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Market Brief
Statistics Department,
June 2013, AfDB Chief
­Economist Complex
www.afdb.org
AfDB
Chief Economist Complex
Mortality in Africa:
The Share of Road Traffic Fatalities †
Table of Contents
1. Introduction: Mortality among
­population aged 15 and over
2
2. Injury-related deaths
2
3. Road traffic accidents:
Who is most at risk
3
»» Deaths due to road traffic accidents are highest among the most
economically active population (15-59 years).
4. Road safety issues:
Facing up to the challenge
4
5.Conclusion
5
»» Men are three times more likely to be involved in road traffic
accidents than females in the 15-59 age group.
Key Findings
»» Nearly one in ten deaths of men (15-59 years) in North African
countries can be attributed to road traffic accidents; 10% in
Libya and Tunisia, 8% in Egypt and 7% in Sudan and Morocco.
Mthuli Ncube
Chief Economist & Vice President, ECON,
[email protected], +216 7110 2062
Charles L. Lufumpa
Director, Statistics Department (ESTA),
[email protected], +216 7110 2175`
Steve Kayizzi-Mugerwa
Director, Development Research ­Department
(EDRE), [email protected]
+216 7110 2064
Victor Murinde
Director, African Development ­Institute
(EADI), [email protected]
+216 7110 2075
This brief was prepared by the Statistics Department in the Chief Economist Vice Presidency of the African Development Bank. Its
findings reflect the opinions of the authors
and not necessarily those of the African Development Bank, its Board of Directors or
the countries they represent. Designations
employed in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the
African Development Bank Group concerning
the legal status of any country or territory, or
the delimitation of its frontiers. While every
effort has been made to present reliable information, the African Development Bank
accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any
consequences of its use.
»» Road traffic accidents constitute 25% of all injury-related deaths
in the Africa.
»» In Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco, road traffic accidents account
for more than half of injury-related deaths (Egypt – 64%, Tunisia
– 58%, Morocco – 51%).
»» Nearly twice as many males aged 15-59 die from injury-related
causes (road traffic accidents, violence and others) than those
that die from tuberculosis (20% vs. 10%), respiratory infections
(20% vs. 6%), cancers (20% vs. 5%) while deaths due to HIV/
AIDS were only slightly higher than those for injury related
deaths (22% vs. 20%).
»» Strategies that can be adopted by governments to reduce the
number of fatalities and injuries due to road traffic accidents
include: improved road infrastructure; speed limits; compulsory
seatbelts and child restraints; drink-driving laws, bans on the
use of cellphones while driving; legal requirement for motorcyclists to wear helmets.
»» Enforcement of road safety measures is generally weak across
the continent.
† Alice Nabalamba, Assistant to the Director, Statistics Department (ESTA), [email protected], +216 7110 2342
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A f r i c a n
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Mortality in Africa: The Share
of Road Traffic Fatalities †
African Development Bank
1. Introduction: Mortality among population aged 15 and over
The focus of this brief is on the population
aged 15 years and over, as this comprises
the major victims of road traffic accidents.
In 2008, nearly 7 million deaths due to any
cause were recorded in Africa among population aged 15 and above. This is equivalent to approximately 1,151 deaths per
100,000 population (Annex II, Table 1).
One-third of deaths were due to infectious
and parasitic diseases, including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and respiratory
infections. Non-communicable conditions
accounted for 50% of all deaths, of which
cardiovascular diseases accounted for 48%,
with a slight gender differential (22% male
vs. 26% female) (Global Burden of Disease,
2004 Update, WHO 2008; see Tables 1 &
2 in Annex II).
Africa is a continent of such diversity that
it is no surprise to find wide variations
in mortality rates among countries. For
example, deaths due to any cause ranged
between 183 per 100,000 population in
São Tomé & Príncipe to 1,642 per 100,000
population in Swaziland for those aged
15-59 (see Annex I, Figure A.1) in 2008. In
general, countries in the Southern African
sub-region recorded the highest death
rates, due to the high prevalence of HIV/
AIDS and related conditions. The death
rate for males in this age group ranged
from 109 per 100,000 in São Tomé &
Príncipe to 915 per 100,000 in Malawi.
Among women, deaths due to any cause
ranged from a low of 63 per 100,000 in
Tunisia to a high of 820 per 100,000 in
Swaziland (Annex I; Figure A.3). For population aged 60 years and over, the differential in mortality rates dues to any cause
among countries was also pronounced,
ranging from 3,886 per 100,000 in Tunisia
to 6,726 per 100,000 in Malawi (Annex I,
Figure A.2).
group died from injury-related causes
(20%) than from tuberculosis (10%), cardiovascular diseases (11%), cancers (6%),
or respiratory infections (4%). Even deaths
due to HIV/AIDS were close to those due
to injury-related deaths (22%) among men.
The number of deaths due to injury also
far exceeded malaria-related deaths (at
just 0.4%) for the male population in this
age group. On the other hand, for females
aged 15–59, injury-related deaths (at 6%
of total deaths due to any cause) were far
below deaths due to HIV/AIDS (32%),
maternal conditions (11%) and cancers
(8%) (see Annex II: Table 2). Data on the
WHO African Region (which does not
include Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt,
Sudan, Djibouti, Eritrea or Somalia) shows
that injury-related deaths are concentrated
in the 15-29 male age group, where they
account for more than one-third of deaths
(see Annex II, Table 4).
In the African region generally, mortality rates for men are slightly higher than
for women, which is due entirely to injury-related deaths. Women have higher
mortality rates than men for HIV/AIDS,
which in 2008 caused a third of the deaths
of females in the age group 15-59, compared to a death rate of 22% for men in
the same age group (see Annex II, Table 2).
