Key Concept 6.1 Science and the
Environment
 How did science affect
humans’ conception of the
natural world in the 20th
century? What new
technologies and discoveries
affected this conception?
What new technologies in
communication and
transportation, and how did
they impact conceptions
about size and distance?
What new scientific
paradigms changed the way
people understood the
natural world and humans
themselves?
How did scientific
discoveries
affect humans’ ability to feed
themselves?
How did medical innovations
affect humans’ survival
rates?
“Facts”
Answer
Concepts & Relevant Examples in underline
Rapid advances in science altered understandings of the universe and the natural
world and led to the development of new technologies. These changes allowed for
unprecedented population growth, which changed how humans interacted with the
environment and threatened ecological balances at local, regional, and even global
levels. Some new technologies that affected this conception were devices in
communication and transportation, sources of energy, agricultural advancements,
etc.
New forms of communication and transportation virtually eliminated geographic
distance- allowing for countries and people all around the world to have instant
contact with one another. This expedites processes in politics, businesses, and
regular everyday life. Some examples are the telephone and cell phone, internet,
airplanes, cars, and space travel.
Einstein’s theory of relativity: Albert Einstein discovered it wasn’t as simple as
Galileo and Newton previously thought and added time as a factor in physical
measurement.
Quantum mechanics: Is a branch of physics that deals with physical phenomena.
The Big Bang Theory: Is the prevailing cosmological model for the early
development of the universe
Psychology: Psychologists explained behavior of crowds; Sigmund Freud emerged
with his psychoanalytic approach to explaining behavior.

provide some examples
of your own here with
attention to cot

Einstein’s theory of
relativity
Quantum mechanics
the Big Bang theory
psychology



Science allowed humans to produce more food to sustain growing populations. The
Green Revolution introduced improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a
means of producing higher crop yields. It led to farming and industrial growth.
Genetically modified crops allowed scientists to put traits in food crops that aren’t
there by nature; therefore, resistance to certain pests, diseases, or environmental
conditions developed. Hybrid crops (crosses of two different varieties of plants)
allowed scientists to develop plants for size, disease resistance, flowering, taste,
color and a variety of other reasons based on preference.

Medical innovations greatly increased human’s survival rates. Jonas Salk created the
polio vaccine, antibiotics (like penicillin) were created to fight against bacteria and
diseases and an artificial heart was created – providing an extra chance at life for
those with failing hearts.


polio vaccine & Jonas
Salk
antibiotics-penicillin
artificial heart

oil (early)



genetically modified
crops
hybrid crops
Green Revolution
What new energy
technologies affected the
20th century?


How did humans’
relationship to the
environment change in the
20th century? What negative
consequences in the 20th
century accompanied the
benefits of industrialization?
What caused some of the
major demographic changes
of the 20th century? A
general answer here.
Disease contributed. What
were some diseases
associated with poverty that
continued to threaten human
survival? Where were these
a major problem in the
20th?
What new, emergent
epidemic diseases
threatened humans?
What diseases associated
with more sedentary
lifestyles and longer life
expectancies became a new
New energy technologies raised productivity and increased the production of
material goods. Oil replaced coal as a main energy source when it began to be
discovered in underground reserves and renewable energy resources such as wind,
biomass, hydroelectric, and anaerobic digesters reduced pollution. Lastly, nuclear
energy was also used to generate electricity. Nuclear explosions, such as the
Chernobyl, turned out to cause environmental damages that have continued to last.
As the global population exploded at an unprecedented rate and the limitation on
resources began to show, humans fundamentally changed their relationship with the
environment. Humans exploited and competed over the earth’s finite resources more
intensely that ever before. Global warming was a major consequence of the release
of greenhouse gases and other pollutant into the atmosphere. Pollution threatened
the world’s supply of water and clean air. Due to the over working and cultivation of
land in an attempt to produce more food for the increased population desertification
continued to occur. The cutting down of trees for wood, paper, lumber, etc.,
perpetuated ongoing deforestation.
Population growth was caused resistance to birth control, increased food crops,
decreased war and famine and death rates, and increased hygiene and medicine.
Many population spikes occurred in newly independent nations.


nuclear
“green” energies,
renewables



population explosion
and limited resources
greenhouse gases and
global warming
desertification
deforestation
Some diseases associated with poverty were malaria, TB, and cholera.
Malaria: is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals.
TB: is an infectious disease that typically attacks the lungs.
Cholera: is an infection of the small intestine that can cause vomiting and diarrhea.
These diseases were a major problem in LDC’s , like countries in Africa, the South
Pacific, Indonesia, etc.



