Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Jupiter
Mars
Moon
The Systemic Cloud And
The Layers Of Resistance
Hiding In Plain Sight
Venus
Sun
Earth
Mercury
Presented By: Dr Kelvyn Youngman
Date: June 2012, Chicago
Saturn
Introduction
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
I want to show that there are 4, and only 4, fundamental layers
of resistance buried within the cloud in a structured and
systematic way and that this knowledge allows us to interrogate
a problem, its solution, and the implications, in a way that we
have been unable to in the past. It has considerable impact on
all of our areas of activity
I also want to show, with examples, that the cloud and the
change matrix together form a graphical toolset, a cookie-cutter
if you like, that allows us to put a complete analysis onto one
page; necessity in the cloud and sufficiency in the matrix. We
have not been able to do this before
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Introduction
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
I will use the Copernican Revolution to illustrate this process
because it also serves as is a direct analogy to Theory of
Constraints and it is the one that I use in introducing people to
Theory of Constraints. It shares with Theory of Constraints a
contradiction of our senses.
I will also reiterate the process for building systemic clouds
because all of our major problems are systemic and I will use a
“fundamental” cloud to describe the Copernican Revolution
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Introduction
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
On the Shoulders of Giants Process
Step 1: Identify a “giant” not a chupchick
Step 2: Identify the enormity of the area not addressed
Step 3: Get on the giant’s shoulders – the historical perspective
Step 4: Identify the conceptual difference between the reality
that was improved and the area left untouched
Step 5: Identify the wrong assumption
Step 6: The full analysis
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Introduction
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 1: Identify a “giant” not a chupchick
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Introduction
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 1: Identify a “giant” not a chupchick
The Thinking Processes is the giant;
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Introduction
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 1: Identify a “giant” not a chupchick
The Thinking Processes is the giant; and in particular the role of
the layers of resistance within the structure of the systemic
cloud. It is relevant to all Theory of Constraint applications and
processes
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 2: Identify the enormity of the area not addressed
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 2: Identify the enormity of the area not addressed
The existence of a systemic cloud means that the layers of
resistance have not yet been overcome – otherwise the cloud
would not exist. Therefore the layers of resistance must,
somehow, lie buried within the cloud.
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 2: Identify the enormity of the area not addressed
The existence of a systemic cloud means that the layers of
resistance have not yet been overcome – otherwise the cloud
would not exist. Therefore the layers of resistance must,
somehow, lie buried within the cloud. But where are they?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 2: Identify the enormity of the area not addressed
The existence of a systemic cloud means that the layers of
resistance have not yet been overcome – otherwise the cloud
would not exist. Therefore the layers of resistance must,
somehow, lie buried within the cloud. But where are they?
If we know where they are, then we can communicate with one
another so much better, remove the resistance, evaporate the
cloud and hence, resolve the core conflict.
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
C
D’
A
In 2011 at New York I presented an interpretation of how and
why systemic clouds work
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
Local
A
Objective
Global
C
D’
Essentially these are local/global clouds with an overarching
common objective
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
Subset
A
Superset
Set
C
D’
They can also be viewed as a nested subset, set, and superset
relationship
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
Subset
A
Superset
Set
C
D’
All within a larger socio-technical context
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
Subset
A
Superset
Set
C
D’
In the sense of Ackoff, our clouds are open systems
they are environment-full, they are not environment-free
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
Subset
A
Superset
Set
C
D’
I also mentioned that there were two fundamental clouds that I
use, and I would like to use one of these today
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
Subset
A
Superset
Set
C
D’
I would like to use it along with the Copernican Revolution to
“illustrate” the process of placing the layers of resistance
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
Subset
A
Superset
Set
C
D’
The paradigmal processes within the Copernican Revolution are
almost exactly the same as those that we experience as we go
about our work within the Theory of Constraints
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
C
D’
A
Objective?
