1 Works Cited Primary Sources Birthplace of Hon. Horace Mann​
. N.d. ​
Library of Congress​
. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2005680925/>. This source showed about where Horace Mann grew up and also about his childhood. He grew up in an old cottage­like house that seems far away from any large cities. Brave Women​
. N.d. Photograph. Framingham State U. This image has lots of historic value as it shows the first three women who attended the first Normal School. The Common School Journal​
. N.d. Photograph. edsource.org. From this first issue of the Common School Journal, Mann spoke about expanding the educational system that both he and the Massachusetts Board of Education came up with. Also, he stressed the importance of having towns form committees themselves so that way more and more ideas would spread. Compulsory Education. N.d. Image. library.sc.edu. This powerful image represents the act passed by Edward Everett and Horace Mann in 1836, regarding mandatory education for kids. The Eclectic First Reader​
. N.d. Image. lib.miamioh.edu. This image was an early example of a textbook for the young students of various schools to read and learn from. Educational Tracts​
. N.d. Illustration. Library of Congress: American Memory. This document contains extracts from an oration that was given by Horace Mann in 1842, and talks about the power of casting votes and other civilizations that were powerless as children. He also believed that a republican government was the visible form of the people’s invisible soul. 2 He believed that a republican government was equal and fair and only the people would vote for their officials. Education of Women​
. N.d. Photograph. commonschoolera.blogspot.com. commonschoolera.blogspot.com. After tirelessly looking for images, we finally stumbled upon this picture taken that showed both boys and girls receiving an education, something not common back then. Governor Edward Everett​
. N.d. Photograph. archive.vod.umd.edu. This is a daguerreotype of Governor Edward Everett, the governor of Massachusetts, who with the help of Horace Mann, passed one of the first child labor laws. Horace Mann​
. 1936. ​
American Memory​
. Web. 14 Jan. 2015. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi­bin/query/r?ammem/AMALL:@field(NUMBER+@band(rb
pe+03202300))>. From the text we learned a little more about him and what he thought about the Common School. The source gave useful insights into some of his key principals. Horace Mann​
. c1900. ​
Library of Congress​
. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2002725457/>. From the picture we learned more on what Horace Mann looked like. We also learned a little about what the style was in that time period. Horace Mann. between 1844 and 1859. ​
Library of Congress​
. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004664022/>. From this source we have learned more about the style of that time period. We also learned that Horace Mann did dress nicely and presented himself well. 3 Horace Mann​
. N.d. Photograph. gottesman.pressible.org. gottesman.pressible.org. While finding images online was very difficult for us, this image provided by gottesman.pressible.org showed us how Horace Mann was always confident in his ideals and motives. Horace Mann​
. N.d. Photograph. Old Pictures. This is a rare image of Horace Mann that was taken in 1844. This image shows the Free Soil Congressman from Massachusetts, 1848­1853; President of Antioch College. Horace Mann​
. N.d. Photograph. gottesman.pressible.org. This sketch of a confident Horace Mann showed that he stood firm in his beliefs and knew what he was doing was right. Horace Mann​
. N.d. Photograph. oldpictures.com. This is image is a very rare daguerreotype of Horace Mann; head­and­shoulders portrait, three­quarters to right. It was taken in 1844. Horace Mann​
. N.d. Photograph. Library of Congress: Digital Collection. From this picture of Horace Mann, one can say that he presented himself well, and was always confident in his beliefs. The Horace Mann Centennial Conf.​
N.d. Illustration. Library of Congress: American Memory. This document that was printed explained about the many feats that Horace Mann accomplished during his lifetime such as fixing a broken school system, implementing the Prussian version, and also starting Antioch College, which an institution that was secular. Horace Mann: Thoughts from His Writings​
. N.d. Photograph. The Library of Congress: American Memory. This document shows Horace Mann’s deep beliefs on how all should be educated. “ Education is our only political safety, Outside is an ark of deluge,” (Mann). 4 The Integration of the Prussian Model of Education​
. N.d. Photograph. ushistoryscene.com. This image shows a much more “modern classroom” that bears more resemblance to a modern day classroom. Although this may seem more “new,” all of the educational systems borrowed many aspects from the Prussian School Systems. The Integration of the Prussian Model of Education​
. N.d. Photograph. pagosdailypost.com. The image that is shown represents the models of the Prussian Educational Systems being integrated into the American schools and how everyone is productive. Letter. N.d. Letter from Harriet Beecher Stowe to Horace Mann, 2 March 1852. Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston. ​
Massachusetts Historical Society​
. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=10&img_step=1&mode=dual#p
age1>. From this document, we learned that Horace Mann was an abolitionist, he had spread his may ideals to others against the evil of slavery, and he also had given Harriet Beecher Stowe many suggestions and recommendations for her controversial book about the injustices of slavery. This letter that Harriett Beecher Stowe sent to Mann was thanking him about his suggestions he had made. A Letter to Horace Mann​
. N.d. Image. The Library of Congress: American Memory. Form this letter sent to Horace Mann by Ernestine L. Rose, she explained how she had listened to one of his discourses titled “Hints to a Young Woman.” Ernestine L. Rose was very hopeful and said that there would not be any opposition to the rights of women. The Normal Hall​