Malaria
TB
Cholera



1918 influenza
pandemic
Ebola virus
HIV/AIDS



Diabetes
heart disease
Alzheimer’s
Flu of 1918: Global estimates range between 50 and 100 million fatalities, it had many
symptoms of a normal flu, but many victims’ lungs filled with liquid and died by drowning
on their own mucus.
HIV/AIDS: Killed 25 million since 1981. The virus spreads through contact with blood,
semen and other bodily fluids, and it damages the human immune system. The damaged
immune system opens the body up to infections that otherwise wouldn't pose a problem. HIV
becomes AIDS if the immune system breaks down severely enough. It is a HUGE issue in
Africa.
Ebola: the disease commonly spreads from monkeys and pigs to humans. It usually occurs in
outbreaks and is commonly found in tropical regions of sub-Sahara Africa.
Diabetes, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s all became diseases common in
industrialized nations because people there had a raised life expectancy (giving them
time to develop memory loss), surplus food, and un-natural modified foods.

problem?
How did technology
regarding birth control and
family planning impact global
demographic patterns?

How did new military
technology affect wartime
casualties?
How did new tactics affect
wartime casualties?
Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts
and their Consequences
 How did the overall global
political order shift as the
century progressed? What
did NOT change?
Older, land-based empires
such as the Ottoman,
Russian, and Qing empires
collapsed. What external and
internal factors contributed to
More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility and
transformed sexual practices. Some LDCs (really African and Asian countries)
rejected it because of the importance their culture/religion placed on procreation and
the ability to bear children-especially males. A prime example of this was Hinduism
in India. Industrialized nations accepted and utilized birth control and family
planning more and did not experience the huge spike in population that LDCs did.

“the pill
New technology increased casualties making the 20th century one of the bloodiest
ones. Tanks, airplanes, atomic bombs (nuclear weapons), and machine guns all
greatly increased the rate of death.




machine guns
tanks
airplanes
nuclear weapons—the
atom bomb
trench warfare
firebombing
Hiroshima, Dresden,
Nanjing
New tactics were made in response to new technology. For example, trench warfare
was made so that men could take shelter from non-stop bullets of machine guns and
still fire. With the introduction of nuclear bombs came firebombing. Firebombing I
bombing technology designed to damage a target, generally an urban area through
fire. Hiroshima, Dresden, Nanjing and were cities destroyed by this strategic
bombing. Of course, this new tactics also led to an increase in war causalities.



“Facts”
Answer
Concepts & Relevant Examples in underline
The Soviet Union and United States emerged as superpowers and many colonies
gained independence. There was an idealistic war between socialism/communism
and democracy/capitalism.
Ottoman: It became too large to be maintained, sultans became mere figureheads, corruption from extra taxes and
services set in leading to rebellion, the army discipline and leadership declined, and they fell behind in military
technology. At the beginning of the 20th century, the ottomans made a foolish move by supporting and siding along
Germany during the World War I. After the war, the empire was torn apart and weakened and had gained enemies
such as the westerners and the Americas. After the fall, Mustapha Kemal/Ataturk becomes the leader of Turkey and
with the U.S. aid becomes one of the most modern and westernized country in the Middle East.
Russia: food shortages, unequal distribution of wealth, corruption of the czar, repression, lack of technology and
industrialization, and severe losses to japan and in world war leads to revolution. This revolution puts Lenin, leader
of the Bolshevik party, and Trotsky in positions of power and they build a communist Russia.
Qing: Experienced bureaucratic breakdown and social disintegration, corruption in the exam system leading to no
honest men in ranks who just wanted money and had no concern for the peasants and urban workers. There were
food shortages, banditry, and beggars and the government wasn’t able to deal with the problems. In the last decades



Mustapha Kemal/Ataturk
Lenin and Trotsky
Dowager empress Cixi
each?
Colonies gained
independence
where/when?
Some colonies gained
independence through
negotiation.
Other colonies achieved
independence via armed
struggle.

What new anti-imperial
movements challenged the
status quo during the age of
imperial rule and contributed
to the end of empires and
the restructuring of states?
Nationalist leaders and their
movements
of the empire, Dowager empress Cixi ruled – she was a traditionalist who crushed reforms.
Regions: Africa, Egypt, South Asia, South East Asia,
When: After world war 2 up until 1990’s
Decolonization of non-settler colonies was much more peaceful than settler colonies. Some countries
that gained independence through negotiation were…
India: In WW2, India did not help Britain because they didn’t agree on their proposition of help for a
share of power at the all Indian level and commitment to Indian independence once the war ended.
Once the war ended and the conservatives were replaced by the labor party in Britain, Britain
partitioned India. Handing power to leader of the majority congress party in India- making Nehru
president- and creating Pakistan, a country for the Muslim minority. The president of Pakistan was
Jinnah, the founder of the Muslim League.
Ghana(Gold Coast): Kwame Nkrumah launched a nationalist movement and made the Convention
Peoples Party, he organized rallies, boycotts, and strikes. The British gave concessions and tried to
prepare the colony for independence through educating Africans and letting them take over the
administration of colonies. In 1957 the British recognize Nkrumah as prime minister of Ghana.
Settler colonies usually had to resort to violence due to the higher percentage of
Europeans in their land.
Algeria: The National Liberation Front put Arab and Berber people into revolt
against the French. They used terrorist tactics and guerilla warfare, however French
defeated the movement. In 1958, de Gaulle came to power in France, with the 5th
Republic and new constitution, and said France couldn’t prosper if it was focused on
Algeria; therefore leading to Algeria’s independence in 1962.
Vietnam: From the failed Vietnamese Nationalist party stemmed the Communist
Party of Vietnam and its leader Ho Chi Minh. The general, Vo Nguyen Giap, used
guerrilla tactics to offset the French’s firepower advantage. The Viet Minh finally
beat the French by capturing Dien Bien Phu (a fortress) and an independent north
Vietnam and political fragmented south Vietnam are formed.