Maternal conditions related to pregnancies
and births were associated with 11.4% of
deaths of women in the age group 15-59
for the same year, which is significantly less
than deaths caused by HIV/AIDS (31.7%)
for women in the same age category (see
Annex II, Table 2).
2. Injury-related deaths
In 2008, injuries of any kind accounted
for 9% of all deaths among those aged 15
years or over, but with major differences
between young/old and males/females.
Injury-related deaths were highest among
the population aged 15–59 years and particularly among men. Injuries accounted
for 20% of deaths among men aged 15–59,
compared to just 6% among females in
the same age group (see Annex II, Table
1). Nearly twice as many males in this age
2
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Market Brief . June 2013
AfDB
3. Road Traffic Accidents: Who Is Most at Risk?
The most economically active people (aged
15–59) are at the greatest risk of dying as a
result of road accidents. For this age group,
road traffic accidents affected more than
three times as many males as females.
Overall, 5% of deaths among males aged
15-59 are attributable to road traffic accidents, but this percentage rises to 6.5%
for males in the 15-29 age group in SubSaharan Africa.(Annex II, Table 4). Deaths
due to road traffic accidents among males
aged 15–59 far exceed those due to malaria,
diabetes mellitus, respiratory or digestive
diseases. For females, however, almost all
other causes of deaths carry more weight
than road traffic accidents (the exceptions
being malaria and violence).
While road traffic accidents account for
about one-quarter of injury-related deaths
in the continent overall, in the North
African countries of Egypt, Tunisia, and
Morocco, they caused more than half of all
injury-related deaths in 2008 (Egypt, 64%;
Tunisia, 58%; Morocco, 51%). In Libya,
Djibouti, Mauritius, Namibia and Niger,
road traffic accidents also exacted a heavy
toll, accounting for more than one-third of
injury-related deaths (Libya, 43%; Djibouti,
42%; Mauritius, 37%; Namibia, 36% and
Niger, 34%.) (Annex II: Tables 3 and 4).
In 2008, road traffic accidents caused
approximately 158,000 deaths and were
the 13th ranked cause of fatalities, accounting for 2.3% of all deaths on the continent (Figure 1). At present trends, with
no effective mitigation, it is projected that
globally by 2030, road traffic injuries will
rank as the 5th leading cause of death after
cancer, cardiovascular disease, COPD
(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease),
and acute respiratory infections (WHO
2009). Road traffic accidents account for
10% of all deaths in Libya and Tunisia, 8%
in Egypt, and 7% in Sudan and Morocco
account for 32% of all injury-related deaths
among males and for 27% among females
aged 60 years and over. The death toll due
to road traffic accidents among elderly
individuals in North African countries is
even more alarming: 44% in Libya, 56% in
Tunisia and Morocco, and 70% in Egypt.
In Africa, almost
one in ten deaths of young men
(aged 15-29) are caused by road
traffic accidents.
among the population aged 15-59. These
five countries have the highest road traffic
fatality rates in Africa, jointly accounting
for nearly one-fifth of the continent’s total
death toll. While Nigeria and Ethiopia also
contributed to a high proportion (23%) of
road accident-related deaths to the continent’s overall tally, road accidents represented less than 3% of deaths occurring
in these countries. Thus Northern African
countries (including Sudan) still stand out
as having the highest death rates due to
road traffic accidents.
Assessing the Social and Economic
Costs of Road Traffic Accidents
The high death toll due to road traffic
accidents needs to be tackled as a matter
of urgency by national governments, not
least because of the economic and social
costs they impose. This is especially challenging to many African countries with
relatively weak health care systems and
where social protection for those surviving
with life-changing injuries is limited.
The high level of road traffic fatalities is
of particular concern since this affects
the younger segment of population (aged
15-29) the hardest, who constitute the
most economically active population.
However, estimating the economic
costs related to road traffic accidents is
Among the elderly population, road
traffic accidents account for 30% of all
injury-related deaths, compared to falls,
which account for only 9% of injury-related
deaths. There is though a narrow sex differential for this age group: road fatalities
Figure 1: Leading Causes of Death in Africa, Population Aged 15 years
and over, 2008
Neuropsychiatric conditions
Road traffic accidents
Violence
Maternal conditions
Diabetes mellitus
Diarrhoeal diseases
Digestive diseases
Repiratory diseases
Tuberculosis
Lower respiratory infections
Cancers
Cerebrovascular disease
Ischaemic heart disease
HIV/AIDS
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Source: Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2004 Update, WHO (2008).
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900 1000 1100 1200
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Mortality in Africa: The Share
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problematic. Projections are even more
difficult to make in low-income countries
in Sub-Saharan Africa, where records of
economic activity and other vital statistics
necessary to compute economic and social
costs are not well documented. Similarly,
large proportions of the population are
employed in either the informal economy or in non-remunerative work and
often their contribution to the economy is
uncounted. What is clear is that economically disadvantaged families are hardest
hit by the loss of an economically active
family member, or by disabilities if the
accident is not fatal.
The burden of deaths due to road traffic
accidents can be understood as comprising
two main components: indirect costs and
the value of mortality. Indirect costs represent “the value of economic output lost
because of premature death” (WHO 2008).
They are often measured in terms of lost
potential earnings resulting from early
mortality.
The value of mortality is much more difficult to assess, although methods have
been developed to value death in utility
terms, such as potential years of life lost
(PYLL). PYLL is the number of years of
potential life not lived when a person dies
“prematurely.” The indicator provides a way
of weighting deaths occurring at younger
ages, which are, a priori, preventable. It
takes into account the number of deaths
at each age at which deaths occur by giving greater weight to deaths at a younger
age and lower weight to deaths at an older
age. The number of deaths at each age is
then multiplied by the global standard life
expectancy at which death occurs. Thus,
automobile accidents comprise a significantly higher proportion of years of life
lost than total deaths, because they occur
with greater frequency in young than in
older people.
