APA GUIDE
for
Health Care and Dental Programs
Prepared by Tallahassee Community College Libraries
Last Revision October 2015
APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC TABLE OF CONTENTS
PLAGIARISM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
RESEARCH PAPER: Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
BOOKS: General Citation Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
CITATION EXAMPLES: Books. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Books [Print] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Books [Electronic] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
CITATION EXAMPLES: Articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Articles [Library Databases]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Articles [Print]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
CITATION EXAMPLES: Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Web Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CITATION EXAMPLES: Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Sample References Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
2 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC APA Guide 2015-2016
At TCC, many courses include written reports, term papers, presentations and/or creative
projects that require research. A research paper which is based on facts and opinions derived
from sources outside the writer’s experience must be identified with the text and in a
bibliography at the end of the paper. These citations give authority to the content of the paper
and appear at the end of the paper in a list called “References.”
APA style [American Psychological Association] was established to be the format for journals
published by the American Psychological Association but other disciplines have adopted it as
the format for course assignments. APA is the primary style used in healthcare courses. This
guide is designed specifically for programs offered by the Ghazvini Center for Healthcare
Education and Dental programs on Main Campus.
This guide is meant to be a brief introduction to APA style; therefore, the examples represent
only a small sample of all the various information types that could be used. For additional
citation examples or information regarding APA style, consult the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (6th edition). This guide does not preclude using the book.
PLAGIARISM
The stealing of words and/or ideas of another and representing them as your own is plagiarism.
TCC’s “Standards of Conduct” defines plagiarism as “the use, by paraphrase or direct quotation,
of the published or unpublished work of another person without full and clear acknowledgment”
(Student Code of Conduct). Any student found guilty of plagiarism is subject to disciplinary
sanction as defined within the “TCC Student Code of Conduct.”
Paraphrasing means taking another person’s words and restating the information into your own
words as they relate to your thesis. Paraphrased ideas must be attributed by using both a
parenthetical note and a full citation.
Examples:
Direct Quote and Cited:
 Use “quotation marks” to signal that you are using someone else’s words.
Studies show that “vegetarians live six to ten years longer than meat-eaters because a plantbased diet provides protection against heart disease, cancer, strokes, and obesity” (Robbins,
2009, p.46).
Paraphrased and No Citation = Plagiarism
Research clearly shows that a plant-based diet can protect against numerous diseases and
increase longevity.
Paraphrased and Cited:
Research clearly shows that a plant-based diet can protect against numerous diseases and
increase longevity (Robbins, 2009, p. 46).
3 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC Title Page
Text Format
Running Head: TITLE
1
Title of Paper
Student Name
Instructor Name
Course
Date
Name of College
[Entire Document Double Spaced]
o
All margins are 1” (top, bottom, & sides). o
Always double space. o
Do not ‘right‐justify’ margins; use ‘left‐justify’. o
Do not divide [hyphenate] words at end of line. o
Indentions are 5‐7 spaces from left margin. o
APA recommends Times Roman in 12 pt. font. o
Page numbering begins on title page in upper right corner. Capitalize all words in the title on pages following the title page. Words “Running Head” are not used after the title page. o
The “Running Head” is the title of the paper at the top of each page, including the title page, and in uppercase letters. Titles should be no more than 10 words. Do not underline, italicize, use quotation marks, or all capital letters for the title on body of the Title Page itself. References
Begin reference list on a page by itself o
o
Center the word “References” at the top of the page. Do not bold or underline it. o
The first line of each reference is flush with left margin and subsequent lines are indented. This is called a “hanging indent.” o
Alphabetize the list. o
Begin with the book or article title if no author. o
Double‐space all entries. Do not leave a blank line between entries. o
Do not ‘right justify’ margins; use ‘left justify’ o
Leave one space after a period. o
No punctuation after a web address [URL] References Page:
TITLE
8
References
Alphabetical
list of sources. Lines
that run over are indented.
Double-spaced.
No blank lines
between entries.
See the rest of this guide for help
constructing citations.
4 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATION

Any information used within a research paper, whether quoted or paraphrased, must include a
parenthetical citation which will correspond to a citation on the References page. The
parenthetical citation is a brief reference to the original source.
If you paraphrase information, only the author’s last name and publication year are
needed.
Planning the care of patients requires the ability to assess patients, diagnose problems,
plan goals and interventions, and evaluate progress (Barrett, 2012).