Partition of India 1947
Gold Coast


Algeria and the FLN
Vietnam and Ho Chi
Minh
Dien Bien Phu

Mohandas K. Gandhi
and non-violence
(satyagraha)
Ho Chi Minh
Kwame Nkrumah
Nationalistic movements including mass demonstrations, boycotts, protests, etc.
fought imperial rule in their countries and ultimately helped to contribute to their
countries independence.
Gandhi: He was the leader against British policy, preaching non-violence and civil
disobedience including mass demonstrations (also known as satyagraha), boycotts,
strikes and no cooperation. One of his most famous acts against British was the salt
march.
Ho Chi Minh: Part of the Viet Minh (communist party), rejected Confucianism and
discredited the old order. His movement put reform and community building
programs into effect; he won support from the peasants and helped them during the
famine.


Kwame Nkrumah: Launched nationalist movement in Ghana movement included
peaceful mass rallies, strikes, and boycotts. He made the Convention Peoples Party.
Regional, religious, and
ethnic movements
challenged both imperial rule
inherited colonial boundaries
Some transnational
movements sought to unite
people across national
boundaries
Movements to redistribute
land and resources
developed in Latin America,
Africa, and Asia sometimes
advocating socialism and
communism…why?

Along with political changes,
what demographic and
social changes occurred?
What were some major
population resettlements
related to the redrawing of
old colonial boundaries?
In British India Muhammad Ali Jinnah made the Muslim League. This league rallied
with the British in World War 2 and Muslims demanded the creation of Pakistan so
that they wouldn’t be discriminated against in a Hindu majority. In 1947, the British
portioned India and Jinnah became the president of Pakistan. The Quebecois
separatist movement in the 1970s was when the French Canadians in the province
Quebec wanted independence from their nation. This resulted in a new constitution
that granted greater voice to provinces to counter the French Canadians. Biafra,
secessionist western African state that unilaterally declared its independence from
Nigeria in May 1967. It constituted the former Eastern Region of Nigeria and was
inhabited principally by Igbo (Ibo) people. The people in Biafra owned much of the
oil in Nigeria, and they did not want to be ruled by the Huasas, who dominated
majority of the governmental power. Biafra ceased to exist as an independent state
in January 1970.
Pan-Arabism: is an ideology espousing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West
Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, referred to as the Arab World. This connected with
Arab nationalism and pan-Arab oppose western involvement. They are also against the creation of
Palestine. That is why Nasser (a Pan-Arab leader) had the Six-day war with Israel.
Pan-Africanism: is an ideology and movement that encourages the solidarity of Africans worldwide. It
is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to "unify
and uplift" people of African descent. Both Marcus Gary and WEB DuBois were African nationalist
leaders. The negritude movement was a literacy movement that fought racial stereotyping and
celebrated the beauty of blacks.
Communism: Communism is a socioeconomic system structured upon common ownership of the
means of production and characterised by the absence of classes, money, and the state; as well as a
social, political and economic ideology and movement that aims to establish this social order. The
movement to develop communism, in its Marxist–Leninist interpretations, significantly influenced the
history of the 20th century, which saw intense rivalry between the Communist states in the Eastern bloc
and the most developed capitalist states of the Western world. Due to this competition cominterns
helped to establish communist regimes in other countries by giving advice and supplies.



Muhammad Ali Jinnah
and the Muslim League
in British India
The Quebecois
separatist movement
The Biafra secessionist
movement



