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Test your knowledge! Worksheet 1.7
Test your knowledge! (Chapter 1)
Note: The activities on the worksheet correspond to the activities in the Test your knowledge! section in
your textbook.
PART 1 The first occupants of the territory
Textbook, pp. 14–25
1 What is the most popular hypothesis on how the ancestors of Native peoples reached the
Americas?
With the formation of Beringia, the nomadic ancestors of Native peoples were able to travel from
Asia to Alaska tracking the game animals they were hunting.
2 What phenomenon allowed the ancestors of Native peoples to settle in the territory of presentday Québec?
The melting of the glaciers
3 How did the different Native nations form?
Over the centuries, the ancestors of Native peoples settled in different territories. As they interacted
with their immediate environment, they developed distinct cultures, languages and ways of life.
4 What were the characteristics of the Inuit’s nomadic way of life?
The Inuit moved according to the seasons, setting up camp where they could hunt animals.
They built their winter camps on pack ice and their summer camps on dry land near water.
5 What did the Inuit diet consist of?
The Inuit diet consisted primarily of the products of hunting (sea mammals, large and small game)
and fishing, but also eggs, seaweed and seafood.
6 How did the Inuit adapt their dwellings to the seasons?
In winter, the Inuit built igloos made of snow. In summer, they lived in tents made with a framework
of poles covered in caribou skins.
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Test your knowledge! (cont.)
Worksheet 1.7
7 What were the characteristics of the territory occupied by the Algonquians?
The Algonquians occupied such a vast territory that the climate and vegetation varied enormously
from north to south.
8 What respective roles did men and women play in children’s education?
The men taught boys the rudiments of hunting and fishing, while the women taught girls various
domestic tasks such as making clothing and preparing meals. The women were also responsible
for educating the children.
9 According to the seasons, what modes of transportation did the Algonquians use?
In summer, they travelled mostly by canoe. In winter, they pulled a toboggan to transport loads. The
use of snowshoes allowed them to walk on snow without sinking into it.
10 Why does a diet based on agricultural products require a sedentary way of life?
Farming requires daily work over several months. Planting, weeding and harvesting require
a constant presence. Farming prompted the Iroquoians to establish villages and settle close
to their crops.
11 How did the Iroquoians supplement their diet?
Products from hunting and fishing, berries, nuts and maple syrup
12 How did men and women participate in the education of their children?
The women taught girls various domestic tasks that were part of their responsibilities. They also
saw to the education of young children. The men taught boys various hunting, fishing and building
techniques.
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Chapter 1
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Test your knowledge! (cont.)
Worksheet 1.7
PART 2 Social relationships among the Native peoples around 1500
Textbook, pp. 26–31
1 Why was the social organization of the Iroquoians more complex than that of the Algonquians?
Because the Iroquoians were sedentary and lived in villages that were made up of hundreds and
sometimes even thousands of people
2 What qualities did a Native person need to become a chief?
This person had to be courageous, eloquent, generous, brave in battle and a skilled hunter.
3 What roles did Native peoples assign to their elders? Why did they assign these roles to them?
Elders were given a very important social role since they transmitted to future generations their
nation’s values, beliefs and culture. They had a great deal of influence over the decisions made in
their community. They were assigned these roles because their life experience lent credibility to
their teachings and stories and because they held the necessary moral authority.
4 What supernatural powers did Native peoples recognize in the shaman?
Native peoples believed that while anyone could interpret dreams and have visions, the shaman
had the ability to interpret dreams more accurately and establish deeper communication with the
beyond. They also believed that the shaman had richer and more frequent visions. Supernatural
powers were also attributed to the shaman, such as predicting the future and chasing away evil
spirits.
5 Briefly explain the concepts of gifts and counter-gifts.
Native people believed it was their duty to give, to receive and to give back. People’s prestige was
tied to their generosity, among other things. Gifts were offered when visiting someone or during
ceremonies, such as weddings. Gift-giving was followed by a counter-gift, which encouraged the
exchange and circulation of goods.
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Test your knowledge! (cont.)
Worksheet 1.7
PART 3 Economic activities and systems of alliances around 1500
Textbook, pp. 34–37
1 Describe how goods circulated in trade networks.
Native people canoed along various waterways to points of trade. Where navigation was
impossible, they used forest trails. This is how goods circulated from one nation to another.
2 Explain why there was a direct connection between trading, political and military activities
among Native nations.
In Native culture, trade was not simply of economic value. It also served as the basis for alliances.
Two nations that were trading partners also became political and military partners.
3 Why did Native nations establish systems of alliances?
Native nations established systems of alliances when they shared similar interests. Through these
alliances, they agreed to coordinate their actions in order to defend their interests: conduct trade,
defend each other, fight a common enemy or maintain political relations.
PART 4 First contacts with Europeans in the 16th century
Textbook, pp. 38–47
1 Why did European states finance expeditions of exploration?
European states financed expeditions to search for a maritime route to Asia from the west to access
the riches from this region without having to go through Italian or Turkish merchants.
2 What were France’s objectives in organizing expeditions of exploration?
The objectives of France’s expeditions of exploration were to find the maritime route that would
allow it to trade directly with Asia, create a colonial empire to compete with its European rivals, find
precious metals to increase its wealth and evangelize Native peoples.
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Test your knowledge! (cont.)
Worksheet 1.7
3 What motivated Native peoples to engage in trade with Europeans?
Native peoples valued the goods they obtained, in particular, tools that made their daily lives easier.
4 Explain the impact of trade with the Europeans on Native societies and territory.
•Certain nations modified their subsistence activities in order to be able to obtain European goods.
•The introduction of European goods into the trade networks disrupted established trade relations
among Native nations. This new trade reality contributed to creating or intensifying rivalries and
tensions between certain Native nations, sometimes to the point of armed conflict.
•Trade with the Europeans also had an impact on the environment. Fur-bearing animals,
particularly the beaver, were increasingly hunted in certain regions.
5 What obstacles did Cartier encounter during his voyages?
Winter, the Rapides de Lachine, conflicts with certain Native nations, scurvy
6 What prompted France to renew its interest in eastern North America at the end of the 16th century?
Economic interest in the fur trade
7 Why were Native people indispensable trade partners for the French?
Because they had excellent knowledge of the territory, they were seasoned hunters, and the French
were too few in number to ensure a significant fur supply
8 What motivated the Innu, Algonquin and Maliseet to form an alliance with the French in 1603?
For these Native nations, this alliance guaranteed a supply of European goods while offering
a military partnership against enemy nations.
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