4. Road Safety Issues: Facing up to the Challenge
According to the 2013 WHO Global Status
Report on Road Safety, strategies already
exist in many countries to reduce the number of fatalities and injuries due to road
traffic accidents. Measures adopted include
compulsory seatbelt use, drink-driving
laws, speed limits, particularly in residential and commercial areas, and compulsory
use of helmets for motorcyclists, among
others. Several countries (e.g. Egypt, Kenya,
South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe)
have banned the use of hand-held devices
such as cellphones whilst driving. But the
enforcement of these strategies remains
very weak in many countries. As a result,
the number of deaths related to road traffic
accidents has remained stubbornly high. It
is estimated that globally 1.24 million people are killed in road traffic accidents each
year and another 50 million are injured or
disabled permanently (WHO 2009; WHO
2013). In Africa, an estimated 157,875 people aged 15 and over were killed in road
traffic accidents in 2008 (the majority of
them in the 15-59 year age group).
A number of factors contribute to the
high number of road traffic accidents
in Africa. These can be categorized into
3 main groups: road environment factors, vehicle factors, and human factors.
Whereas human factors rank highest in
contribution, all need to be addressed
in promotion of road safety. Road environment factors may include poor road
maintenance such as overgrown vegetation
on road verges that impair visibility and
road failures that constrict the road way;
poor road layout such as road curvatures,
unsuitable road layout for the traffic using
it, and poor provision or lack of segregation of traffic types. Vehicle factors may
include poor mechanical state, dangerously
loaded vehicles which pose a danger to
other road users, overloading of vehicles
(axle-load non-conformity) which promote
damage to the road and exacerbate problems of road maintenance. Human factors
include speeding, non-compliance with
seatbelt use, drink-driving, increased use
of hand-held devices such as cellphones
38% of all road traffic
deaths in Africa occur among
pedestrians.
while driving, and an increase in automobile ownership in many countries.
In Africa alone, automobile ownership
increased from below 50 to about 60 cars
per 1,000 persons between 2002 and 2007.
In countries such as Tunisia, Swaziland,
South Africa, Botswana, Mauritius, and
Seychelles, an estimated 1-2 of every 10
persons now owns an automobile (AfDB
Data Portal, 2013). It is therefore no coincidence that in middle-income countries
of Tunisia, South Africa and Mauritius, the
proportion of injury-related deaths attributable to road traffic accidents exceeds the
African average (Annex II: Tables 5 and 6)..
The high number of road traffic accidents
involving pedestrians, or persons riding
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Market Brief . June 2013
motor cycles or bicycles, is indicative of
deficiencies in both the infrastructure, as
well as in road safety enforcement in Africa.
With expanding road infrastructure networks in Africa, it is imperative that greater
attention be paid to road safety measures
to reduce the high number of accidents.
As the WHO Global Status Report on Road
Safety 2013 (p. 6) makes clear: “38% of all
African road traffic deaths occur among
pedestrians.” However, most countries do
not have policies in place to protect these
road users. Moreover in many countries,
there is an increased use of motorbikes
for public transport, and often these are
in poor mechanical state and are usually
overloaded. Public transport needs to set
high safety standards.
Public awareness campaigns on the need to
use seat-belts and child restraints to avoid
death and severe injuries would assist
in changing attitudes toward car safety.
Legislation should make it compulsory
for both drivers and passengers to wear
seat-belts. Taxis too, should also be fitted
with seat-belts for passengers.
The public also needs to be educated (e.g.
through posters, TV advertisements and
AfDB
other advocacy programs) on the dangers of speeding, driving while under the
influence of drink or drugs, backed by regulatory fines commensurate with traffic
offences for those found to be in breach of
the law. To this end, more equipment (e.g.
breathalyzers, speed detectors) should be
introduced and traffic officers trained in
their use. Finally, owners of cars over a certain age (e.g. 3 years) should be required to
hold an annual road-worthiness certificate
for their vehicles. Such measures could significantly reduce road deaths and improve
road safety although they would require
financing, particularly in the set-up phases.
5.Conclusion
Mortality rates due to any cause is high in
Africa compared to other global regions.
Infectious and parasitic diseases such as
malaria, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS and
tuberculosis constitute a large proportion
of these deaths, particularly because of
their high prevalence in young children
and young adults. Mortality rates caused
by these diseases (as shown in the tables
and figures) remain high, even when those
aged below 15 years of age are excluded.
Cardiovascular diseases on the other hand
are more prevalent in the older population.
Increasingly, however, the question of how
to reduce the level of road traffic accidents
is presenting a challenge for African economies and societies, especially in view of
the high growth rate of the population,
increasing urbanization and high automobile congestion in larger cities. Available
data show that deaths due to road traffic accidents are highest within the 15-59
and more specifically in the 15–29 year
age group. This age category comprises
people who are just entering post-primary
schooling, post-secondary training, and
completing post-secondary education.
This population group also comprises a
significant proportion of the economically
active population in Africa, and those just
starting their careers.
However, the availability, quality, and reliability of data limit a comprehensive assessment of road traffic accidents and their
social and human costs. Data on deaths,
injuries, disabilities, (including whether the
victim was an occupant in an automobile
or a pedestrian/cyclist), and the number of
licensed and unlicensed drivers involved in
road traffic accidents are not consistently
collected or compiled into harmonized
databanks at present for all countries.
Similarly, data on accidents caused by road
environment failures or other infrastructure problems are not well captured. This
impacts governments’ capacity to develop
improved road safety policies and other
preventative measures and to monitor their
effectiveness over time. More importantly,
information on the true economic cost
related to road traffic accidents will need to
be compiled at regular intervals in as many
African countries as possible.