Pan-Arabism
Pan-Africanism
communism


India/Pakistan partition
Israeli/Palestinian
question
These movements moved toward communism and socialism because the main goals
of those ideologies are no private property, a focus on the peasants, production
owned by the public and operation for the welfare of all.
The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlements and large
movements of people.
India/Pakistan Partition: In 1947 the British divided India into India- the Hindu majority and Pakistan- the Muslim
majority. There was an east and west Pakistan and east Pakistan succeeded from west because of violence and
cultural differences. It became Bangladesh.
Zionist Jewish settlement of Palestine: In 1917 the British promised Zionist leaders that his government would
support the creation of a Jewish homeland in the Balfour Declaration. However, they also promised the land to the
Arabs and had a secret agreement with the French. The French turn on Jews due to the Alfred Dreyfus incident
which leads Theodor Herzl to help establish the World Zionist Organization. The Org. promoted Jewish migration
to Palestine to make a homeland, leading to increased conflict between Jews and Arabs. Britain proposed a partition
of the land in 1937; however both Arabs and Jews disagreed. After WW2, the conflict went to the UN. This resulted
in the creation of Israel as an independent state (Jewish homeland) and many Arab refugees.
Division of middle east into Mandates: After WW1, the League of Nations agreed upon dividing the Middle East
into mandates – it was a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another.
These mandates were supposed to prepare areas, but the Arabs resisted them and it increased their nationalist
movements.
What are some examples of
former colonial peoples
migrating to former imperial
metropoles? Why did this
occur?
How did the proliferation of
conflicts lead to ethnic
violence such as attempts at
genocide?
How did the proliferation of
conflicts lead to
displacement of peoples?
First of all metropoles means “mother city” such as Britain would be to Indians,
France to Algerians, and US to Filipinos. The colonial peoples migrated there for
more of an opportunity in education, social mobility, and a better education. After
the colonies gained independence from their imperialist nations there was also
increased migration because of settlers of European origin returning to the land of
their birth, or to an ancestral birthplace. In addition, Citizens of the former colonies
of European countries may have a privileged status in some respects with regard to
immigration rights when settling in the former European imperial nation. Another
reason why people were immigrating back to their former mother countries was the
low population growth in European countries and high population growth in the
former colonies. Because of the low population rate in Europe jobs needed to be
filled, and so citizens of the former colonies returned in order to that. This resulted
in many multi-cultural societies especially in the US.
Armenia: was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of its minority Armenian subjects from their
homeland in the territory of the present-day Turkey. It took place during and after World War I and was
implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and forced
labor, and the deportation of women, children, the elderly and sick on death marches to the Syrian Desert. The total
number of people killed has been estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million.
The Holocaust: Due to the hardships and problems Germany was facing, a scapegoat was created to put the blame
on. In 1942 the Wannsee Conference decided how to end ‘Jew Problem’- their solution being genocide. The mass
killing of Jews came to be known as the Holocaust. 12 million died, 6 million being Jews and other Slavic people.
The western allies refused to help stop it, only taking the best immigrants. This persecution fueled Zionists to
establish a Jewish state in Palestine.
Cambodia: Was caused by the desire for a return to agrarian society based on the ideals of Stalin and Mao. The
genocide was carried out the communist Pol Pot regime. There was forced relocation of the population from urban
centers, mass executions, use of forced labor, and malnutrition. It was ended with Vietnamese invasion of
Cambodia.
Rwanda: This happened during the Civil War between government of President Habyarimona and rebel Rwandan
Patriotic Front. The planners of the genocide were the Akazu (political elite) who were at the top level of the
national gov. and were angered by cease fire and discussion of sharing power. There was a mass slaughter of Tutsi
and some Hutu people inflicted by the Hutu majority.
Palestinians: 1948- the Israelis victory in the Arab- Israeli war led to Arab refugees.
1967- The Israelis victory of the Six Day war led to even more refugees. In this war
the Israelis gained the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, and the Sinai
Peninsula.
Darfurians: Darfur is a region in western Sudan. Fighting between a rebel faction
and the government of Sudan began in 2003. The rebels accused the government of
oppression and the war between the two factions led people to have to flee their
homes due to the threat of violence. So, they became refugees in Darfur.

