Water-Related Risks:
a Complex Climate Adaptation
and Development Agenda
Drought Management
GFDRR Consultative Group
April 16, 2012
Doekle Wielinga
DRM Program Coordinator
Disaster Risk Management
Africa Region
1
Horn of Africa:
Drought impact is still being felt on a large scale
• Total number of people affected dropped
to 9 million from 13.3 million at peak
• Somalia remains the most stressed with
one third of the country still in crisis,
even with the famine declared over
• 300,000 drought affected refugees
remain in Kenya camps
• Food security improved in March but
below average rains, lack of food
accessibility and conflict are likely to
keep areas under stress throughout 2012
• Drought affected in Somalia remain
vulnerable to conflict
Source: FEWSNET
(March 2012)
2
Disaster Risk Management
Africa Region
Sahel: Current Situation
• Over 14 million people are at risk of food
insecurity due to a combination of
drought, poor accessibility to food and
displacement due to conflict.
• More than 200,000 people have now
been displaced as a result of the
rebellion in Mali; refugee situation exists.
• Agro-pastoral and conflict areas most
affected.
• Peak of the crisis will be in June, not
expected to reach famine.
No. of drought affected food insecure • Situation compounded by localized crop
people per country:
deficits from poor rainfall in 2011,
Mauritania: 1 million
delayed harvests in 2012 and high cereal
Niger 5.4 million
prices.
Chad 3.6 million
• Similar to HoA, displacement from
Mali 3 million
conflict decreases access to food.
Burkina Faso 1 million
3
Disaster Risk Management
Africa Region
Drought: Trends and Impact