So, what then is the objective?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
C
D’
A
To learn well
This is the objective of this particular cloud – to learn well
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
C
D’
We must …
In order to …
A
To learn well
And in order to learn well we must …?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
C
D’
We must …
In order to …
A
To learn well
Well, what is it that we must do?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
We must …
In order to …
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
A
To learn well
C
D’
And I will assert that we must trust and apply that which we can
directly sense
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
We must …
In order to …
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
A
To learn well
C
D’
Everything that we learn, we learn via our senses
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
We must …
In order to …
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
A
To learn well
C
D’
And to misquote Ackoff: what we experience affects what we
think, and what we think affects what we experience
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
We must …
In order to …
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
A
To learn well
C
D’
Let’s have a look at this
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
In order to …
B
We must …
In order to …
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
We must …
D
A
To learn well
C
D’
In order to trust and apply that which we can directly sense what
is it that we must say with respect to the Copernican
Revolution?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
In order to …
B
We must …
In order to …
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
We must …
D
A
To learn well
C
D’
Well let’s do a little exercise ….
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
In order to …
B
We must …
In order to …
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
We must …
D
A
To learn well
C
D’
Hands up all of those who sense that the earth is rock solid and
central – and keep your hands up
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
In order to …
B
We must …
In order to …
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
We must …
D
A
To learn well
C
D’
Hands up all of those who sense that the sun rises in the
morning and sets in the evening – and keep your hands up
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
In order to …
B
We must …
In order to …
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
We must …
D
A
To learn well
C
D’
There you see – we are doubly bound
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
In order to …
B
We must …
In order to …
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
We must …
D
A
To learn well
C
D’
We think what we experience and we experience what we think
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
In order to …
B
We must …
In order to …
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
We must …
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
D’
Therefore, we must accept that the earth is central and stable
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
In order to …
B
We must …
In order to …
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
We must …
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
D’
This is the first arm of this cloud – but of course there is more
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
D
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
In order to …
We must …
C
D’
What of the other side?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
In order to …
We must …
C
D’
In order to learn well we must also …?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
In order to …
We must …
C
D’
Well what is it that we must do?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
D’
I will assert that we must trust and apply more than we can
directly sense
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
D’
Now let’s check our rules for a moment
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Subset
B
Super-set
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Set
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
D’
Do we have subset, set, and superset? I think so
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Local
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Global
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
D’
Do we have local and global? I think so
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Tacit Knowing
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Explicit Knowing
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
D’
We also have tacit and explicit knowing
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Knowledge
B
Wisdom
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Understanding
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
D’
And we could “chunk it up” within Ackoff’s hierarchy of
knowledge, understanding, and wisdom …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Know-how
B
Knowing-when
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Know-why
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
D’
… that’s know-how, know-why, and knowing-when to apply it
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Know-how
B
Knowing-when
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Know-why
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
D’
Subset, set, and superset, relationships abound in this cloud
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
In order to …
D’
We must …
Now, in order to trust and apply more than we can directly
sense, what is it that we must do?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
In order to …
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
We must …
As you well know, we must accept that the Sun is central and
stable
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
In order to …
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
We must …
This is what “every schoolboy [now] knows”
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
In order to …
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
We must …
This is the Copernican Paradox, although it hardly looks like a
paradox to us today – but we can change that
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
In order to …
We must …
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
In order to …
D’
Accept that the Earth
is peripheral and
moves
We must …
If we substitute “accept that the earth is peripheral and moves” it
is far closer to our modern way of thinking about this problem
and more directly contradicts our common sense
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
However, I want to stay with the verbalization which is closer to
the original intent of Copernicus
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Let’s add two more things to our understanding of systemic
clouds in general
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Individual
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Firstly, B-D is the side of the individual …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Individual
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
System
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
… and secondly, C-D’ is the side of the system
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Individual
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
System
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
This is a non-trivial cloud, since the time of Copernicus every
new generation has had to learn to cope with this paradox
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Individual
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
System
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Moreover, the paradox initially remained unaccepted within the
non-astronomical community for several hundred years
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Individual
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
System
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Why?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Individual
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
System
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Even Copernicus, within his lifetime, did not want to argue this
paradox publicly
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Individual
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
System
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Why?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Individual
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
System
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
The answer is that as long as the cloud exists there are layers of
resistance that have yet to be overcome
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Individual
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
System
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Let’s continue with this story, but now we need to look at
another of our constructs – the layers of resistance
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The Systemic Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Individual
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
System
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Next Step – Step 3
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 3: Get on the giant’s shoulders – the historical perspective
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 3: Get on the giant’s shoulders – the historical perspective
The layers of resistance model was so useful that Goldratt didn’t
ask if it was scientific, that is fundamental. So he missed one of
the fundamental classes of resistance, and others sought to
delineate finer and finer subdivisions within the three existing
classes.