The need for reliable and updated data on
road traffic mortalities is dependent on
robust national statistical systems and a
skilled staff to compile and maintain the
data needed by both governments and
international organizations, and other
data users. In this respect, development
partners like the AfDB, WHO, and others
should continue to lend their assistance
through funding and technical assistance,
including capacity-building to strengthen
disease, death, injury and disability registries, road infrastructure and other
transport statistics, and national statistical systems in general.
5
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Mortality in Africa: The Share
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African Development Bank
References
WHO. 2013. Global Status Report on Road
Safety: Supporting a Decade of Action.
WHO, Geneva.
WHO African Region. 2010. Status Report
on Road Safety in Countries of the WHO
African Region, 2009. WHO Regional
Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic
of Congo.
WHO. 2008. Global Burden of Disease,
2004 Update. WHO, Geneva. http://
www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_part2.pdf
Figure A.1: Mortality due to any cause per
100,000 population aged 15-59, by country,
2008.
Figure A.3: Mortality caused by road traffic
accidents per 100,000 population, males
and females, 15-59 years, by country, 2008
disease, and HIV/AIDS per 100,000 population aged 15-59 years, 2008
Figure A.2: Mortality due to any cause per
100,000 population aged 60 and over, by
country, 2008
Figure A.4: Comparative mortality rates
for road traffic accidents, cardiovascular
Annex I: Figures
Annex II: Tables
Table 1: Africa: Cause of death per 100,000
population aged 15 years and over, 2008
Table 2: Africa: Cause of death for population aged 15 years and over, 2008 (as %
of total deaths)
Table 3: WHO African Region: Cause of
death in population 15 -80 years and over,
2008
Table 4: WHO African Region: Cause of
death in population 15 - 80 years and over,
2008 (% of total deaths)
Table 5: Africa: Deaths due to injuries and
road traffic accidents per 100,000 population aged 15-59, 2008
Table 6: Africa: Deaths per 100,000 population aged 60 years and over due to injuries
and road traffic accidents, 2008
Notes for Figures A1, A2, A3, A4:
(*): Reasonably complete death registration data available with underlying cause
of death coded using ICD-9 or ICD-10
without excessive use of inappropriate or
non-specific codes.
(+) Incomplete death registration data,
and/or other forms of nationally representative information on causes of death (e.g.
verbal autopsy, sample registration data)
available. Cause of death models may be
used to adjust for biases due to incomplete
population coverage, other adjustments
made using country-specific information
for specific causes.
For all other countries, information on
all causes of death were not available.
Cause of death modeling was used to
estimate broad distribution of causes of
death for Communicable Diseases, Noncommunicable Diseases and Injuries, by
age and sex for the country level of all-cause
mortality and per capita income. Cause of
death patterns within the three major cause
groups were based on death registration
data from other countries in the region.
Further country-level information and
data on specific causes listed was also used.
Separate specific multi-cause models were
used for the major causes of child death.
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Figure A.1: Mortality due to any cause per 100,000 population aged 15-59, by country, 2008
São Tomé and Príncipe
Tunisia
Morocco
Algeria
Libya
Egypt (+)
Cape Verde
Mauritius (*)
Eritrea
Seychelles (*)
Senegal
Niger
Madagascar
Comoros
Mali
Rwanda
Gambia
Mauritania
Sudan
Djibouti
Gabon
Benin
Togo
Ghana
Kenya
Burkina Faso
Congo
Liberia
Angola
Nigeria
Dem. Rep. Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Tanzania
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Guinea
Chad
Burundi
Ethiopia
Cameroon
Botswana
Guinea-Bissau
Uganda
Namibia
Central African Republic
Zambia
Mozambique
Côte d’Ivoire
South Africa
Zimbabwe
Lesotho
Malawi
Swaziland
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Source: Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2004 Update, WHO (2008).
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1600
1800
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Figure A.2: Mortality due to any cause per 100,000 population aged 60 and over by country, 2008
Tunisia
Morocco
Mauritius (*)
Libya
Seychelles (*)
Algeria
Eritrea
Senegal
Egypt (+)
Gambia
Niger
Cape Verde
Botswana
South Africa
Djibouti
Mauritania
Sierra Leone
Mali
Sao Tome & Principe
Burkina Faso
Togo
Africa
Madagascar
Kenya
Benin
Sudan
Ghana
Tanzania
Comoros
Liberia
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Nigeria
Rwanda
Gabon
Angola
Guinea
Lesotho
Swaziland
Chad
Dem. Rep. Congo
Mozambique
Ethiopia
Zambia
Congo
Guinea-Bissau
Cameroon
Burundi
Somalia
Côte d'Ivoire
Uganda
CAR
Equatorial Guinea
Malawi
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Source: Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2004 Update, WHO 2008.
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Figure A.3: Mortality caused by road traffic accidents per 100,000 population, males and females, 15-59 years,
by country, 2008
Somalia
Niger
Sao Tome and Principe
Seychelles (*)
Algeria
Senegal
Madagascar
Mali
Morocco
Togo
Zimbabwe
Gambia
Eritrea
Mauritius (*)
Tunisia
Liberia
Comoros
Nigeria
Cape Verde
Rwanda
Gabon
South Africa
Botswana
Mauritania
Egypt (+)
Kenya
Female
Dem. Rep. Congo
Benin
Male
Libya
Both sexes
Africa
Burundi
Chad
Sierra Leone
Ghana
Tanzania
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Guinea-Bissau
Côte d'Ivoire
Equatorial Guinea
Guinea
Angola
Lesotho
Uganda
Central African Rep
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Zambia
Congo
Sudan
Mozambique
Swaziland
Malawi
Namibia
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Deaths due to Road Traffic Accidents per 100,000 Population
Source: Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2004 Update, WHO 2008.