Division of the Middle
East into mandates



South Asians to Britain
Algerians to France
Filipinos to the US




Armenia
The Holocaust
Cambodia
Rwanda


Palestinians
Darfurians




How were WWI and WWII
the first “total wars”? What
are the defining
characteristics of total war?
During the war, countries turned all lines of production to help win the war. All
factories were used to help create ammunition, guns, and other weapons used for
war. Total war utilizes propaganda, government censorship, political speeches, and
other forms of media to intensify nationalism. Both WW1 and WW2 were
unrestricted in weapons used, the combatants who fought (where they came from),
the territories used to fight, and rules of war.
How did states mobilize all
their peoples in order to
wage war?
They used propaganda such as art and media and political speeches to raise
nationalism in their colonies. The British used the Gurkhas from India and the
Anzacs from Australia in war. Conscription (drafting people into the military) was
also used in both world wars to get people from their own nations and colonies to
join in fighting.
What were the causes of
global conflict in the 20th c.?
i.e. WWI and WWII
Causes of WW1: The two main driving forces of the war were a combination of the spread of the
industrial revolution and the French revolution leading to nationalism. Nationalism leads to rivalry
between the Hapsburg and Russia and France and Germany. Due to the rivalry between the Hapsburgs
and Russia a Serbian nationalist murders the heir to the Habsburg throne. Austria blames Serbia for this
and gives them a harsh ultimatum. Serbia is unable to agree to their terms and gains Russia’s support.
Then, Germany assures Austria of its support against Russia and all other countries join in on one or
the other side based on alliances or agreements.
Causes of WW2: The failure of the Treaty of Versailles was the root to WW2. The league of nations
was a failure and the failure of the west to respond to Germany’s rearmament and seizure of Czech fed
military expansion of the Axis Powers. Japan invaded Manchuria and attempted to conquer China.
Germany invaded Poland, breaking their non-aggression pact with Russia and forcing Britain and
France to declare war on Germany.
How did the balance of
global power shift in the
middle of the 20th century
after the end of WWII
What new alliances and new
types of conflicts did the
Cold War era produce?
After WW2 ended, the US and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to
ideological struggles between capitalism and communism throughout the globe.
Capitalist nations believed in the domino theory (spreading of communism from one
country to the next) , so they supported noncommunist regimes whenever possible.
The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw
Pact, and promoted proxy wars in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
NATO: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was 10 western European countries
plus the US and Canada in a defensive military alliance. An attack on any member
would be met with armed force by all members.
CENTO: Central Treaty Org. was a mutual defense and economic cooperation pact
among Persia, Turkey, and Pakistan, with the participation of the United Kingdom
and the United States as associate members.
SEATO: The South East Asia Treaty Organization was created to block further
communist gains in Southeast Asia.
Warsaw Pact: Was the Soviet Union, East Germany, Czech, Poland, Hungary,
Mobilized all of states resources



Gurkhas from India
ANZACS
conscription


Superpowers
Capitalist/communist
ideological struggle



NATO, CENTO, SEATO
Warsaw Pact
proxy wars






Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania in a collective defense treaty.
Proxy wars: Are where a 3rd power (such as US or Soviet Union) aid or fight in
someone else’s war. This was key in the ideological/political struggle that was the
Cold War.
How did the Cold War end?
Although conflict dominated
much of the 20th century,
many individuals, groups,
even states opposed this
trend:
Who were some of the ‘
individuals & groups who
challenged war?
Some promoted the practice
of non-violence as a way to
bring about political change.

Some groups and individuals
opposed the existing
economic, political, and,
social orders and instead
promoted alternatives to the
existing order.
The Cold War ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Pablo Picasso was born in the town of Guernica, so when it was bombed and
destroyed (for no reason other than Hitler wanted to test out his weapons) during the
Spanish Civil War he painted Guernica in protest of the horrors and pain of war.
During the Cold War, there was anti-nuclear movement that resulted in campaigns,
groups, and formation of green parties. These people opposed nuclear power and
weapons and their goal was nuclear disarmament. Lastly, a Vietnamese Mahayana
Buddhist monk (Thich Quang Duc) burned himself to death at a busy intersection
because he was protesting the persecution of Buddhists by the south Vietnamese
government. Photos of his self-immolation brought attention and emotional
responses to the government.
Gandhi as was the leader of India’s nationalistic movement against British. He had
an inner confidence and moral purpose and combined his lawyer education with
guru and Hindu ascetic. He encouraged non-violent means like boycotts, no
cooperation and satyagraha (mass demonstrations). Martin Luther King Jr. was an
activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He
practiced nonviolent resistance such as his march on Washington, protesting, and
inspiring I Have a Dream speech.
Communist leaders such as Mao Zedong and Vladimir Lenin led revolutions in their
countries and helped to establish communist regimes. They installed reforms and
promised to be on the peasant’s side.
The Non-Aligned Movement was an attempt to stay neutral in the Cold War. The
Bandung Conference—was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which
were newly independent, which took place on April 18–24, 1955. The conference's
stated aims were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to
oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by any nations. The conference was an
important step of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Apartheid was the government instituted segregation in South Africa. Steve Biko
and the Black Consciousness Movement changed people’s attitude about their
oppression and helped lead the anti-apartheid movement. He led rallies and politics



Pablo Picasso & his
work Guernica
the anti-nuclear
movement during the
Cold War
Thich Quang Duc & selfimmolation


Gandhi and satyagraha
Martin Luther King, Jr.

Communist leaders such
as Vladimir Lenin and
Mao Zedong
The Non-Aligned
Movement—an
alternative to the leading
Cold War political blocs.
The Bandung
Conference 1955
The Anti-Apartheid
movement in South
Africa
Participants in the global



and in 1977 he was caught and arrested and during questioning he was beaten to
death; which, created international pressure against apartheid. Also, FW de Klerk
led moderate Afrikaners in fighting against apartheid. Nelson Mandela, a member of
the African National Congress, was arrested for protesting and demonstrations.
uprisings of 1968

Tiananmen Square
protestors promoting
democracy in China

The promotion of military
dictatorships in places
such as Spain (Franco),
Chile (Pinochet), and
Uganda (Idi Amin)
The US promotion of a
New World Order after
the Cold War
The build-up of the
“military-industrial
complex” and arms
trading
The protests of 1968 comprised a worldwide escalation of social conflicts,
predominantly characterized by popular rebellions against military, capitalist, and
bureaucratic elites, who retorted with an escalation of political repression. (civil
liberties in US, Prague Spring in Czech, students and workers in France, the troubles
in Ireland, etc.)
Tiananmen Square is where Chinese protester gathered in a demonstration for
democracy. They sang songs and held up statues of liberty as they tried to promote
alternatives to the existing social order. The government warned them to go home,
but with their refusal brought in tanks and arrested leaders (there were some deaths).