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 3: Get on the giant’s shoulders – the historical perspective
The layers of resistance model was so useful that Goldratt didn’t
ask if it was scientific, that is fundamental. So he missed one of
the fundamental classes of resistance, and others sought to
delineate finer and finer subdivisions within the three existing
classes.
There is a richness in here that we have hardly began to explore
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Pot of Gold
Crutches
Not To
Change
Mermaid
Alligator
(4)
(1)
Let’s start out with the change matrix and the analogy of;
the alligator, the mermaid, the crutches, and the pot of gold
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Pot of Gold
Crutches
Not To
Change
Mermaid
Alligator
(4)
(1)
I don’t know the exact provenance of this and I was unaware of
its existence until an animation was produced in 2010
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Pot of Gold
Crutches
Not To
Change
Mermaid
Alligator
(4)
(1)
Fossicking around shows that it was well established within AGI
by 1999 and has been re-presented more recently
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Don’t have & do want
Don’t have & don’t want
Not To
Change
Do have & do want
Do have & don’t want
(4)
(1)
Essentially each of these quadrants contain discrete entities that
are necessary to our description
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
More simply they are expressions of these classes
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Future Reality
Tree
Negative Branch
Reservations
Pre-Requisite Tree
Not To
Change
?
Current Reality
Tree
(4)
(1)
The first thing that I did however was to map in the Thinking
Process toolsets
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Unverbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
?
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
And as soon as we do that, it is then apparent that the layers of
resistance can be mapped in as well
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Unverbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
?
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
This is the original 5 layer model from Goldratt’s “My Saga”
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Disagree on direction
4. Disagree on detail
?
5. Negative Ramifications
6. Obstacles
7. Implementation Details
8. Solution Risks
9. Social & psychological
0. There is no problem
1. Disagree on problem
2. It is out of my control
(4)
(1)
But even Efrat’s 10 layer model fits nicely within this matrix
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Unverbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
?
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
Let’s return to the 5 layer model
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Unverbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
?
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
It should be noticeable that our tool set has said nothing about
this quadrant …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Unverbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
?
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
… but the people that we work with certainly have something to
say, if only we would listen for it
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Unverbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
?
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
And what they have to say is always hidden, and its hidden
within “unverbalized fear”
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Verbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
?
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
Except, of course, that it is verbalized
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Verbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
?
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
It is verbalized as the loss of a part of the positive reality, or as
an obstacle that is a truncated form of that loss
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Verbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
?
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
For instance “I don’t have time” is a truncation of “if I make time
for you it is likely that I will lose something that I value”
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Verbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
?
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
In the Anglo-American business environment that loss is the
respect of others and, at worse, possibly my job as well
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Verbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
?
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
In the Oriental business environment that loss is once again the
respect of others, while certainly keeping my job, which is
actually a much darker fate
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Verbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
?
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
What then are the actual positives of living with the problem?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Verbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
Security &
Satisfaction
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
They are our security and satisfaction in matters; social,
economic, technical, and personal – family & friends, the firm,
technical & professional allegiances, and oneself
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Verbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
Security &
Satisfaction
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
It is about our sense of belonging
It is about our sense of inclusion
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
3. Have reservations
4. Have obstacles
5. Verbalized Fear
To
Change
2. Don’t agree about the
solution
Not To
Change
Security &
Satisfaction
1. Don’t agree about the
problem
(4)
(1)
After all “individuals are socially, emotionally, and
psychologically defined by their tribal membership”
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
Stepping back to an earlier verbalization; if the satisfaction of living with
the problem is relatively high, then we are less likely to get change
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
And; if dissatisfaction with the solution is relatively high, then
once again we are less likely to get change
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
This is important, let’s see why
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
The
Solution
The
Problem
I’ve substituted the terms on the left-hand axis
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
The
Solution
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
What to change to
The
Problem
What to change from
(4)
(1)
Two of our quadrants now take on familiar forms, namely, the
first two steps of the change sequence
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
The
Solution
What to change to
How to cause the change
The
Problem
How to cause the change
What to change from
(4)
(1)
And the full impact of the remaining two quadrants becomes
apparent as the final step of the change sequence
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
The
Solution
What to change to
How to cause the change
The
Problem
How to cause the change
What to change from
(4)
(1)
And I’ll hazard a guess that Eli’s material last year pertains to
these two quadrants …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
The
Solution
What to change to
How to cause the change
The
Problem
How to cause the change
What to change from
(4)
(1)
… things such as; communication, collaboration, personal and
professional growth, and harmony
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
The
Solution
What to change to
How to cause the change
The
Problem
How to cause the change
What to change from
(4)
(1)
The layers of resistance fall naturally into the quadrants of the
change matrix, 3 of them we know well …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
The
Solution
What to change to
How to cause the change
The
Problem
How to cause the change
What to change from
(4)
(1)
… 1 of them we hardly know at all
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
OK back to our original verbalization
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
Let’s now populate the change matrix from the viewpoint that
Copernicus took ...
