle tracks, public
transport, etc. To develop them
into smart cities they should be
provide with roads of proper
width along with footpaths on
both sides and a bicycle track.
High quality and high frequency
public transit is also important.
37
Water and Electricity supply: 24x7 clean water supply direct to home
with proper metering and collection efficiency is benchmarked
against limited or no water supply in most of the Indian cities.
Need of 24x7 good quality power supply is needed whereas scenario
of load shedding, power cuts and shortage of power is prevalent in
Indian cities.
Sewerage and sanitation: 100% households should have access to
toilets, separate toilets for girls and boys in schools, 100% collection
of sewerage and its treatment are the set benchmarks for smart
city.
Consider traffic management. A smart traffic control system would
gather real-time data from roads and manage traffic lights based on
traffic
volume.
A
central
command monitoring data could
help reduce congestion, and
clear roads for emergency
services.
Similarly, a smart power or water
grid would use sensors to
monitor usage throughout a city.
Using this information, the
system could appropriately
distribute electricity during peak
and off-peak hours, and detect
any leakages.
38
39
nfrastructure for electric vehicles will likely become a more
prominent element of the access concept for new projects, and this
will allow innovative new scenarios for urban users — for example,
the possibility of charging cars and bikes at the workplace during
peak solar production hours and bringing some of this energy home
to use during peak demand hours. Bike and car-sharing systems
may also be integrated explicitly in many new developments to offer
users a wider variety of mobility options.
Many national building codes are now requiring new projects to
meet net zero energy standards. The next logical step is to push
beyond zero energy to net positive buildings — that is, buildings
which can produce surplus energy to help meet the needs of the
existing building stock (thus reducing the need for costly and
resource-intensive renovations). To help manage the complex flows
of energy which will arise as more buildings become micro power
plants, intelligent building automation and energy management
systems will become ubiquitous.
A similar mission was launched in India in 2006, known as
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), and
was a reform driven Central assistance programme for
development of infrastructure to
provide fast track and planned
development for the 65 targeted
cities in India.
The main focus during JNNURM
mission and now in smart cities
approach is introducing new
technologies as the argument is
that it will solve the traffic chaos
and will serve the high-density
demands expected on a few
corridors in the city but Indian
cities
have
high-density
developments in the form of
urban slums. This is one of the
reasons why a good integrated
system is more in demand. But
most of the cities which have
developed metro systems have
really not looked into a holistic
approach of planning which fails
40
the system in a city and thus pushing people to depend on private
transport.
Experts say India’s smart cities should have a plan for economic
growth, rather than only on technology implementation. “Each
Indian smart city should develop or update a strategic plan for
growth, one that has clear goals toward job growth and productivity,
economic inclusion, and sustainability and resilience,” says
Brookings Institution, a think tank.
Some Indian states are already experimenting with creating new
cities with “smart” elements. These include the Gujarat International
Finance Tec-City, or Smart City Kochi, in the southern Indian state of
Kerala.
You can already see it happening but in 5 years time our buildings,
streets, monuments and other physical assets will be much
“smarter”. By that, I mean they will be connected to us or each other,
working for us rather than being
worked by us, and will start to
play a proactive role in
influencing how we interact with
the city beyond their actual
physical location. For example,
they could be collecting and
distributing
information
or
energy, or reacting to our
behavior or the elements around
them.
Conclusion
With an announcement of 100
smart cities to be developed in
India the Indian PM is looking to
address the country's ongoing
41
challenge of urbanization with this technology. This can be taken as a huge
opportunity by market players in this sector. Tenders are likely to be floated out
soon to develop Dholera in Gujrat and Shendra-Bidkin in Maharashtra, along Delhi
Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC ) as smart cities. Karnataka government has also
planned to develop 3 smart cities around IT capital Bengaluru. All smart city
projects will be developed on PPP model and private players will have a great role
to play around.
But on the other hand, for smart cities to be a reality in Indian context, it is very
important to make citizens realize the importance of such cities and benefits which
it would offer to them. Awareness sessions and talks should be organized in
various parts of the country to help people understand the initiative of smart city
and importance of citizen participation for smart cities to succeed. Also, strong
political will power and abundance of funds and proper utilization of them is the key
factor for Indian Smart Cities to be a reality.
Development of 100 smart cities will require around Rs.7.0 lakh crores over a
period of 20 years, i.e. around Rs. 35,000crores per year. However these huge
investments will be attracted from private partners or through PPP's. Also it will be
a collective contribution of Central Govt., State Govt., and Local Body. Though
smart city is a huge concept, implementation of it can be started by introducing
Auto Building Plan Approval System at local body level. This will automate the
system of building plans approval and will lead to GIS mapping of data.