If you are citing a direct quote, you need to include a page number or paragraph number
that shows the exact location within the source.
Nursing care for all core clinical areas must include “the ability to assess patients,
diagnose problems, plan goals and interventions, and evaluate progress” (Barrett, 2012,
p. 67).
Placement of Author’s Name and Year of Publication
If the last name of the author is in your paper’s text, put the year of publication after it.
Osborne (2011) noted the relationship between diet and dental caries among
If your paper’s text does not include the name of the author, put the last name and year of
publication in the same parentheses at the end of the sentence.
New therapeutic opportunities offer better respiratory care (Zimmer, 2009).
One Work by Two Authors
Cite both last names each time the source is cited in your text. Join the names with ‘and’ if they
are in your text. If the names are used parenthetically, use ‘&’ between them.
Morgan and Johnson (2010) recommended reducing the item size of food as a
prevention strategy for countering obesity-promoting eating behaviors.
countering obesity-promoting eating behaviors (Morgan & Johnson, 2010).
5 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC One Work by Three, Four, or Five Authors
Cite all of the authors’ names the first time in the text but if cited again, include only the last
name of the first author followed by “et al.” and the publication year separated by a comma.
First citation:
Substance misuse may be diagnosed in geriatric patients (Boltz, Klein, Metress, & Levin,
2012).
OR
Boltz, Klein, Metress, and Levin (2012) recognized
Subsequent citation:
Interventions to prevent functional decline may be needed (Boltz et al., 2012). OR
Boltz et al. (2012) urged that interventions be used to prevent functional decline.
One Work by Six or More Authors
Cite only the last name of the first author followed by “et al.” and year of publication in the text
for the first and all subsequent parenthetical citations.
information on CPR and portable defibrillators (Adler, et al., 2011).
Work with No Author
Cite the first 2-3 words of the title and year. Use “double quotation marks” around article or
chapter titles
on essentials of imaging technology (“Study Finds,” 2013)
but italicize the shortened title of a book, video, journal or magazine
the book Learning Pediatric Imaging (2011)
Organization or Institution as Author
Names of corporate authors are usually spelled out each time they appear in the text citation. If
the name of a corporate author is long and readily recognizable, you may abbreviate the name
in the second and subsequent citations in the text. Use initials in brackets with the full name in
the first citation and the initials in subsequent citations.
1st citation: Increasing disease rates demand the use of proven strategies to improve
population health (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011).
2nd citation: Public health practitioners must be ready to implement health goals (CDC, 2011).
6 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC Direct Quotations
A short quotation (fewer than 40 words) may be incorporated into your text. Enclose the
quotation with double quotation marks. You must include a page number or paragraph number
that shows the exact location within the source.
Nursing care for all core clinical areas must include “the ability to assess patients,
diagnose problems, plan goals and interventions, and evaluate progress” (Barrett, 2012,
p. 67).
OR
Barrett (2012) stresses that nursing care for all core clinical areas must include “the
ability to assess patients, diagnose problems, plan goals and interventions, and evaluate
progress” (p. 67).
Block Quotation
For more than 40 words, display this quotation in a free standing block of typewritten lines and
omit the quotation marks. Begin a block quotation on a new line, indented 5 spaces from the
left margin. Double-space the entire quotation. A block quotation is usually introduced with a
colon, and the parenthetical citation is given after the end punctuation of the quotation.
Barrett (2012) revealed the following concerning nursing care plans:
A care plan is based on assessment of the patient’s medical condition, the
nursing diagnosis, understanding of his personality and his family, and
knowledge of the facility’s resources. The plan may include two types of goals,
long-term and short-term, which allow a nurse to objectively evaluate progress
toward a goal and how the plan is being used. Objectively is the key word here.
(p. 134)
Web Site Citation in Text
To cite an entire web site (not a specific document on the site), give the address of the site in
the text.
KidsHealth provides unbiased, reliable information to help parents pursue good health
and wellness for their families (http://www.kidshealth.org).
7 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC THE REFERENCES PAGE
At the end of your paper, list all of the sources, alphabetically, that were used for your research
paper. Each entry in the References list must have a corresponding in-text citation. Doublespace between each line. If the citation extends to another line, the second and any other lines
should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. See sample References on page 16.