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Figure A.4: Comparative mortality rates for road traffic accidents, cardiovascular disease, and HIV/AIDS per 100,000
population aged 15-59 years, by country, 2008
Somalia
Niger
Sao Tome & Principe
Seychelles *
Algeria
Senegal
Madagascar
Mali
Morocco
Togo
Zimbabwe
Gambia
Eritrea
Mauritius *
Tunisia
Liberia
Comoros
Nigeria
Cape Verde
Rwanda
Gabon
South Africa
Botswana
Mauritania
Egypt +
Kenya
Road Traffic Accidents
Dem. Rep. Congo
Benin
Cardiovascular diseases
Libya
Burundi
HIV/AIDS
Chad
Sierra Leone
Ghana
Tanzania
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Guinea-Bissau
Côte d'Ivoire
Equatorial Guinea
Guinea
Angola
Lesotho
Uganda
CAR
Djibouti
Ethiopia
Zambia
Congo
Sudan
Mozambique
Swaziland
Malawi
Namibia
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Deaths by Cause per 100,000 Population
Source: Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2004 Update, WHO 2008.
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Table 1: Africa: Cause of death per 100,000 population aged 15 years and over, 2008
Both
Sexes
Female
Both
Sexes
Female
Both
Sexes
Male
Male
Female
Cause of death
All Ages All Ages All Ages
15+
15+
15+
15 - 59
15 - 59
15 - 59
60+
60+
60+
All Causes
1,151.00
1,212.20
1,091.20
728.9
779.8
678.4
5,474.40
6,019.40
5,013.10
466.4
460.2
472.5
403.8
381.6
425.7
1108.1
1333.1
917.7
Infectious and parasitic
diseases
344.8
361.6
328.4
322.3
333
311.7
575.7
680.1
487.4
Tuberculosis
61.8
87.2
36.9
57.1
80.7
33.8
109.3
160.3
66
HIV/AIDS
182.1
163.7
200.1
193.8
172.5
214.9
63.1
66.4
60.3
Diarrheal diseases
38.8
40.6
37
21.9
23.8
20
211.6
226.9
198.6
Malaria
4.1
3.7
4.5
4
3.5
4.4
5.7
5.6
5.7
Respiratory infections
78.3
91.1
65.8
36.8
43.2
30.5
503.1
623.3
401.4
Maternal conditions
35.5
…
70.2
39
…
77.5
…
…
…
Non-communicable
diseases
579.4
590
569.1
228
244.5
211.6
4178.5
4429.8
3965.7
83
80.4
85.6
48.4
41.8
54.9
437.4
509
376.8
Diabetes mellitus
35.7
29.7
41.6
11.7
10.9
12.5
281.7
238.8
318
Cardiovascular diseases
277.4
268.9
285.8
81.8
89
74.6
2281.2
2268.9
2291.7
Ischemic heart disease
94
108.1
80.2
24.5
32.8
16.3
805.3
944.9
687.2
Cerebrovascular disease
92.6
84
101
28.4
29.6
27.2
750
688.8
801.8
Respiratory diseases
59.9
72.7
47.4
23.5
27.3
19.7
432.9
577.1
310.8
Digestive diseases
53.8
62.2
45.6
29.3
36.7
22
304.3
345.4
269.5
105.2
162.1
49.6
97.1
153.6
41.1
187.8
256.5
129.7
27
41.3
13
24.1
37.6
10.7
56.7
82.6
34.9
27.7
46.7
9
28.1
47.4
8.9
23.4
39.3
10
Communicable, maternal,
perinatal and nutritional
conditions
Cancers
Injuries
Road traffic accidents
Violence
Male
Source: Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2004 Update, WHO 2008. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html
11
A f r i c a n
D e v e l o p m e n t
B a n k
AfDB
Mortality in Africa: The Share
of Road Traffic Fatalities †
African Development Bank
Table 2: Africa: Cause of death for population aged 15 years and over, 2008 (as % of total deaths)
Both
Sexes
Cause of death
Female
Both
Sexes
Male
All Ages All Ages All Ages
15+
15+
15+
15- 59
15 - 59
Male
Female
Both
Sexes
Male
Female
15 - 59
60+
60+
60+
Percentage of all causes
All causes
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
40.5
38
43.3
55.4
48.9
62.7
20.2
22.1
18.3
Infectious and parasitic
diseases
30
29.8
30.1
44.2
42.7
45.9
10.5
11.3
9.7
Tuberculosis
5.4
7.2
3.4
7.8
10.3
5
2
2.7
1.3
HIV/AIDS
15.8
13.5
18.3
26.6
22.1
31.7
1.2
1.1
1.2
Diarrheal diseases
3.4
3.3
3.4
3
3.1
2.9
3.9
3.8
4
Malaria
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
Respiratory infections
6.8
7.5
6
5
5.5
4.5
9.2
10.4
8
Maternal conditions
3.1
…
6.4
5.3
…
11.4
…
…
…
Non-communicable
diseases
50.3
48.7
52.2
31.3
31.4
31.2
76.3
73.6
79.1
Cancers
7.2
6.6
7.8
6.6
5.4
8.1
8
8.5
7.5
Diabetes mellitus
3.1
2.4
3.8
1.6
1.4
1.8
5.1
4
6.3
Cardiovascular diseases
24.1
22.2
26.2
11.2
11.4
11
41.7
37.7
45.7
Ischaemic heart disease
8.2
8.9
7.3
3.4
4.2
2.4
14.7
15.7
13.7
Cerebrovascular disease
8
6.9
9.3