Review:
Heavy Equipment
We see them at almost every site.
It is the most versatile and popular
equipment of our industry. In this
edition we will go through its
evolution and have a shallow
review about the product.
44
As soon as you see them, your mind says, “JCB”. Isn’t it? Actually
they are Backhoe Loaders. JCB is to backhoe what Xerox is to
photocopy. Since early Backhoes were manufactured by JCB
itself the brand name stuck with the equipment and a majority
still calls it JCB. Backhoe loaders are among the most versatile
types of heavy equipment available today. They are known by
many different names all over the world; the term digger, backhoe,
excavator backhoe, or retrocargadora all refer to the same
equipment. They are used for a number of different jobs and are
often the only piece of heavy equipment at a construction site
due to its versatility.
backhoe, or retrocargadora
all refer to the same
equipment. In general, a
backhoe can be described as
a machine with a shovel or
bucket unit on the front, with
a backhoe on the back. Due
to their start from farming
tractor equipment, backhoe
loaders have a tractor-like
look about them.
Many references incorrectly say that the first backhoe was
developed by the JCB Company in 1954 or by Case Corporation in
1957, the true development of the backhoe actually began in
1947 by the inventors that started the Wain-Roy Corporation of
Hubbardston, Massachusetts. In 1947 Wain-Roy Corporation
developed and tested the first actual backhoes. In April of 1948
Wain-Roy Corporation sold the very first all hydraulic backhoes,
mounted to a Ford Model 8N tractor.
Although
various
manufacturers
offer
backhoes in several sizes,
they tend to be relatively
small in comparison to other
type of heavy equipment.
Their size is one element
which
lends
to
their
popularity; their versatility is
another.
Backhoe loaders are among the most versatile types of heavy
equipment available today. They are known by many different
names all over the world; the term digger, backhoe, excavator
HEAVY EQUIPMENT
The Backhoe:
Backhoe loader is an interesting invention
because it is actually three piece of
construction equipment combined into one
unit. A backhoe loader is a tractor, loader and a
backhoe. The core structure of a backhoe
loader is the tractor. It has a powerful
turbocharged diesel engine, rugged tires and a
cab with basic controls.
A turbocharged engine, in simple terms intakes
compressed air to generate more power from
engine. This power is then transferred to the
loader and the backhoe.
The backhoe loader has two stabilizer leg just
behind the rear wheel. These legs are very
crucial to backhoe loader as they transfer a
majority load direct to the ground thus
stabilizing the backhoe loader. Or else the
45
backhoe loader would keep on bumping and
result in tire burst or fatigue. The stabilizer legs
have two types of shoe: grouser shoe that dips
into mud or sand and rubber plated shoe for
harder surface as pavement.
The most versatile part of backhoe loader is
the backhoe part. It is similar to our hand. The
backhoe too is divided into three parts: the
boom, stick and bucket like our upper arm,
forearm and hands. The backhoe can dig all
sort of holes, especially suited for digging
ditches. The backhoes have Breakout Force
rating. Breakout force describes the maximum
force that the arm can apply on a load. It's
measured by how hard the end of the bucket
can push, but all of the hydraulic rams on the
arm contribute to the total force.
The teeth of backhoe bucket are made from
Austempored Ductile Iron (ADI). Heat treated to
offer maximum resistance to wear and impact.
A cost effective alternative to the standard
HEAVY EQUIPMENT
46
forged tooth, strong and lightweight in design
and is Self-sharpening.
The backhoe can be refitted with a wide variety
of attachments as grinder, compactor, ripper
tooth, hydraulic breakers and many more. To
use the backhoe, the driver has to park the
backhoe & turn the seat around.
Limitations



A backhoe loader can do a lot of things, but a
machine of this size can never match the
strength of large dozers or excavators. When
extensive excavation or earth moving output is
required, for example in mining applications,
the larger, more powerful machines are
required. In these cases, however, backhoe
loaders are often still on the jobsite– helping to
support and clear the way for larger machines.