How did militaries and
militarized states often
respond to the proliferation
of conflicts in ways that often
further intensified conflicts?
Promotion of military dictatorships…
Spain: The Spanish Civil War was the authoritarian and military leaders versus the
republicans and leftists. The royalists were supported by Germany and Italy
(Mussolini liked Franco and convinced Hitler to help) and the other side was
supported by US, Soviet Union, and western Europe. The royalists won and Franco
came to power.
Chile: The military dictatorship of Pinochet was established after the democratically
elected government of Salvador Allende was overthrown by a CIA-backed coup
d'état in 1973. The breakdown of democracy and economic crisis during the
presidency gave the military ‘justification’ to seize power.
Uganda: Idi Amin Dada’s rule was characterized by human rights abuse, political
repression, killings, corruption, nepotism, and a bad economy. His regime was
backed by Libya, the Soviet Union, and East Germany.
After the Cold War, the US promoted a New World Order. President Bush hoped for
superpower cooperation and peacekeeping, nuclear disarmament and security
arrangement. Gulf War (protecting Kuwait from Iraq) helped support this.


Military- Most countries responded to the World Wars by building their military
industrial complexes in arms trading. This is the process by which countries
factories produced more weaponry at the command of the government for the war
effort. This production intensified Cold War conflicts by creating an arms race
between the super powers.

What were some of the
movements that used
Terrorist Organizations:
IRA in Northern Ireland: The IRA guerilla campaign against British rule in Ireland

IRA in Northern Ireland
violence against civilians in
order to attempt to achieve
political goals?




What were some of the ways
that all these global conflicts
influenced popular culture?
Key Concept 6.3 New
Conceptualizations of Global
Economy, Society, and Culture
 The 20th century saw a great
deal of warfare and
economic collapse. In
response to these problems
new ideas about
governments and how they
relate to the economy
developed.
in 1919-21 fought in the Irish war of Independence. The war ended with a treaty
with the British and caused a split in the IRA. Members who were pro –treaty fought
against member who opposed it. The opposition of the treaty lost, but they still
hoped for an Irish Republic.
ETA and Basque separatism in Spain: is an armed Basque nationalist and separatist
organization. The group was founded in 1959 and has since changed from a group
promoting traditional Basque culture to a paramilitary group with the goal of gaining
independence for the Greater Basque Country. ETA is the main organization of the
Basque National Liberation Movement and is the most important participant in the
Basque conflict.
Al-Queda: Is a global militant Islamist org. founded by Osama bin Laden and others
from Pakistan in 1988-89. It calls for radical Sunni Muslim movement of a global
jihad and strict following of sharia law. They were responsible for attacks on 9-11.
Dada movement after WW2: Dada was an art movement that included visual art,
literature, art theory, graphic design, and theater. It had anti-war and anti-bourgeois
politics and was more associated with radical left. It rejected previous art standards
through anti-art cultural works.
James Bond: This fictional intelligence officer in the British Secret Service was
based on a combination of people the author met in his time in the Naval
Intelligence Division during WW2. James Bond also reflects the conflicts of the
world at the time. His enemies use to be enemies from Russia, and now they are
enemies of rouge criminals that trade dangerous weapons and such.
Social Realism: (realistic art) Emphasized heroic idealization of workers, soldiers,
and peasants. It attempted to increase nationalism, “You are a farmer/factory worker
and you should feel proud!!!”
Video games: Inspired by radar display tech, it consisted of an analog device that
allowed a user to control a vector-drawn dot on the screen to simulate a missile
being fired at targets, which were drawings fixed to the screen. Video games also
became popular as the time period went on, because it provided users with a look
into a realistic version of a global conflict going on in the war.
Answer
Concepts and Relevant Factual Examples in underline
Both China and Soviet Union implemented 5 year plans and collectivization. 5 year






ETA and Basque
separatism in Spain
al-Queda
Dada movement in art in
the years after WWI
James Bond
Social Realism (?)
Video games
“Facts”
In Communist states, how
did governments seek to
control their national
economies?
How did the role played by
the government in national
economies change even in
the US and Europe (and why
did the role of the
government increase)?

plans are state planning commission, set priorities for industrial development and
included expected output and new facilities. Collectivization is the creation of large,
state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over
peasants, though often lowered food production. The Great Leap Forward occurred
in Mao’s China and was actually a great leap backward. It was an economic policy
introduced in 1958. It proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated
into peasant communes. He reorganized land so there was no private ownership and
peasants attempted to make steel in their backyards. It turned out to be a dismal
failure and ended in 1960.
Mussolini’s Corp. State: Mussolini had a fascist regime and undertook state control
of the economy, setting up corporate state. in that corp. state government councils
made decisions for different sectors of business.