BOOKS
Alphabetize the prefixes Mc and Mac as they are spelled: MacArthur before McAllister
Author(s):




Use the last name (comma) followed by only the initials of the first and middle names
List names of all authors up to and including seven authors
Omit titles (Mr., Ms., Dr.), affiliations and degrees
Use commas to separate names and initials and use the ampersand (&) before the last
author. Insert one space between initials in names (R. W. Wise)
 If there are 8 or more authors, name the first 6 authors and insert 3 ellipses (. . .), and
add last author’s name
 If different authors have the same last name, arrange the names alphabetically by the
first initial: Mueller, E. C. before Mueller, M. L.
 Insert one space after a comma and period with author names
Titles:




Italicize book titles using the italics button in your word processor
Capitalize all major words in titles of books
Insert one space after a comma, colon, and period
If there is no author, begin with the title. If it begins with A or An or The, use the next
word in the title when alphabetizing in the References list
Publication Information:
 Use n.d. if no date of publication is given.
o Smith, J. A. (n.d.)
 Use a colon (:) between the state and publisher
 Use only the first city if several are listed
 Use the two letter postal abbreviation without periods for the state (FL)
 Name of publisher should be in a brief form; omit terms such as Inc. and Co. but keep
the word Press (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill) (Urbana: University of Illinois Press)
 Do not use the state abbreviation after the city if the state is part of the university press
name. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press)
8 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC CITATION EXAMPLES
BOOKS
[Print]
Basic Format
Author, A. A. (copyright date). Title. City where published: Publisher.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
One Author
Torres, L. S. (2010). Patient care in imaging technology. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby.
Two Authors
Drake, E., & Haveles, B. C. (2011). The prevention of medical errors: Focus on nursing
pharmacology. University of Chicago Press.
Three to Seven Authors
Kee, J. L., Wilson, D., Santulli, R. B., & Barrow, G. K. (2012). Pharmacology: A nursing
process approach. Boston, MA: Pearson.
Eight or More Authors
(list first six authors, . . . last author)
Thomas, A. N., Chang, M. B., Holland, L. L., Baylor, C., Convey, P. Q., Taylor, B., . . . Rowland,
H. A. (2011). Pulmonary pathophysiology: The essentials. Lanham, MD: Rowman.
Organization or Institution as Author
American Medical Association. (2012). Mastering ACLS. Chicago, IL: Author.
[When author and publisher are the same, use “Author” as the publisher.]
American Academy of Emergency Medicine. (2011). Toxicology handbook. Philadelphia, PA:
Elsevier Saunders.
Having difficulty with APA format or just have questions about your paper? Ask a librarian or a writing tutor for help. 9 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC Edition of an Author’s Work
DeLaet, R. (2012). Introduction to health care & careers (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Bartlett.
Editor as Author
Tobin, M. J. (Ed.). (2006). Principles and practice of mechanical ventilation. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
Muse, L. M., & Jones, B. (Eds.). (2011). Respiratory disease. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Author and Editor in a Book
Leeson, A. C. (2011). Creating the digital image. In J. K. Andolina (Ed.), Mammographic
imaging: A practical guide (pp. 213-301). New York, NY: Churchill Livingston.
New or Revised Edition
Workman, M. L. (2013). Medical-surgical nursing (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.
Allen, E. C. (2009). Netter’s radiologic anatomy (Rev. ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
Encyclopedia
Bachman, J. G. (2007). Epilepsy. In S. L. Chamberlin & B. Narins (Eds.), The Gale
encyclopedia of neurological disorders (Vol. 2, pp. 118-126). Detroit, MI: Thomson Gale.
Textbook
Adams, M. P., & Urban, C. (2012). Pharmacology: Connections to nursing practice (2nd ed.).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
ELECTRONIC BOOK (Library)
eBook Collection (EBSCO)
Chapman, L., & Durham, R. F. (2010). Maternal-newborn nursing: The critical components of
nursing care. Retrieved from http://www.ebscohost.com
10 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC ELECTRONIC JOURNAL ARTICLES
(Databases)
Scholarly Journal Article
 Use the last name, followed by only the initials of the first and middle names
 Use commas to separate names and initials and use the ampersand (&) before the last
author. Insert one space between initials in name (R. W. Wise)
 List authors in order as shown in the journal article, not in alphabetical order
 Omit titles (Mr., Ms., Dr.), affiliations and degrees
 List names of all authors up to and including 7 authors
 For 8 or more authors, name the first 6 authors and insert 3 ellipses (. . .), and add last
author’s name
 Capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns in the title of an article. If there is a
subtitle, indicated by a colon (:), then capitalize the first word of the subtitle
 Insert one space after a comma, colon, and period
 Capitalize all major words in title of the journal
 Italicize journal titles
 Do not abbreviate months, and days should be written as April 2, not April 2nd
 Use n.d. if no date of publication is given (Smith, J. A. (n.d.)