piece of heavy equipment that feature a
backhoe in rear and a bucket in front
Backhoe loaders have many
applications: excavation, landscaping,
road building, material handing, and
more
Attachments offered by manufacturers
make backhoes even more usable:
plows & breakers are two examples
Size, price and versatility make backhoe
loaders very popular machines in
developing markets
Size can also be a drawback: backhoes
will never outpace a 30-ton excavator
Take-Aways

A backhoe is a versatile, relatively small
LOADER
BUCKET
BACKHOE
BUCKET
HYDRAULIC
BREAKER
PALLET
FORKS
AUGER
BROOM
BUCKET
AVAILABLE ATTACHMENTS FOR BACKHOE
LOADER
47
HEAVY EQUIPMENT
In this edition we’d compare two major best in class Backhoe Loaders. The backhoe loader is not a
purpose- built wheeled loader but a multipurpose machine that can also be used for limited loading
application. However, for specific loading and materials handling appli-cation, wheel loaders are more
suitable. Both these products have their own util-ity and can co-exist side by side. Our rating is based
on customer feedback and ratings.
851EX
4DX
96 HP turbo charged FPT S8000
92 HP turbo charged JCB 448 Engine
7700kg
8400 kg
0.26 m3
0.3 m3
1m3
1.2 m3
129 Litres
128 Litres
110 Litres
130 Litres
Engine
Shipping Weight
Bucket Capacity
Loader Capacity
Fuel Tank
Hydraulic System
HEAVY EQUIPMENT
48
*Only relevant categories considered for the specs comparison. Fuel economy is subjected to variable factors
such as frequency, loading, temperature, drivers skill and is calculated for Diesel(Litre)/hour.
75%
80%
75%
75%
75%
Resale Value
Resale Value of JCB is higher than CAT. This is due to
the brand acceptance, Service & Parts support
availablility, Financial support & Maintenance cost
of the vehicle
Driver’s Comfort
If your crews aren’t comfortable operating your
backhoe, may experience an increase in worker
fatigue, ergonomic injuries and lesser productivity
Costumer Service
Service solutions result in increased uptime and a
positive return on your investment. Non availiabilty of
spares may result in loss and delay in project.
Load Capacity/Breakout Force/
Dump Height
Mechanical capabilties is the most important factor
of Backhoe to rip through soil, trench plumbing lines,
haul piles of dirt or rocks.
Overall Costumer Rating
Based upon Build Quality, Costumer Retention,
Drivers trust and all the above mentioned factors.
JCB has an upper edge over the Caterpillar.
85%
65%
80%
75%
80%
Myth / Fact
How often have you carried a fact along with you and even shared it with others also and at last you realize it was
a Myth? Have you ever heard of the Fact that ‘Great wall of China’ is visible from space? Well it is a myth. No man
made structure is visible from space. Funny is not it? Likewise in our construction industry we have been carrying
so many myths that may be busted whenever a learned engineer confront us.
MYTH: • Specify a concrete mix by the number of bags of cement.
Fact: Mixes should be specified based on the performance requirement
We often heard engineers call out concrete mixes based on number of bags of cement (7 bags or 8
bags) but number of bags of cement used to prepare the mix does not accurately describe the desired
property of concrete mix. Other materials that contribute to the concrete mix are aggregates, water
content and chemical admixtures. Aggregates properties and water content play an important role in
calculating cement content for concrete mix. A little change in the aggregate properties and water
content would change the strength of the mix while keeping cement content same.
The moisture content of an aggregate is an important factor when developing proper water/cement
material ratio. The moisture content may vary between 1% in gravel to 40% in very porous sandstone
and expanded shale. So, the different properties of aggregates moisture content, specific gravity,
shape, grading and texture of aggregates etc. have a large impact on strength, durability, workability
and economy of concrete.
Solution: To maintain economy and avoid adverse workability, shrinkage and internal temperature rise,
high cement contents should be avoided. Minimum cement contents are often specified to improve
durability, finish ability, wear resistance, or appearance (of vertical surfaces). The most important
property of concrete starts with the water-to-cement materials ratio. So, it is always suggested to
calculate the cement content required for the concrete mix after examining the properties of type of
cement, aggregate and water-to-cement material ratio.
52
In 1812, George Medhurst, a British mechanical engineer and inventor
wrote a book detailing his idea of transporting passengers and goods
through air-tight tubes using air propulsion. The idea of traveling really,
really ridiculously fast in tubes across cities, entire continents or under
oceans has been around for quite some time. The general idea of trains
or other transportation traveling through evacuated tubes dates back
more than a century although the atmospheric railway was never a
commercial success.