Five-Year Plans
collectivization
The Great Leap Forward

Mussolini’s Corporate
State
The New Deal, the
Great Depression and
Keynesian economics

The Great Depression was an international economic crisis following WW1. It
began with the American stock market collapse in 1929 and led to bank failures,
collapse of agricultural prices, massive unemployment, and finally the New Deal.
The New Deal gave more direct aid to Americans at risk by increasing
unemployment benefits, giving jobless work on public work projects, implementing
social security and economic planning for industry and agriculture, and new
regulations on banking and selling of stock. The New Deal was the start of more
government control and restored confidence in the political system.
After WWII, in newly
independent states, how did
governments take a strong
role in guiding economic life
to promote development?
Nasser took power in Egypt and began to promote economic development. He
limited how much land could be owned and seized excess lands for redistribution to
landless peasants; made the government the main employer, modeled 5 yr. plans,
lowered state subsidies, set strict restrictions on foreign investment, and got rid of
the French and British in the Suez Canal. He also spearheaded the Aswan Dam
project, but that was a failure.
East Asia (first Japan and then south Korea, Taiwan, etc. followed) encouraged
export oriented economy. They experienced economic growth as they exported high
tech. items such as cars, video games, electronic equipment, phones, etc.
Toward the end of the 20th
century, how and why did
governments encourage free
market economics and
promote economic
liberalization?
US under Reagan: The four pillars of Reagan's economic policy were to reduce the
growth of government spending, reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax,
reduce government regulation, and tighten the money supply in order to reduce
inflation. He reduced the costs and coverage of welfare.
Britain/Thatcher: Margot Thatcher also reduced the costs and coverage of welfare.
She began longest running prime minister, promoting free enterprise and cutting
housing expenses.
China/Deng: Deng opened China to the Western influence and capitalist
development. He encouraged private peasant production and private enterprise. He





Keynesian economics is
the view that in the short
run, especially during
recessions, economic
output is strongly
influenced by aggregate
demand(is the total
demand for final goods and
services in the economy at
a given time and price
level).
Nasser and Egypt
The encouragement of
export oriented
economies in East Asia
US and Ronald Reagan
Britain and Margaret
Thatcher
privatization
China under Deng
Xiaoping
The Four

In the 20th century, what new
international organizations
formed to maintain world
peace and facilitate
international cooperation?

What new economic
institutions sought to spread
principles and practices
associated with free market
economics throughout the
world?




What humanitarian
organizations developed to
respond to a variety of crises
throughout the world?
sent the best Chinese to western nations so they could learn how to modernize and
bring it back to China. His 4 modernizations are known as industry, science and
tech., military, and agriculture.
Chile/Pinochet: His government implemented an economic model that had three
main objectives: economic liberalization, privatization of state owned companies,
and stabilization of inflation. His policies led to substantial GDP growth.
The League of Nations: formed after WW1 to prevent war by encouraging
disarmament and by negotiating international disputes and settling them peacefully
and to solve economic and social problems via international cooperation. The US
never even joined and it turned out to be a dismal failure.
The United Nations: at the end of WW2 the allies made the UN to provide a place to
resolve international fights. It has been a success and is very vital and influential.
The International Criminal Court: is an international court made to prosecute
individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of
aggression. It is made to complement existing national judicial systems, and may
only exercise its jurisdiction when national courts are unwilling or unable to
investigate or prosecute such crimes.
IMF: Like the World Bank, it also loans money to countries in need.
World Bank: encourages economic progress by loaning money to countries (usually
LDC’S) to fund large projects that promote development (ex. Electric power plants,
transport networks, etc.) . The money that the World Bank lends comes from
contributions from the worlds wealthier, more developed nations.
^ the problem with these two org. above industrial countries wanted major
concessions, the needy nations have to comply with specific terms to get the loan
and there are regulations on the use of money and repayment.
WTO: is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade.
The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it
provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a
dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participant's adherence to WTO
agreements.
Red Cross: Provides disaster relief, supporting Americas military families, health and safety
training and education, blood drives, and other international services.
UNICEF: institutes programs to provide food, vitamins, and medicines to needy kids. It is
financed by voluntary contributions from nations and individuals.
Amnesty International: is a global movement of people fighting injustice and promoting
human rights.
Doctors Without Borders: they help people worldwide where the need is greatest. They
deliver emergency medical aid to people affected by conflict, epidemics, disasters, or
exclusion from healthcare.