3.9
3.8
4
13.7
11.4
16
Respiratory diseases
5.2
6
4.3
3.2
3.5
2.9
7.9
9.6
6.2
Digestive diseases
4.7
5.1
4.2
4
4.7
3.2
5.6
5.7
5.4
9.1
13.4
4.5
13.3
19.7
6.1
3.4
4.3
2.6
Road traffic accidents
2.3
3.4
1.2
3.3
4.8
1.6
1
1.4
0.7
Road traffic accidents as %
of injury related deaths
25.7
25.5
26.2
24.8
24.5
26.0
30.2
32.2
26.9
2.4
3.9
0.8
3.9
6.1
1.3
0.4
0.7
0.2
Communicable, maternal,
perinatal and nutritional
conditions
Injuries
Violence
Source: Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2004 Update, WHO 2008. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html
12
A f r i c a n
D e v e l o p m e n t
B a n k
A f r i c a n
183.4
169.8
55.6
68.6
11.2
1245.4
562.3
Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions
Tuberculosis 74.3
HIV/AIDS 226.8
Diarrhoeal diseases 46.9
All Causes
Infectious and parasitic diseases 419.8
D e v e l o p m e n t
13
B a n k
54.7
Violence 32.6
45-59
60-69
70-79
80+
59.8
49.4
194.1
12.8
41.2
27.6
67.5
19.1
8.3
38.2
225.5
8.4
48.2
3.4
28.6
410.1
135.7
645.3
701.9
55.3
62.8
214.0
33.4
102.8
127.2
377.1
40.8
56.6
147.6
912.5
20.6
191.1
5.3
87.3
338.0
168.2
756.3
968.1
49.6
988.6
7.5
355.3
27.4
231.3
939.4
121.9
2176.5
10.1
731.4
4.1
255.9
1524.3
206.1
401.9
663.1
583.0
651.5
1136.8
53.2
71.4
249.4
94.7
207.3
420.0
43.1
112.0
355.1
237.5
365.7
967.2
45.3
112.6
429.6
706.1
628.5
1850.6
1211.3 3112.7 7900.7
81.0
179.3
375.4
2661.1 6192.5 14092.0
18.6
529.0
6.6
210.9
122.1
177.4
716.0
1263.5 1977.6 3822.8
1121.5 2094.6 4174.0 8525.2 18344.4
30-44
MALE
55.8
42.2
178.0
24.1
53.3
82.1
254.3
28.3
32.7
77.6
575.0
8.8
107.5
4.5
48.7
203.8
105.3
438.7
555.0
1308.0
MALE
15-80 +
80+
10.5
8.3
36.9
3.7
9.5
11.3
20.8
7.2
1.9
9.8
70.4
4.6
15.3
5.4
17.5
123.3
32.1
212.3
324.9
8.0
10.4
39.8
8.7
22.7
23.4
64.4
7.9
8.2
56.2
203.8
6.0
24.3
4.6
18.1
514.4
50.6
626.8
783.9
18.3
272.2
6.7
160.8
108.3
80.5
475.6
9.2
648.7
4.3
71.7
41.6
99.1
635.7 1582.7
7.8
318.4
35.9
80.9
671.9 1151.6
766.1 1349.2 2833.4
40.9
225.7
366.1
143.5
529.4
432.2
512.6
856.9
515.2
10.4
14.8
56.1
20.5
57.3
58.9
12.3
30.6
102.0
49.8
140.3
183.9
12.2
42.7
181.6
144.2
288.8
16.6
57.7
355.2
412.1
570.8
472.6 1069.7
283.6 1007.1 3118.4 8305.2
16.1
61.4
206.3
729.5 2098.5 5372.3 12879.2
18.5
123.8
5.8
58.9
279.7
48.5
486.5
639.3
432.2 1027.5 1425.0 2966.5 6903.0 16067.8
15-29 30-44 45-59 60-69 70-79
FEMALE
10.0
12.5
50.7
17.1
39.7
52.3
276.0
18.2
46.3
88.1
564.3
9.6
77.7
5.4
45.2
249.2
44.0
401.3
569.5
1184.5
FEMALE
15-80 +
Mortality in Africa: The Share
of Road Traffic Fatalities †
Source: Global Burden of Disease, 2004 Update, WHO (2008)
*Notes: The WHO African Region does not include Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Djibouti, Eritrea or Somalia
25.4
Road traffic accidents 27.1
3.9
Genitourinary diseases 20.6
140.8
9.8
Digestive diseases 46.4
113.5
6.5
Respiratory diseases 67.0
Injuries
17.0
Cardiovascular diseases 265.3
1.2
Diabetes mellitus 39.6
10.7
11.4
Cancers 82.9
Neuropsychiatric conditions 23.2
65.3
1.5
569.5
Non-communicable diseases
9.2
12.1
Respiratory infections 92.4
Nutritional deficiencies
4.4
4.9
Malaria
Total
15-80 + 15-29
389.6
BOTH
SEXES
Table 3: WHO African Region*: Cause of death in population 15 years and over, 2008
Market Brief . June 2013
AfDB
43.6
Infectious and parasitic diseases 33.7
A f r i c a n
7.4
0.7
Respiratory infections
Nutritional deficiencies
D e v e l o p m e n t
3.2
Diabetes mellitus
14
B a n k
14.1
5.3
25.4
4.4
17.3
1.1
3.7
2.5
2.6
29.3
3.0
10.2
1.6
4.9
6.1
18.0
1.9
2.7
7.0
43.6
1.0
9.1
0.3
4.2
16.1
8.0
36.1
46.2
…
45-59
1.3
28.6
1.7
6.0
2.3
5.0
10.1
29.0
1.9
4.3
9.0
63.8
0.4
12.7
0.2
5.1
2.9
4.3
17.2
30.3
…
60-69
0.5
31.5
1.3
4.2
2.8
4.3
11.3
36.5
2.4
4.7
7.8
72.6
0.6
11.6
0.1
4.2
0.3
2.7
11.0
23.2
…
70-79
23.7
4.3
0.2
3.2
13.6
1.8
4.1
6.3
19.4
2.2
2.5
5.9
44.0
0.7
8.2
0.3
3.7
15.6
8.1
33.5
42.4
…
MALE
15-80 +
26.2
0.6
2.3
3.8
3.4
10.1
43.1
3.2
3.6
6.2
76.8
0.7
11.9
0.1
4.0
0.0
1.4
8.3
20.8
…
80+
Source: Global Burden of Disease, 2004 Update WHO (2008).