 Give the volume and issue number after the journal title; italicize only the volume number
 Do not use Vol. before the volume number: Medical Ethics & Behavior, 31(4), 22-32
 No space between the volume and issue numbers: 31(4)
Basic Format
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue
number), pages. Retrieved from Name of database.
You may have to combine one or more examples if you do not see one that exactly matches what you need. Associates Program Source Plus
Snyder, S., Santiago, M., & Collopy, K. T. (2011). Wheezing in the pediatric patient. EMS World,
40(1), 40-52. Retrieved from Associates Program Source Plus database.
11 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC CINAHL Plus Full Text
 Supplement
Rouse, C. L., & Harris, L. M. (2010). Research at the bedside: Comparison of blood pressure
measurements. JOGNN: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 39
(Suppl.1), S36-7. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus Full Text database.
 Article
Carey, N., & Courtenay, M. L. (2010). An exploration of the continuing professional development
needs of nurse independent prescribers and nurse supplementary prescribers who
prescribe medicines for patients with diabetes. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(1-2), 208216. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus Full Text database.
Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source
Offenbacher, S., Barros, S. P., & Beck, J. B. (2009). Rethinking periodontal inflammation.
Journal of Dental Hygiene, 82(3), 24-32. Retrieved from Dentistry and Oral Sciences
Source database.
Health Reference Center
Browning, B. K. (2007). An aid for pediatric chest exams. Radiologic Technology, 79(2),
193.Retrieved from Health Reference Center database.
Health Source: Nursing Academic Edition
Kelly, D. (2012). Dying in the dark? Strengthening the contribution of palliative care to advanced
dementia care. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 18(4), 159-166. Retrieved
from Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition database.
Joanna Briggs Institute EBP Database
Khalil, H. & Chambers, H. (2013). Alcohol and asthma. Retrieved from Joanna Briggs Institute
EBP database.
12 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC MEDLINE with Full Text
McCarville, M., Rogers, Z., Sarnaik, S., Scott, P., Aygun, B., Hilliard, L. B., . . . Ware, R. (2012).
Effects of chronic transfusions on abdominal sonographic abnormalities in children with
sickle cell anemia. Journal of Pediatrics, 160(2), 281-285. Retrieved from MEDLINE
with Full Text database.
Nursing@Ovid
Saccomano, S. J. & DeLuca, D. A. (2012). Living with chronic kidney disease: Related issues
and treatment. Nurse Practitioner, 37(8), 32-38. DOI:
10.1097/01.NPR.0000415873.61843.68 Retrieved from Nursing@Ovid database.
Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR3D)
Brand name of drug (generic name) (sponsor) form. (date). In Name of book. [Version].
Retrieved from database.
Allegra (fexofenadine hydrochloride) (sanofi-aventis) capsules and tablets. (2012, May 2). In
Physician’s desk reference. [Electronic version]. Retrieved from PDR Electronic Library
database.
Primal Pictures
Primal Pictures. (2006). Dentistry: Oral cavity (layer 8, frame 34) [Image]. Retrieved from
anatomy.tv database.
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source
Roofe, N. (2011). Improving families’ nutrition knowledge through service learning. Journal of
Allied Health, 40(4), 194-198. Retrieved from ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source
database.
13 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC DOIs: DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIERS The Digital Object Identifier (or DOI) is a required element of an APA formatted citation but is optional at TCC. You must check with your instructor. The DOI is like an Internet address linking back to the publisher of the item. If there is a DOI available (and your instructor says to use them), you should add it to the end of your citation. If the material came from a TCC database but has no DOI, only put the name of the database it was retrieved from. If the source came from the Web and has no DOI, put “Retrieved from” and the Internet address. Not every source is going to have a DOI number. Sample citation with DOI: Thurston, A., Bolin, J., & Chezem, J. C. (2013). Infant Formula Samples: Perinatal Sources and Breast‐Feeding Outcomes at 1 Month Postpartum. Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 27(4), 353‐358. DOI: 10.1097/JPN.0b013e3182a99e7a. Retrieved from Nursing@Ovid database. PRINT JOURNAL ARTICLES
Bodner, S. (2008). Stress management in the difficult patient encounter. Dental Clinics of North
America, 52(4), 18-28.