Modernizations
Chile under Pinochet



The League of Nations
The United Nations
The International
Criminal Court

International Monetary
Fund (IMF)
World Bank
World Trade
Organization (WTO)










The Red Cross
UNICEF
Amnesty International
Doctors Without Borders
World Heath
Organization (WHO)







WHO: works to improve health standards; combats disease epidemics; helps countries
improve health standards.
How did regional trading
blocs promote the movement Regional trading blocs promoted movement of capital and goods by erasing political
of capital (investment $) and and national borders and creating a single economic entity. Free movement of labor
and investment is encouraged. The blocs establish certain rules for the members and
?goods across borders?
ones for outsiders.
EU: includes west Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.
NAFTA: includes Canada, Mexico, and US
ASEAN: formed by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand
and has since expanded to other south east Asian countries.
Mercosur: includes Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela and
recently Bolivia.
How did multinational
corporations begin to
Multinational corporations have challenged state authority and autonomy by using
challenge state authority and
money to influence international capitalism and state dynamics. In addition,
autonomy?
multinationals are also known to cause conflict and put their interest first even
before the laws of the state because of their strong financial ground. Royal Dutch
Shell, Coca-Cola, and Sony are all corporations that have reached every nation and
become very influential forces.
What new movements
protested the inequality of
Greenpeace: founded in 1971 by a small group of anti-war protestors and now they
the consequences of global
defend the natural world and promote peace by investigating, exposing and
integration
confronting environmental abuse, and championing environmentally responsible
solutions.
Green Belt Movement: three main areas of activity— Community Empowerment
and Education (so people can understand their link between their activity and the
environment), Tree Planting, and Advocacy.
Earth Day: first one was in 1970. Growing out of the first Earth Day, Earth Day
Network (EDN) works with over 22,000 partners in 192 countries to broaden,
diversify and mobilize the environmental movement. More than 1 billion people
now participate in Earth Day activities each year, making it the largest civic
observance in the world.
What are some examples of
how the notion of human
rights gained traction
throughout the world?
Universal Declaration of Rights: This was a result of WW2 and was adopted by the
UN in 1948. It guaranteed the rights of every individual everywhere.
Women rights: after and during the world wars women gained the right to vote, hold
office, to work, to own property, to educate their selves, to be in the military, to
enter legal contracts, and to have parental rights.
End of the White Australia Policy: after WW2, non-white refugees came and many
married and wanted to stay- they were allowed to and this opened the door for the
law to be slowly taken away. It was finally abolished in 1966.


The European Union



NAFTA
ASEAN
Mercosur



Royal Dutch Shell
Coca-Cola
Sony


Greenpeace
Green Belt movement
(Kenya)
Earth Day




UN Universal
Declaration of Rights
women’s rights
the end of the White
Australia Policy

How did increased
interactions among diverse
peoples sometimes lead to
the formation of new cultural
identities

and exclusionary reactions?

What new forms of
spirituality developed in the
later 20th century?

How was religion applied to
political issues?

How did the global nature of
culture affect sports?
Music and film?
Because of the rise of nationalism people realized the faults of their imperialist
nation and took pride in their own country. The negritude movement was a literary
and ideological movement celebrating the beauty of black people.
Xenophobia: fear of foreigners, creating prejudice and discrimination in societies
Race riots: these were violent attacks on a certain racial/ethnic group
Citizenship restrictions: countries allowed only certain immigrants to become
members of their country or had a limit on how many people could get citizenship
New age: a western spiritual movement combined spiritual, metaphysical traditions
with self-help and motivational psychology , quantum physics, holistic health, and
consciousness research
Hare Krishna: its core beliefs are based on Hindu scripts. They spread bhakti yoga
and dedicate their thoughts and actions towards pleasing the supreme lord, Krishna.
Falun Gong: is a mixture of Buddhism and Daoism. Utilizes the practice of
meditation and slow-moving exercises with moral philosophy.
Liberation theology: a political movement in Roman Catholic theology which
interprets teachings of Jesus in relation to a liberation from unjust economic,
political, and social conditions. It was made so the poor and suffering could criticize
society.
Fundamentalist: is a demand for strict adherence to orthodox theological doctrines
as reaction against modernist theology. This especially occurred in the Middle East
where some Muslims were against westernization of their country. Ex- Saudi Arabia
Sports were more widely practiced and reflected national and social aspirations.
They promoted patriotism for one’s country.
Olympics: every 4 years nations come together and compete in a plethora of
sporting events to see who take home the most medals.
World Cup and Cricket: both popular sports in many countries and have
international competition
Changes in communication and transportation technology enabled the widespread
diffusion of music and film
Reggae: Bob Marley is one of the most popular reggae musicians; it is a branch of
music that is very relaxing. It was developed in Jamaica.

Negritude movement in
Africa



xenophobia
race riots
citizenship restrictions



New Age religions
Hare Krishna
Falun Gong


Liberation Theology
fundamentalist
movements



Olympics
World Cup Soccer
Cricket


Reggae
Bollywood
Bollywood: Hindu language film industry based in Bombay, it is the largest film
producer in India and one of the largest centers of film production in the world.