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
… and then we will search for where to place these entities
within our previously developed systemic cloud
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
Earth-Centered System
(4)
(1)
Let’s start, as we currently do, with the problem, an astronomy
based upon a central, stable, earth
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Equants
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
(4)
(1)
Copernicus had a problem with a 1300 year old mathematical
“fudge” of the Greeks called an equant. It destroyed the notion
of perfect circular spheres
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Equants
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
(4)
(1)
A sphere to Copernicus wasn’t a planet, it was an hypothesised
transparent (crystalline) body that contained each “planet,” …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Equants
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
(4)
(1)
… goldfish bowls within goldfish bowls, each sphere and its
contained planet fitting inside the others – like nested Russian dolls
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
(4)
(1)
Regardless, he couldn’t derive perfect circular orbits as surely
God ordained in a perfect clockwork universe
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
(4)
(1)
There were inconsistencies; the Sun and the moon did not
require major epicycles to explain their movement, Mercury,
Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter did …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
(4)
(1)
... and which of Mercury or Venus was closest to the earth was
unknown. Whether the Sun was before, between, or after these
two bodies was also unknown
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
(4)
(1)
It was complicated; Ptolemy required orbits, eccentrics,
epicycles (and epicycles on epicycles) – somewhere between
40 & 80 different circles – all based upon naked-eye astronomy
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
It was inaccurate, on average it worked well, but specific
instances of planetary alignments could be out/off by a day or two
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
What was Copernicus’ “trim” ?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Solution
Sun-Centered System
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
He proposed a Sun-centered solution with a mobile Earth; such
a solution was not unknown, and it was totally consistent with
his theology
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
To
Change
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
God’s lantern, the Sun, became the stable centre of the
Universe illuminating all of his handiwork
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
Copernicus got an astronomy based upon perfect circles, and
banished the major epicycles from the planets – and of course
the earth got an eccentric about the sun
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
He got tremendous consistency and harmony – the Sun,
Mercury and Venus all fell into place, and the moon became to
the earth as the earth is to the Sun
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
God’s sphere – the sphere of the fixed stars – suddenly became
immensely larger (and more satisfying) – and angels didn’t have
to work so hard
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
Let’s now look at the dissatisfaction with the solution – from
Copernicus’ viewpoint
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
Firstly, it is contrary to our senses, Copernicus didn’t have a
problem with this but he knew that others would
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
It was also contrary to literal interpretation of the scriptures and
Copernicus knew that others would have a problem with this
although he worked hard to forearm himself against it
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
Of course man is displaced from the centre of the Universe that
had been created for him
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
He knew that astronomers would understand the maths behind
his argument, but no one else would, and thus people would be
“sore” with him
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
That’s quite an impressive list of negatives
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Satisfaction with the
problem
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
Let’s see what the positives were of holding onto the old
problem
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
Let’s place these two together. Any crude calculation of speed
of orbit or speed of daily rotation were unbelievably large, so,
much the better that the earth is indeed stable …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
… and that man on Earth is at the centre of a universe created
for him
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Not To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
God is located in the sphere of the stars
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
And given all of this, the old system provided good astrology,
good astrology was a central tenet for many astronomers
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
Let me remind you; we think what we experience
and we experience what we think
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
These are the layers of resistance, sorted through the change
matrix, into 4 fundamental quadrants
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & Change Matrix
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
Let’s go to the Next Step – Step 4
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 4: Identify the conceptual difference between the reality
that was improved and the area left untouched.