Koller, D., & Gollard, R. D. (2011). Distraction techniques for children undergoing procedures: A
critical review of pediatric research. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 36(4), 189-201.
Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Raven, N., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Allman, G., . . . Botros, N.
(2012). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation. Nursing Forum, 20(1), 71-75.
14 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC WEB ARTICLES
 Never end the URL with a period
 Copy and paste the URL (web address) to avoid errors
 Never copy and paste the journal citation from the web page without being sure that it is
in correct APA format; journal titles may be abbreviated
 Remove the hyperlink www.tcc.fl.edu
www.tcc.fl.edu
 Only give page numbers or paragraph numbers if they appear on the web site itself
 Use retrieved date when contents is subject to updating
Pubmed Central
Patterson, D. T., Haung, D., Fairbanks, R. J., Simeone, S., Weaver, M., & Wang, H. E.
(2010).Variation in emergency medical services workplace safety culture. Prehospital
Emergency Care, 14(4): 448-460. Retrieved from Pubmed Central:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935310/?tool=pmcentrez
Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2010, August 5). Exercise: A drug-free approach to lowering high blood
pressure. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from
http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/high-blood-pressure/HI00024/METHOD=print
WebMD
Marshall, S. (2010, June 21). Fetal ultrasound. Retrieved July 16, 2012, from
http://www.webmd.com/baby/fetal-ultrasound
American Dental Association
Dental radiographs: Benefits and safety. (2011, September). For the Dental Patient. Retrieved
from the American Dental Association:
http://www.ada.org/sections/scienceAndResearch/pdfs/forthedentalpatient_sept2011.pdf
MedlinePlus
Oxycodone. (n.d.). Retrieved May 21, 2012, from Medical Encyclopedia MedlinePlus:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
15 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC Media
FMG Streaming Video
No director or producer
Atrial fibrillation. (2012). [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://digital.films.com/PortalViewVideo.aspx?xtid=35052
YouTube Streaming Video
[Author is person or organization who posted the video, APA Style Guide to Electronic
Resources, 2012). Use “available” if video is subject to change sites.
Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from (URL)
American Cancer Society. (2011, October 11). Prostate cancer video for clinicians [Video file].
Available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZIz4Fxqio8
Video on the Web
Grandin, T. (2010). Temple Grandin: The world needs all kinds of minds [Video file]. Retrieved
June 13, 2012, from
http://www.ted.com/talks/temple_grandin_the_world_needs_all_kinds_of_minds.html
DVD
Harman, G. (Producer/Director). (2008). Head-to-toe examination of the normal child [DVD].
SAMPLE REFERENCES PAGE
The next page shows how a References page would be written in correct APA format.
This is a list of all of the sources you used, even if you did not quote from them. Be
sure to use alphabetical order by author or title [if no author is available].
16 APA for Health Care & Dental Programs @ TCC RUNNING HEAD
page number
References
American Academy of Emergency Medicine. (2011). Toxicology handbook. Philadelphia, PA:
Elsevier Saunders.
American Cancer Society. (2011, October 11). Prostate cancer video for clinicians [Video file].
Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZIz4Fxqio8
Bodner, S. (2008). Stress management in the difficult patient encounter. Dental Clinics of North
America, 52(4), 18-28.
Browning, B. K. (2007). An aid for pediatric chest exams. Radiologic Technology, 79(2), 193.
Retrieved from Health Reference Center database.
DeLaet, R. (2012). Introduction to health care & careers (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Bartlett.
Kee, J. L., Wilson, D., Santulli, R. B., & Barrow, G. K. (2012). Pharmacology: A nursing
process approach. Boston, MA: Pearson.
Leeson, A. C. (2011). Creating the digital image. In J. K. Andolina (Ed.), Mammographic
imaging: A practical guide (pp. 213-301). New York, NY: Churchill Livingston.
Marshall, S. (2010, June 21). Fetal ultrasound. Retrieved July 16, 2012, from
http://www.webmd.com/baby/fetal-ultrasound
McCarville, M., Rogers, Z., Sarnaik, S., Scott, P., Aygun, B., Hilliard, L. B., . . . Ware, R.
(2012).Effects of chronic transfusions on abdominal sonographic abnormalities in
children with sickle cell anemia. Journal of Pediatrics, 160(2), 281-285. Retrieved from
MEDLINE with Full Text database.
17