Maritime Commerce and Security: The Indian Ocean

Maritime Commerce and Security:
The Indian Ocean
Amit A. Pandya and
Rupert Herbert-Burns with
Junko Kobayashi
February 2011
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9,000
Total
Bulk petroleum
Other dry cargoes
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Main dry bulks
8,000
Millions of tons loaded
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Bulk
Main dry
Other
Total
1970
1,442
448
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