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 4: Identify the conceptual difference between the reality
that was improved and the area left untouched.
Both the systemic cloud and the layers of resistance, each in
isolation, and also by switching between them, offered a degree
of understanding of organizational problems, and of their
solutions, that had never been attained before.
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Step 4: Identify the conceptual difference between the reality
that was improved and the area left untouched.
Both the systemic cloud and the layers of resistance, each in
isolation, and also by switching between them, offered a degree
of understanding of organizational problems, and of their
solutions, that had never been attained before. However, once
we recognize that these two entities are intimately interrelated
then they become one and the same and offer incredible insight
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
How, then, do we map this matrix and its contents onto the
cloud?
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
This is something that vexed me for quite some time!
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
The solution – in hindsight – was simple
Let’s have a look
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
The upper-left and lower-right quadrants are more about the
system than the individual
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
They are about the problem and the solution in a non-personal,
or mechanical, or technological sense
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
And we have a place for exactly these types of things in the
systemic cloud, so let’s go there
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because of the negatives of the problem
Because of the positives of the solution
These two quadrants are the assumptions for the C-D’ arrow
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because of the negatives of the problem
Because of the positives of the solution
Although it is not quite complete …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because of the positives of the solution
… we need to add “not retain” to the problem
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because of the positives of the solution
“Retain” is always about the problem – its meaning is to hold
onto what we have
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
And we need to add “gain” to the solution
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
“Gain” is always about the solution – its meaning is to obtain or
to secure or to reach to what we don’t yet have
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
Avoiding the current negatives of the problem and attaining the
future positives of the solution are all about actions in the future
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
This side of the cloud is about mechanics and technology, it is
about the system as a whole, and it is about the future
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
OK, let’s do the other side
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
The lower-left and upper-right quadrants are more about the
individual than the system
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
They are about the problem and the solution based upon
“attitudes of being”
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
God’s Central Lantern
Perfect Circles
Consistency/Harmony
God’s Sphere Immense
Contrary to our senses
Contrary to scripture
Man is displaced
People would be “sore”
Not To
Change
Earth is stable
Man is at the centre
God is in the stars
Good astrology
Equants
Non-Circular Orbits
Inconsistencies
Complicated
Inaccurate
(4)
(1)
And we also have a place for these types of things in the
systemic cloud, so let’s go back there
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because of the positives of the problem
Because of the negatives of the solution
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
These two quadrants are the assumptions for the B-D arrow
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because of the positives of the problem
Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
We need to add “not gain” to the solution
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because we do retain the positives of the problem
Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
And we need to add “retain” to the problem
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because we do retain the positives of the problem
Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
Retaining the current positives of the problem and avoiding the
future negatives of the solution are all about actions in the present
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because we do retain the positives of the problem
Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
This side of the cloud is about attitudes of being, it is about the
individual, and it is about the present
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because we do retain the positives of the problem
Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
As long as the assumptions of the individual on the B-D side
stand, then the cloud remains open …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because we do retain the positives of the problem
Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
… remember I labelled the assumptions in these two quadrants
as “how to cause the change”
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because we do retain the positives of the problem
Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
The assumptions in the personal quadrants are the sufficiency
that has previously been missing from our clouds
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
To
Change
Not To
Change
Key points to remember
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Not To
Change
Not Retain
(4)
(1)
Key points to remember
We want to not retain the problem
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Gain
Not To
Change
Not Retain
(4)
(1)
Key points to remember
We want to gain the solution
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
To
Change
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
Gain
Not Gain
Not To
Change
Not Retain
(4)
(1)
Key points to remember
We want to not gain the dissatisfaction with the solution
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Gain
Not Gain
Not To
Change
Retain
Not Retain
(4)
(1)
Key points to remember
We want to retain the satisfaction with the problem
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Gain
Not Gain
Not To
Change
Retain
Not Retain
(4)
(1)
Key points to remember
This is about the system and the future
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Gain
Not Gain
Not To
Change
Retain
Not Retain
(4)
(1)
Key points to remember
This is about the individual and the present
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
I facilitate the cloud’s construction using; “in order to … we
must … because …” and accept the assumptions as given.
When the cloud is built I then work over the change matrix
Then we read the change matrix back into the cloud – checking
both parts as we go
The earlier assumptions used to build the cloud tend to be
“neutral” or “tame” and it is the change matrix that has the real
assumptions within it.