. N.d. Photograph. Framingham State U. As the Normal Schools had high success rates and more and more people joined, the Normal Hall was built in 1869. however, it later burned in 1914 and was eventually replaced by Horace Mann Hall. 5 November 1, 1839 Issue of the Common School Journal, Edited by Horace Mann.​
N.d. Photograph. edsource.org. This journal that Horace Mann had began revolved around spreading the ideas of universal education and how curricula should be created/run. His beliefs revolved around having many boards for education that would work together to better provide education for all. ​
Primary Source Horace Mann HC​
. Tangient LLC, 2014. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. <https://jspivey.wikispaces.com/Primary+Source+Horace+Mann+HC>. The Website contained a letter from Horace Mann to the Massachusetts Board of Education. This letter really shows what Horace Mann thought of Society and what he wanted to do about it. Prussian School System​
. N.d. Photograph. commonschoolera.blogspot.com. This image represented the integration of the Prussian School System leading to more order, conformity, and a higher level of education. Science Classroom​
. N.d. Photograph. Framingham State U. These images show great insight on how eventually the Normal Schools evolved; from having both a high success rate and receiving new classes like science education. Sixty­fourth Congress of America​
. N.d. Photograph. ourdocuments.gov. This document shows child labor laws officially being put into place long after the death of Mann. This goes to show that his ideas about having education be the primary focus of children had eventually spread. 6 Statue of Horace Mann​
. N.d. Photograph. galleryhip.com. This statue of Horace Mann was dedicated to him for all of the outstanding work on healing American education, but also in regards to ethical issues as well. Stock, Roger. Personal interview. N.d. Form this interview, we were able to see how Horace Mann has affected the lives of other people today. It also gave us another insight onto how much of a legacy Mann left behind. Secondary Sources “Antioch College.” ​
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedi​
. 6th ed. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2014. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. <http://web.b.ebscohost.com/hrc/detail/detail?vid=6&sid=ea142cf8­1bc5­4d64­ad31­884
70a8846fa%40sessionmgr113&hid=106&bdata=JnNpdGU9aHJjLWxpdmU%3d#db=kh
h&AN=39044068>. From the text we learned how Horace Mann ran Antioch College as the first president. In this area he showed great leadership by creating new ways to help students learn. Brouillete, Matthew J. “The 1830s and 40s: Horace Mann, the End of Free­Market Education, and the Rise of Government Schools.” ​
The 1830s and 40s: Horace Mann, the End of Free­Market Education, and the Rise of Government Schools [Mackinac Center]​
. Mackinac Center For Policy, 16 July 1999. Web. 8 Oct. 2014. <http://www.mackinac.org/2035>. After Horace Mann had finished studying law, he went on to become a lawyer, and it was his interests in politics and law that caught soon entered him into the Massachusetts State Legislature. When he became president of the 7 state senate, it was then that Horace Mann focused on concentrating control of education to the state. Cremin, Lawrence A. “Horace Mann.” ​
Horace Mann (American Educator) ­­ Encyclopedia Britannica​
. Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jan. 2014. Web. 5 Oct. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/onlyateacher/horace.html>. We learned that Horace Mann was a reformer in many aspects and that his motivation for education for all came from his experiences growing up. ​
Horace Mann​
. Soylent Communication, 2014. Web. 5 Oct. 2014. <http://www.nndb.com/people/578/000050428/>. From the text we learned that Horace Mann lived a very busy life. He spent his life educating everyone around him, including the students at the collage he was president of. He was a very intellectual man, trying to fix problems he saw with the world. ​
Horace Mann​
. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://horacmann.weebly.com/>. From the text we learned how hard it was for Horace Mann as a child. he did not live in a wealthy family and had to work very hard to get into college. “Horace Mann.” ​
NNBD.com​
. Soylent Communications, n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. <http://www.nndb.com/people/578/000050428/>. While Horace Mann was constantly trying to make all sorts of reforms in education, one of the most debatable reforms he made was to make education nonsectarian, which angered many religious officials who wanted religion to be incorporated into the school curriculums as well. But Mann was also bashed because of his innovations and pedagogical theories. 8 “Horace Mann.” Chart. ​
Timetoast Timelines​
. Timetoast, n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2015. <http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/horace­mann>. This timeline explains about all of the major events in Horace Mann’s life such as his birth, term with the Massachusetts State Senate, his term with the Massachusetts Board of Education, and his death. Horace Mann​
. ​
Youtube​
. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6LplmYyOJE>. This video gave excellent information about Horace Mann’s family and humble begins to then becoming one of America’s greatest reformers. His hard work in mending the broken school systems was achieved when he was secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. When he was serving under the Massachusetts State Senate, he helped in giving the mentally ill more humane treatment by creating hospitals for them. ​
Horace Mann and American Education Reform​
. Intellectual Takeout, 2014. Web. 5 Oct. 2014. <http://www.intellectualtakeout.org/library/education/horace­mann­and­american­educati
