Identification key to the cetrarioid lichens in the southern hemisphere
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Entire thallus or its upper surface clearly yellow (usnic acid in the cortex)
.............................................................................................................. 2
Entire thallus or its upper surface grey, brown or black (usnic acid absent)
............................................................................................................ 12
Thallus sorediate (marginal whitish soredia present).............................
................................................ Nephromopsis laureri (Kremp.) Kurok.
[northern regions of South America (Colombia, Venezuela)]
Thallus not sorediate............................................................................. 3
Terricolous............................................................................................ 4
Corticolous ........................................................................................... 7
Thallus branches more or less isodiametric in cross section and entirely hollow
...................................................... Dactylina arctica (Richardson) Nyl.
[Papua New Guinea]
Thallus distinctly dorsiventral although the lobes may be canaliculate or
subtubular; lobes not hollow in the center............................................ 5
Thallus yellow with black patches here and there, basal parts mainly black;
marginal cilia to 2,5 mm long; pseudocyphellae (present on both surfaces)
surrounded by a black rim ......................................................................
................................................... Cetreliopsis papuae Randlane & Saag
[Papua New Guinea]
Thallus yellow, basal parts dark yellow or reddish; marginal cilia absent;
indistinct pseudocyphellae present on lower surface ........................... 6
Lobes strongly canaliculate or subtubular; surface rather smooth; basal parts
reddish .......... Flavocetraria cucullata (Bellardi) Kärnefelt & A. Thell
[Papua New Guinea; South America (Peru)]
Lobes plane, not canaliculate or subtubular; surface foveolate and wrinkled;
basal parts dark yellow ...........................................................................
.................................... Flavocetraria nivalis (L.) Kärnefelt & A. Thell
6a. Apothecia rare; asci 30–40 ! 8–10 µm.................. F. n. ssp. nivalis
[South America (Argentina)]
6a. Apothecia numerous; asci 45–65 ! 10–18 µm .................................
.......................................... F. n. ssp. montana Kärnefelt & A. Thell
[Indonesia; Papua New Guinea]
Medulla Pd + red (fumarprotocetraric acid); pseudocyphellae sur-rounded by a
black rim present on the upper surface...................................................
........................... Cetreliopsis rhytidocarpa (Mont. & Bosch) M. J. Lai
[Indonesia, Malaysia; Papua New Guinea]
Medulla Pd –; pseudocyphellae absent on the upper surface ............... 8
Apothecia usually present, small and numerous, mainly laminal ..........
.............Nephromopsis pallescens (Schaer.) Y. S. Park var. pallescens
[Indonesia; Papua New Guinea]
Apothecia absent or present, of various size and number, mainly marginal
.............................................................................................................. 9
Thallus light or bright yellow on both surfaces......................................
...Nephromopsis pallescens var. citrina (Taylor) A. Thell & Randlane
[Indonesia]
Upper and lower surfaces of different colour, not uniformly yellow. 10
Lower surface black, only margins brown to pale brown ......................
................................................. Nephromopsis morrisonicola M. J. Lai
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[Indonesia; Papua New Guinea]
Lower surface brown or whitish......................................................... 11
Medulla C+ red (anziaic or olivetoric acid) ...........................................
............................................Nephromopsis stracheyi (Bab.) Müll. Arg.
[Malaysia; Papua New Guinea]
Medulla C– ...... Nephromopsis nephromoides (Nyl.) Ahti & Randlane
[Papua New Guinea]
Thallus foliose, entirely dorsiventral, more or less adnate to the substratum;
grey, olive or brown ........................................................................... 13
Thallus caespitose or fruticose, branches dorsiventral or radial, suberect to erect;
brown to almost black ........................................................................ 26
Soredia, isidia and lobules absent....................................................... 14
Soredia, isidia or lobules present........................................................ 17
Epilithic ......................................... “Cetraria” subscutata D. C. Linds.
[Antarctica]
Corticolous ......................................................................................... 15
Medulla C– .......................................... Cetraria sepincola (Ehrh.) Ach.