Two centuries later, billionaire Elon Musk's Hyperloop may make the
idea economically viable. Musk first mentioned that he was thinking
about a concept for a "fifth mode of transport", calling it the Hyperloop,
in July 2012 at a PandoDaily event in Santa Monica, California. This
hypothetical high-speed mode of transportation would have the
following characteristics: immunity to weather, collision free, twice the
speed of a plane, low power consumption, and energy storage for 24hour operations. The name Hyperloop was chosen because it would go
in a loop. Musk envisions the more advanced versions will be able to go
at hypersonic speed. In May 2013, Musk likened the Hyperloop to a
"cross between a Concorde and a railgun and an air hockey table"
So what exactly is Hyperloop? Basically, it’s the fifth mode of transport
after Road, Rail, Water and Rocket. Though not fortunate enough to be
in a rocket or space shuttle, it’s still considered the forth mode of
transport. So Hyperloop is a high
speed transport system in which a
passenger sits in pressurized
capsule that rides on a cushion of
air. The capsule works in a sealed
and near vacuum environment,
basically the tubes. The propulsion
system is yet to be chosen from a
number of options that includes
magnetic levitation or air cushion
similar to hockey table. It is
expected to travel at an average
speed of 900 km/h and at top
speed of 1200 km/h.
Just as aircraft climb to high
altitudes to travel through less
dense air, Hyperloop encloses the
capsules in a reduced pressure
tube. The pressure of air in
Hyperloop is about 1/6 the
pressure of the atmosphere on
Mars. This is an operating
53
pressure of 100 Pascals, which reduces the drag force of the air by
1,000 times relative to sea level conditions and would be equivalent to
flying above 150,000 feet altitude. A hard vacuum is avoided as
vacuums are expensive and difficult to maintain compared with low
pressure solutions.
The interior of the capsule is specifically designed with passenger
safety and comfort in mind. The seats conform well to the body to
maintain comfort during the high speed accelerations experienced
during travel. Beautiful landscape will be displayed in the cabin and
each passenger will have access their own personal entertainment
system.
One important feature of the capsule is the onboard compressor, which
serves two purposes. This system allows the capsule to traverse the
relatively narrow tube without choking flow that travels between the
capsule and the tube walls
(resulting in a build-up of air mass
in front of the capsule and
increasing
the
drag)
by
compressing air that is bypassed
through the capsule. It also
supplies air to air bearings that
support the weight of the capsule
throughout the journey.
The vast majority of the Hyperloop
travel distance is spent coasting
and so the capsule does not
require continuous power to travel.
The capsule life support systems
54
55
will be powered by two or more redundant lithium ion battery packs
making it unaffected by a power outage. In the event of a power outage
occurring after a capsule had been launched, all linear accelerators
would be equipped with enough energy storage to bring all capsules
currently in the Hyperloop tube safely to a stop at their destination.
Hyperloop would be no different with the entire tube length built with
the necessary flexibility to withstand the earthquake motions while
maintaining the Hyperloop tube alignment. It is also likely that in the
event of a severe earthquake, Hyperloop capsules would be remotely
commanded to actuate their mechanical emergency braking systems.
Hyperloop would feature the same high level of security used at
airports. However, the regular departure of Hyperloop capsules would
result in a steadier and faster flow of passengers through security
screening compared to airports. Tubes located on pylons would limit
access to the critical elements of the system. Multiple redundant power
sources and vacuum pumps would limit the impact of any single
element.
Less than two years after it was first announced, Elon Musk's
Hyperloop seems to be making great progress. Two independent
companies have now launched projects to build versions of the highspeed transportation system, drawing from Musk's open-source plans.
Musk's own SpaceX announced it was building a test track that will host
a "pod racing competition" in which groups will compete to design the
most aerodynamic crafts. After a spectacularly unconventional
development, the idea is closer to reality than it's ever been.
After being criticized for inviting proposals for introduction of high
speed Maglev (magnetic levitation) trains, which are being phased
out world over, Indian Railways has now decided to explore other
high end technologies like vacuum tubes and hyperloop which are
faster and efficient than Maglev.
Railways has floated express of interest for introduction of Maglev
(magnetic levitation) trains, a second generation high speed trains
running in China, Japan, Germany and South Korea. According to a
rough estimate, it will cost about Rs 150 crore for constructing one
km of elevated high speed track for Maglev train which runs at 500
kmph.
Railway has so far received interests from Maglev 200, Japanese
consortium, Tesla and Swiss Rapid Maglev Rail System for high
speed train technology. The bid closes on September 6.
“We have received interests from
several
global
players
to
showcase some of the other high
speed latest technologies like
hyperloop and vacuum tubes. We
will take a decision on
technology after the bid closes
next month. We may choose
other technology over Maglev,”
said a senior railway officer.