on­reform>. This text showed us what education was like in the 1800’s and how Horace Mann changed it. He helped shape Americas education for the better, making sure everyone has a public school to go to. ​
Horace Mann Biography​
. A&E Television Networks, 2014. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. <http://www.biography.com/people/horace­mann­9397522#manns­six­principles­of­educ
ation>. From the text we learned that Mann led a very busy life and was very successful because of it. He was very important to the education reform and he did everything in his power to make it happen. 9 ​
Horace Mann & Education Reform: Contributions, Philosophy & Quiz​
. Education Portal, 2014. Web. 9 Oct. 2014. <http://education­portal.com/academy/lesson/horace­mann­education­reform­contributio
ns­philosophy­quiz.html#lesson>. From the text we learned about all of the different types of leadership roles Horace Mann served in. He was on the Massachusetts board of education and was on the Massachusetts senate. “Horace Mann Quotes.” ​
Horace Mann Quotes (Author of on the Art of Teaching)​
. Goodreads, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/279932.Horace_Mann>. Horace Mann was an excellent orator who was very persuasive and inspirational. These quotes are a good example. “Horace Mann (1796–1859) ­ Education and Training, Career and Contribution.” ​
Horace Mann (1796­1859) ­ Education and Training, Career and Contribution ­ School, Schools, Massachusetts, and Boston ­ StateUniversity.com​
. Net Industries, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. <http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2197/Mann­Horace­1796­1859.html>. Horace Mann was an advocate in establishing the idea of state­sponsored free schools. The Mann contribution, which was a state government sponsored education that was unrestrained by partisan control, helped bring in the possibility of a democratic society instead of a government ruled by elites. Lagemann, Ellen Condliffe. ​
Reader’s Companion to American History​
. Ed. John A. Garraty and Eric Foner. N.p.: n.p., 1991. ​
Points of View Reference Center​
. Web. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://web.a.ebscohost.com/hrc/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=19&sid=cefb0e4d­ec8a­4d6f­
10 81de­839c6bf4cba3%40sessionmgr4005&hid=4209>. From the text we found another view point of how Horace Mann changed the world. The text also showed me how much Horace Mann put into his career and how much he cared. ​
Litchfield Historical Society​
. Litchfield Historical Society, 2010. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://www.litchfieldhistoricalsociety.org/ledger/students/1658>. Through the text we learned about how much of an important person Horace Mann was. He was very important to the Common School Movement, but he was also important to Antioch College and the Massachusetts board of education. He liked to spread his knowledge since he did not have as much access to knowledge as a child. Mann, Horace. “Horace Mann Quotes.” ​
Horace Mann Quotes ­ BrainyQuote​
. Brainy Quote, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/h/horace_mann.html>. Horace Mann was born on May 4, 1774 and died on August 2, 1859, and was both a politician and educator throughout his lifetime. Many of the quotes shown represent how determined Mann was and how he was logical and reasonable in his work as well. ​
PBS Online: Only a Teacher​
. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 2 Oct. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/onlyateacher/horace.html#top>. I learned that Horace Mann was in charge of the Common School Movement which helped insure that every child received an education funded by local taxes. He also ensured that all teachers were properly trained as well. Under, Harlow G. “Mann, Horace.” ​
Facts on File History Database Center​
. Facts on File, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. <http://www.fofweb.com/History/MainPrintPage.asp?iPin=Teachers2&DataType=Ameri
11 canHistory&WinType=Free>. We learned that Horace Mann had sacrificed his own future as governor and possibly even president to instead fight for American children’s rights to having an education no matter what their gender, creed, or color was. Aside from this Mann also believed that the insane deserved to be put into special hospitals instead of prisons. Warder, Graham. “Horace Mann and the Creation of the Common School.” ​
Disability History Museum­­Education: Essay: Disability History Museum​
. Ed. Graham Warder. Straight Ahead Pictures, n.d. Web. 8 Oct. 2014. <http://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/about/about.html>. Horace Mann was a member of the Whig Party and he argued that the Common School was America’s best chance at achieving socioeconomic and moral values. Although his ideas and reforms were in Massachusetts’s educational system, Mann spread his idealisms by writing numerous books and also by creating the Common School Journal which encouraged schools to be more open and nurturing. ​
Who was Horace Mann?​
Saint Paul Public Schools, 2012. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. <http://mann.spps.org/who_was_horace_mann>. Through the text we learned how much influence Horace Mann and the Massachusetts Board of Education had on the education of Massachusetts and America. “Who Was Horace Mann?” ​
HM­Who Was Horace Mann​
. Sheboygan Area School District, 9 Oct. 2014. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. <http://www.sheboygan.k12.wi.us/hmann/HMAtaGlance/WhoWasHoraceMann.html>. Horace Mann is considered the “Father of American Public School Education” for many 12 reasons. As the secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, Mann helped campaign for education by raising public awareness for the many issues of public schooling such as poor curriculums and unqualified teachers. Later on, he established the first school for teachers in Lexington, Massachusetts, which greatly improved the quality of education students received.