Dry areas drier, wet areas wetter

Most vulnerable most at risk

Impact accumulates slowly over time

Prevention and early warning are key

Aid works in reducing the impact

Address underlying causes to build
resilience
4
Disaster Risk Management
Africa Region
Underlying Causes of Drought and
Regional variation – Sahel and Horn
5
1.
Climate Change
2.
Environmental Degradation
3.
Demographic Pressure
4.
Marginalization of pastoral
communities
5.
Lack of economic alternatives
6.
Regional barriers and lack of
market regulation
7.
Inadequate infrastructure
8.
Fragile States
Disaster Risk Management
Africa Region
Horn of Africa Drought Response Plan
facilitated by AFR DRM Team and GFDRR
Action on the Ground:
• Missions undertaken to Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and
Djibouti
• Country drought response plans prepared, including
policy advice to the governments
• An overall drought response package was prepared of
30 projects, estimated at $1.88 billion
• This includes $250 million from the Crisis Response
Window
• PDNAs conducted in Kenya, Djibouti ,planned in
Ethiopia and a similar impact assessment conducted in
Uganda
• Regional Partnership and dialogue fomented - AU
Pledging Conference, Nairobi Heads of State Summit,
Nairobi Technical Meetings . Technical work with IGAD
and ICPAC.
6
Phases
Timing
$ 288 million
Rapid
Response
First six
months
$ 384 million
Economic
Recovery
Six months to
two years
$ 1,210 million
Drought
Resilience
Disaster Risk Management
Two to five years
Africa Region
Somalia: Drought Management and Livelihood Protection
GFDRR supports resilient recovery
August 2012:
- 3.7 million people in acute food and livelihood crisis and
3.2 million people in need of immediate lifesaving assistance
- Insecurity and access restrictions
GFDRR provided immediately US$ 5 million grant
Leveraged additional resources for US$ 9 million grant package to Food and Agricultural
Organization
September 2012:
- Grant agreement signed
- Support early livelihood recovery and drought resilience
Cash for work (97,000 people), Rehabilitation of prod. assets, recovery of agriculture productivity
April 2012:
- US$6.9 of US$9 m (~76%) disbursed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedde
d&v=SCbRauQSaSI
7
Disaster Risk Management
Africa Region
Kenya: Water Security and Climate Resilience
GFDRR provides technical expertise and shares global best practice to mainstream disaster risk reduction
and climate risk management
May 30, 2011:
President Mwai Kibaki declared persistent drought a national disaster
August
2012:
-3.73.7
million people in acute food and livelihood crisis and
million people affected, additionally camps with refugees from Somalia
3.2 million
in needaof
immediate
lifesaving
assistance
A drought
responsepeople
mission formulated
draft
Drought Response
Plan recovery
through
resilience
– effectively
pairing
the programming of immediate recovery
-increased
Insecurity
and
access
restrictions
interventions with long-term vulnerability reduction measures.
November, 2011: Post Disaster Needs Assessment
Collaborative effort of UN, EU and World Bank with other development partners to
support Government of Kenya on assessing impacts as well as medium to long term
needs for recovery and reconstruction and disaster risk reduction measures.
Water Sector: Short term: Water trucking, boreholes; Long term: Water Storage
2011 - 2012: Water Security and Climate Resilience Project
Transform. investment (~$500m) to overcome Kenya’s lag of large-scale water storage
a) Water resources investments, b) water resources management, c) policy dialogue
GFDRR Supports technical expertise to mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate
risk management and shared global best practice:
8
Disaster Risk Management
Africa Region
Ethiopia: Towards holistic drought risk reduction
GFDRR facilitates integrated drought resilience
Strategic GFDRR grants
-$ 6 million in phases
-DRM Country Plan
Productive Safety
-Ground water management
Nets Project
Increasing
in drought affected areas
trend in food - 2.25 bln. USD incl. 7.6
-Improvements in early
mln people, 318
insecurity
warning and response
districts,
resulting
system
from
Pastoral Community
-Support for DRM Strategic
repeated
Development
Planning and Investment
droughts
Project
and climate - 140 mln USD, 1.9 mln. Framework
change
people, 55 districts,
National DRM
system
strengthened
CPS with DRM
as key pillar
Regional
Drought
Resilience
project
-210 mln
PCDP III
-100 mln
From large operations that focus on social protection and small
interventions to holistic national disaster risk management framework
9
Disaster Risk Management
Africa Region
Ethiopia: Sustainable Ground water Management
GFDRR support leverages large investments in ground water management
Component 1: Ground water mapping
• With Geological Survey Department /other partners
• Ground water mapping and monitoring
• Overlaid with land use, infrastructure, watershed /
catchment details for identified sites
Component 2: Application of Ground water
management framework in selected sites
•Need for monitoring wells, recharge potential
•Institutional framework and capacity development needs
•Community based management, link to livelihood, drought
mitigation in different phases of drought cycle
Larger investment program to scale up and
sustain ground water management
10
Disaster Risk Management
Africa Region
Framework for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in World Bank
water resources investment
Scope of
Reducing underlying risks –
activities
Investments
Project specific Enforce climate resilient
engineering design
National
--Policy
11
Understanding risks –
Risk management
Support site specific early warning
systems
Support sustainable
catchment management
i. community driven activities
ii. structured investments
Climate resilient investment Advance knowledge base:
planning framework for water - Strengthen hydro-met services
resources sector
- Water resources and climate
risk decision support system
- Drought and flood risk profiling
- TA: Climate resilient use of water
resources, e.g. water harvesting
Support WRM / DRM policy
dialogue in decentralization
Disaster Risk Management
Managing residual risks Disaster preparedness
Develop site specific disaster
preparedness plans
Support local institutions and
communities to better respond to
disasters
Contingent Risk Mgt Component
Strengthen national disaster risk
management authorities to better
respond to droughts and floods
Strengthen preparedness and
response policies
Africa Region
Applying the lessons learned from the Horn to Sahel:
Manage the risks rather than the crisis
International assistance helps reduce the
impact of droughts
•
Partnerships, trust funds and existing
projects are most effective for immediate
response
Risk management and disaster risk reduction
must be an integral part of both emergency
response and longer-term development
programs.
Drought Cycle Management model: Stresses
importance of an phased approach to
drought, identifies appropriate activities for
each phase of the drought cycle
•
•
12
Normal
Stage
Drought Early
Warning System
(EWS)
Emergency
Stage
• Food Relief
• Supplementary Feeding
• Borehole Rapid Response
Teams Activated
Disaster Risk Management
RELIEF
MITIGATION
•
• Human and Animal Health
Activities
• Livestock Off-take
• Grazing Reserve Management
• Stockpile Pumps for Boreholes
Protecting people’s livelihoods is key to
saving lives and reducing vulnerability
• Contingency Planning
• Community Development
• Capacity Building of the District
Steering Group and Partner
Agencies
Alert/Alarm
Stage
•
DROUGHT PREPAREDNESS
Recovery
Stage
Preventing famine is about reducing poverty
and vulnerability
Restocking
Rehabilitation of Boreholes
Food for Work
Infrastructure Development
•
•
•
•
•
Understanding the impact of droughts is
important
RECONSTRUCTION
•
3
Africa Region