[South America (Argentina)]
Medulla C+ pink (anziaic or olivetoric acid) ..................................... 16
Thallus medium to large, lobes 5–15 mm wide; apothecia frequent, very large
(15–42 mm broad), perforate; marginal cilia absent; contains anziaic acid (TLC)
................................................................................................................
.........................Cetrelia sanguinea (Scher.) W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.
[Indonesia; Papua New Guinea]
Thallus small to medium, lobes 1–4 mm wide; apothecia usually absent;
marginal cilia frequent; contains olivetoric acid (TLC) ........................
............................................... Tuckermannopsis ciliaris (Ach.) Gyeln.
[South America (Argentina)]
Thallus with soredia only, isidia absent ............................................. 18
Thallus usually with isidia or lobules, soredia may be present or absent
............................................................................................................ 22
Thallus small, lobes up to 2 mm wide; upper surface olive to brown....
.......................................Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla (Willd.) Hale
[Australia and New Zealand; Africa (Republic of South Africa);
South America (Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands)]
Thallus medium to large, lobes 5–25 mm wide; upper surface grey.. 19
Pseudocyphellae absent on both surfaces; medulla contains a fatty acid
(caperatic acid) (TLC) ............................................................................
................................Platismatia glauca (L.) W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.
[Africa (Kenya, Morocco, Republic of South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda); South
America (Argentina, Chile); Antarctica]
Pseudocyphellae present in the form of white dots both on upper and on lower
surface; various depsides and depsidones occur in the medulla (TLC)20
Medulla C+ red/pink (olivetoric acid)....................................................
........................... Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.
[Australia and Papua New Guinea; Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia, Republic of
South Africa); South America (Argentina, Chile)]
Medulla C– ......................................................................................... 21
Medulla KC+ pink (alectoronic acid).....................................................
.................... Cetrelia chicitae (W. L. Culb.) W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.
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[Indonesia, Malaysia; Papua New Guinea]
Medulla KC–; contains perlatolic acid as major medullary substance (TLC)
........Cetrelia cetrarioides (Delise ex Duby) W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.
[Papua New Guinea; Africa (Republic of South Africa);
South America (Brazil)]
Medulla C+ red/pink (olivetoric acid); lobules present..........................
............... Cetrelia pseudolivetorum (Asah.) W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.
[Papua New Guinea]
Medulla C–; isidia or lobules present, occasionally also soredia....... 23
Medulla KC+ pink (alectoronic or microphyllinic acid).................... 24
Medulla KC –; contains a fatty acid (caperatic acid) (TLC) .............. 25
Isidia present; contains alectoronic acid (TLC)......................................
................Cetrelia braunsiana (Müll. Arg.) W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.
[Malaysia; New Zealand, Papua New Guinea; Africa (Kenya)]
Lobules present; contains microphyllinic acid (TLC)............................
.......................... Cetrelia japonica (Zahlbr.) W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.
[Indonesia, Malaysia; Papua New Guinea]
Isidia or soredia or both are present, mainly on lobe margins; pseudo-cyphellae
absent......................Platismatia glauca (L.) W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.
[Africa (Kenya, Morocco, Republic of South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda); South
America (Argentina, Chile); Antarctica]
Isidia or flattened lobules occur in the older parts of the thallus; small
pseudocyphellae present on the upper surface .......................................
............................... Platismatia regenerans W. L. Culb. & C. F. Culb.
[Malaysia]
Thallus branches more or less isodiametric in cross section or angular.
............................................................................................................ 27
Thallus distinctly dorsiventral although the lobes may be canaliculate or
subtubular ........................................................................................... 31
Thallus yellowish brown (sometimes with pale violet tone), consists of fingerlike and more or less inflated stalks, entirely hollow .............................
...................................................... Dactylina arctica (Richardson) Nyl.
[Papua New Guinea]
Thallus brown to dark brown, consists of richly branched cushion-like tufts,
branches not inflated and hollow........................................................ 28
Pseudocyphellae absent; the cortex is single-layered, chondroid, with heavily
thickened cell walls ............................................................................ 29
Pseudocyphellae present (distinct or rather poorly visible); the cortex is twolayered with paraplectenhymatous outer layer and inner layer of longitudional
and gelatinized hyphae ....................................................................... 30
Thallus with isidiate soralia.......................Coelopogon abraxas Brusse
[Africa (Republic of South Africa); South America (Chile)]
Thallus with clustered coralloid isidia, soredia absent...........................