Railways plan to run Maglev on
two routes for the specified
stretch of approx 200 to 500 km
which shall include a test and
trial stretch of approx 10 to 15
km.
There has been a division among
the railway officers over the
public run transporter exploring
technologies like bullet trains,
Talgo and Maglev for increasing
speed.
“The Maglev technology has
been phased out world over and
why is railway getting it when we
already know that the cost of
construction and maintenance is
very high. Developed countries
like US and Japan have already
taken a decision to phase them
out,” said another railways
officer.
We’d love to see this 5th mode of
transport in India. So keep your
fingures crossed for LA-SF
Hyperloop trial. Can’t wait to
travel at 1000 km/hr.
SUSTAINABLE
GREEN BUILDING IS THE PRACTICE OF CREATING STRUCTURES
AND USING PROCESSES THAT ARE ENVIRONMENTALLY
RESPONSIBLE AND RESOURCE-EFFICIENT THROUGHOUT A
BUILDING’S LIFE-CYCLE FROM SITING TO DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION,
OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, RENOVATION AND
DECONSTRUCTION. THIS PRACTICE EXPANDS AND
COMPLEMENTS THE CLASSICAL BUILDING DESIGN CONCERNS OF
ECONOMY, UTILITY, DURABILITY, AND COMFORT. GREEN BUILDING
IS ALSO KNOWN AS A SUSTAINABLE OR HIGH PERFORMANCE
BUILDING.
58
This day and age, you hear everyone talking about
going green. Whether you want to admit it or not, at
some point everyone will have to follow with the
green movement. This is because at the rate we are
going, the earth is simply not sustainable. That
means that over the years, we will begin to run out of
certain natural resources that are needed in order for
us to survive. That is alarming to some people, which
is why there are so many people that focus on green
building. But, what exactly is green building? Let’s
take a closer look at what it is, why you should
consider it, and what the goals of a green building
are. You are sure to find that it is something that you
should take part in.
Green buildings, also known as sustainable buildings
are pro-environment. These buildings are
fundamentally designed to conserve energy which
makes them inexpensive to maintain and run. The
environment inside these building is better suited for
occupancy.
Now, let us take a look at why it is so important to go
green. Most people will find when going green that
they are able to reduce their carbon footprint and
actually lend a helping hand to the environment. You
can go green in a variety of different ways, but
builders and construction workers must do their part
as well. If you haven’t begun going green, then you
will find that there are a variety of different things
that you can do to help you get started. You don’t
have to jump in head first, and you can actually take
some baby steps along the way. Green buildings are
designed in such a way to reduce overall impact on
environment and human health by:
1. Reducing trash, pollution and degradation of
environment.
2. Efficiently using energy, water and other
resources.
3. Protecting occupant health and improving
productivity.
Some people feel that they just can’t go green
because it will cost them more money, but that is
really a common misconception. While it may cost
you a bit more to get started when you are going
green, because green materials and products can be
more costly, you really have to consider the type of
savings that you will be able to reap. You will be able
59
to save on energy costs, because going green also
means conserving energy. You should really look at
the green building as more of an investment than
anything else. An investment that will be able to save
you money, as well as an investment that will be able
to help the environment! It is a win-win situation for
everyone!
Benefits of Green Building
With new technologies constantly being developed to
complement current practices in creating greener
structures, the benefits of green building can range
from environmental to economic to social. By
adopting greener practices, we can take maximum
advantage of environmental and economic
performance. Green construction methods when
integrated while design and construction provide
most significant benefits. Benefits of green building
include:
Environmental Benefits:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reduce wastage of water
Conserve natural resources
Improve air and water quality
Protect biodiversity and ecosystems
Economic Benefits:
1. Reduce operating costs
2. Improve occupant productivity
3. Create market for green product and services
Social Benefits:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Improve quality of life
Minimize strain on local infrastructure
Improve occupant health and comfort
The Goals of Green Building
Now, we should consider the goals of green building.
Of course, one of the main goals is to make the earth
more sustainable, but it really does go deeper than
that. When you decide to go green, your goal will be
to actually help to sustain the environment without
60
disrupting the natural habitats around it. When you
start a building project, and you disrupt the natural
habitats around it, you can actually make an impact
in the wildlife and environment that will be much like
a butterfly effect. Even the smallest changes that you
can make will help to promote a better planet earth,
and a better place for us all to live- not just us
humans, but also the plants and wildlife that take up
their residence here on earth as well.
