Herbologia, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2014
DOI 10.5644/Herb.14.1.02
WEED SEED DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOIL PROFILE
IN EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE VINEYARDS
Branko Konstantinović, Milan Blagojević
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture,
Department for Environmental and Plant Protection,
Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21 000 Novi Sad
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Determination of weed seed bank is of great importance for the
study of weed population dynamics and planned weed control. In agroecosystems knowledge of weed seed bank in a particular area provides
better choice of cultural practices, as well as more rational herbicide use.
Extensive growth of vine grape implies application of all cultural practices
without herbicide use. Soil samples for determination of weed seed bank
were taken at the beginning and at the end of vegetation period. Soil samples were taken from each plot in ten replications. The samples were taken
from depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm, separately. The aim of
the study was to establish the composition of weed seed bank in extensive
and intensive vineyards. In extensive vineyard 24 weed species were determined, and in intensive 20 ones and these were: Portulaca oleracea L.,
Amaranthus retroflexus L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Chenopodium album
L., Euphorbia helioscopia L., Galium verum L., Polygonum persicaria L.,
Datura stramonium L., Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv., Solanum nigrum L.,
Stachys annua L., Geranium dissectum L., Veronica arvensis L., Euphorbia ciparissias L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Sinapis arvensis L., Viola tricolor L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Lamium purpureum L., Polygonum
aviculare L., Papaver rhoeas L., Ambrosia artemissifolia L., Agropyrum
repens (L.) Beauv., and Sorghum halepense L. In addition to the great
variety of weed species, whose seeds were determined from the studied
samples, only the following few species proved to be dominant with a
greater number of seeds: Amaranthus retroflexus L., Portulaca oleracea
L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Chenopodium album L., Stellaria media
(L.) Vill., Solanum nigrum L., and Lamium purpureum L.
Keywords: seed bank, intensive vineyards, extensive vineyards
Konstantinović & Blagojević
Introduction
Seed bank is main reason of permanent presence of weeds on agricultural land. At the time of harvest on arable land, weed seed remains on
the plant and use of machines brings it to the soil surface where it presents
future seed bank (Konstantinović et al., 2008). Weed seed density can affect the crops, but with herbicide use in the phase of weed germination
and shooting, seed bank size can be reduced. Weed seed bank has impact
on distribution of annual and perennial weed species, which over the year
effects spread of weed community (Steinmann and Klingebiel, 2004). Understanding of seed bank is necessary, for representing studies of population dynamics or for establishment of weed control programs (Ambrosio et
al., 2004). For the purpose of better understanding of weather changes that
effect diversity of weed species in the aboveground vegetation and weed
seed bank, long-term studies of weed seed bank are necessary (Jacquemyn
et al., 2011). Weed seed bank provides early warnings on weed presence
before weed invasion of the aboveground vegetation. Thus, analysis of
seed bank in the soil can be a key element for detection of weed vegetation
(Lin and Cao, 2009).
According to their floristic composition and structure, vineyard
weed community is located between weed communities of field row crops
and orchards (Konstantinović, 2011). Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), whose
numerous varieties are used for production of grapes belongs to the family Vitaceae. Unlike annual field crops, vineyards lack crop rotation variability, i.e. crop rotation which can strongly influence the composition of
weed seed bank (Smith and Gross 2006). Extensive production in agriculture implies relatively small investments in to the production process,
accompanied by relatively low financial results per unit area. In contrast,
intensive production implies relatively high level of investments of means
for production, i.e. labor, resources and work items per unit of area, which
is accompanied by a relatively high production results.
Soil treatment can strongly effect weed distribution in the soil profile
(Sosnoskie et al., 2006). In no-tillage cultivation systems seed remains
on the soil surface exposed to adverse conditions that reduce or increase
germination ability depending on the species (Chauhan et al., 2012). According to Harbuck et al., (2009) annual fluctuation of external factors has
significant impact on the weed seed bank.
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Weed seed distribution in the soil profile in extensive and intensive vineyards
Materials and methods
During 2009–2011 at locality Sremski Karlovci the soil sampling
was done in several vineyards of extensive and intensive vine grape cultivation. In the studied vineyards, employed farming operations were autumn earthing up and spring digging away of the vineyard rows, as well as
greater number of inter-row space spraying. In extensive vineyards herbicides were not used for weed control. The previous four years, within the
rows of the intensive vineyards, herbicide treatments were performed in
bands. The applied herbicides were glufosinate-ammonium and glyphosate. Treatments were performed annually by permitted concentrations of
glyphosate for perennial crops, as well as three times by glufosinate-ammonium.
Spring and autumn soil sampling within a row and inter row space of
vine was carried out in order to determine composition of weed seed bank.
In the paper is presented the average sample of weed seed bank seeds rate
of emergence per depths and sampling times for the period 2009–2011.