............................ Coelopogon epiphorellus (Nyl.) Brusse & Kärnefelt
[Africa (Republic of South Africa); South America
(Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands); Antarctica]
Branches c. 1 mm wide, terete or angular, with longitudinal furrows;
pseudocyphellae abundant, distinct, deeply depressed...........................
.............................................................. Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr.
[Australia and New Zealand; Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya,
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Republic of South Africa, Tanzania); South America
(Argentina, Chile, Falkland Island, Peru); Antarctica]
Branches c. 0.5 mm wide, terete, with smooth surface; pseudo-cyphellae
scattered, poorly visible, somewhat depressed.......................................
.........................................................Cetraria muricata (Ach.) Eckfeldt
[Africa (Ethiopia, Morocco, Republic of South Africa);
South America (Argentina, Venezuela); Antarctica]
Medulla C+ pink/red (gyrophoric and hiascic acids); thallus yellowish brown
................... Cetrariella delisei (Bory ex Schaer.) Kärnefelt & A. Thell
[New Zealand; South America (Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands)]
Medulla C–; thallus reddish, brown to dark brown or almost black .. 32
Thallus low (0.5–2 cm), forming small mats on the ground or rock.. 33
Thallus erect (2–6 cm high), forming fruticose tufts on the ground .. 37
Medulla Pd+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid), occasionally Pd–; thallus surfaces
with small wrinkles and ridges; apothecia present, developed laminally on the
upper surface of lobes.............................................................................
...........................................................Nimisia deusta (Hook. f.) Fryday
[South America (Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands)]
Medulla Pd–; thallus surfaces more or less smooth, without wrinkles and ridges;
apothecia usually absent but if present, then terminal........................ 34
Marginal cilia and pycnidial projections absent.....................................
.............................................. Cetraria peruviana Kärnefelt & A. Thell
[South America (Peru)]
Marginal cilia and pycnidial projections present................................ 35
Lobes clearly canaliculate; pseudocyphellae absent or badly visible; marginal
cilia numerous and long (0.5–2 mm)......................................................
.......................................................................... Cetraria nigricans Nyl.
[Papua New Guinea]
Lobes flat or only weakly canaliculate; small white pseudocyphellae present,
distinct; marginal cilia short (0.3–0.5 mm) or only scattered long cilia occur 36
Thallus richly and repeatedly branched, with numerous spinules and short cilia
pointing in all directions....................... Cetraria odontella (Ach.) Ach.
[South America (Peru, Venezuela)]
Thallus mediumly branched, marginal projections scattered, cilia longer (1–2
mm), scarce.............................................................................................
................................. Cetraria australiensis W. A. Weber ex Kärnefelt
[Australia]
Medulla Pd+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid), occasionally Pd–; laminal
pseudocyphellae (in the form of white patches) present but sometimes small and
badly visible .............................................. Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach.
37a. Lobes 4–10 mm wide; laminal pseudocyphellae usually well developedC.
i. ssp. islandica
[South America (Argentina, Colombia, Falkland Islands)]
37a. Lobes rather narrow (1–5 mm wide); laminal pseudocyphellae often small
and poorly developed ....................................................................... 37b
37b. Lobes canaliculate or subtubular; surface of the lobes pitted and ridged;
marginal pseudocyphellae usually absent ..............................................
....................................... C. i. ssp. crispiformis (Räsänen) Kärnefelt
[northern regions of South America (Colombia)]
37.
37b. Lobes canaliculate to almost flat; surface of the lobes usually smooth;
marginal pseudocyphellae in the form of white line or separate white dots along
lobe margin.............................................C. i. ssp. antarctica Kärnefelt
[Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea; South America (Argentina, Chile,
Falkland Islands); Antarctica]
Medulla Pd–; laminal pseudocyphellae always absent ..........................
............................ Cetraria ericetorum Opiz ssp. patagonica Kärnefelt
[South America (Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands)]