Sustainability is not added on to conventional
buildings but it lies in the approach of designing and
constructing. Buildings account for up to 40% of the
total energy consumption in India, and commercial
and residential real estate combined will account for
more than 2000 TWH of energy consumption by 2030
(more than double of the figure in 2012). India has an
energy deficit of around 12% which is
likely to increase with the
government’s electrification drive in
rural areas.
Green buildings utilize less resources
and are healthier to live in.
SmartMarket Report states that green
buildings offer significant operational
cost savings compared with
conventional buildings. To this effect,
respondents can expect a 14 percent
savings in operational costs over fiveyear savings for new green buildings
and 13 percent savings in operational costs over five
years for green retrofit and renovation projects.
Building owners also report that green buildings—
whether new or renovated—command a 7 percent
increase in asset value over conventional buildings.
As you can see, green building is something that
everyone should really jump on to. If you don’t plan to
rebuild your home, then you may just want to make a
few green changes within your home to ensure that
you are able to get the goals that you want out of it.
You can cut down on your energy usage, save money,
and make a big impact on the environment. You will
find that it isn’t as hard as people make it out to be,
and you will feel better about yourself when you go
green too!
The demand for green real estate can be generated
by creating more awareness in the consumers.
Today, sustainability is no more a choice but a need.
Moreover, the government may also roll out
incentives linked to green buildings. For developers,
green certification can have a positive impact on
sales of a project. The star benefits- water saving and
energy efficiency - will attract consumers to pay extra
premium for green residences.
Real estate projects collating with alternate sources
of energy can go a long way in stemming the problem
of depleting resources. The benefits of green
initiatives should penetrate deep and garner greater
support from all quarters to enhance quality of life.
Green building industry will grow by 20
per cent in India in the next three years,
mainly on account of environmental
regulation and rising demand, a report
said. The US Green Building Council
(USGBC) has announced the results of
the Dodge Data & Analytics World Green
Building Trends 2016 SmartMarket
Report, in which the USGBC is a
contributing partner.
"The new report finds that by 2018, the
green building industry in India will grow
by 20 per cent driven largely by environmental
regulations and demand for healthier
neighborhoods," USGBC said in a statement.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, green
construction is the “practice of erecting buildings and
using processes that are environmentally responsible
and resource efficient. Green buildings limit their
environmental impact by conserving as much energy
and water as possible, and are constructed of
recycled or renewable materials in order to achieve
maximum resource efficiency.” Green building jobs
run the gamut from architecture and design to
construction to supply of green building materials to
maintenance and more.
62
Each year in urban areas of India we do see flood
like situation due to failed drainage of monsoon
water from getting accumulated. Impervious
surfaces (roads, parking lots and sidewalks) are
constructed during land development. During
rain storms and other precipitation events, these
surfaces (built from materials such as asphalt
and concrete), along with rooftops, carry polluted
stormwater to storm drains, instead of allowing
the water to percolate through soil. This causes
lowering of the water table (because groundwater
recharge is lessened) and flooding since the
amount of water that remains on the surface is
greater. Most municipal storm sewer systems
discharge stormwater, untreated, to streams,
rivers and bays. This excess water can also make
its way into people's properties through
basement backups and seepage through building
wall and floors.
We need to prevent all that water from
accumulating on the surface of our roads and
footpaths. Pervious concrete functions like a
storm water infiltration basin and allows the
storm water to infiltrate the soil over a large area,
thus
facilitating
recharge
of
precious
groundwater supplies locally.[5] All of these
benefits lead to more effective land use. Pervious
concrete can also reduce the impact of
development on trees. A pervious concrete
pavement allows the transfer of both water and
air to root systems allowing trees to flourish even
in highly developed areas
paved area. In addition, pervious concrete allows
for natural water filtration through its rock base
and underlying subgrade, providing for safe and
natural stormwater treatment. This can result in
a remarkably efficient and cost-saving solution
for any project’s stormwater worries, taking
pressure off infrastructure and taxpayer
maintenance dollars. A developer may also
receive credit for reducing onsite stormwater
treatment volume
Paved surfaces are so ubiquitous in urban areas
today that most of us give little thought to the
impact they have on water quality and the health
of the environment. But here's the sobering
reality: As more available land area in the country
gets paved over, a larger amount of rainwater
ends up falling on impervious surfaces such as
parking lots, driveways, sidewalks, and streets
rather than soaking into the soil. This creates an
imbalance in the natural ecosystem and leads to
a host of problems including erosion, flash
floods, water table depletion, and pollution of
rivers, lakes, and coastal waters as rainwater
rushing across pavement surfaces picks up
everything from oil and grease spills to deicing
salts and chemical fertilizers.