*Note: The WHO African Region does not include Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Djibouti, Eritrea or Somalia.
2.6
18.0
Road traffic accidents as % of 23.9
injury related deaths
Violence
6.5
36.1
1.0
2.5
2.2
Road traffic accidents
1.7
Genitourinary diseases
9.1
3.7
Digestive diseases
1.7
6.0
1.7
0.7
3.4
20.1
0.7
4.3
0.3
2.6
36.6
12.1
57.5
62.6
…
30-44
MALE
2.4
22.6
1.9
8.5
0.9
2.2
2.6
4.8
1.7
0.4
2.3
16.3
1.1
3.5
1.3
4.1
28.5
7.4
49.1
75.2
…
0.8
26.1
1.0
3.9
0.8
2.2
2.3
6.3
0.8
0.8
5.5
19.8
0.6
2.4
0.4
1.8
50.1
4.9
61.0
76.3
…
0.7
26.4
1.0
3.9
1.4
4.0
4.1
19.9
1.1
4.3
14.5
51.2
1.3
8.7
0.4
4.1
19.6
3.4
34.1
44.9
…
0.4
30.0
1.0
3.4
1.7
4.7
6.2
33.9
1.4
7.6
12.3
70.7
0.6
9.2
0.2
5.4
3.6
2.7
16.0
25.8
…
0.2
23.5
0.6
2.6
2.1
4.2
6.8
45.2
2.1
7.7
6.3
77.8
0.6
9.2
0.1
4.6
0.5
1.2
9.7
19.5
…
15-29 30-44 45-59 60-69 70-79
FEMALE
0.1
16.2
0.4
2.2
2.6
3.6
6.7
51.7
3.2
5.3
3.2
80.2
0.6
9.9
0.1
4.0
0.0
0.4
7.2
17.6
…
80+
0.8
24.6
1.1
4.3
1.4
3.3
4.4
23.3
1.5
3.9
7.4
47.6
0.8
6.6
0.5
3.8
21.0
3.7
33.9
48.1
…
FEMALE
15-80 +
Mortality in Africa: The Share
of Road Traffic Fatalities †
Injuries
5.4
4.4
Cardiovascular diseases 21.3
Respiratory diseases
2.7
0.3
2.9
16.8
0.4
3.1
1.1
2.9
1.9
Neuropsychiatric conditions
6.7
Cancers
45.7
0.4
Malaria
Non-communicable diseases
3.8
17.6
HIV/AIDS 18.2
Diarrhoeal diseases
14.3
6.0
Tuberculosis
47.1
45.2
Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions
…
…
Total
15-80 + 15-29
All Causes
BOTH
SEXES
Table 4: WHO African Region*: Cause of death in population 15 years and over, 2008 (% of total deaths)
AfDB
African Development Bank
Mortality in Africa: The Share
of Road Traffic Fatalities †
Market Brief . June 2013
AfDB
Table 5: Africa: Deaths due to injuries and road traffic accidents per 100,000 population aged 15-59, 2008
Injury-related Deaths
Motor Road Accidents
Road Traffic Accidents as
Percentage of all Injuries
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Africa
97
154
41
24
38
11
25
24
26
Namibia
179
298
64
65
55
10
36
18
16
Malawi
226
386
71
49
40
9
22
10
13
Swaziland
228
375
91
47
36
11
20
10
12
Mozambique
174
304
55
42
34
7
24
11
13
Sudan
166
207
124
41
23
18
25
11
15
Congo
145
211
80
40
28
12
27
13
15
Zambia
199
331
67
38
30
8
19
9
11
Ethiopia
145
229
63
37
28
9
26
12
14
Djibouti
87
135
39
36
30
6
42
22
16
Central African Rep.