The two items together on a page are a superb graphical
worksheet – A4
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Malcolm’s Cloud
(4) Positive of the problem – discharges can wait
(3) Negative of the solution – Dr’s will be inconvenienced
B
D
Patients are
often forced to
wait
Have the right
space
A
Effective
outcomes for
patients
D’
C
Have the right
care
Patients are not
forced to wait
(1) Negative of the problem – harm increases
(2) Positive of the solution – risk will decrease
(2) Positives Of The Solution
- Treatment commences earlier
- Treatment is better
- Outcome is better
- Staff feel better
- Reduced harm
(4) Positives Of The Problem
- Discharges can wait
- Dr / Nurse inconvenienced
- Maintenance of the bed block
- Managed complexity
- Workload reduces on staff and ward
- Safer for the patient
(3) Negatives Of The Solution
- Dr’s and Nurses less able to influence their workload
- Discharges and pre-discharge activity has to be
planned into normal ward tasks
- Slicker patient movement through the system
- Harm might happen
- Quality might decrease – Risk might increase
(1) Negatives Of The Problem
- Treatment delays
- Reduced confidence in the system Pt/Staff/Mgmt
- Incorrect Treatment, incorrectly timed
- Overloaded staff with poor view of workload
- Patient injury or harm from delays
Integrated Operations Centre Cloud
(4) Positives of the problem – ___
No one else understands
our particular situation
(3) Negatives of the solution – ___
B
Local
Responsiveness
D
We are
forced to
A
Maintain The
Current
Adhocracy
Successful
Hospital
Operation
D’
C
Global
Effectiveness
Some of us understand the
whole situation
Implement A
Systemic
Overview
(1) Negatives of the problem – ___
(2) Positives of the solution – ___
(2) Positives Of The Solution
-
Everything is sweet
We should know that it is not, before it is not
We are proactive
Our system resilience is greater
Our system has more effective capacity
(3) Negatives Of The Solution
- You don’t trust us to run our own area
- We don’t have enough time now – and you
want even more
- Local KPI’s don’t reflect system
requirements
-
(4) Positives Of The Problem
- I’m neither responsible nor accountable for
the system’s output
- I don’t have to care
- I can ignore risks and triggers
-
(1) Negatives Of The Problem
-
We sometimes sub optimise the system
We compromise care/safety
We don’t know about things until it is too late
We are reactive and value fire-fighting
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
#4 Because we do retain the positives of the problem
#3 Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
#1 Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
#2 Because we will gain the positives of the solution
Let’s now number the “layers of resistance” as we usually work
through them
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
#4 Because we do retain the positives of the problem
#3 Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
#1 Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
#2 Because we will gain the positives of the solution
We tend to jump in at #1, the technical consequence of the
problem …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
#4 Because we do retain the positives of the problem
#3 Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
#1 Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
#2 Because we will gain the positives of the solution
… and we “kill” ourselves at #4, the personal consequences of
the problem
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
#4 Because we do retain the positives of the problem
#3 Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
#1 Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
#2 Because we will gain the positives of the solution
We should not let this happen!
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
#4 Because we do retain the positives of the problem
#3 Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
#1 Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
#2 Because we will gain the positives of the solution
We should start our understanding by acknowledging personal
satisfaction and security rather than the technical problem …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
#4 Because we do retain the positives of the problem
#3 Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
#1 Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
#2 Because we will gain the positives of the solution
… people first, process second
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
#4 Because we do retain the positives of the problem
#3 Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
#1 Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
#2 Because we will gain the positives of the solution
And in a way we do that now. That’s why we use; in order to
have B, I am forced to, or I must comply with, or I am compelled
to or I must accept, or I must tolerate D
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
#4 Because we do retain the positives of the problem
#3 Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
#1 Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
#2 Because we will gain the positives of the solution
Adding individual “injections” to valid assumptions overcomes
resistance…
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
#4 Because we do retain the positives of the problem
#3 Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
#1 Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
#2 Because we will gain the positives of the solution
… and invalidating individual erroneous assumptions also
overcomes resistance …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
… but fundamentally …
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
… we need to expand the solution space out into all of the
quadrants
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
We can do it, and we’ve just made several fundamental
improvements in our understanding
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
OK two more steps to go
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Next Step – Step 5: Identify the wrong assumption.