So what exactly is Pervious Concrete? In simple
terms, it is concrete without fine aggregates
which makes a way for pores. Pervious concrete
is made carefully through adding aggregate,
cementicious material, additives and water with
less or no sand depending upon the strength
required.
A simple solution to avoiding these problems is
to stop installing the impervious surfaces that
block natural water infiltration into the soil. But
few of us are ready to give up our paved roads,
driveways, and parking lots. Rather than building
them with conventional concrete or asphalt, more
and more communities, municipalities, and
businesses are switching to pervious concrete or
porous pavement, a material that offers the
inherent durability and low life-cycle costs of a
typical concrete pavement while retaining
stormwater runoff and replenishing local
watershed systems.
Most pervious concrete applications can be
designed where the rock base under the
pavement will detain the designed storm event
and reduce or entirely prevent runoff from the
Instead of preventing infiltration of water into the
soil, pervious pavement assists the process by
capturing rainwater in a network of voids and
allowing it to percolate into the underlying soil. In
63
"Topmix Permeable" is made by UK company Tarmac, based in the West Midlands. Its thirsty
concrete can absorb 880 gallons of water per minute
many cases, pervious concrete roadways and
parking lots can double as water retention
structures, reducing or eliminating the need for
traditional stormwater management systems
such as retention ponds and sewer tie-ins.
in several ways: 1.) stormwater runoff reduction,
2.) stormwater treatment, 3.) zoning credits, and
4.) tree protection. The implementation of
pervious concrete has allowed permitting for
these uses to remarkably improve.
Due to pervious concrete’s large void ratio—
nearly 15-30 percent—rain and snow are able to
immediately flow through the pores and
crevasses. With conventional concrete, however,
this runoff must be collected and then
transported away from the site via an additional
conveyance system. With increased volumes and
increased discharge amounts comes increased
operational and maintenance costs for the local
taxpayer, and many times for the developer as
well through stormwater impact fees on
impervious outdoor areas. For this reason,
pervious concrete can be a very advantageous
component of a site development when
attempting to reduce stormwater runoff,
recharge groundwater, support sustainable
construction, provide a solution for construction
that is sensitive to environmental concerns, and
help owners comply with EPA stormwater
regulations.
While some research suggests pervious concrete
is not suitable for all conventional uses, there is
proven research available that pervious concrete
is actually a strong and highly durable material,
making it very structurally sound for its intended
applications. Parking areas properly designed
and constructed will last 20-40 years with little or
no maintenance and can achieve strengths in
excess of 3000 psi, according to the National
Ready Mix Concrete Association (NRMCA). For
this reason, pervious concrete has proven to be
more than just an environmentally responsible
alternative, but a quality paving surface as well.
Not to mention cost-saving benefits
Using pervious concrete can minimize the
difficulty of meeting site permitting requirements
One innovative approach to sustainable road
pavement design and construction is the use of
permeable concrete pavements. It has been
observed that the growth and spread of
impervious
surfaces
within
urbanizing
watersheds pose significant threats to the quality
of natural and built environments. Such threats
include increased storm water runoff, reduced
64
water quality, higher maximum summer
temperatures, degraded and destroyed aquatic
and terrestrial habitats, and the diminished
aesthetic appeal of streams and landscapes. The
materials used to cover such impervious
surfaces may effectively seal surfaces, repel
water and prevent precipitation and other water
from infiltrating soils. They also allow storm
water to wash over them, thus generating large
volumes of runoff followed by relatively dry
conditions a short time later.
Pollutants would also accumulate over such
impervious surfaces
ANALYSIS OF THE PROPERTIES OF PERMEABLE
CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
The basic permeable concrete pavement system
consists of a top layer of porous concrete
covering a layer of gravel that covers a layer of
uniformly sized aggregate, which is placed on top
of the existing soil sub-base (Figure 1). Storm
water penetrates the porous concrete and is
filtered through the first layer of gravel. The voids
in the lower level of large aggregate are filled with
runoff. The stored runoff gradually infiltrates into
the underlying soil.