153
221
87
36
24
12
24
11
14
Uganda
196
354
38
35
31
4
18
9
10
Lesotho
151
236
81
35
23
12
23
10
14
Angola
106
169
45
33
26
7
31
16
15
Guinea
138
207
68
33
26
7
24
13
11
Equatorial Guinea
121
174
69
32
23
8
26
13
12
Côte d’Ivoire
200
315
79
30
23
6
15
7
8
Guinea-Bissau
110
166
55
29
22
6
26
13
12
Cameroon
111
132
90
29
18
11
26
14
12
Burkina Faso
104
192
18
28
26
2
27
13
13
Tanzania
115
222
10
27
25
1
23
11
14
Ghana
89
136
41
26
20
6
29
15
14
Sierra Leone
81
131
35
25
20
5
31
15
15
Chad
112
167
58
25
19
6
22
11
11
Burundi
107
161
56
25
17
7
23
11
13
Libya
53
83
21
23
20
3
43
24
16
Benin
84
135
31
23
19
4
27
14
12
Dem. Rep. Congo
146
237
57
22
17
5
15
7
9
Kenya
106
195
18
22
21
2
21
11
10
Egypt +
34
55
14
22
18
4
64
33
27
Mauritania
84
94
74
22
13
9
26
14
12
Botswana
91
127
55
20
13
7
22
10
13
South Africa
74
117
32
19
14
5
26
12
17
15
A f r i c a n
D e v e l o p m e n t
B a n k
AfDB
Mortality in Africa: The Share
of Road Traffic Fatalities †
African Development Bank
Injury-related Deaths
Motor Road Accidents
Road Traffic Accidents as
Percentage of all Injuries
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Gabon
71
101
41
19
14
5
26
14
12
Rwanda
75
124
30
19
14
4
25
12
15
Cape Verde
71
119
27
19
16
3
27
13
12
Nigeria
66
96
36
18
14
4
27
14
11
Comoros
69
87
52
18
12
6
25
14
11
Liberia
55
92
19
18
15
3
32
16
15
Tunisia
30
52
8
18
16
2
58
30
25
Mauritius *
46
78
14
17
15
2
37
20
11
Eritrea
83
134
35
16
12
4
20
9
12
Gambia
60
81
40
16
11
5
27
14
13
Zimbabwe
64
110
23
14
11
3
22
10
15
Togo
53
76
29
14
11
4
27
14
12
Morocco
27
39
15
14
10
3
51
26
23
Mali
50
97
6
13
13
1
27
13
12
Madagascar
47
74
21
13
10
3
28
14
13
Algeria
35
47
22
10
7
3
28
14
14
Senegal
47
65
30
12
9
4
26
13
12
Seychelles *
57
97
17
9
6
3
16
6
19
Sao Tome & Principe
31
53
9
8
6
1
24
12
15
Niger
21
38
5
7
6
1
34
17
16
Somalia
213
305
124
7
4
3
3
1
2
Source: Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2004 Update, (WHO 2008). http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html
16
A f r i c a n
D e v e l o p m e n t
B a n k
Mortality in Africa: The Share
of Road Traffic Fatalities †
Market Brief . June 2013
AfDB
Table 6: Africa: Deaths per 100,000 population aged 60 years and over caused by injuries and road traffic accidents, 2008.
Injury-related Deaths
Motor Road Accidents
Road Traffic Accidents as
Percentage of all Injuries
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Africa
188
256
130
57
83
35
30
32
27
Egypt +
57
83
34
40
60
22
70
72
65
Tunisia
106
138
77
60
84
37
56
61
49
Morocco
126
172
86
70
102
42
56
60
48
Djibouti
125
182
77
58
90
30
46
50
39
Libya
174
232
111
76
110
39
44
48
35
Sierra Leone
158
221
99
60
86
34
38
39
35
Niger
137
189
90
50
74
30
37
39
33
Liberia
154
228
93
56
88
30
36
39
32
Gambia
160
216
111
55
78
34
34
36
31
Angola
197
261
146
68
100
41
34
38
28
Senegal
145
196
98
49
71
30
34
36
30
Burkina Faso
173
259
112
59
95
33
34
36
30
Madagascar
150
204
101
51
74
29
34
37
29
Mauritania
163
221
121
55
80
37
34
36
30
Benin
168
250
109
56
91
32
33
36
29
Togo
161
224
111
54
81
32
33
36
29
Mali
160
235
96
53
83
28
33
35
29
Cameroon
206
265
155
68
96
44
33
36
29
Guinea-Bissau
189
265
125
62
94
35
33
35
28
Ghana
183
236
133
59
83
37
33
35
28
South Africa
153
215
110
49
68
36
32
32
33
Comoros
172
230
124
55
81
34
32
35
27
Algeria
167
187
151
53
69
40
32
37
26
Equatorial Guinea
229
282
185
71
99
47
31
35
25
Gabon
237
267
209
72
95
52
31
36
25
Cape Verde
165
221
135
49
80
33
30
36
24
Congo
283
376
205
84
119
55
30
32
27
Sao Tome & Principe
134
190
91
40
59
24
30
31
27
Mauritius *
91
140
55
27
41
17
29
29
30
Chad
223
295
162
65
95
41
29
32
25
Nigeria
177
237
124
51
76
29
29
32
24
Ethiopia
254
360
162
73
105
45
29
29
28
17
A f r i c a n
D e v e l o p m e n t
B a n k
AfDB
Mortality in Africa: The Share
of Road Traffic Fatalities †
African Development Bank
Rwanda
225
312
165
65
96
43
29
31
26
Lesotho
282
379
211
79
115
53
28
30
25
Zimbabwe
217
315
143
60
94
35
28
30
24
Sudan
178
232
130
49
66
34
28
28
26
Central African Rep.
306
397
233
84
116
58
27
29
25
Guinea
171
233
121
47
70
27
27
30
23
Tanzania
243
363
145
65
100
37
27
28
25
Burundi
252
363
178
68
103
44
27
28
25
Eritrea
214
305
154
58
85
39
27
28
26
Malawi
261
392
145
69
106
35
26
27
24
Kenya
269
365
185
71
104
41
26
29
22
Botswana
283
317
257
74
91
61
26
29
24
Namibia
316
411
242
80
119
50
25
29
21
Mozambique
243
341
169
60
91
37
25
27
22
Zambia
261
371
167
64
95
38
25
26
23
Swaziland
340
430
273
81
112
58
24
26
21
Dem. Rep. Congo
311
436
211
66
96
42
21
22
20
Uganda
260
377
165
52
80
30
20
21
18
Côte d’Ivoire
265
332
187
44
58
28
17
18
15
Somalia
313
386
251
33
43
25
11
11
10
Seychelles *
88
170
27
0
0
0
0
0
0
Source: Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2004 Update (WHO 2008.) http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.htm
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A f r i c a n
D e v e l o p m e n t
B a n k