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Next Step – Step 5: Identify the wrong assumption.
The wrong assumption was that there was nothing fundamental
about the layers of resistance, that they had no symmetry.
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Next Step – Step 5: Identify the wrong assumption.
The wrong assumption was that there was nothing fundamental
about the layers of resistance, that they had no symmetry.
We have now brought symmetry to them through the change
matrix.
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Next Step – Step 5: Identify the wrong assumption.
The wrong assumption was that there was nothing fundamental
about the layers of resistance, that they had no symmetry.
We have now brought symmetry to them through the change
matrix.
In fact we have created an improved management aesthetic.
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Last Step – Step 6: The Full Analysis
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Layers of Resistance & The Cloud
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Last Step – Step 6: The Full Analysis
Applying this new found knowledge;
• We are more able to think clearly
• We are more able to demonstrate that reality is inherently simple
• We are more able resolve each conflict
• We are more able to appreciate that people are good
• And we have so much more yet that we don’t know
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Last Word – Col John Boyd/OODA
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because we do retain the positives of the problem
Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
Where are the “loops”
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Last Word – Col John Boyd/OODA
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because we do retain the positives of the problem
Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
This is the decision cycle of the people with whom we work
“with”
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Last Word – Col John Boyd/OODA
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because we do retain the positives of the problem
Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
And this is our decision cycle – we must operate way outside of
the loop of the people with whom we work “with”
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Summing-Up 1/4
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
We need to recognize that there are 4, and only 4, fundamental
layers of resistance – quadrants of the change matrix
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Summing-Up 2/4
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Positive Consequence
Negative Consequence
(2)
(3)
To
Change
Solution
Dissatisfaction with the
solution
Not To
Change
Satisfaction with the
problem
Problem
(4)
(1)
We need to recognize that we have totally ignored one of these
– the satisfaction arising from the existing problem
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Summing-Up 3/4
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because we do retain the positives of the problem
Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
We need to recognize that our key concepts; the layers of
resistance, the change matrix, & the cloud are all interrelated
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Summing-Up 4/4
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Because we do retain the positives of the problem
Because we do not gain the negatives of the solution
Attitudes of Being
Individual
Present
B
Trust and apply
that which we can
directly sense
D
Accept that the Earth
is central and stable
A
To learn well
Mechanics & Technology
System
Future
C
Trust and apply
more than we can
directly sense
Accept that the Sun is
central and stable
D’
Because we will not retain the negatives of the problem
Because we will gain the positives of the solution
And finally; we need to recognise that the layers of resistance
exist as assumptions within the cloud – hiding in plain sight
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
References
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Thomas Kuhn (1957) The Copernican revolution: planetary
astronomy in the development of Western thought. Harvard, 297 pp.
Dava Sobel (2011) A more perfect Heaven: how Copernicus
revolutionised the cosmos. Bloomsbury, 273 pp.
Jerry Harvey (1988) The Abilene Paradox and other meditations on
management. Lexington, 150 pp.
Russell Ackoff (1994) The democratic corporation. Oxford, 247 pp.
Ray Immelman (2003) Great boss dead boss: how to extract the very
best performance from your company and not get crucified in the
process. Stewart Philip International, 317 pp.
Dee Jacob (2010) It’s not only a buy-in issue: transforming an
organization. TOCICO Las Vegas 2010.
Eli Goldratt (1996) My saga to improve production. Pamphlet.
Efrat Goldratt-Ashlag (2010) The layers of resistance – the buy-in
process according to TOC. In Cox and Schleier, Theory of Constraints
Handbook. McGraw-Hill, pp 571 - 585.
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Biography
Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation
Dr Youngman is a scientist in the natural
sciences who developed an interest in
operations management, Theory of Constraints,
and man-made organizational systems. He has
obtained substantial TOC-based improvements
in medium-sized private companies in New
Zealand and large scale publicly-listed
companies in Japan. He has a long-standing
interest in healthcare and the unique focus and
results that TOC brings to it, and has used it
throughout a large tertiary hospital.
He is the creator and curator of a 750 page
website “Introduction To Theory Of Constraints;”
commented upon by one professional as “never
have I seen such a precise and practical piece
of work.”
The implementation of the logistical solutions,
the development of the use of clouds and
explicit/tacit knowledge, are a special interest
within this framework.
© 2012 Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt Foundation