The factors determining the design thickness of
permeable concrete include its desired hydraulic
(e.g. permeability and voids contents) and
mechanical properties (e.g. strength and
stiffness). All of these have been extensively
investigated through a series of laboratory
testing and the major results are reported here
As it is noticed that not only the size of aggregate,
but also the gradation and amount of aggregate
will affect the compressive strength and static
modulus of elasticity on porous concrete, the
effect of various types of aggregate has been
studied to establish the best local resource and
then proceed to the design of optimal mix with
various additives.
Materials
Aggregate is the major component in permeable
concrete which covers approximately 80% in
weight. The effect of aggregates will be the major
factor in the strength of porous concrete. In
general, gradation size for porous concrete
aggregate would be much smaller compared with
conventional concrete aggregate. In our
research, recycled aggregates and three different
kinds of quarry aggregate were used without fine
aggregate and other admixtures in stage one.
Sands and silica fume were applied to enhance
the strength of porous concrete at the second
stage.
Three types of coarse aggregate were obtained
from local quarry: quartzite, dolomite and
limestone. In order to explore the optimum
aggregate for making porous concrete, these
three types of coarse aggregate were
investigated and compared at the first stage.
65
The recycled aggregates were produced primarily
from demolition concrete, but also contain small
amounts of crushed brick and tile. Asphalt, glass,
metal, timber and other vegetation were also
found in the aggregate. The shapes and sizes of
the aggregates vary and consist of sub-rounded
and angular particles with two sizes used in the
mixture being 10 mm and 15 mm.
The results of previous research indicated that
mineral additives could lead to the improvement
of concrete properties such as mechanical
strength and concrete durability, since the
mineral composite reduced the thickness of the
interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the
aggregate and the cement matrix. Therefore,
silica fume, namely Microsilica 920-u, was tried to
seek adequate strength of porous concrete at the
second stage of testing. Besides, a new
generation superplasticizer was incorporated as
the chemical intensifier.
CONCLUSION
Overall, through its ability to minimize risk to the
natural environment on which roads are
constructed, particularly in urban areas,
permeable concrete has good potential to make
a positive contribution to sustainable road
construction and life cycle management. It can
meet stakeholder requirements through less
impact on the environment on which roads are
constructed, and therefore can assist the
construction industry to move closer to
sustainable construction management. Finally,
simply the loading is too limited. Heavy traffic of
heavily loaded vehicles will deteriorate the
pavement functionality significantly. Even with a
stronger base, your load path has to be made a
little efficient to transfer these loads but
reinforcement is not an option which makes the
problem interesting. The major issue that needs
attention is the need to closely apply quality
management to pavement and mix design, and
concrete placement. More research is required to
better manage its disadvantages, such as the
possible potential to clog under certain
circumstances and to minimize any leaching
effects into the environment from binder
material.
Search of sustainibilty
We often do listen terms like ‘Green Building’, ‘Sustainable Building’, ‘Green World’
and many other search terms. Do we actually understand sustainability? How do
we decide whose needs are met? Poor or rich people? Citizens or immigrants?
People living in cities or in the countryside? People in one country or another? You
or your neighbor? The environment or the corporation? This generation or the next
generation? When there has to be a tradeoff, whose needs should go first?
There are a lot of questions to be answered. The question of the development of
renewable energy sources is inseparable from the question of sustainable
development. The proportion renewable energy in our energy consumption must
inevitably be greatly increased. The use of such energy sources is possible locally,
and the methods are better and better mastered. Every citizen can therefore make
a contribution to sustainable development by choosing to use renewable energy
sources, whether partially or exclusively.
Like any human activity, the production and consumption of energy can affect the
entire biosphere. It is clear that certain systems, sectors, and regions will be harder
hit than others by these large-scale phenomena.
Sustainable development must mainly be able to respond to the various problems
raised by demographic growth, the planet’s limited capacity, and social inequality.
In 2100, the world’s population will be close to 10 billion, but the Earth does not
have unlimited resources, especially since individual consumption has been
increasing considerably because the less developed countries wish to catch up
with the others. Greenhouse gas emissions are one of the main consequences of
human activity that accelerate global warming. This warming carries risks of
shortages and the disruption of certain natural cycles such as fresh water,
impoverishment of agricultural soil, deforestation, and reduced biodiversity. This
means that the future development of all species living on earth, ultimately
including human beings, is under threat.
I think sustainable infrastructure will be the future in civil engineering construction.
Growing climate change issues surely leads to sustainable infrastructure.
Considering the social and economic aspects of the developing countries, any
sustainable works will be challenging. As we all know that problems are the
opportunity to the engineers. Government bodies’ as well international
organizations like United Nations are working and broadly increase the sustainable
infrastructure development very soon.
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