O3
January February
March
April
May
June
July
SO2
August September October November December
120
O3 (µg/m )
3
80
60
40
20
8
50
40
5
4
30
20
3
2
10
0
1
0
3
7
6
0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18
O3
7
3
O3 (µg/m )
6
60
5
40
4
3
2
20
1
0
0
3
O3 (µg/m )
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
O3
SO2
BERN
0 6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
40
6 12 18
14
O3
35
12
30
10
25
8
20
6
15
10
4
5
2
0
120
SO 2 (µg/m3 )
O 3 (µg/m3 )
NK
8
SO2
80
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0 6 12 18
O3
SO2
30
15
40
10
20
5
3
O3 (µg/m )
20
60
0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
O3
6 12 18
SO2
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
Hour (UTC)
Figure S1. Daily cycle of SO2 and O3 for each month.
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
46
SO2 (µg/cm3)
O3 (µg/cm )
HU
3
25
80
SO2 (µg/m )
100
0
1168
1169
MR
0
0
0
3
LUG
SO2 (µg/m3)
70
60
100
BCN
SO 2 (µg/m3 )
O3 (µg/m )
0
80 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
SO2 (µg/m3)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
100
SCO
NOx
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
CO
September October November December
0.9
100
0.8
0.7
3
0.6
0.5
80
60
0.4
0.3
40
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18
3
NOX (µg/m )
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.4
60
0.3
40
0.2
20
0.1
0
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
3
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18
1.6
3
NOX (µg/m )
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
3
NOX (µg/m )
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18 0
6 12 18
HU
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
0.3
NOx
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
3
0.05
0
0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 1218 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 1218 0 6 12 18
1175
1176
MR
CO (mg/cm )
NOX (µg/cm )
1.4
CO (mg/m3)
3
6 12 18 0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
3
NOX (µg/m )
120
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
BERN
0.6
80
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
NK
0
100
0
LUG
0.1
3
NOX (µg/m )
6 12 18 0
0.8
CO(mg/m )
6 12 18 0
0.9
CO (mg/m3)
0
0
CO (mg/m3)
0
90 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
140
BCN
0.2
0.1
20
120
CO (mg/m3)
NOX (µg/m )
120
Hour (UTC)
Figure S2. Daily cycle of NOX and CO for each month.
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
47
SCO
N5, cm‐3
A1)
18-21 h
C1)
11-14 h
D1)
1-3 h
80000
N1=5.1*BC
N1=6.5*BC
N1=5.7*BC
N1=4.7*BC
0
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
120000
A2)
11-14 h
B2)
7-9 h
18-21 h
C2)
1-3 h
D2)
80000
40000
N1=4.1*BC
N1=3.2
N1=4.7*BC
N1=3,4*BC
0
0
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
B1)
7-9 h
40000
N7, cm‐3
182
183
184
185
186
187
120000
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
120000
N7, cm‐3
A3)
B3)
7-9 h
C3)
11-14 h
D3)
18-21 h
1-3 h
80000
40000
N1=3.6*BC
N1=3.9*BC
N1=4,6*BC
N1=4,4*BC
0
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
BC (ng/m3) 48
120000
N7, cm‐3
C4)
11-14 h
1-3 h
D4)
18-21 h
80000
N1=3.6*BC
N1=3.1*BC
N1=3.5*BC
N1=5.3*BC
0
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
N7, cm‐3
120000
7-9 h
11-14 h
A5)
B5)
18-21 h
1-3 h
D5)
C5)
80000
40000
N1=3.9*BC
N1=3.1*BC
N1=3.2*BC
N1=2,9*BC
0
198
0
9000
18000
27000
36000
0
9000
18000
27000
36000
0
9000
18000
27000
36000
0
9000
18000
27000
36000
N2.5, cm‐3
120000
7-9 h
A6)
11-14 h
B6)
18-21 h
C6)
1-3 h
D6)
80000
40000
N1 = 8.3*BC
N1 = 8.7*BC
N1 = 28.4*BC
N1 = 8.7*BC
0
199
202
B4)
40000
197
200
201
7-9 h
A4)
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
120000
7-9 h
A7)
11-14 h
B7)
18-21 h
C7)
D7)
1-3 h
N2.5, cm‐3
80000
40000
N1=9.9*BC
N1=15.6*BC
N1=9.2*BC
N1=11.1*BC
0
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
0
5000
10000
15000
BC (ng/m3) Figure S3. BC vs. N scatter plots for the different stations under study. 1:BCN; 2: LUG; 3: NK; 4: Bern; 5: MR; 6: HU; and 7: SCO.
49
Local Time
1
2
Figure S4. Daily variability of the particle number size distribution showing an example of a
3
photochemical nucleation event in winter 2009 (DAURE campaign)
50