Extensive vineyards were planted in 1993 and 1995, while the intensive
vineyards were planted in 1999 and 2000. Areas under extensive vineyards
are about 4000 m2 and 7500 m2, while the intensive vineyards are about
9000 m2 and 11000 m2. Soil sampling by probe in ten replications diagonally from depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm was conducted at
the beginning of growing season at mid-April, and the second sampling
by probe was performed at the end of the growing season. (Smutny &
Kren, 2002). Each sample contained approximately 3 kg of soil that was
sieved through a series of copper sieves of 0.25 cm in diameter. This was
followed by separation of weed seeds from samples and their determination. Determination was performed by microscope and determinants. After determination and data processing according to the method of Conn
(1987) and Sharratt (1998), weed seed was germinated in Petri dishes
which were kept 14 days in climate chamber in favorable conditions for
weed germination. The parameters of the climate chambers were set for 12
hours at 25°C under light (83 µE m-2s-1density of photon flux) and for 12
hours at 20°C without light, with minimal/maximal relative air humidity
of 85/65%. Evaluation of the rate of emergence was performed after every
two days (7 measurements) on 100 seeds divided in 10 replications. The
main objective of the study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of weed seeds, i.e. their number and viability in the
arable soil layer of the studied locality Sremski Karlovci at depth of 0-30
cm, in intensive and extensive vineyards.
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Konstantinović & Blagojević
Results and discussion
On the studied locality of extensive vineyards 24 weed species were
determined: Portulaca oleracea L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Stellaria
media (L.) Vill., Chenopodium album L., Euphorbia helioscopia L., Galium verum L., Polygonum persicaria L., Datura stramonium L., Setaria
glauca (L.) Beauv., Solanum nigrum L., Stachys annua L., Geranium dissectum L., Veronica arvensis L., Euphorbia ciparissias L., Convolvulus
arvensis L., Sinapis arvensis L., Viola tricolor L., Capsella bursa-pastoris
L., Lamium purpureum L., Polygonum aviculare L., Papaver rhoeas L.,
Ambrosia artemissifolia L., Agropyrum repens (L.) Beauv. and Sorghum
halepense L. (Figure 1). Results of the paper suggest that systems with
reduced tillage have significantly more seeds in top layers than intensive
cropping systems (du Croix Sissons et al., 2000; Dyer 1995). In extensive
vineyards 40845 seeds were found per m² in the soil profile of 0-30 cm. The
highest number of seeds was determined in the layer of 0-10 cm, 18971
seeds per m². Out of seven dominant weed species Amaranthus retroflexus
L., Portulaca oleracea L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Chenopodium album
L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Solanum nigrum L., and Lamium purpureum
L. the highest number of seeds had Portulaca oleracea L. in the soil layer
of 0-10 cm, i.e. 3122 seeds per m² in the layer of 10-20 cm, 2105 seeds per
m², and in the layer of 20-30 cm there were 2423 seeds per m2.
Figure 1. Number of determined weed seeds in the soil profile of 0-30 cm
per m² in extensive vineyard.
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Weed seed distribution in the soil profile in extensive and intensive vineyards
On the studied locality of intensive vineyards, 20 weed species were
found: Portulaca oleracea L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Chenopodium album L., Euphorbia helioscopia L., Galium
verum L., Datura stramonium L., Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv., Solanum
nigrum L., Geranium dissectum L., Veronica arvensis L., Euphorbia ciparissias L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Viola tricolor L., Capsella bursapastoris L., Lamium purpureum L., Polygonum aviculare L., Ambrosia
artemissifolia L., Agropyrum repens (L.) Beauv., and Sorghum halepense
L (Figure 2). In intensive vineyard, in the soil profile of 0-30 cm 37631
seeds were found per m². The highest number of 18235 seeds was found
in the layer of 0-10 cm. As in extensive vineyard, out of seven dominant
weed species, Portulaca oleracea L. was found in the layer of 0-10 cm
with 3875 seeds per m².
Figure 2. Number of determined weed seeds in the soil profile of 0-30 cm
per m² in intensive vineyard.
In the years of the study, the average rate of emergence of determined seeds of weed species in intensive and extensive vineyards, was
also significantly higher for seven dominant weed species: Amaranthus
retroflexus L., Portulaca oleracea L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Chenopodium album L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Solanum nigrum L., Lamium
purpureum L., but the rate of emergence Amaranthus retroflexus L. and
Stellaria media (L.) Vill., was prominent with 5-6% (Table 1).
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Konstantinović & Blagojević
Table 1. Rate of emergence of the most abundant weed species
per 100 seeds
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Weed seed distribution in the soil profile in extensive and intensive vineyards
Conclusions
The results of the study indicate high potential of weed seed bank,
due to 24 sampled and determined weed species in extensive vineyard, and
20 sampled and determined weed species in intensive vineyard. Number
of weed species in intensive vineyard was lower in comparison to extensive one. It can be concluded that intensive mechanical tillage inter rows,
and chemical treatment within the rows reduced number of weed species.
Number of weed seeds was also lower in intensive system of vine grape
growing, than in extensive system. Cardina et al. (1991) established that
weed seed density in arable soils is always consisting of several dominant
weed species in large numbers, and several in moderate or lower numbers.
Results of Uremis et al. (2002) suggest that weed seed bank consists of
several dominant weed species, and Amaranthus sp. has always been one
of them. This study revealed that several weed species such as Portulaca
oleracea L., Amaranthus retroflexus L. Chenopodium album L., Stellaria
media (L.) Vill., Solanum nigrum L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L. and Lamium purpureum L. occurring both in extensive and intensive vineyards
were dominant and had significantly higher seed germination ability in
comparison to other weed species.
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